Ophiolite genesis and global tectonics
名词委审定汉英地质学名词

名词委审定汉英地质学名词(1993)A 型俯冲||A-subductionACF图解||ACF diagramAKF图解||AKF diagramAMF图解||AMF diagramB 型俯冲||B-subductionBABI值||basaltic achondrite best initial; 一般将BABI值作为地球的初始87Sr/86Sr值。
C 面||C-surfaceCDT标准||CDT standard; Canyon Diablo陨石中陨硫铁的硫同位素比值, 作为硫同位素国际标准。
CHUR值||chondritic uniform reservoir; 又称“球粒陨石均一储库”。
C格子||C-latticeF格子||F-lattice, face-centered lattice; 又称“面心格子”。
I格子||I-lattice, body-centered lattice; 又称“体心格子”。
JCPDS卡片||JCPDS card, ASTM diffraction data card; 又称“ASTM粉晶卡片”。
?PDB标准||PDB standard; 碳酸盐中的碳、氧同位素的国际标准, 现已用尽。
R-C网络||R-C networkS 面||S-surfaceS-C 糜棱岩||S-C-myloniteSLAP标准||standard light Antarctic precipitation; 1985年维也纳国际会议建立的三个氧同位素参考标准之一。
SMOW标准||standard mean ocean water; 氢、氧同位素国际标准。
S型构造||S-shaped structureU形谷||U-shaped valley, U-valleyV-SMOW标准||Vienna standard mean ocean water; 1985年维也纳国际会议建立的三个氧同位素参考标准之一。
槽台学说

三、地槽的主要特征 1、通常出现在大陆边缘,或两个大陆之间,呈狭长 状分布。 2、沉积物分布在长条状的拗陷带内。 3、地貌特征与大陆边缘一致,往往形成山系。 4、晚期构造运动强烈,形成复杂的褶皱和断裂及大 型推覆构造。 5、岩浆作用广泛。 6、变质作用:常出现高压低温变质带和高温低压变 质带。 7、出现与各种岩浆活动有关的矿产。 8、地球物理资料上有明显的异常反映。
地槽的结构剖面
现代地槽的位置以及同裂谷、海沟的关系
二、地槽中几个特征的沉积建造简介 1、flysch formation 是一种典型的地槽沉积建造,它是一种有规律的复杂互层的 巨厚沉积,通常有两种或两种以上的岩石在剖面上呈韵律性交互 出现。这种建造厚度很大,有时可达万米以上。由粗到细的碎屑 物质构成明显的韵律结构,单个韵律厚度自数厘米到数十厘米。 上下两个韵律之间常被冲刷面分隔,在每个韵律的底板上具有特 殊的象形印模。建造中砾岩很少,交错层和波痕罕见,几乎不含 化石,岩石分选性较差。flysch formation韵律的形成可能与一定 规律变化的浊流和节奏频繁的地壳运动有关。 2、molasse formation 是一套以陆相为主的巨厚的砾岩和砂岩的沉积岩层。这套岩 石建造出现于造山阶段之后,其主要分布在地槽褶皱带的各种拗 陷内,在 geosyncline fold belt的外侧和marginal拗陷中尤为发育。
与大陆边缘一致、线状山系 无双层结构 在相对动的沉积环境中的沉积建造有: 复理石建造磨拉石建造、硬砂岩建造和 硅质火山岩建造等 强烈、褶皱紧密 强烈 普遍 以与各种火成岩有关的矿产为主
沉积特征
构造变形 岩浆活动 变质作用 矿 产
四、地台的发展阶段 1、前地台阶段 根据地台的有关定义,一般所指的地台即为古地台,即基底为前寒武纪之前褶 皱的地台。前地台发展阶段即指地台形成以前的发展阶段。因此,其所涉及的问题也 就是一个前寒武纪地质问题ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ 由于作为地台基底的前寒武纪地层大部分均已不同程度的变质,加之化石缺乏和 多次地壳运动,使其构造复杂化。因而对前地台发展阶段的研究带来了许多的困难。 然而,前寒武纪地质研究的重要性是显而易见的,在目前所认为的地球历史为45 亿年中,前寒武纪就占了39亿年,它涉及了许多重大的地质研究课题:如①、地球的 形成;②、生命的起源;③、地壳演化,地壳运动,包括岩浆活动、变质作用和成矿 作用等;④、与前寒武纪有关的矿产研究。 目前尚存在争议的几个问题: ①、前寒武纪二分,分为太古宙和元古宙,时限大致划在25亿年。 ②、地壳发展阶段的全球性问题:大的运动期具有全球性;小的则不具全球性。 前地台发展阶段主要有以下二个阶段: ①、陆核和萌地台阶段:早期为典型的前寒武纪结晶基底,即太古代稳定地块和 绿岩—花岗岩稳定地块。如南非、西澳、北美、印度等地块。
18588564_西藏多龙矿集区热构造演化历史———来自磷灰石U

1000 0569/2019/035(03) 0867 78ActaPetrologicaSinica 岩石学报doi:10 18654/1000 0569/2019 03 15西藏多龙矿集区热构造演化历史———来自磷灰石(U Th)/He的证据杨欢欢1,2 宋扬1 DILLESJohnH2 SOUSAFrancis2 DANI íKMartin3 杨超4YANGHuanHuan1,2,SONGYang1 ,DILLESJohnH2,SOUSAFrancis2,DANI íKMartin3andYANGChao41 中国地质科学院矿产资源研究所,自然资源部成矿作用与资源评价重点实验室,北京 1000372 CollegeofEarth,OceanandAtmosphericSciences,OregonStateUniversity,Corvallis,Oregon97331 5503 JohndeLaeterCentre,TheInstituteforGeoscienceResearch,CurtinUniversity,PerthWA68454 Départementdegéologieetdegéniegéologique,UniversitéLaval,Quebec,QCG1V0A61 MNRKeyLaboratoryofMetallogenyandMineralAssessment,InstituteofMineralResources,CAGS,Beijing100037,China2 CollegeofEarth,OceanandAtmosphericSciences,OregonStateUniversity,Corvallis,Oregon97331 550,USA3 JohndeLaeterCentre,TheInstituteforGeoscienceResearch,CurtinUniversity,PerthWA6845,Australia4 Départementdegéologieetdegéniegéologique,UniversitéLaval,Quebec,QCG1V0A6,Canada2018 08 29收稿,2019 01 07改回YangHH,SongY,DillesJ,SousaF,Dani íkMandYangC 2019 Thethermal tectonichistoryoftheDuolongoredistrict:Evidencefromapatite(U Th)/Hedating ActaPetrologicaSinica,35(3):867-878,doi:10 18654/1000 0569/2019 03 15Abstract TheDuolongoredistrictisthemostimportantoredistrictintheQiangtangterraneofwesternTibet TheDuolongoredistrictexperiencedmulti stagesofuplift erosionevents,theburial erosionhistoryaftertheoredistrictformationiscrucialtotheprotectionoftheorebodies Theapatite(U Th)/HewasstudiedinthispapertoinvestigatethelowtemperaturehistoryoftheDuolongoredistrict Theaverage(U Th)/Heagesrangefrom37 9±2 5Mato85 1±4 0Ma,whichindicatethethermal tectoniceventsfromLateCretaceoustoPaleoceneandfromEocenetoOligocene ThethermalhistoryshowstheDuolongoredistrictexperiencedfourcoolingevents:Ⅰ)100~75Mawithcoolingrateof4℃/Myranderosionrateof0 16km/MyrwhichisrelatedtotheclosureoftheBangongco NujiangoceanandthecollisionoftheLhasa Qiangtangterranes;Ⅱ)75~45Mawithcoolingrateof0 3℃/Myranderosionrateof0 01km/MyrwhichisrelatedtothecontinuedcollisionoftheLhasa Qiangtangterranesandtheconsequentthrustnappestructurecausedbythecollision;Ⅲ)45~30Mawithcoolinggrateof2℃/Myranderosionrateof0 08km/MyrwhichisrelatedtoIndia Asiacollision;Ⅳ)since30Mawithcoolingrateof1℃/Myranderosionrateof0 04km/Myr,thisstageisrelatedtocontinuedcollisionIndia AsiacontinentsandextensivetectoniceventssinceOligocene SurvivaloftheDuolongoredistrictunderintensiveuplift erosionenvironmentisattributedtotheoverlapoftheMeiriqiecuovolcanicrocks,thickenedoverlyingstratumcausedbythrustnappestructureandtheweakdestructionimposedbytheIndia Asiacollision ThethrustnappestructurewasthoughttoplayamajorroleinburyingandprotectingtheorebodyinthisstudyKeywords TibetanPlateau;Qiangtangterrane;Duolongoredistrict;Thermal tectonichistory;Apatite(U Th)/He摘 要 西藏多龙矿集区是西藏最重要的斑岩 浅成低温热液型矿集区。
