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群际威胁及攻击行为关系-自我控制中介作用
群际威胁及攻击行为关系: 自我控制中介作用摘要本文通过两个研究探讨了不同类型群际威胁与攻击行为的关系，以及自我控制在其中的作用。
研究1考察在现实威胁情境下三者之间的关系，结果发现，现实威胁感与攻击行为显著正相关，与自我控制显著负相关，自我控制在现实威胁感和攻击行为之间起部分中介作用；研究2考察在象征威胁情境下三者之间的关系，发现象征威胁感与攻击行为和自我控制间均无显著关系，自我控制与攻击行为显著负相关，自我控制在象征威胁感和攻击行为间无中介作用关键词现实威胁象征威胁自我控制攻击分类号B849DOI：10.16842/ki.issn2095-5588.2017.05.0031引言群际威胁是指一个群体的行为、信念和各种特征受到另一个群体的目标、发展及生存的威胁（Riek，Mania，Gaertner，McDonald，& Lamoreaux，2010）。
整合群际威胁理论（integrated threat theory，ITT）将群际威胁划分为四类：现实威胁、象征威胁、群际焦虑和消极刻板印象（Stephan & Renfro，2002）。
感知到的群际威胁会使人们对外群体产生消极的态度和情感（Stephan & Stephan，2000），如生气、焦虑、害怕（Renfro，Duran，Stephan，& Clason，2006；Stephan & Renfro，2002），在引发消极情绪的同时也能激活多种消极行为，如歧视、对立、敌对、冲突和暴力行为（Stephan，Ybarra，& Morrison，2009），其中对立、敌对、冲突和暴力行为都属于攻击行为。
有研究表明，个体的攻击性特质水平、群体认同程度及个体感受到的群际威胁都是攻击行为过程中的重要影响因素（王沛，刘峰，2007；Ann，Tally，& Valentine，2006；Bushman & Anderson，2001）。
不同浓度吡虫啉包衣处理在油菜上的应用Ⅰ.对蚜虫种群发展的影响
不同浓度吡虫啉包衣处理在油菜上的应用Ⅰ.对蚜虫种群发展的影响黄芳;吴红平;李冬富;郝仲萍【摘要】在田间条件下研究了吡虫啉(高巧,60％悬浮剂)包衣处理对油菜蚜虫发生的影响.播种前对油菜种子进行不同浓度(药种比分别为1∶5、1∶25、1∶125)的药剂包衣处理,结果表明,经处理后的油菜在苗期和花期后的蚜虫发生量均显著低于对照,并且花期后不同浓度药剂处理间存在一定差异,药种比最低的处理上发生少量蚜虫而药种比最高的处理上蚜虫未发生;药剂包衣处理后的油菜上有翅蚜的比例发生显著变化,最低药种比处理中有翅蚜比例维持在6％～10％,中浓度药种比处理中在油菜苗期不发生有翅蚜,但在花期其有翅蚜比例超过20％,至结角期有翅蚜比例仍达到15％左右;中浓度处理田块中有翅蚜可在未经过药剂处理的油菜上快速繁殖并建立种群,个体发生量与对照差异虽不显著(P=0.6),但在数值上略高.以上结果说明,不同浓度吡虫啉包衣处理可有效防控蚜虫对油菜的为害,但中浓度处理可导致有翅蚜大量发生及蚜群后代繁殖力提升.%Effects of imidacloprid (Gaucho) coating on aphids in fields of oilseed rape were studied.Seeds were treated by Gaucho in different ratios of 1∶5, 1∶25 and 1∶125 (weight of chemical versus seed).The results showed that 1) aphids occurred on the seedlings in the treatments were significantly less than the control, and so were in the flowering stages when no aphid was found in the highest treatment and a few aphids in the lowest treatment;2) ratios of alate aphid between the treatments were significantly different.6％～10％ alate aphids appeared in the lowest treatment, while zero in the medium treatment, in the seedlings, over 20％ in the flowers and 15％ in the fruits;3) aphids collectedin fields of medium treatment could establish a quick-developing population on untreated plants, and counts of individuals were slightly higher than the control, but showing no statistical difference (P=0.6).The above results suggested that coating by imidacloprid could effectively control the aphids occurred on the oilseed rape, but a medium coating concentration could result in flourishing of alate aphids and increased reproductive ability.【期刊名称】《浙江农业学报》【年(卷),期】2017(029)003【总页数】5页(P428-432)【关键词】油菜;种衣剂;吡虫啉;蚜虫;田间种群【作者】黄芳;吴红平;李冬富;郝仲萍【作者单位】湖州出入境检验检疫局综合服务技术中心,浙江湖州 313000;湖州出入境检验检疫局综合服务技术中心,浙江湖州 313000;湖州出入境检验检疫局综合服务技术中心,浙江湖州 313000;安徽省农业科学院作物研究所,安徽合肥230031【正文语种】中文【中图分类】S435.65蚜虫是我国油菜生产中的重要害虫。
被洞悉错觉的研究综述
被洞悉错觉的研究综述2019-10-28【摘要】被洞悉错觉是由于过⾼的估计别⼈对⾃⼰的洞悉⽔平⽽产⽣的被“看透”的错误知觉，是⼀种⼈际认知偏差。
其对个体适应环境，进⾏有效的⼈际交往起着重要的作⽤。
⼤量的实验证明了被洞悉错觉⼴泛存在的事实，其研究内容也扩展到探究被洞悉错觉的基本机制、特征和影响因素等⽅⾯。
此外，被洞悉错觉的跨⽂化研究也正在兴起。
【关键词】被洞悉错觉；⼈际认知偏差；⾃我知觉1被洞悉错觉的性质1.1被洞悉错觉的提出被洞悉错觉的概念最早是由Gilovich等⼈于上世纪末年提出的。
Gilovich及其合作者在实验后发现：尽管每个⼈都会避免⾃⼰的隐私泄露于外⼈，也会尽可能客观地去推测他⼈探查⾃⼰内⼼活动的程度，然⽽他们仍然倾向认为⾃⼰语⾔的掩饰、表情的伪装和负罪感的逃避能被⼈看穿，⽽事实却并⾮如此。
在这个推测过程中，过⾼的估计别⼈对⾃⼰的洞悉⽔平⽽产⽣的被“看透”的错误知觉就是被洞悉错觉。
由于被洞悉错觉涉及到个体耐于沟通意图的清晰性的认知，因此，研究者们主要采⽤实验研究的⽅法分别考察“表演者”与“观众”的推测⽔平的差异，并以此作为被洞悉错觉的强度⼤⼩的指标。
1.2被洞悉错觉的理论来源理论来源⼀：社会知觉与⾃我知觉的不对称性。
⼀般来说，社会知觉可分为对他⼈的知觉、⼈际知觉和⾃我知觉等⼏种。
这些知觉并不总是真实和客观的，⽽是常常会出现知觉偏差。
被洞悉错觉这种受知觉主客体以及情境变量的影响⽽产⽣的知觉偏差，其理论源头可以追溯到⾃我知觉和社会知觉不对称性的研究。
从Cooley的“镜像⾃我”的报告，到Jonesh和Nisbett有关表演者与观察者在判断上的系统偏差的研究，再到Krueger和GiLbert对“偏向知觉”及其“相应偏向”的研究，及90年代末期⼼理学家们对个体对⾃⼰和个体对他⼈这两种偏向知觉的差异性研究，研究者们逐渐深化了知觉主体信息沟通的差异性。
⽽被洞悉错觉的研究不仅是⾃我知觉和社会知觉不对称思想的进⼀步深化，⽽且还对这种不对称的本质属性进⾏了更为动态的描述。
疫情背景下长春市初中学生居家体育线上教学情况探究
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群体研究 ＱＵＮＴＩＹＡＮＪＩＵ
查，并采用专家评价法对调查问卷的效度进行检验。截止到 ６ 月 １日参与的初中教师 ３０２人，初中学生 ３１００人，１００％有效。
１４６
ＢＵＬＬＥＴＩＮ ＯＦＳＰＯＲＴＳＣＩＥＮＣＥ ＡＮＤＴＥＣＨＮＯＬＯＧＹ Ｖｏｌ．２９．ＮＯ．９．２０２１
１．２．３ 数理统计法 对问卷结果进行统计和分析，提出了居家体育线上教学
存在的问题，并对今后如何提高线上教学质量提出建议。 ２ 结果与分析 ２．１ 体育课线上教学基本情况 ２．１．１ 居家线上体育教学开展情况
通过表 １显示，长春市各区居家体育线上教学开展情况 １００％，每天开展占 ９４．６％，表 ２显示采取线上直播和录播的教 师占到 ８８．３７％，体育作为中学教学内容之一，同时是中考考 试内容，在疫情大背景下，发展体育锻炼，增强身体素质显得尤 为重要，在教育部停课不停学的要求下，长春市初中体育教学 有序进行且大部门采取线上直播或录播的线上教学形式。
表 １ 学校开展居家体育线上教学课程情况
形式 占比
开展％ １００
每天开展（除正常假期）％ ９４．６
表 ２ 居家线上体育教学形式开展情况
形式 占比
直播％ ３７．２５
录播％ ５１．１２
通信软件％ ８．９６
其他％ ２．６７
２．１．２ 居家线上各类教学形式是否满足体育教学基本要求 表 ３显示，居家线上教学形式满足了大部分教师教学基本 （下转第 １７２页）
前言 随着新冠肺炎疫情的发展，“不出门”成了抗击疫情措施
中被强调最多的一个词。临近开学，教育部门提出“停课不停 学”的口号［１］。体育是中考考试内容，同时是提高免疫力、增
ICM_2010
2010 IeM ProblemThe Great Pacific Ocean Garbage PatchRecently, there has been considerable news coverage of the "Great Pacific Ocean Garbage Patch." Seethe following:/20091l1/ 10/ sciencell Opatch.html? em/program/archives/200907314/article/idUSTRE57R05E20090828Based on recent scientific expeditions into the Pacific Ocean Gyre (a convergence zone where debris is accumulating), a wide variety of technical and scientific problems associated with this debris mass are coming to light. While dumping waste into the ocean is not a new activity, the scientific community's realization that much of the debris (plastics, in particular) are accumulating in high densities over a large area of the Pacific Ocean is new. The scientific community also is learning that this debris creates many potential threats to marine ecology, and, therefore, to human well-being. Those who study this accumulation often describe it as plastic soup or confetti.See.;.../news/2009/09/photogalleries/pacific-garbage-patch-pictures/ This year's ICM problem uses interdisciplinary modeling to addresses the complex issues stemming from the presence and accumulation of ocean debris, in order to help researchers and ultimately government policy makers to understand the severity, range, and potential global impact of the situation.As modeling advisors to the expedition, your job is to focus on one element of this debris problem, model and analyze its behavior, and determine its potential effect on marine ecology and the government policies and practices that should be implemented to ameliorate its negative effects. Be sure to consider needs for future scientific research and the economic aspects of the problem, and then write a report to your expedition leader summarizing your findings and proposals for solutions and needed policies and practices. Some of the possible issues/questions you could investigate with your model include:l. What are the potential short- and long-term effects of the plastic on the ocean environment? What kind of monitoring is required to track the impact on the marine ecosystem? Be sure to account for temporal and spatial variability. What are the associated resourcing requirements?2. How can the extent, density and distribution of the plastic in the gyre be best understood and described?What kind of monitoring plan is required to track the growth/decay/movement of the plastics, andwhat kind ofresourcing is required to implement that plan?3. What is the nature or mechanism of the photo degradation of the plastic and its composition as it entersthe ocean and accumulates in the gyre? (For example, we are amazed to find that the particles ofdegraded plastic tend to reach a similar size.)4. Where does the plastic come from and what steps can be taken to control or reduce the risks associatedwith this situation? What are the economic costs and the economic benefits of controlling orending the situation, and how do they compare? How much plastic is manufactured, discarded,and recycled? How much of that is likely to go into the ocean? How much of that is likely tofloat?5. Could similar situations develop in other places in the oceans? What should we monitor and how?What is happening in the North Atlantic Gyre and the Alaskan Gyre? Use your model to estimate the plastic density in the future in the southern gyres (South Atlantic, South Pacific)?6. What is the immediate impact of banning polystyrene takeout containers? (See:http://bit.ly/5koJHB) What is the impact over 10-50 years?7. Any other scientific/technological issue associated with this situation is also acceptable, as long asmodeling is an