构词法之派生法

英语构词法

一、构词法之派生法的讲解

英语构词法主要有：合成法，转化法，派生法，混成法，截短法和词首字母缩略法。

派生 Derivation

前缀

前

缀

含义例词

a- 处在……arise, aside, alone

en- 使可能enrich, enable, enslave

dis- 不，否定dissatisfy, dishonest, disappear, disorder,

disagree

un- 不

做相反动作

unable, unknown, uncommon, uncomfortable, unfair, unclose, undress, uncover, untie

in- im- ir- il- 不，非inactive, incapable, inpatient, incorrect

impossible, impersonal, impolite, immature, impractical

irregular, irresponsible

illogical,

non- 不，非non existent, non-interference, non-conductor,

non-stop

de- 向相反方向发展Decentralize（分散）, defrost（解冻）

anti- 反（对）anti-freeze, anti-fascist

mis- 错误的，坏的misdoings, misunderstand, misfortune

re 重复，再rewrite, remarry, reunite, recycle,

co- 共同co-exist, co-operate, co-education

ex 以前的Ex-husband, ex-president

tele 远程telephone, telegraph, telescope

super- 在上面，超级supermarket, superpower,

under- 在……之下underline, underestimate, underground,

inter- 相互，之间international, interact, inter-change

sub- 下，次subtitle, submarine, subconscious, subcontinent, trans- 过，穿过，变transformation(变形), translate

vice- 副vice-premier, vice-president

semi- 半semifinal, semicircle, semi-automatic

bi 两个bicycle, biennial两年一次的

tri 三个triangle三角形, tricycle三轮脚踏车, triplets三胞胎mul- 多，多种multiply, multi-national, multi-coloured

kilo- 千kilometre, kilogram

后缀

后缀例词

名词

-er farmer, weaver, pain-killer, murderer, , villager, stranger, speaker, cooker, recorder, heater

-ess actress, waitress, princess, hostess

-or conductor, sailor, transistor, operator,

-ar beggar

-ese Chinese, Portuguese, Japanese

-ian musician, Egyptian, physician

-ist scientist, dentist, communist, socialist,

-ent/-ant assistant

-ment argument, judgment, government

-ness happiness, greatness, illness, coldness, sleeplessness

-tion dictation, preparation, repetition, action, information, invention

-ing building, wedding, painting

-ship leadership, friendship, hardship

-age shortage, marriage, leakage

-ty loyalty, cruelty, penalty, sixty, twenty, thirty, certainty

-th truth, warmth, length, growth, fifteenth, fourth -ance acceptance, assistance, reliance, appearance

-ence dependence, confidence, reference, entrance, defence

-ful mouthful, handful, plateful,

-al refusal, denial, arrival

-y difficulty, possibility,

-dom freedom, wisdom, kingdom

-ism socialism, materialism

注意：-ese, -ian, -ist 既可以构成名词，又可以构成形容词。-er 构成的名词，既有表示人的，又有表示物的。

后缀例词

形容词-al central, industrial, national, natural

-an European, American, Australian

-ern eastern, northern, southern

-able reasonable, horrible, terrible, believable, comfortable, forgettable, sensible

-ful careful, cheerful, grateful, faithful,

-ish childish, Swedish, selfish

-ive destructive, collective, active, creative, effective

-y thirsty, dirty, windy, sunny, cloudy, healthy, funny

-less careless, hopeless, helpless, homeless, sleepless, fearless, limitless

-en golden, wooden, woolen

-ous courageous, famous, continuous, serious, various

-ary imaginary, revolutionary, secondary