大陆漂移学说与板块构造论【英文】

1. How we know plate tectonics happens
The Geomagnetic Reversal Time Scale
1. How we know plate tectonics happens
Discovery of Sea-Floor Spreading
1. How we know plate tectonics happens
The Plate Tectonics Model
The Plate Tectonics Model
The Earth’s Plates
Global Plate Motions
What Drives It: Convection
How Plates Move
Reconstructing Plate Movements
1. How we know plate tectonics happens
Frank Taylor
• Recognized role of MidAtlantic Ridge • Never reconstructed the continents like Wegener did
1. How we know plate tectonics happens
Confirmation of Continental Drift
• World War II technology • International Geophysical Year (IGY) 1957-58 • Worldwide Standardized Seismic Network 1963-
Fit of Continents Across the Atlantic
肯尼亚基图伊地区铜矿地质特征及找矿潜力分析

肯尼亚基图伊地区铜矿地质特征及找矿潜力分析黄远成;杨宗文【摘要】肯尼亚大地构造位于非洲地块东部,东非裂谷的东支裂谷沿维尔利亚湖东侧贯穿肯尼亚中央高地进入坦桑尼亚境内.基图伊铜矿区处于东非裂谷在肯尼亚段的南东部.主要以近南北向、北西向和近东西向断裂构造为主.铜矿区由于所处构造特殊性,岩浆活动强烈,铜矿主要赋存于斜长角闪片麻岩和花岗片麻岩中,矿体产状与岩石片麻理产状大致一致.主要矿石矿物有孔雀石、蓝铜矿,少量辉铜矿,脉石矿物以碱性长石、斜长石、石英、云母为主,矿石结构主要为放射状变晶结构,矿石构造主要为变胶状构造、块状构造、脉状构造、网脉状构造等.矿体走向延伸长达几十千米,矿体品位较富,铜品位1.0×10-2~7.5×10-2,矿体厚度较稳定,初步估算铜资源,矿床达大型规模,具有较大的找矿潜力.【期刊名称】《贵州地质》【年(卷),期】2015(032)002【总页数】6页(P126-131)【关键词】铜矿;特征;找矿潜力;肯尼亚基图伊【作者】黄远成;杨宗文【作者单位】贵州省地矿局101地质大队,贵州凯里556000;贵州省地矿局101地质大队,贵州凯里556000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】P618.411 概述香港凯富能源集团有限公司(以下简称“凯富能源”)为了全面启动和实施对其所拥有的肯尼亚铜矿及金矿权的勘探开采经营工作,委托贵州省地质矿产勘查开发局101地质大队对其公司在肯尼亚所属矿权进行地质考察,要求初步了解矿区的主攻矿种、矿床基本地质特征、找矿潜力等,并初步提出下一步工作方案。
铜矿区位于肯尼亚首都内罗毕东部省马图(Matuu)—基图伊(Kitui)一带,地势较为平坦,海拨高程1 100~1 300 m,相对高差一般小于50 m。
受东南信风和西北信风影响,矿区属热带草原气候,3~6月、10~12月为雨季,其余为旱季,气候炎热,年平均温度为24℃。
植被较发育,主要为热带小灌木及草地,水系不发育,矿区内分布有少量湖泊,但当地居民缺水。
第四纪地质英语词汇

中文
洪积物 洪积层 洪积扇 河床 河漫滩 汇水区 流域 分水岭 辫状河 曲流 天然堤 滨河床沙坝 凸岸坝 牛轭湖 离堆山
英文
proluvium,proluvial deposit proluvium proluvial fan river bed floodplain catchment area drainage area,basin waterdivide,divide,watershed braided stream Meander natural levee channel bar,sand bar point bar ox-bow lake meander core,meander spur
中文
英文
黄土 黄土地貌 黄土塬 黄土梁 黄土峁 劣地 咯斯特 咯斯特地貌学 咯斯特地貌 咯斯特化 溶斗 溶蚀谷 溶蚀盆 落水洞 溶沟
loess loess landform “yuan”,loess tableland “liang”,loess ridge “mao”,loess hill badland karst karst geomorphology karst landform karstification doline polje uvala sinkhole karren
中文 内陆 地理单元 区划 带 地带 区域 地区 小区 新构造 植物群 动物群 哺乳动物 古人类 海拔
英文 inland geographical unit regionalization belt zone region area District Neotectonism Flora Fauna Mammal Hominid elevation
中文
英文
负地貌 正常地貌 倒置地貌 地貌倒置 刻蚀地貌 夷平面 准平原 剥蚀面 山麓[侵蚀]面 山麓侵蚀平面 山顶面 侵蚀循环 回春作用
地质英语
地质(geology)nacreous layer 珍珠层nacreous structure 珍珠构造nacrite 珍珠陶土nadorite 氯锑铅矿naegite 苗木石nagatelite 磷褐帘石nagyagite 叶碲矿nahcolite 重碳钠盐nail 指甲nakhlite 透橄无球粒陨石nantokite 铜盐naphthabitumen 石脑油沥青naphthene 环烷naphthene base crude oil 环烷基油naphthene index 环烷烃指数naphthenic acid 环烷酸naphtholite 沥青页岩nappe 推复体narrow gorge 嶂谷narsarsukite 短柱石nasal bone 鼻骨nasal capsule 鼻甲nasal cavity 鼻腔nasonite 氯硅钙铅矿natality 生产率native asphalt 天然沥青native copper 自然铜native element 天然元素native gold 自然金native mercury 自然汞native platinum 自然铂native silver 自然银natrite 泡碱natrium 钠natrochalcite 钠铜矾natrolite 钠沸石natron 泡碱natronorthoclase 钠正长石natronsanidine 钠透长石natrophilite 磷钠锰矿natural asphalt 天然沥青natural classification 自然分类natural coke 天然焦炭natural discharge 天然排泄natural frequency 固有频率natural gas 天然气natural geologic hazard 自然地质灾害natural heat flow 天然热流natural levee 天然堤natural load 自然负荷natural products 天然产物natural radioactive element 天然放射性元素natural radioactivity 天然放射性natural remanent magnetism 天然剩余磁性natural remanent magnetization 自然残余磁化natural selection 自然选择natural solid bitumen 天然固体沥青natural stream 天然河流natural succession 自然演替natural ventilation 自然通风natural water 天然水natural water level 自然水位nature preservation 自然保护naujakasite 瑙云母naumannite 硒银矿nautiloids 鹦鹉螺类nautilus 鹦鹉螺navicular 舟状的neanderthal