important component of your investigation and analysis.To clarify your task, focus on one critical aspect of this problem and model the behavior of the important matters or phenomena. Specify the quantities that are of greatest present or future interest to the one aspect you choose to model and analyze. Your ICM report should be in the form of a ten-page team report to an expedition leader who has asked you to help her identify the relevant behaviors of the matters and phenomena under consideration, provide the analysis for impact of the behavior of those matters or phenomena, and advise her on the government's potential to act on the problem to improve this situation before it worsens.The following files contain some helpful data:CountDensity1999-2009.pdf; Moore 2001.pdf; Yamashita 2007.pdfHere are some suggested papers you can use to inform your model formulation and obtain more data:Note: As a reminder, it is best to stick to the scientific literature, not the media coverage, for your facts. The mainstream media coverage of this issue has been misleading in many cases. For further explanation, see: /2009I1l / l3/millions- billions- trillions-of-scientific-errors- in- the- nyt/ Committee on the Effectiveness ofInternational and National Measures to Prevent and Reduce Marine Debris and Its Impacts (National Research Council). (2009). Tackling Marine Debris in the 21stCentury, National Academies Press, Washington D.C.Dameron, O.J., Parke, M., Albins M.A., and Brainard R. (2007). Marine debris accumulation in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: An examination of rates and processes. Marine Pollution Bulletin,54:423--433.Derraik, J.G.B. (2002). The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44:842-852.Matsumura, S., and Nasu, K. (1997). Distribution of floating debris in the north Pacific Ocean: sighting surveys 1986-l99l. In: Coe, J. and Rogers, D. (eds.). Marine Debris: Sources, Impacts and Solutions.Springer, New York, pp. 15-24.Moore, C.J., Moore, S.L., Leecaster, M.K., and Weisberg, S.B. (2001). A comparison of plastic and plankton in the North Pacific central gyre. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42: l297-l300.Pichel, W.G., Churnside, J.H., Veenstra, T.S., Foley, D.G., Friedman, K.S., Brainard, R.E., Nicoll, J.B., Zheng, Q., and Clemente-Colon, P. (2007). Marine debris collects within the North Pacific SubtropicalConvergence Zone. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54:l207-l2ll.Robards, M.D., Gould, P., Platt, J. (1997). The highest global concentrations and increased abundance of oceanic plastic debris in the North Pacific: evidence from seabirds. In: Coe J. and Rogers, D. (eds.) Marine Debris: Sources, Impact and Solutions. Springer, New York, pp. 15-24.Venrick, E.L., Backman, T.W., Bartram, W.C., Platt, C.J., Thornhill, M.S., and Yates, R.E. (1973). Manmade objects on the surface of the central north pacific ocean. Nature, 241 :271-271.Yamashita, R., Tanimura, A. (2007). Floating plastic in the Kuroshio Current area, western North Pacific Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54:485-488.150"W 140"W120"W1100WBOONSOON400N• ••300N••• •• ••• •••• • • • • •• •...• ,.• •• • • •• • •• • o~ •• g.·e·• o 0 •••••o• •.......... : .,.,,, •....0,,>HawaiiG •• ••• • '-.Data Sources: AMRF,ESRIMap prepared by Ann Zellers and Matthew Knell 3/31/09Projection: WGS1984o200 400 600 800 1,000 _C::: •• _-===-_-==:::JMilesCount Densities of Plastic Debris from Ocean Surface SamplesNorth Pacific Gyre 1999 - 2008e PergamonMarine Pollution Bulletin Vol. 42, No. 12, pp. 1297-1300,2001 © 2001Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reservedPrinted in Great Britain 0025-326XjOI$ - see front matter PH: S0025-326X(01)00114-XA Comparison of Plastic and Plankton in the North Pacific Central GyreC. J. MOOREt*, S. L. MOOREt, M. K. LEECASTERt,l and S. B. WEISBERGtt Algalita Marine Research Foundation, 345 Bay Shore Avenue, Long Beach, CA 90803, USAtSouthern California Coastal Water Research Project, 7171 Fenwick Lane, Westminster, CA 92683, USAThe potential for ingestion of plastic particles by open ocean filter feeders was assessed by measuring the relative abundance and mass of neustonic plastic and zooplankton in surface waters under the central atmospheric highpressure cells of the North Pacific Ocean. Neuston samples were collected at 11 random sites, using a manta trawl lined with 333 u mesh. The abundance and mass of neustonic plastic was the largest recorded anywhere in the Pacific Ocean at 334271 pieces km2 and 5114 g km", respectively. Plankton abundance was approximately five times higher than that of plastic, but the mass of plastic was approximately six times that of plankton. The most frequently sampled types of identifiable plastic were thin films, polypropylene/monofilament line and unidentified plastic, most of which were miscellaneous fragments. Cumulatively, these three types accounted for 98% of the total number of plastic pieces. © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.Keywords: North Pacific central gyre; neuston; plastics; zooplankton; debris; pollution monitoring.Marine debris is more than an aesthetic problem, posing a danger to marine organisms through ingestion and entanglement (Day, 1980; Balazs, 1985; Fowler, 1987; Ryan, 1987; Robards, 1993; Bjorndal et al., 1994; Laist, 1997). The number of marine mammals that die each year due to ingestion and entanglement approaches 100000 in the North Pacific Ocean alone (Wallace, 1985). Worldwide, 82 of 144 bird species examined contained small debris in their stomachs, and in many species the incidence of ingestion exceeds 80% of the individuals (Ryan, 1990). In addition, a recent study has determined that plastic resin pellets accumulate toxic chemicals, such as PCBs, DDE, and nonylphenols, and may serve as a transport medium and source of toxins to marine organisms that ingest them (Mato et al., 2001).Many studies have focused on the ingestion of small debris by birds because their stomach contents can be regurgitated by researchers in the field without causing*Corresponding author.1 Present address: INEEL, Bechtel WBXT, Idaho, LLC, P.O. Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415-3779, USA. harm to the animal. Less well studied are the effects of ingestible debris on fish, and no studies have been conducted on filter-feeding organisms, whose feeding mechanisms do not permit them to distinguish between debris and plankton. Moreover, no studies have compared the amount of neustonic debris to that of plankton to assess the potential effects on filter feeders.Concerns about the effects of neustonic debris in the marine environment are greatest in oceanographic convergences and eddies, where debris fragments naturally accumulate (Shaw and Mapes, 1979; Day, 1986; Day and Shaw, 1987). The North Pacific central gyre, an area of high atmospheric pressure with a clockwise ocean current, is one such area of convergence that forces debris into a central area where winds and currents diminish. This study compares the abundance and mass of neustonic debris with the amount of zooplankton in this area.Materials and MethodsEleven neuston samples were collected between August 23 and 26, 1999, from an area near the central pressure cell of the North Pacific sub tropical high (Fig. 1). Sampling sites were located along two transects: a westerly transect from 35°45.8'N, 138°30.7'W to 36°04.9'N, 142°04.6'W; and a southerly transect from 36°04.9'N, 142°04.6'W to 34°40.0'N. Location along the transect and trawl duration were selected randomly. Samples were collected using a manta trawl with a rectangular opening of 0.9 x 0.15 m", and a 3.5 m long, 333 u net with a 30 x 10 em? collecting bag. The net was towed at the surface outside of the effects of port wake (from the stern of the vessel) at a nominal speed of 1 m S-I; actual speed varied between 0.5 and 1.5 m S-I, as measured with a B&G paddlewheel sensor. Each trawl was conducted for a random distance, ranging from 5 to 19 km. Sampling was conducted as the ship moved along the transect with an approximately even split of sampling between daylight and night-time hours. Estimates of plastic and plankton per square kilometer were obtained by using the width of the trawl net opening times the length of the trawl.Samples were fixed in 5% formalin, then soaked in fresh water and transferred to 50% isopropyl alcohol.1297Marine Pollution BulletinFig. 