2015现代英语语法复习重点1-16

现代英语语法 课程代码 00831

1.课程性质与目标 性质：《现代英语语法》是自学考试英语专业的课程。 目的：使学生认识从词到句乃至语篇的构造，提高英语使用规范性，准确传递信息和表达思想。 重难点： 重点是动词的运用，第五到第八章。 难点是名词的数、主谓一致问题等。（P5） 2. 2015年考试样题（课本P25） 一、选择题 （20%，未变） 二、多项选择填空题（20%，未变） 三、根据要求填空（20%，改变） 四、改写句子（30%，未变） 五、简答（形式未变） 六、名词解释并举例（新增）

教材的重点与难点归纳 Chapter 1. An overview 一.术语：  Grammar can be a full description of the form and meaning of the sentences of the language or it covers certain parts of a description, focusing on syntax and morphology.  Descriptive grammar（描述性语法)examines the rules or patterns that underlie our use of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences.  Prescriptive grammar（规定性语法）tries to enforce rules about what they believe to be the correct uses of language.  Syntax（句法） is concerned with the way words combine to form sentences.  Morphology（形态）is related to the form of words.  Morpheme(词素) is the smallest meaningful element in grammar.  Free morpheme(自由词素)：a morpheme that can occur alone.eg:boy, girl, man...  Bound morpheme(粘着词素): a morpheme that can only occur in conjunction with at least one other morpheme.eg: im-, in-, -ed...  open class words(开放词类): also called lexical words, focus on the form of words. Their membership is fairly open-ended, so we can coin new words to add to them. Eg: N, V, Adj, Adv.  closed class(封闭词类): also called grammatical words, focusing on functions of words.Their membership is fixed and no words can be created. Eg: Det, pron, prep,conj, aux.

二、语法单位的层级结构 英语句子的结构层次是：分句(clauses)、词组(phrases)、单词(words)、词素(morpheme) In writing systems, the hierarchical structure is: Higher A text consists of one or more sentences A sentence consists of one or more clauses A clause consists of one or more phrases A phrase consists of one or more words A word consists of one or more morphemes Lower A morpheme 三.句子分类（按构成） Simple~(简单句):A sentence consists of only one clause. Compound~(复合句又并列句):In a sentence containing more than one clause, if the clauses are related to one another by coordination, it is a compound sentence. Complex~(复杂句又叫主从句):In a sentence containing more than one clause, if the clauses are related to one another by subordination, it is a complex sentence.

四、句子类型（按功能） Statements（陈述句）, commands（命令句） questions（疑问句），exclamations（感叹句）

Chapter 2. Word-formation 构词法 七种构词法： 1.Composition 组合法 2.derivation 派生法 3.conversion 转化法 4.blending 拼缀法 5.back-formation 逆生法；逆序造词 6.shortening 缩略法 7.acronym ['ækrənɪm] 首字母缩写法 一、术语  Word-formation is the creation of a new word. 构词就是新词的创造。  Derivation=affixation:it is a combination of a root and one or more affixes.在一个词基(通常是个单词)前面或者后面添加词缀。 如：nation----national  Compound: it is a combination of two or more free morphemes. 复合词是两个或者多个自由词素组合而成。如：playboy = play+boy  Conversion, is the derivational process whereby an item is converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix.(不加词缀，但是词类发生转变) 如answer：v —— answer : n  Blending is a process to create a new word from parts of two other words.拼缀词是由两个词的不同部分组成的。 如： smoke(烟) + fog（雾） = smog（烟雾）  Back-formation refers to the process of creating a new word by removing actual or supposed affixes.将原来单词的真实或者潜在的词缀去掉，从而得到的新词。 如：work-er —— work  Shortening is a process whereby part of a word is clipped(剪切，截除) so that the original word, usually polysyllabic(多音节的), is reduced to a smaller word without a change in its function.将原来的多音节单词的某一部分截除掉，使它成为一个较短的单词，并不改变词的功能。 如：ad = advertisement ，phone = telephone  An acronym is a word coined(=created 创造) by putting together the initial letters of a group of words.把一组单词的首字母放在一起而创造新词。如：VIP = very important person 本章多注意辨别7种构词法并且能够举例说明。

Chapter 3. Nouns, pronouns and number 名词，代词和数 一、术语  A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, event or idea.  A noun phrase has a key element called the head word(中心词) and this may be preceded by a subsidiary element called a modifier(修饰语).名词短语有个重要成分叫做中心词，前面可能有个辅助成分叫做修饰语。eg: a nice girl  A pronoun is a pro-form that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase.The replaced noun is called the antecedent of the pronoun.代词是用来代替名词或者名词短语的一种替代形式。被代替的名词叫做代词的先行词。eg:she, he ....  Number is a feature of nouns, pronouns, determiners and verbs in English.数是英语中的名词、代词、限定词和动词的一种特征。  A proper noun is a name used for a particular person,place or thing, and spelt with a capital initial letter.专有名词是表示特定的人、地点和事物，拼写时第一个字母大写。  A common noun is a name common to a class or people, things or abstract ideas.普通名词表示一般类别、人群、事物或者抽象概念。  A countable noun is a noun that has a plural and which can collocate with numbers and with determiners. 可数名词有复数，可与数字和表示数量的修饰语搭配。  A non-countable noun is a noun which has only one form and can be used without a determiner.不可数名词只有一个词形，不用与修饰语搭配使用。