man 尼安德特人neap tide 小潮near earthquake 近地震neck 岩颈necton 自游生物needle ironstone 针铁石nefedievite 红坚岭石negative crystal 负晶体negative delta 三角湾状三角洲negative element 阴性元素negative ion 负离子negative relief 负地形negative valence 负原子价nelsonite 钛铁磷灰岩nemathelminthes 线形动物类nematoblastic 纤状变晶质nematomorphic 纤维状的nemerteans 纽形动物类nenadkevite 硅钙铅铀矿neo ice age 新冰期neocomian 尼欧克姆阶neodymium 钕neogene 新第三纪neoglaciation 新冰期neolite 新石neolithic age 新石票代neolithic era 新石票代neometamorphism 新变质酌neon 氖neotantalite 黄钽铁矿neotectonic element 新构造单元neotectonic period 新构造期neotectonics 新构造学neoteny 幼态持续neotocite 水锰辉石neotropical region 新热带区neotype 新模neozoic era 新生代nepheline 霞石nepheline basalt 霞石玄武岩nepheline porphyry 霞石斑岩nepheline syenite 霞石正长岩nephelinite 霞石岩nephelinization 霞石化nephelometry 浊度测定nephrite 软玉nepouite 镍绿泥石neptunian theory 水成论neptunism 水成论neptunium 镎neritic sea 浅海neritic sediments 浅海沉积nerve 叶脉nesosilicates 岛状硅酸盐nest like ore body 鸡窝状矿体net 网net production 净产量netted venation 网状脉network structure 网状结构neutral humus 中性腐殖质neutral micelle 中性胶粒neutrality point 中性点neutron 中子neutron activation analysis 中子活化分析neutron capture 中子捕获neutron diffraction 中子衍射neutron energy 中子能量neutron epithermal neutron log 中子超热中子测井neutron generator 中子发生器neutron multiplication factor 中子的增殖系数neutron neutron log 中子中子测井neutron proton ratio 中子数与质子数比率neutron source 中子源neutron thermal neutron log 中子热中子测井nevadite 斑烈neve 粒雪neve basin 粒雪盆new global tectonics 新全球构造学new world 新世界newberyite 镁磷石newlandite 顽火榴辉石newyanskite 亮铱锇矿nickel 镍nickel ore 镍矿nicol's prisma 尼科耳棱镜nicolayite 硅铅钍铀矿nife 镍铁带niggli value 尼格理值niggliite 碲铂矿niobite 铌铁矿niobium 铌nitrate 硝酸盐nitratine 钠硝石nitratite 钠硝石nitric acid 硝酸nitrification 硝化酌nitrifying bacteria 硝化细菌nitrite 亚硝酸盐nitrobaryte 钡硝石nitrocalcite 钙硝石nitrogen 氮nitrogen compounds in petroleum 石油含氮化合物nitrogen content of coal 煤中氮nitrogen cycle 氮循环nitromagnesite 镁硝石nitronatrite 钠硝石nitrous acid 亚硝酸nival belt 雪带nivation 雪蚀酌nivenite 钇铀矿nobelium 锘noble metal 贵金属noble opal 贵蛋白石nocerite 针六方石node 节nodular 结核状的nodule 结核;结枝nomenclature 命名法nominal 命名的nominal diameter 标称直径nomogram 列线图non polar bond 非极性键non polar linkage 非极性键nonadiabatic change 非绝热变化nonangular unconformity 假整合nonbedded 非成层的nonbonding electron 非结合电子noncoking coal 非粘结性煤noncommercial reserves 表外储量nonconformity 不整合nondiastrophism 非构造变动nonequilibrium state 非平衡状态nonferrous metal 非铁金属nonmetal 非金属nonpolar 非极性的nonpolar molecule 非极性分子nonpolarizing electrode 不极化电极nonrotational deformation 非转动变形nonsequent fold 限制褶皱nonsteady 非稳定的nontectonic joint 非构造节理nontectonic process 非构造酌nontronite 绿脱石nonuniformity 不均匀性norbergite 块硅镁石nordite 硅钠锶镧石nordmarkite 英碱正长岩norian stage 诺利克阶noric stage 诺利克阶norite 苏长岩norm 标准矿物成分normal curve 标准曲线normal depth 正常深度normal device 电位电极系normal dispersion 正常色散normal distribution 正态分布normal electric field 正常电场normal epoch 正常时期normal fault 正断层normal field 正常场normal fold 正褶皱normal geomagnetic porality epoch 正磁极期normal gravity 正常重力normal magnetic field 正常磁场normal metamorphism of coal 煤正常变质normal order 正常层序normal projection 正轴投影normal solution 规定溶液normal state 正常态normal stress 法向应力normal succession 正常层序normal temperature 正常温度normal velocity 法向速度normal vibration 简正振动normality 规定浓度normative mineral 标准矿物norsethite 菱钡镁石north atlantic massif 北大误地块north latitude 北纬north pole 北极northeast pacific ridge 北潍平洋海岭northern alpine foreland 北部阿尔卑斯前沿地nosean 方石noseanite 方岩noselite 方石notochord 脊索noumeite 滑硅镍矿novacekite 水砷镁铀矿nuclear binding energy 核结合能nuclear charge 核电荷nuclear chemistry 核化学nuclear disintegration 核衰变nuclear emulsion 原子核照相乳胶nuclear energy level 核能级nuclear fuel 核燃料nuclear geology 核地质学nuclear magnetic log 核磁测井nuclear magnetic moment 核磁矩nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振nuclear model 核模型nuclear separation 核分离nuclear stability 核稳定性nucleic acid 核酸nuclen 核子nucleostratigraphy 核地层学nucleus of crystallization 晶核nuclide 核素nuclide chart 同位素表nugget 块金null valence 零价number of free radicals 自由基数numerical method 数值法numerical solution 数值解nummulites 货币石类nunatak 冰原石山nutrient 养分nutrition 营养nutritive salt 营养盐nutritive substance 养分nutritive value 营养价值nutty structure 核状结构oasis 绿州obduction 仰冲obduction plate 仰冲板块obduction zone 仰冲带objective 接物镜objective analysis 客观分析oblique extinction 斜消光oblique fault 斜断层oblique fold 斜卧褶皱oblique joint 斜节理oblique projection 斜投影oblique slip fault 斜滑断层oblong 长方形的oborite 鄂博矿obsequent fault line scarp 逆断线崖obsequent river 逆向河observation 观测observation