1 Location of sampling area in the North Pacific gyre.Abundance (pieces km") by type and size of plastic pieces and tar found in the North Pacific gyre. Fragments Styrofoam Pellets Polypropylene/ Thin plastic Miscellaneouspieces monofilament filmsTar UnidentifiedTotal1931 84 36 16811 5322 217 350 24764 4502 121 471 4839 9631 97 36 19696 61187 1593 12 9969 40622 833 72 114288 55780 591 0 2933 26273 278 48 85903 45196 567 12 1460 10572 121 0 57928 26888 338 0 845 3222 169 229 31692 195484329553136857956421714736334270To separate the plastic particles from living tissue, the samples were drained and put in seawater, which floated most of the plastic to the surface, leaving the living tissue at the bottom. Top and bottom portions were inspected under a dissecting microscope. Intermixed plastic was removed from the tissue fraction and tissue was removed from the plastic fraction and placed in the appropriate containers. Plankton were counted and identified to class.Plastic was sorted by rinsing through Tyler sieves of 4.76, 2.80, 1.00, 0.71, 0.50, and 0.35 mm. Plastic and plankton were oven dried at 65°C for 24 h and weighed. Individual pieces of plastic were categorized into standardized categories by type (fragment, Styrofoam fragment, pellet, polypropylene/monofilament line fragment, thin plastic films), and one nonplastic category (tar); then they were counted.ResultsA total of 27698 small pieces of plastic weighing 424 g were collected from the surface water at stations in theMesh-size (mm)>4.7604.759-2.800 2.799-1.000 0.999-D.710 O. 709-D. 5000.499-D.355Totalgyre, yielding a mean abundance of 334271 pieces km 2 and a mean mass of 5114 gjkm 2. Abundance ranged from 31982 pieces km 2 to 969777 pieces/kin", and mass ranged from 64 to 30169 g km/.A total of 152244 planktonic organisms weighing approximately 70 g were collected from the surface water, with a mean abundance of 1837342 organisms km 2 and mean mass of 841 gjkm2 (dry weight). Abundances ranged from 54003 organisms km 2 to 5076403 organisms km", and weights ranged from 74 to 1618 g/km".Plastic fragments accounted for the majority of the material collected in the smaller size categories (Table 1). Thin plastic films, such as those used in sandwich bags, accounted for half of the abundance in the second largest size category, and pieces of line (polypropylene and monofilament) comprised the greatest fraction of the material collected in the largest size category.Plankton abundance was higher than plastic abundance in 8 out of 11 samples, with the difference being higher at night (Fig. 2). In contrast, the mass of plastic was higher than the plankton mass in 6 out of 11 samples. The ratio of plastic-to-plankton mass was higherTABLE 11298Volume 42/Number 12/December 2001} 3x106~ O J.5.:z:::2x106 ·iii c;OJoc; '"~ 1x1061200010000"E 8000"".9"' 6000"''" ::;: c:'"" 4000 ::;:20004x106_ Plankton =PlasticNight DayFig. 2 Abundance and mass of plankton and plastic in night versus daysamples.NightDayduring the day than at night, although much of the difference during the day was due to a plastic bottle being caught in one daylight sample and 1 m of polypropylene line being caught in the other.DiscussionThe mean abundance and weight of plastic pieces calculated for this study are the largest observed in the North Pacific Ocean. Previous studies have estimated mean abundances of plastic pieces ranging from 3370 to 96100 pieces km 2 and mean weights ranging from 46 to 1210 g km 2 (Day and Shaw, 1987). The highest previous single sample abundance and weight recorded for the North Pacific Ocean was taken from an area about 500 miles east of Japan. At 316800 pieces km 2 and 3492 g km 2 (Day et al., 1990), the abundance and weight are three and seven times less than the highest sample recorded in this study, respectively.Several possible reasons are suggested for the high abundance found in this study. The first is the location of our study area, which was near the central of the North Pacific subtropical high pressure cell. Previous studies in the North Pacific Ocean were conducted without reference to the central pressure cell (Day et al., 1990), which should serve as a natural eddy system to concentrate neustonic material including plastic. However, while previous studies did not focus on the subtropical high, many studies were conducted as transects that passed through the gyre (Day et al., 1986, 1988,1990). Thus, it is unlikely that location alone was the reason for the higher densities we observed, as Day et al. (1990) collected samples from the western part of this same area. An alternate hypothesis is that the amount of plastic material in the ocean is increasing over time, which Day and Shaw (1987) have previously suggested based upon a review of historical studies. Plastic degrades slowly in the ocean (Andrady, 1990; US EPA, 1992). While some of the larger pieces may accumulate enough fouling organisms to sink them, the smaller pieces are usually free of fouling organisms and remain afloat. Thus, new plastics added to the ocean may not exit the system once introduced unless they are washed ashore. Although numerous studies have shown that islands are repositories of marine debris (Lucas, 1992; Corbin and Singh, 1993; Walker et al., 1997), the North Pacific Ocean has few islands except near coastal boundaries. The dominant clockwise gyral currents also serve as a retention mechanism that inhibits plastics from moving toward mainland coasts. A recent surface current modeling study simulated that most of the particles from our sampling area should be retained there for at least 12 years (Ingraham et al., in press).The large ratio of plastic to plankton found in this study has the potential to affect many types of biota. Most susceptible are the birds and filter feeders that focus their feeding activities on the photic portion of the water column. Many birds have been examined and found to contain small debris in their stomachs, a result of their mistaking plastic for food (Day et al., 1985; Fry et al., 1987; Ainley et al., 1990; Ogi, 1990; Ryan, 1990; Laist, 1997). While no record was kept of the presence or absence of fouling organisms on plastic particles during sorting, a subsequent random sampling of each size class found 91.5% of the particles to be free of fouling organisms. As the size class decreased, there were fewer particles that showed evidence of fouling. Hence ingestion of plastic for its attached food seems unlikely, especially for organisms feeding on the surface. However, organisms such as the two filter-feeding salps (Thetys vagina) collected in this study which were found to have plastic fragments and polypropylene/monofilament line firmly embedded in their tissues, may have ingested the line at depth and utilized fouling organisms for food.Although our study focused on the neuston, samples also were collected from two oblique tows to a depth of 10 m. We found that the density of plastic in these areas was less than half of that in the surface waters and was primarily limited to monofilament line that had been fouled by diatoms and microalgae, thereby reducing its buoyancy. The smaller particles that have the greatest potential to affect filter feeders were even more reduced with depth, as should be expected because of their positive buoyancy and lack of fouling organisms, noted above.Several limitations restrict our ability to extrapolate our findings of high plastic-to-plankton ratios in the1299North Pacific central gyre to other areas of the ocean. The North Pacific Ocean