field 观测场observation network 观测网observation well 观测孔observational error 观察误差obsidian 黑曜岩occasional species 偶见种ocean 大洋ocean bed 洋底ocean current 海流ocean floor 洋底ocean floor fracture zone 洋底断裂带ocean floor spreading 海底扩张ocean wave 大洋波浪oceanic craton 洋台oceanic crust 海洋地壳oceanic island 海洋岛oceanic ridge tholeiite 洋脊拉斑玄武岩oceanic rise 大洋中隆oceanic tholeiite 海洋性拉斑玄武岩oceanic water 大洋水oceanite 大洋岩oceanization 海洋化酌oceanographical remote sensing 海洋遥感oceanology 海洋学ocellar 眼班状的ocellus 单眼ochre 舣ochrea 托叶鞘octahedrite 八面石octahedron 八面体octophyllite 八叶云母ocular 目镜odd pinnate 奇数羽状的odinite 拉辉煌斑岩odometer 里程表odontoid 齿状的odontolite 齿绿松石oersted 奥斯忒offlap 退复offretite 菱钾铝矿offset 支脉offset well 探边井offshore 外滨offshore bar 滨外洲offshore coring drilling 近海浅钻钻探offshore drilling 近海钻井offshore drilling rig 海上钻探装置offshore oil drilling 海上石油钻探ohmic resistance 欧姆阻抗oikesis 定居oil 油oil accumulating area 聚油面积oil accumulation 油池oil basin 油田oil bearing 含油的oil bearing rock 油母岩oil bearing structure 储油构造oil damping 油减震oil deposit 石油矿床oil field 油田oil field water 油田水oil gas 油气oil geology 石油地质学oil horizon 含油层oil indication 石油显示oil layer 含油层oil measure 油层;油贮oil pool 油池oil production 采油oil sand 油砂oil saturation 油饱和率oil seepage 油苗oil shale 油母页岩oil stone 油石oil trap 油捕oil well 油井okenite 水硅钙石olafite 钠长石old stage 老年期old stone age 旧石票代old valley 老年谷old world 旧世界oldhamite 褐硫钙石;陨硫钙石oligocene 渐新世oligoclase 奥长石oligonite 菱锰铁矿oligosite 奥长岩oligotrophic 寡养的oligotrophic lake 寡养湖olistolith 滑动岩体olistostrome 重力滑动沉积olivenite 橄榄铜矿olivine 橄榄石olivine basalt 橄件武岩olivinfree basalt 无橄件武岩ollenite 绿帘金红角闪片岩omphacite 绿辉石one electron bond 单电子键onkilonite 橄辉霞岩onlap 海侵超覆onofrite 硒汞矿ontogenetic 个体发生的ontogeny 个体发生学ontogeny of minerals 矿物发生学onyx 缟玛瑙oogonium 卵原细胞oolite 鲕状岩oolitic 鲕状的oolitic iron ore deposit 鲡状铁矿床oolitic limestone 鲕状灰岩oolitic structure 鲡状构造ooze 软泥opacite 不透蔑opacite margin 不透眠缘opal 蛋白石opalization 蛋白石化opalize 使呈乳白状open circuit 开路open cut mining 露天采矿open cut ore mine 露天开采矿山open cut working 露天采矿open fault 张开断层open fold 敞开褶皱open hearth 平炉open pit method 露天开采法open pit quarry 露天矿场open stope method 空场回采法open stope mining 空场回采法open system 开放系统open tube analysis 开管分析open type geothermal reservoir 开放式地热储opening of mines 矿体开发operculum 鳃盖ophicalcite 蛇纹大理岩ophiolite 蛇绿岩ophiolite formation 蛇绿岩建造ophiolitic melange 蛇绿混杂岩ophite 纤闪辉绿岩ophitic texture 辉绿结构ophyolitic complex 蛇绿岩复合体opposite 对生的opposite phyllotaxis 对生叶序optic axis 光轴optic binormals 光轴副法线optic biradial 副光轴optic elasticity axes 光学弹性轴optical activity 旋光性optical angle 光轴角optical anisotropy 光学蛤异性optical anomaly 光性异常optical character 光性optical constant 光性常数optical dispersion 色散optical indicatrix 光率体optical isotropy 光学蛤同性optical orientation 光性方位optical phenomenon 光学现象optical section 光切面optical strain 光性变形optical system 光学系统optical twin 巴潍晶optically anisotropic 光学异向性的optically biaxial 双光轴的optically isotropic 光性均质的optically negative 负光性的optically positive 正光性的optically uniaxial 单光轴的optimization 最佳化oral appendage 口肢oral arm 口腕orangite 橙黄石orbicular 球状的orbicular granite 球状花岗岩orbital electron 轨道电子order 目order of crystallization 结晶顺序ordinary chernozem 普通黑土ordinary light 普通光线ordovician 奥陶纪ore 矿石ore bearing 含矿的ore bed 矿层ore bin 矿仓ore block 矿段ore bringer 运矿岩ore bunch 矿袋ore chimney 管状矿体ore column 矿柱ore complex 矿石复合ore core 矿心ore course 富矿体ore dampness 矿石湿度ore deposit 矿床ore dilution 矿石贫化ore dressing 选矿ore fines 粉矿ore formation 矿石建造ore grade 矿石品级ore hardness 矿硬ore leaching 矿石浸出ore losses 矿石损失ore mineral 金属矿物ore nest 矿巢ore pillar 矿柱ore pipe 管状矿体ore pocket 矿袋ore reserve 矿储藏量ore rock 含矿岩ore shoot 富矿体ore sort 矿石工业品级ore stock 矿储藏量oreforming element 成矿元素orford process 奥福特法organ 瀑organic acid 有机酸organic compound 有机化合物organic deposits 有机沉积organic geochemistry 有机地球化学organic matter 有机物organic matter content 有机物质含量organic pigment 有机颜料organic pollution 有机污染organic remains 有机残余物organic rock 有机岩organic sediments 有机沉积物organic silt 泥炭粘土organism 生物organogenic 有机生成的organometallic compound 有机金属化合物orictocoenosis 生物化石群落orientation 定向orientation of crystal 晶体定位oriented thin section 定向薄片orientite 锰柱石origin 起原origin of life 生命起原original dip 原生倾斜original interstice 原生空隙original order 原层序ornamental stone 装饰石ornamentation 纹饰ornithology 鸟类学orocline 造山带弯曲orogen 造山地带orogenesis 造山运动orogenetic 造山的orogenetic movements 造山运动orogenic 造山的orogenic belt 造山带orogenic cycle 造山旋回orogenic hydrothermal deposit 造山热液矿床orogenic phase 造山相orogenic zone 造山带orogeny 造山运动ort 横巷orthite 褐帘石orthoaxis 正轴orthochronology 标准地质年代学orthoclase 正长石orthoclasite 微正长岩orthoclastization 正长石化orthoconglomerate 正砾岩orthocumulate 正堆积岩orthodiadochite 磷铁华orthodiagonal axis 正轴orthodolomite 正白云石orthodome 正轴坡面orthoevolution 直向进化orthofelsite 正长霏细岩orthogenesis 直向演化orthogeosynclinal system 正地槽系orthogeosyncline 正地槽orthogneiss 正片麻岩orthogonality 正交orthographic projection 正射投影ortholimestone 正石灰石orthomagmatic deposit 正岩浆矿床orthomagmatic stage 正岩浆期orthometamorphism 正变质酌orthometamorphite 正变质岩orthomigmatite 正混合岩orthophotomap 正射投影像片组合图orthophyre 正长斑岩orthophyric 正斑状的orthopinacoid 正轴轴面orthoplatform 正地台orthoprism 正轴柱orthopyramid 正轴锥orthopyroxene 斜方辉石orthopyroxenite 斜方辉岩orthorhombic 斜方的orthorhombic system 斜方晶系orthoschist 火成片岩orthoscope 直光镜orthoselection 直向选择orthosilicate 正硅酸盐orthosite 粗粒正长岩orthostratigraphy 正交地层学orthosyenite 钾质正长岩orthotectonics 正构造ortlerite 闪斑玢岩ortstein 硬盘oryctogeology 化石地质学oryctognosy 地物学oryctology 化石学osannite 钠闪石osbornite 陨氯钛矿oscillation theory 颤动说oscillatory ripples 对称波痕oscillatory twinning 反复双晶osmiridium 铱锇矿osmium 锇osmotic equilibrium 渗透平衡osmotic force 渗透力osmotic pressure 渗透压ossicle 小骨ossification 骨化osteal 骨的ostium 小孔ostracodermi 甲胄鱼纲ostraite 磁铁尖晶辉岩otavite 菱镉矿ottrelite 粒硬绿泥石ouachitite 黑云沸煌岩outcrop 露头outer core 外核outer electron 外电子outer lip 外唇outer shell 外电子层outer shell electron 外电子outer sublittoral zone 底亚滨海带outflow 瘤outflow lake 外窿outlier 老围层outline 轮廓output voltage 输出电压outside balance reserves 表外储量outwash 冰水沉积outwash gravel 冰水砾outwash plain 冰水沉积平原oval 卵圆形的ovate 卵圆形的over load 过负荷overall output 总产量overburden 表土;复盖岩层;盖岩层overburden pressure 积土压力overcast sky 阴天overflow 泛滥overflow dam 溢劣overflow weir 溢劣overfold 倒转褶皱overground part 地上部分overhand stope 上向梯段回采工祖overland flow 表面径流overland runoff 地表径流overlap 超复overlap trap 超复圈闭overlying strata 覆层overlying strata of coal measures 煤系盖层overpressure 过压overriding plate 上冲板块oversaturated rock 过饱和岩oversize 筛上产品oversize product 筛上产品overthrust 逆掩断层overthrust block 掩冲体overthrust mass 掩冲体overthrust plane 逆掩断层面overthrust sheet 逆掩层overthrusting plate 上冲板块overturn 倒转overturned anticline 倒转背斜overturned fold 倒转褶皱overturned succession of strata 倒转层序overturning 倒转ovule 胚珠oxalate 草酸盐oxalic acid 草酸oxalite 草酸铁矿oxbow lake 牛角湖oxfordian 牛津阶oxidability 易氧化度oxidation potential 氧化势oxidation reduction cycle 氧化还原循环oxidation reduction potential 氧化还原势oxidation reduction system 氧化还原系oxidation state 氧化状态oxidation zone 氧化带oxidation zone of sulphide deposits 硫化物矿床氧化带oxide 氧化物oxidizability 易氧化度oxidize 氧化oxidized ore 氧化矿石oxidizing roasting 氧化焙烧oxydate 氧化沉积物oxygen 氧oxygen content of coal 煤中氧oxygen cycle 氧的循环oxygen demand 需氧量oxygen isotope method 氧同位素法oxygen logging 氧测井oyamalite 稀土锆石ozocerite 地蜡oxygen partial pressure 氧分压力oxyphile elements 亲氧元素ozokerite 地蜡ozonosphere 臭氧层地质年代(geochronology of geologic ages)Archaeozoic era(erathem),太古代(界)Proterozoic era(erathem),元古代(界)Palaeozoic era(erathem),古生代(界)Mesozoic era(erathem),中生代(界)Cenozoic era(erathem),新生代(界)Sinian period(system),震旦纪(系)Cambrian period(system),寒武纪(系)Ordovician period(system),奥陶纪(系)Silurian period(system),志留纪(系)Devonian period(system),泥盆纪(系)Carboniferous period(system),石炭纪(系)Permian period(system),二叠纪(系)Triassic period(system),三叠纪(系)Jurassic period(system),侏罗纪(系)Cretaceous period(system),白垩纪(系)Tertiary period(system),第三纪(系)Quaternary period(system),第四纪(系)地质构造(geologic structure)fault,断层reversed fault,逆断层paralled fault,平移断层normal fault,正断层gouge,断层泥stria,擦痕joint,节理tension joint,张节理unloading joint,卸荷节理primary joint,原生节理secondary,次生节理schistosity,片理bedding,层理foliation,板理(叶理)ripple mark,波痕mud crack,泥痕rain print,雨痕orientation of bedrock,岩层产状strike,走向dip,倾向angle of dip(dip angle),倾角fold,褶皱anticline,背斜syncline,向斜monocline(homocline),单斜dome,穹隆soft stratum,软弱岩层zone of fracture(broken zone),破碎带affected zone,影响带platy structure,板状构造cleavage,解理fracture(rupture),断裂fissure(crack,fracture),裂隙岩石类型(rock type)petrology,岩石学igneous rock,火成岩magmatic rock,岩浆岩lava(vocanic rock),火山岩intrusive(invade)rock,侵入岩effusive rock,喷出岩plutonic rock,深成岩pypabyssal rock,浅成岩acid rock,酸性岩inter-mediate rock,中性盐basic rock,基性岩ultrabasic rock,超基性岩granite,花岗岩porphyry,斑岩porphyrite,玢岩rhyolite,流纹岩syenite,正长岩trachyte,粗面岩diorite,闪长岩andesite,安山岩gabbro,辉长岩basalt,玄武岩aplite,细晶岩pegmatite,伟晶岩lamprophyre,煌斑岩diabase,辉绿岩dunite,橄榄岩pumice,浮岩sedimentary rock,沉积岩clastic,碎屑岩clay rock,黏土岩chemical rock,化学岩biolith,生物岩conglomerate,砾岩siltstone,粉砂岩mudstone,泥岩shale,页岩saline