is an area of low biological standing stock; plankton populations are many times higher in nearshore areas of the eastern Pacific, where upwelling fuels productivity (McGowan et al., 1996). Moreover, the gyre beneath the subtropic high probably serves to retain plastics, whereas plastics may wash up on shore in greater numbers in other areas. Conversely, areas closer to the shore are more likely to receive inputs from land-based runoff and ship loading and unloading activities, whereas a large fraction of the materials observed in this study appear to be remnants of offshore fishing-related activity and shipping traffic.The authors wish to thank the Algalita Marine Research Foundation for the use of its charter of the Oceanographic Research Vessel, ALGUITA. We thank Dr Curtis Ebbesmeyer (the Beachcombers' and Oceanographers' International Association), W. James Ingraham, Jr. (US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), and Chuck Mitchell (MBC Applied Environmental Sciences) for their advice in the design and interpretation of the study. We thank the following individuals for their assistance in data collection: Mike Baker, John Barth, Robb Hamilton, and Steve McLeod. We also thank Ann Zellers for her help with sample processing. Ainley, D. G., Spear, L. B. and Ribic, C. A. (1990) The incidence of plastic in the diets of pelagic seabirds in the eastern equatorial Pacific region. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Marine Debris, eds. R. S. Shomura and M. L. Godfrey, pp. 653- 664. April 2-7, 1989. Honolulu, Hawaii. US Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS, NOAA-TMNMFS-SWFC-154. Andrady, A. L. (1990) Environmental degradation of plastics under land and marine exposure conditions. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Marine Debris, eds. R. S. Shomura and M. L.Godfrey, pp. 848-869. April 2-7, 1989. Honolulu, Hawaii. US Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS, NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFC-154.Balazs, G. H. (1985) Impact of ocean debris on marine turtles: Entanglement and ingestion. In Proceedings of the Workshop on the Fate and Impact of Marine Debris, eds. R. S. Shomura and H. O. Yoshida, pp.387-429. US Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS, NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFC-54.Bjorndal, K. A., Bolton, A. B. and Lagueux, C. J. (1994) Ingestion of marine debris by juvenile sea turtles in coastal Florida habitats. Marine Pollution Bulletin 28, 154-158.Corbin, C. J. and Singh, J. G. (1993) Marine debris contamination of beaches in St. Lucia and Dominica. Marine Pollution Bulletin 26, 325-328.Day, R. H. (1980) The occurrence and characteristics of plastic pollution in Alaska's marine birds. M.S. Thesis, University of Alaska. Fairbanks, AK, 111 pp.Day, R. H. (1986) Report on the Cruise of the Pusan 851 to the North Pacific Ocean, July-August 1986. Final Report to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Auke Bay Laboratory. Auke Bay, AK, 93 pp.Day, R. H. (1988) Quantitative distribution and characteristics of neustonic plastic in the North Pacific Ocean. Final Report to US Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service, Auke Bay Laboratory. Auke Bay, AK, 73 pp.Day, R. H., Clausen, D. M. and Ignell, S. E. (1986) Distribution and Density of Plastic Particulates in the North Pacific Ocean in 1986.Submitted to the International North Pacific Fisheries Commission, Anchorage, Alaska, November 1986, 17 pp. Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center, Nattional Marine Fisheries Services, National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, Auke Bay Laboratory, P.O. Box 210155, Auke Bay, AK 99821.Marine Pollution Bulletin Day, R. H. and Shaw, D. G. (1987) Patterns in the abundance of pelagic plastic and tar in the North Pacific Ocean, 1976-1985. Marine Pollution Bulletin 18, 311-316.Day, R. H., Shaw, D. G. and Ignell, S. E. (1990) The quantitative distribution and characteristics of neuston plastic in the North Pacific Ocean, 1984-1988. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Marine Debris, eds. R. S. Shomura and M. L. Godfrey, pp. 247-266. April 2-7, 1989. Honolulu, Hawaii. US Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS, NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFC-154.Day, R. H., Wehle, D. H. S. and Coleman, F. C. (1985) Ingestion of plastic pollutants by marine birds. In Proceedings of the Workshop on the Fate and Impact of Marine Debris, eds. R. S. Shomura and H. O.Yoshida, pp. 344-386. US Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS, NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFC-54. Fowler, C. W. (1987) Marine debris and northern fur seals: a case study.Marine Pollution Bulletin 18, 326-335.Fry, D. M., Fefer, S.l. and Sileo, L. (1987) Ingestion of plastic debris by Laysan albatrosses and wedge-tailed shearwaters in the Hawaiian Islands. Marine Pollution Bulletin 18, 339-343.Ingraham, W. James Jr. and Curtis Ebbesmeyer (in press). In Proceedings of the Fourth Marine Debris Conference. Honolulu, HI, August 7-11, 2000. NOAA-National Ocean Survey, National Marine Sanctuary, Technical Memorandum.Laist, D. W. (1997) Impacts of marine debris: entanglement of marine life in marine debris including a comprehensive list of species with entanglement and ingestion records. In Marine Debris: Sources. Impacts.and Solutions., eds. J. M. Coe and D. B. Rogers, pp. 99- 140. Springer.New York.Lucas, Z. (1992) Monitoring persistent litter in the marine environment on Sable Island, Nova Scotia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 24, 192-199. Mato, Y, Isobe, T., Takada, H., Kanehiro, H., Ohtake, C. and Kaminuma, T. (2001) Plastic resin pellets as a transport medium for toxic chemicals in the marine environment. Environmental Science Technology 35,318-324.McGowan, J. A., Chelton, D. B. and Conversi, A. (1996) Plankton patterns, climate and change in the California Current. California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investment Report 37, 45-68.Ogi, H. (1990) Ingestion of plastic particles by sooty and short-tailed shearwaters in the North Pacific. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Marine Debris, eds. R. S. Shomura and M. L.Godfrey, pp. 635-652. April 2-7, 1989. Honolulu, Hawaii. US Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS, NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFC-154.Robards, M. D. (1993) Plastic Ingestion by North Pacific Seabirds. US Department of Commerce, NOAA-43ABNF203014, Washington, DC. Ryan, P. G. (1987) The effects of ingested plastic on seabirds: correlations between plastic load and body condition. Environmental Pollution 46, 119-125.Ryan, P. G. (1990) The effects of ingested plastic and other marine debris on seabirds. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Marine Debris, eds. R. S. Shomura and M. L. Godfrey, pp. 623-634.April 2-7, 1989. Honolulu, Hawaii. US Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS, NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFC-154.Shaw, D. G. and Mapes, G. A. (1979) Surface circulation and the distribution of pelagic tar and plastic. Marine Pollution Bulletin 10, 160-162.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) (1992) Plastic Pellets in the Aquatic Environment: Sources and Recommendations. Washington, DC, EPA 842-B-92-01O.Wallace, N. (1985) Debris entanglement in the marine environment: a review. In Proceedings of the Workshop on the Fate and Impact of Marine Debris, eds. R. S. Shomura and H. O. Yoshida, pp. 259- 277. US Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS, NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFC-54.Walker, T. R., Reid, K., Arnould, J. P. Y. and Croxall, J. P. (1997) Marine debris surveys at Bird Island, South Georgia 1990-1995. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34, 61-65.1300。
广播风暴冲突淘汰机制下3G-IP实时通信系统优化-论文
0引言随着移动通信和计算机网络技术的发展，人们希望在保持正常语音通话的同时，能够享受高质量的实时视频通信服务。