rock,岩盐limestone,石灰岩dolomite,白云岩marl,泥灰岩volcanic breccia,火山角砾岩volcanic agglomerate,火山块集岩tuff,凝灰岩metamorphic rock,变质岩slate,板岩phyllite,千枚岩schist,片岩gneiss,片麻岩quartzite,石英岩marble,大理岩mylonite,糜棱岩migmatite,混合岩cataclasite,碎裂岩sediment(deposit),沉积物、沉积层silt,粉土clay,粘土sandy clay,砂质粘土sandy loam,壤土、亚黏土boulder,漂石、顽石cobble,卵石gravel,砾石sand,砂clayey sand,粘质砂土regolith(topsoil),浮土(表土)loess,黄土laterite,红土peat,泥炭ooze,软泥(海泥)造岩矿物(rock-forming minerals)talc,滑石gypsum,海石calcite,方解石fluorite,萤石apatite,磷灰石feldspar,长石quartz,石英topaz,黄玉orthoclase,正长石plagloclase,斜长石diamand,金刚石biotite,黑云母muscovite,白云母corundum,刚玉amphibole,角闪石phroxene,辉石olivine,橄榄石dolomite,白云石kaolinite,高岭石montmorillonite,蒙脱石bentonite,斑脱石(膨润土)illite,依砾石garnet,石榴子石chlorite,绿泥石serpentine,蛇纹石pyrite,黄铁矿hematite,赤铁矿magnetite,磁铁矿limonite,褐铁矿工程地质(engineering geology)geotechnics(geotechnique),土工学、土工技术、岩石工程rock mechanics,岩石力学soil mechanics,土力学geomechanics,地质力学(岩石力学)engineering geological conditions,工程地质条件engineering geological problems,工程地质问题rock mass structure,岩体结构geographic and geomorphic conditions,地形地貌条件geophysical phenomenon,物理地质现象hydrogeological conditions,水文地质条件natural materials,天然材料reservoir,水库settlement,沉降displacement,位移deformation,变形tectonic stress,构造应力residual stress,残余应力angle of internal friction,内摩擦角cohesion,内聚力(凝聚力、粘聚力)pressure tunnel,压力隧洞underground cavern/cavity,地下洞室overburden,覆盖物bed rock(base rock,foundation rock),基岩firm rock(sound rock),硬岩weak rock(soft rock),软岩interbed,夹层zone of fracture(broken zones),破碎带homogeneity,均质性nonhomogeneity(heterogeneity),非均质性isotropy,各向同性anisotropy,各向异性矿物质的物理性质(physical character of minerals)hardness,硬度luster,光泽rent(fracture),断口crystal form,晶形streak,条痕color,颜色transparency(pellucidity),透明度岩石学(petrology)structure,构造texture,结构classification,分类fabric,组成mineral composition,矿物组成crystalline,结晶质amorphous substance,非晶质degree of rounding,磨圆度degree of grains,粒度fossil,化石地层地貌(stratum and physiognomy)basin,盆地river valley,河谷river bed,河床terrain,地势attitude,产状topography,地形rock base(batholite),岩基rock stock,岩株rock flow,岩流rock loccolith,岩盖rock lopolith,岩盆rock dike,岩墙vein dyke,岩脉rock sill,岩床alluvium,冲击物(层)sediment(deposit),沉积物(层)proluvium(diluvium),洪积物(层)eolian deposit,风积物(层)eluvium,残积物(层)deluvium,坡积物(层)glacial(drift)deposit,冰川沉积物(层)marine deposit,海积物(层)colluvial deposit(colluvium),崩积物(层)lake deposit,湖积物(层)cross-bedding,交错层geologic structure,地质构造geotectonics,大地构造学graben,地堑horst,地垒cordance(conformity),整合deceptive cordance/conformity,假整合discordance(unconformity),不整合地质作用(physical geology action)weathering,风化 erosion,侵岩 transportation,搬运deposition/sediment,沉积 denudation,剥蚀 corrasion,磨蚀corrosion,腐蚀 dissolution,溶蚀 landslide,滑坡collapse(rock fall),崩塌 mud flow,泥石流earthquake,地震 intensity,烈度 magnitude,震级水文(hydrology)ground water(subsurface water),地下水 surface water,地表水atmospheric water,大气水 runoff,径流fresh water(plain water,sweet water),淡水river flow/discharge,河水流量peak flood flow,洪峰流量 flood out flow,洪水下卸流量dry season,枯水季 wet season,丰水季flood(raining)season,汛期 non-flood season,非汛期5% frequency flood,20年一遇洪水 flood control,防汛。
22072182_硅质大火成岩省的形成机制及其与资源环境的关系
1000 0569/2020/036(07) 1973 85ActaPetrologicaSinica 岩石学报doi:10 18654/1000 0569/2020 07 03硅质大火成岩省的形成机制及其与资源环境的关系薄弘泽 张招崇BOHongZeandZHANGZhaoChong中国地质大学地球科学与资源学院,北京 100083SchoolofEarthSciencesandResources,ChinaUniversityofGeosciences,Beijing100083,China2020 02 02收稿,2020 05 15改回BoHZandZhangZC 2020 GenesisofSilicicLargeIgneousProvincesandeffectsofresourcesandenvironment ActaPetrologicaSinica,36(7):1973-1985,doi:10 18654/1000 0569/2020 07 03Abstract SilicicLargeIgneousProvinces(S LIPs)aremagmaticformationswitharealextentsgreaterthan105km2,volumesgreaterthan2 5×105km3,andmorethan80vol %arecomposedofrhyoliticignimbrites MostoftheS LIPsarelocatedalongthecontinentalmargins,whichmayberelatedtothebreakupofsuper continentandadjacentMaficLargeIgneousProvinces(M LIPs).Theirlifespanisrelativelylong(~40Myr)comparedwithM LIPs TheigneousrocksfromS LIPsusuallybelongtocalc alkalineseries,andcontainhydrousphenocrystssuchasbiotiteandamphibole,andtheyshowtransitionalgeochemicalfeaturesfromI typetoA typegranitoids Basedonpreviousstudies,wecompilewhole rockgeochemicaldatafromfiveS LIPs,andproposethattheremeltingofthesubduction relatedhydrouslowercrusttriggeredbymagmaunderplating(ormantleplume)andfolloweddifferentdegreesoffractionalcrystallizationisthepossiblemainmechanismfortheformationofS LIPs Becausetheuppersilicicmagmasactlikedensitybarrierandthemagmaconduitcannotbeeasilyformedinhydrouscrust,thesemaficmagmasareunabletoeruptthroughthecrust However,theydotransferlargeamountsofSO2gasupward Thus,theS LIPscanalsobeconsideredasthepresenceof“hidden”MLIPs Ontheonehand,thelarge scalesilicicmagmatismcouldinjecttheseSO2aerosolsintothestratosphere,ontheotherhand,itcouldpromptthephotosyntheticconversionofCO2toorganiccarbonbyironfertilizationofocean,andbothofthemcouldcauseglobalcooling Furthermore,S LIPscouldalsobeconsideredasonelarge scalehydrothermalmineralizationsystem,formingextensivelow sulfurepithermalpreciousmetaldeposits,whichareofgreateconomicsignificanceKeywords SilicicLargeIgneousProvinces;magmaunderplating;crustalremelting摘 要 硅质大火成岩省是以流纹质熔结凝灰岩为主体的(>80vol %),覆盖面积大于105km2、体积大于2 5×105km3的巨型岩浆岩建造,多呈条带状产出在大陆边缘,可能与大陆裂解和相邻镁铁质大火成岩省密切相关;其形成时间相对镁铁质大火成岩省较长,可达~40Myr。
岩浆岩起源与演化
Transform Plate Boundaries
Where the motion of two plates is parallel to their boundary, lithosphere is neither created nor deformed, but strain is concentrated and seismicity is common.
Vs=gΔρB2/18η
Bowen’s Reaction Series
(Spinel)
olivine
Calcic plagioclase
Mg pyroxene
Calci-alkalic plagioclase
Mg-Ca pyroxene
Continuous
alkali-calcic plagioclase
zoned
Crystal Settling
plag
Perthitic pyroxene
Gabbro - Plane Polarized Light
Plagioclase zoning
Magmatic Cross-Beds in Skaergaard Layered Intrusion
From: /~dogsci/kays/313/plutonic.html
火成岩成分的多样性
46.7% (1)分散在 宽的范围内
53.3% 的样品聚积在 中心带内(2,3,4)
Analyses of a global sample of 41,000 igneous rocks of all ages
分异作用的主要类型
1、封闭系统的分异作用 (1)结晶分异作用(晶体-熔体之间的分异): 重力分异、流动分异、压滤作用、熔体对流分异 (2)不混熔熔体的物理分异 (3)熔体-流体分离 2、开放系统的分异作用 (1)围岩混染物的同化作用 (2)两种或多种不同岩浆的混合 (3)AFC (同时发生结晶分异与同化混染)
青海省地质图(封面扉页目录)
青海省地质图(1∶1000 000)说明书青海省地质矿产勘查开发局青海省地质调查院青海省科学技术厅青海省国土资源厅Geological Map of Qinghai Provice(1:1000 000)illustrationQinghai Provincial Bureau of Geominerals ExplorationQinghai Geological Survey InstituteQinghai Provincial Department of Land & ResoucesDepartment of Science & Technology of Qinghai province编制 赞助 青海省地质图(1∶1000 000)说明书顾 问 :高延林 任家琪主 编:张雪亭 杨生德 杨站君副主编:王秉璋 俞 建 王培俭 其它主要编图人员:古凤宝 张显庭丁西歧 阿成业 王毅智拜永山 邓中林 王 瑾曹生秀青海省地质矿产勘查开发局 青海省地质调查院青海省科学技术厅青海省国土资源厅目录第一章绪言 (1)一、项目来源及目的任务 (1)二、编图原则及指导思想 (2)三、有关问题及说明 (2)四、青海省岩石地层划分建立的情况 (5)五、资料使用情况 (5)第二章地层 (6)一、太古宙(未分)地层 (6)二、古元古代地层 (6)三、中元古代地层 (8)四、新元古代地层 (13)五、中元古代—新元古代地层 (18)六、早古生代地层 (20)七、晚古生代地层 (32)八、中生代地层 (49)九、新生代地层 (76)第三章、蛇绿岩及兰片岩和榴辉岩 (84)一、蛇绿岩 (84)二、兰片岩和榴辉岩 (88)第四章岩浆岩 (90)一、概述 (90)二、火山岩 (91)三、侵入岩 (115)第五章区域构造 (139)一、基本构造格局 (139)二、构造单元划分 (141)三、主要断裂系统 (142)四、动力学演化过程 (150)第六章结语 (154)主要参考文献 (156)CONTENTSChapter1 Perface (1)1 Source and Objective of Projection (1)2 Idea and Basic Principles of Compiler (2)3 Some problem to Explain (2)4 Division of Lithostratigraphy of Qinghai Province (5)5 Utilization of Material (5)Chapter 2 Stratigraphy (6)1 Archeozoic Era (Undivided) Stratigraphy (6)2 Lower Proterozoic Era Stratigraphy (6)3 Middle Proterozoic Era Stratigraphy (8)4 Upper Proterozoic Era Stratigraphy (13)5 Middle -- Upper Proterozoic Era Stratigraphy (18)6 Early Paleozoic Era Stratigraphy (20)7 Late Paleozoic Era Stratigraphy (32)8 Mesozoic Era Stratigraphy (49)9 Cenozic Era Stratigraphy (76)Chapter 3 Ophiolite,Glaucophane Schist and Eclogite (84)1 Ophiolite (84)2 Glaucophane Schist and Eclogite (88)Chapter 4 Magmatite (90)1 An Outline of Magmatite (90)2 V olcanic Rock (91)3 Intrusive Rock (115)Chapter 5 Areal Tectonics (139)1 Principles Tectonics Framework (139)2 Division of Tectonics Element (141)3 Major Fault System (142)4 Dynamic Evolutional Process (150)Chapter 6 Conclusion (154)Major Reference (156)。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
Ophiolite genesis and global tectonics
INVITED REVIEW ARTICLE Ophiolite genesis and global tectonics: Geochemical and tectonic fingerprinting of ancient oceanic lithosphere
Yildirim Dilek1,† and Harald Furnes2 1 Department of Geology, Shideler Hall, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, USA, and Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences at Wuhan, Wuhan 430074, Hubei Province, China 2 Department of Earth Science & Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen, Bergen 5007, Norway