伴随着各个3G 标准规范日益成熟，3G 网络技术与应用也越来越多，尤其是各大通信公司也已经开始了4G 技术与研发和应用，将对以视频为载体的信息传播技术提升一个崭新的层次。
本文通过介绍实时语音和视频通信系统VIM （video instant message system ）的架构和关键技术，给出了一种PC 到3G 手机或3G 手机到3G 手机之间的视频通信系统的实施方案。
1系统架构设计VIM 系统除了实现普通实时通信系统提供的用户管理、好友管理、文件传输等功能以外，还能帮助连接Internet 的移动终端与3G 网内的手机进行视频通信的系统。
在PC 到PC 模式下，VIM 系统与普通的实时通信系统功能类似，能够与在线好友发送文字信息，进行音频和视频实时通信。
在PC 与3G 的通信模式中，用户可以通过VIM 系统的拨号界面拨打3G 网络内的手机，并与WCDMA 网络中的3G 手机进行语音、视频通信。
VIM 通信系统的架构如图1所示[1-2]。
图1VIM 系统架构图Fig.1VIM system architecture diagram广播风暴冲突淘汰机制下3G-IP 实时通信系统优化王鑫(深圳大学机电与控制工程学院，广东深圳518060)摘要：通过分析实时语音和视频通信系统的系统架构和关键技术，引入了一种广播风暴冲突淘汰机制，实现了IP 网络终端与3G 手机进行无冲突可协调机制下的互联互通解决方案，实验结果表明，该方法能够较好的避免3G-IP 互联产生的冲突问题，取得了较好的效果。
关键词：3G-324M ；实时通信系统；广播风暴协调中图分类号：TP391文献标识码：A文章编号：1001-7119（2014）04-0173-033G-IP Real-time Communication System Optimization Based on Broadcast Storm Conflict Elimination MechanismWang Xin(Collage of Mechatronics and Control Engineering,Shenzhen University,Shenzhen 518060,China)Abstract:Through the analysis of the system of real-time voice and video communication system architecture and key tech⁃nologies,introduces a broadcast storm conflict elimination mechanism,to achieve the IP network and 3g mobile phone ter⁃minal there is no conflict coordination mechanism under the connectivity solutions,the experimental results show that this method can better avoid conflicts -3g IP interconnection problems,good results have been achieved.Keywords:3G-324-m;real-time communication systems;broadcast storm收稿日期：2013-09-18作者简介：王鑫（1981-），男，陕西西安人，工学硕士，实验师，研究方向：计算机应用。
水产动物疾病学-PPT课件
2）水生动物环境变化响应的分子基础 （生态学） 研究水环境变化时（如温度、盐度、 溶氧、和化学品污染等），水生动物对环 境变化进行响应时，水生动物在形态学， 生理生化和分子水平相应改变。通过对水 生动物免疫和生殖健康的影响，以此预测 环境变化给人类健康带来的影响。
主持和承担的科研项目（1）
1主持项目： (1) 主持 国家自然科学基金项目 ( 30770299)， 尺寸控制基因调控序列在鲤科鱼类中的变异及系统演化 (2) 主持国家863重大专项(2019AA603013)中子课题，项目名 称：“锯缘青蟹低温生物学效应”专题研究” (3) 主持河南省科技攻关项目(0624030022)， 超声波和高渗溶液对草鱼免疫影响及疫苗导入复合技术研 究， (4) 主持中国博士后科学基金(2019037684)， 鲤科鱼类个体尺寸主调控基因确定及进化机制研究 (5) 主持河南省重点科技攻关计划（072102130027）, 水环境中痕量化学品对鱼类免疫过程的干预及疾病预警关 键技术研究 (6) 主持河南省高等学校青年骨干教师资助计划 水环境中痕量化学品对鱼类生殖过程的干预及生殖退化机 制研究 (7) 主持河南师范大学网络课程项目，水产动物疾病学
1.2水产动物疾病特点 ①水产动物发病具有群居性；②传染媒介多，传 播途径广；③水是最终传染媒介；④独特的诊断 方式；⑤发病具有选择性；⑥防治药物的特殊性： 合适的给药浓度，合适的给药方式，水体的理化 生因子对药物有一定的影响。 1.3水产动物疾病学
研究水产经济动物疾病的发病原因、病理机制、 流行规律以及诊断、预防和治疗方法的一门科学， 其理论性和实践性都很强。
锯缘青蟹低温生物学效应专题研究主持河南省科技攻关项目0624030022超声波和高渗溶液对草鱼免疫影响及疫苗导入复合技术研主持中国博士后科学基金2005037684鲤科鱼类个体尺寸主调控基因确定及进化机制研究主持河南省重点科技攻关计划072102130027水环境中痕量化学品对鱼类免疫过程的干预及疾病预警关键技术研究主持河南省高等学校青年骨干教师资助计划水环境中痕量化学品对鱼类生殖过程的干预及生殖退化机制研究主持河南师范大学网络课程项目水产动物疾病学主持和承担的科研项目123232承担项目
food control 格式要求
FOOD CONTROLAn official scientific journal of the European Federation of Food Science and Technology(EFFoST)AUTHOR INFORMATION PACK TABLE OF CONTENTS• Description• Audience• Impact Factor• Abstracting and Indexing • Editorial Board• Guide for Authors p.1p.1p.2p.2p.2p.3ISSN: 0956-7135DESCRIPTIONFood Control is an international journal that provides essential information for those involved in food safety and process control.Food Control covers:• Microbial food safety and antimicrobial systems• Mycotoxins• Hazard analysis, HACCP and food safety objectives• Risk assessment, including microbial risk assessment• Quality assurance and control• Good manufacturing practices• Food process systems design and control• Food Packaging• Rapid methods of analysis and detection, including sensor technology• Environmental control and safety• Codes of practice, legislation and international harmonization• Consumer issues• Education, training and research needs.The scope of Food Control is comprehensive and includes original research papers, authoritative reviews, short communications, comment articles that report on new developments in food control, and position papers.The work described should be innovative either in the approach or in the methods used. The significance of the results either for the science community or for the food industry must also be specified. Contributions that do not fulfil these requirements will not be considered for review and publication.AUDIENCEAll managers, scientists, technologists, and legislators working in the food industry today.IMPACT FACTOR2009: 2.463 © Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Reports 2010ABSTRACTING AND INDEXINGBulletin of the International Institute of RefrigerationCAB AbstractsCAB HealthCurrent ContentsEMBiologyFood Safety MicrofileFood Science and Technology AbstractsResearch AlertSCISEARCHScience Citation IndexScopusEDITORIAL BOARDEditor-in-ChiefG. Campbell-Platt, University of Reading, Reading, UK, Email: geoffrey@North American EditorJ.J. Jen, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA, Email: fcnorthamerica@ Editorial Board MembersL. Anelich, Anelich Consulting, Pretoria, South AfricaD.L. Archer, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USAF. Busta, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USAA.A.G. Candlish, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UKJ. Chirife, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaG.W. Gould, Bedford, England, UKR. Greiner, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Karlsruhe, GermanyB. Jarvis, Ross Biosciences Ltd, Ross-on-Wye, UKD.J. Jukes, University of Reading, Reading, UKC-H. Lee, Korea University, Seoul, South KoreaF-K. Lücke, Fulda University of Applied Science, Fulda, GermanyF. Meuser, Technische Universität Berlin (TUB), Berlin, GermanyS. Mortimore, General Mills Europe, St. Paul, MN, USAY. Motarjemi, Nestlé Research Center, Vevey, SwitzerlandG. Moy, World Health Organization, Genève, SwitzerlandA. Pisula, Warsaw Agricultural University (S.G.G.W.), Warsaw, PolandW.A. Plahar, CSIR Food Research Institute, Accra, GhanaP. Rao, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, ChinaG.L. Robertson, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AustraliaW.E.L. Spieß, Max-Rubner-Institut; Federal Institute for Nutrition, Karlsruhe, GermanyG. Trystram, AgroParisTech, Massy Cedex, FranceP. Wall, University College Dublin, Dublin, IrelandR.J. Winger, Massey University, Albany, New ZealandC. Zaror, Universidad de Concepción, Concepcion, ChileGUIDE FOR AUTHORSINTRODUCTIONFood Control is an international journal that provides essential information for those involved in food safety and process control.Food Control covers:Microbial food safety and antimicrobial systems Mycotoxins Hazard analysis, HACCP and food safety objectives Risk assessment, including microbial risk assessment Quality assurance and control Good manufacturing practices Food process systems design and control Food Packaging Rapid methods of analysis and detection, including sensor technology Environmental control and safety Codes of practice, legislation and international harmonization Consumer issues Education, training and research needs.The scope of Food Control is comprehensive and includes original research papers, authoritative reviews, short communications, comment articles that report on new developments in food control, and position papers.The work described should be innovative either in the approach or in the methods used. The significance of the results either for the science community or for the food industry must also be specified. Contributions that do not fulfil these requirements will not be considered for review and publication.Types of paperOriginal high-quality research papers (preferably no more than 7000 words, including tables and illustrations). Major review articles, up to 10,000 words Short communications of up to 3000 words, describing work that may be of a preliminary nature but which merits immediate publication. Short reviews on topical subjects, up to 6000 words. Comment articles not exceeding 2000 words. Authoritative position papers from expert groups are also welcome.Food Control also publishes book reviews, Letters to the Editor, conference reports and a calendar of forthcoming events.The Editor-in-Chief has the right to decline formal review of a manuscript when it is deemed that the manuscript is 1) on a topic outside the scope of the Journal; 2) lacking technical merit; 3) of insufficient novelty for a wide international readership; 4) fragmentary and providing marginally incremental results; or 5) is poorly written.All contributions deemed suitable for review are read by two or more referees to ensure both accuracy and relevance, and revisions to the script may thus be required. On acceptance, contributions are subject to editorial amendment to suit house style. When a manuscript is returned for revision prior to final acceptance, the revised version must be submitted as soon as possible after the author's receipt of the referees' reports. Revised manuscripts returned after four months will be considered as new submissions subject to full re-review.Contact details for submissionSubmission to this journal proceeds totally online. Use the following guidelines to prepare your article. Via the homepage of this journal /foodcont you will be guided stepwise through the creation and uploading of the various files.Page chargesThis journal has no page charges.BEFORE YOU BEGINEthics in PublishingFor information on Ethics in Publishing and Ethical guidelines for journal publication see /publishingethics and /ethicalguidelines.Conflict of interestAll authors are requested to disclose any actual or potential conflict of interest including any financial, personal or other relationships with other people or organizations within three years of beginning the submitted work that could inappropriately influence, or be perceived to influence, their work. See also /conflictsofinterest.Submission declaration and verificationSubmission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, including electronically without the written consent of the copyright-holder. To verify originality, your article may be checked by the originality detection software iThenticate. See also /editors/plagdetect.Changes to authorshipThis policy concerns the addition, deletion, or rearrangement of author names in the authorship of accepted manuscripts:Before the accepted manuscript is published in an online issue: Requests to add or remove an author, or to rearrange the author names, must be sent to the Journal Manager from the corresponding author of the accepted manuscript and must include: (a) the reason the name should be added or removed, or the author names rearranged and (b) written confirmation (e-mail, fax, letter) from all authors that they agree with the addition, removal or rearrangement. In the case of addition or removal of authors, this includes confirmation from the author being added or removed. Requests that are not sent by the corresponding author will be forwarded by the Journal Manager to the corresponding author, who must follow the procedure as described above. Note that: (1) Journal Managers will inform the Journal Editors of any such requests and (2) publication of the accepted manuscript in an online issue is suspended until authorship has been agreed.After the accepted manuscript is published in an online issue: Any requests to add, delete, or rearrange author names in an article published in an online issue will follow the same policies as noted above and result in a corrigendum.CopyrightUpon acceptance of an article, authors will be asked to complete a 'Journal Publishing Agreement' (for more information on this and copyright see /copyright). Acceptance of the agreement will ensure the widest possible dissemination of information. 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To learn more about existing agreements and policies please visit /fundingbodies.Open accessThis journal offers you the option of making your article freely available to all via the ScienceDirect platform. To prevent any conflict of interest, you can only make this choice after receiving notification that your article has been accepted for publication. The fee of $3,000 excludes taxes and other potential author fees such as color charges. In some cases, institutions and funding bodies have entered into agreement with Elsevier to meet these fees on behalf of their authors. Details of these agreements are available at /fundingbodies. Authors of accepted articles, who wish to take advantage of this option, should complete and submit the order form (available at /locate/openaccessform.pdf). Whatever access option you choose, you retain many rights as an author, including the right to post a revised personal version of your article on your own website. More information can be found here: /authorsrights . Language and language servicesPlease write your text in good English (American or British usage is accepted, but not a mixture of these). Authors who require information about language editing and copyediting services pre- and post-submission please visit /languageediting or our customer support site at for more information.SubmissionSubmission to this journal proceeds totally online and you will be guided stepwise through the creation and uploading of your files. The system automatically converts source files to a single PDF file of the article, which is used in the peer-review process. Please note that even though manuscript source files are converted to PDF files at submission for the review process, these source files are needed for further processing after acceptance. All correspondence, including notification of the Editor's decision and requests for revision, takes place by e-mail removing the need for a paper trail.Authors must provide and use an email address unique to themselves and not shared with another author registered in EES, or a department.RefereesPlease submit, with the manuscript, the names, addresses and e-mail addresses of 3 potential referees. Note that the editor retains the sole right to decide whether or not the suggested reviewers are used.PREPARATIONUse of wordprocessing softwareIt is important that the file be saved in the native format of the wordprocessor used. The text should be in single-column format. Keep the layout of the text as simple as possible. Most formatting codes will be removed and replaced on processing the article. In particular, do not use the wordprocessor's options to justify text or to hyphenate words. However, do use bold face, italics, subscripts, superscripts etc. When preparing tables, if you are using a table grid, use only one grid for each individual table and not a grid for each row. If no grid is used, use tabs, not spaces, to align columns. The electronic text should be prepared in a way very similar to that of conventional manuscripts (see also the Guide to Publishing with Elsevier: /guidepublication). Note that source files of figures, tables and text graphics will be required whether or not you embed your figures in the text. See also the section on Electronic illustrations.To avoid unnecessary errors you are strongly advised to use the "spell-check" and "grammar-check" functions of your wordprocessor.Every page of the manuscript should be numbered. Lines must be numbered consecutively throughout the manuscript, not per page.Article structureSubdivision - numbered sectionsDivide your article into clearly defined and numbered sections. Subsections should be numbered 1.1 (then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, ...), 1.2, etc. (the abstract is not included in section numbering). Use this numbering also for internal cross-referencing: do not just refer to "the text". Any subsection may be given a brief heading. Each heading should appear on its own separate line.IntroductionState the objectives of the work and provide an adequate background, avoiding a detailed literature survey or a summary of the results.Material and methodsProvide sufficient detail to allow the work to be reproduced. Methods already published should be indicated by a reference: only relevant modifications should be described.Theory/calculationA Theory section should extend, not repeat, the background to the article already dealt with in the Introduction and lay the foundation for further work. In contrast, a Calculation section represents a practical development from a theoretical basis.ResultsResults should be clear and concise.DiscussionThis should explore the significance of the results of the work, not repeat them. A combined Results and Discussion section is often appropriate. Avoid extensive citations and discussion of published literature.ConclusionsThe main conclusions of the study may be presented in a short Conclusions section, which may stand alone or form a subsection of a Discussion or Results and Discussion section.AppendicesIf there is more than one appendix, they should be identified as A, B, etc. Formulae and equations in appendices should be given separate numbering: Eq. (A.1), Eq. (A.2), etc.; in a subsequent appendix, Eq. (B.1) and so on. Similarly for tables and figures: Table A.1; Fig. A.1, etc.Essential title page information• Title.Concise and informative. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible.• Author names and affiliations.Where the family name may be ambiguous (e.g., a double name), please indicate this clearly. Present the authors' affiliation addresses (where the actual work was done) below the names. Indicate all affiliations with a lower-case superscript letter immediately after the author's name and in front of the appropriate address. Provide the full postal address of each affiliation, including the country name, and, if available, the e-mail address of each author.• Corresponding author. Clearly indicate who will handle correspondence at all stages of refereeing and publication, also post-publication. Ensure that telephone and fax numbers (with country and area code) are provided in addition to the e-mail address and the complete postal address. Contact details must be kept up to date by the corresponding author.• Present/permanent address. If an author has moved since the work described in the article was done, or was visiting at the time, a "Present address" (or "Permanent address") may be indicated as a footnote to that author's name. The address at which the author actually did the work must be retained as the main, affiliation address. Superscript Arabic numerals are used for such footnotes. AbstractA concise and factual abstract is required. The abstract should state briefly the purpose of the research, the principal results and major conclusions. An abstract is often presented separately from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, References should be avoided, but if essential, then cite the author(s) and year(s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself. KeywordsImmediately after the abstract, provide a maximum of 6 keywords, using American spelling and avoiding general and plural terms and multiple concepts (avoid, for example, "and", "of"). Be sparing with abbreviations: only abbreviations firmly established in the field may be eligible. These keywords will be used for indexing purposes.AbbreviationsDefine abbreviations that are not standard in this field in a footnote to be placed on the first page of the article. Such abbreviations that are unavoidable in the abstract must be defined at their first mention there, as well as in the footnote. Ensure consistency of abbreviations throughout the article.AcknowledgementsCollate acknowledgements in a separate section at the end of the article before the references and do not, therefore, include them on the title page, as a footnote to the title or otherwise. List here those individuals who provided help during the research (e.g., providing language help, writing assistance or proof reading the article, etc.).UnitsFollow internationally accepted rules and conventions: use the international system of units (SI). If other units are mentioned, please give their equivalent in SI.Math formulaePresent simple formulae in the line of normal text where possible and use the solidus (/) instead of a horizontal line for small fractional terms, e.g., X/Y. In principle, variables are to be presented in italics. Powers of e are often more conveniently denoted by exp. Number consecutively any equations that have to be displayed separately from the text (if referred to explicitly in the text). Matematical and technical settingsUse the appropriate number of significant figures to express your data - they should be justifiable and reflect the necessary level of accuracy of the method. A normal maximum should be 3 - e.g.37.1, 2.53). Detailed mathematical discussion should be placed in an appendix. Equations and formulae should be typewritten. Equations should be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals in parentheses on the right hand side of the page. Special symbols should be identified in the margin, and the meaning of all symbols should be explained in the text where they first occur. If you use several symbols, a list of definitions (not necessarily for publication) will help the editor. Type mathematical equations exactly as they should appear in print. Journal style for letter symbols is as follows: italic (indicated by underlining); constants, roman type; matrices and vectors, bold type (indicated by wavy underlining).FootnotesFootnotes should be used sparingly. Number them consecutively throughout the article, using superscript Arabic numbers. Many wordprocessors build footnotes into the text, and this feature may be used. Should this not be the case, indicate the position of footnotes in the text and present the footnotes themselves separately at the end of the article. Do not include footnotes in the Reference list.Table footnotesIndicate each footnote in a table with a superscript lowercase letter.ArtworkElectronic artworkGeneral points• Make sure you use uniform lettering and sizing of your original artwork.• Save text in illustrations as "graphics" or enclose the font.• Only use the following fonts in your illustrations: Arial, Courier, Times, Symbol.• Number the illustrations according to their sequence in the text.• Use a logical naming convention for your artwork files.• Provide captions to illustrations separately.• Produce images near to the desired size of the printed version.• Submit each figure as a separate file.A detailed guide on electronic artwork is available on our website:/artworkinstructionsYou are urged to visit this site; some excerpts from the detailed information are given here. FormatsRegardless of the application used, when your electronic artwork is finalised, please "save as" or convert the images to one of the following formats (note the resolution requirements for line drawings, halftones, and line/halftone combinations given below):EPS: Vector drawings. Embed the font or save the text as "graphics".TIFF: color or grayscale photographs (halftones): always use a minimum of 300 dpi.TIFF: Bitmapped line drawings: use a minimum of 1000 dpi.TIFF: Combinations bitmapped line/half-tone (color or grayscale): a minimum of 500 dpi is required. If your electronic artwork is created in a Microsoft Office application (Word, PowerPoint, Excel) then please supply "as is".Please do not:• Supply files that are optimised for screen use (like GIF, BMP, PICT, WPG); the resolution is too low;• Supply files that are too low in resolution;• Submit graphics that are disproportionately large for the content.Color artworkPlease make sure that artwork files are in an acceptable format (TIFF, EPS or MS Office files) and with the correct resolution. If, together with your accepted article, you submit usable color figures then Elsevier will ensure, at no additional charge, that these figures will appear in color on the Web (e.g., ScienceDirect and other sites) regardless of whether or not these illustrations are reproduced in color in the printed version. For color reproduction in print, you will receive information regarding the costs from Elsevier after receipt of your accepted article. Please indicate your preference for color in print or on the Web only. For further information on the preparation of electronic artwork, please see /artworkinstructions.Please note: Because of