ABSTRACT Ophiolites, and discussions on their origin and significance in Earth’s history, have been instrumental in the formulation, testing, and establishment of hypotheses and theories in earth sciences. The definition, tectonic origin, and emplacement mechanisms of ophiolites have been the subject of a dynamic and continually evolving concept since the nineteenth century. Here, we present a review of these ideas as well as a new classification of ophiolites, incorporating the diversity in their structural architecture and geochemical signatures that results from variations in petrological, geochemical, and tectonic processes during formation in different geodynamic settings. We define ophiolites as suites of temporally and spatially associated ultramafic to felsic rocks related to separate melting episodes and processes of magmatic differentiation in particular tectonic environments. Their geochemical characteristics, internal structure, and thickness vary with spreading rate, proximity to plumes or trenches, mantle temperature, mantle fertility, and the availability of fluids. Subductionrelated ophiolites include suprasubductionzone and volcanic-arc types, the evolution of which is governed by slab dehydration and accompanying metasomatism of the mantle, melting of the subducting sediments, and repeated episodes of partial melting of metasomatized peridotites. Subduction-unrelated ophiolites include continental-margin, midocean-ridge (plume-proximal, plume-distal, and trench-distal), and plume-type (plumeproximal ridge and oceanic plateau) ophio† lites that generally have mid-ocean-ridge basalt (MORB) compositions. Subductionrelated lithosphere and ophiolites develop during the closure of ocean basins, whereas subduction-unrelated types evolve during rift drift and seafloor spreading. The peak times of ophiolite genesis and emplacement in Earth history coincided with collisional events leading to the construction of supercontinents, continental breakup, and plumerelated supermagmatic events. Geochemical and tectonic fingerprinting of Phanerozoic ophiolites within the framework of this new ophiolite classification is an effective tool for identification of the geodynamic settings of oceanic crust formation in Earth history, and it can be extended into Precambrian greenstone belts in order to investigate the ways in which oceanic crust formed in the Archean. INTRODUCTION Ophiolites represent fragments of upper mantle and oceanic crust (Dewey and Bird, 1971; Coleman, 1977; N icolas, 1989) that were incorporated into continental margins during continent-continent and arc-continent collisions (Dilek and Flower, 2003), ridge-trench interactions (Cloos, 1993; Lagabrielle et al., 2000), and/or subduction-accretion events (Cawood et al., 2009). They are generally found along suture zones in both collisional-type (i.e., Alpine, Himalayan, Appalachian) and accretionary-type (i.e., North American Cordilleran) orogenic belts (Fig. 1) that mark major boundaries between amalgamated plates or accreted terranes (Lister and Forster, 2009). The geological record of the evolution of ocean basins from the rift-drift and seafloor spreading stages to the initiation of subduction and final closure (the Wil-
E-mail: dileky@muohio.edu. son cycle) is well preserved in most orogenic belts. Magmatism during each of these phases produces spatially and temporally associated, mafic-ultramafic to highly evolved rock assemblages. These rock units, which have varying internal structures, geochemical affinities, and age ranges, and originally formed in different geodynamic settings, constitute discrete ophiolite complexes and can become tectonically juxtaposed in collision zones (Dilek, 2003). In the Penrose definition (Anonymous, 1972, p. 24), an ophiolite is described as a “distinctive assemblage of mafic to ultramafic rocks” that includes, from bottom to top, tectonized peridotites, cumulate peridotites, and pyroxenites overlain by layered gabbros, sheeted basaltic dikes, a volcanic sequence, and a sedimentary cover; an ophiolite may be incomplete, tectonically dismembered, or metamorphosed. This original Penrose definition of ophiolites (Anonymous, 1972) is highly restrictive and does not reflect the actual heterogeneity in ophiolite composition and occurrence, and therefore a more deterministic approach to defining ophiolites and their igneous evolution is needed. In this paper, we first review the evolution of the ophiolite