technical complications which can arise by converting color figures to "gray scale" (for the printed version should you not opt for color in print) please submit in addition usable black and white versions of all the color illustrations.Figure captionsEnsure that each illustration has a caption. Supply captions separately, not attached to the figure. A caption should comprise a brief title (not on the figure itself) and a description of the illustration. Keep text in the illustrations themselves to a minimum but explain all symbols and abbreviations used. TablesNumber tables consecutively in accordance with their appearance in the text. Place footnotes to tables below the table body and indicate them with superscript lowercase letters. Avoid vertical rules. Be sparing in the use of tables and ensure that the data presented in tables do not duplicate results described elsewhere in the article.ReferencesCitation in textPlease ensure that every reference cited in the text is also present in the reference list (and vice versa). Any references cited in the abstract must be given in full. Unpublished results and personal communications are not recommended in the reference list, but may be mentioned in the text. If these references are included in the reference list they should follow the standard reference style of the journal and should include a substitution of the publication date with either "Unpublished results" or "Personal communication" Citation of a reference as "in press" implies that the item has been accepted for publication.Web referencesAs a minimum, the full URL should be given and the date when the reference was last accessed. Any further information, if known (DOI, author names, dates, reference to a source publication, etc.), should also be given. Web references can be listed separately (e.g., after the reference list) under a different heading if desired, or can be included in the reference list.References in a special issuePlease ensure that the words 'this issue' are added to any references in the list (and any citations in the text) to other articles in the same Special Issue.Reference management softwareThis journal has standard templates available in key reference management packages EndNote (/support/enstyles.asp) and Reference Manager (/support/rmstyles.asp). Using plug-ins to wordprocessing packages, authors only need to select the appropriate journal template when preparing their article and the list of references and citations to these will be formatted according to the journal style which is described below. Reference styleText:Citations in the text should follow the referencing style used by the American Psychological Association. You are referred to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Sixth Edition, ISBN 978-1-4338-0561-5, copies of which may be ordered from /books.cfm?id=4200067or APA Order Dept., P.O.B. 2710, Hyattsville, MD 20784, USA or APA, 3 Henrietta Street, London, WC3E 8LU, UK. Details concerning this referencing style can also be found at /faculty/henrichsenl/apa/apa01.html.List:references should be arranged first alphabetically and then further sorted chronologically if necessary. More than one reference from the same author(s) in the same year must be identified by the letters "a", "b", "c", etc., placed after the year of publication.Examples:Reference to a journal publication:Van der Geer, J., Hanraads, J. A. J., & Lupton, R. A. (2000). The art of writing a scientific article. Journal of Scientific Communications,163, 51–59.Reference to a book:Strunk, W., Jr., & White, E. B. (1979). The elements of style. (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan, (Chapter 4).Reference to a chapter in an edited book:Mettam, G. R., & Adams, L. B. (1994). How to prepare an electronic version of your article. In B. S. Jones, & R. Z. Smith (Eds.), Introduction to the electronic age (pp. 281–304). New York: E-Publishing Inc.Journal abbreviations sourceJournal names should be abbreviated according toIndex Medicus journal abbreviations: /tsd/serials/lji.html;List of title word abbreviations: /2-22661-LTWA-online.php;CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service): /sent.html.Video dataElsevier accepts video material and animation sequences to support and enhance your scientific research. Authors who have video or animation files that they wish to submit with their article are strongly encouraged to include these within the body of the article. This can be done in the same way as a figure or table by referring to the video or animation content and noting in the body text where it should be placed. All submitted files should be properly labeled so that they directly relate to the video file's content. In order to ensure that your video or animation material is directly usable, please provide the files in one of our recommended file formats with a preferred maximum size of 50 MB. Video and animation files supplied will be published online in the electronic version of your article in Elsevier Web products, including ScienceDirect: . Please supply 'stills' with your files: you can choose any frame from the video or animation or make a separate image. These will be used instead of standard icons and will personalize the link to your video data. For more detailed instructions please visit our video instruction pages at /artworkinstructions. Note: since video and animation cannot be embedded in the print version of the journal, please provide text for both the electronic and the print version for the portions of the article that refer to this content.Supplementary dataElsevier accepts electronic supplementary material to support and enhance your scientific research. Supplementary files offer the author additional possibilities to publish supporting applications, high-resolution images, background datasets, sound clips and more. Supplementary files supplied will be published online alongside the electronic version of your article in Elsevier Web products, including ScienceDirect: . In order to ensure that your submitted material is directly usable, please provide the data in one of our recommended file formats. Authors should submit the material in electronic format together with the article and supply a concise and descriptive caption for each file. For more detailed instructions please visit our artwork instruction pages at /artworkinstructions.Submission checklistThe following list will be useful during the final checking of an article prior to sending it to the journal for review. Please consult this Guide for Authors for further details of any item.Ensure that the following items are present:One Author designated as corresponding Author:• E-mail address• Full postal address• Telephone and fax numbersAll necessary files have been uploaded• Keywords• All figure captions• All tables (including title, description, footnotes)Further considerations。
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science bulletin 状态 under review -回复
中括号内的内容是关于“science bulletin”状态的“under review”。下
面将为你一步一步回答这个问题。
第一步：什么是“science bulletin”？
Science Bulletin（科学通报）是中国科学院主管的科技期刊，以发表创
新性研究为主，涵盖自然科学的各个领域。该期刊由中国科学院编辑，并
由中国科学出版社出版。
第二步：文章的重要性和影响
科学通报作为中国科学界的重要期刊之一，具有广泛的影响力。它发表的
研究文章经过同行评审，严格筛选出科学界的一流研究成果。科学通报的
文章可以在全球范围内被科学家和研究机构广泛引用，进一步推动科学的
进步和创新。
第三步：“Under review”的含义
当一篇文章被科学通报期刊提交后，编辑会进行审稿程序，将该文章发送
给一位或多位匿名同行专家进行评审。"Under review"表示文章正在接受
审稿过程，但尚未作出最终的决定。审稿过程通常包括专家评审、修改反
馈和作者回复等环节。
第四步：科学通报审稿过程
在科学通报中，“Under review”阶段是一个关键的环节。审稿人会仔细
阅读文章，并提供有关其科学合理性、方法学、数据分析和结论的意见。
编辑将收集审稿人的意见，以及作者的修改意见，最终做出是否接受或拒
绝的决定。通常情况下，编辑还可能要求作者进行一些适当的修改和完善。
第五步：审稿时间和策略
审稿时间取决于许多因素，包括审稿人的可用性和反馈速度、文章的质量
及作者的回复时间等。这个过程通常需要几周或几个月。一些策略可以用
来减少审稿时间，例如邀请多位审稿人、及时回复审稿意见和明确和作者
交流的方式。
第六步：最终决定和发表
一旦“Under review”阶段完成，编辑将根据审稿人的意见和作者的修改
回复，做出接受或拒绝的最终决定。如果文章被接受，它将进入最后的编
辑和校对阶段，以确保其准确性和质量。最终，文章将在科学通报期刊上
正式发表，并对科学研究产生重要影响。
总结：
“Under review”是科学通报期刊中承认和审查文章的一个阶段。在这个
阶段，科学通报编辑会将文章交给匿名同行评审专家，他们将对文章质量、
合理性和方法进行评估，并提出修改和改进建议。最终的决定将考虑审稿
人的意见和作者的修改回复。一旦接受，文章将在科学界正式发表，并为
科学进步做出贡献。审稿过程是确保文章质量和推动科学发展的关键环节。