意大利文艺复兴 Italian Renaissance
意大利体英语书法范文
意大利体英语书法范文English:Italian Renaissance calligraphy is characterized by its elegance, balance, and precision. The use of delicate strokes and elaborate embellishments create a sense of harmony and beauty in the written word. One of the most famous Italian calligraphers of the Renaissance period is Ludovico Vicentino degli Arrighi, known for his stunning chancery hand. His work exemplifies the exquisite skill and attention to detail that defined Italian calligraphy during this time. Calligraphy in Italy during the Renaissance was not only a form of writing but also an art form that reflected the cultural and intellectual vitality of the period. The influence of humanism and the revival of classical art and literature can be seen in the graceful curves and intricate designs of Italian calligraphy. This period also saw the development of new scripts, such as the cancelleresca, which further enriched the diversity and creativity of Italian calligraphy. Overall, Italian Renaissance calligraphy remains a testament to the artistic achievements of the time and continues to inspire calligraphers and artists around the world.中文翻译:意大利文艺复兴时期的书法以其优雅、平衡和精确性而闻名。
文艺复兴史 权威书籍
文艺复兴史权威书籍
1. 《文艺复兴简史》（The Renaissance: A Very Short Introduction）- 彼得·伯克（Peter Burke）著
这本书是一本简明扼要的文艺复兴史入门读物，涵盖了文艺复兴的主要事件、人物和文化成就。
它以通俗易懂的方式介绍了文艺复兴的历史背景、艺术、文学、科学、宗教和政治等方面的内容。
2. 《文艺复兴的欧洲》（Renaissance Europe）- 乔纳森·莱利（Jonathan Riley）著
这是一本全面介绍文艺复兴时期欧洲社会、文化和艺术的著作。
它涵盖了文艺复兴的起源、发展和影响，以及当时的政治、经济、宗教和科学等方面的内容。
3. 《意大利文艺复兴时期的文化》（The Culture of the Italian Renaissance）- 彼得·伯克（Peter Burke）著
这本书是对意大利文艺复兴时期文化的深入研究，探讨了当时的艺术、文学、哲学、科学和宗教等方面的成就。
它强调了文艺复兴时期文化的多元性和复杂性。
4. 《文艺复兴时期的艺术》（Art in the Renaissance）- 萨拉·康纳（Sarah Connor）著
这本书专注于文艺复兴时期的艺术，包括绘画、雕塑、建筑和装饰艺术等方面。
它介绍了文艺复兴时期艺术的主要特点、代表作品和艺术家，以及艺术在当时社会和文化中的地位。
这些书籍都是关于文艺复兴史的权威著作，它们提供了深入的研究和广泛的视角，对于了解文艺复兴时期的历史、文化和艺术具有重要的参考价值。
你可以根据自己的兴趣和需求选择适合的书籍来进一步探索文艺复兴史。
文艺复兴三杰
Mona Lisa
(La Gioconda in Italian; La Joconde in French)
The Last Supper Virgin of The Rocks The Baptism of Christ Vitruvian Man
English: madam
Lisa Gradini , Italian: ma donna
Leonardo's writings are mostly in mirror-image cursive. The reason may have been more a practical expediency than for reasons of secrecy as is often suggested. Since Leonardo wrote with his left hand, it is probable that it was easier for him to write from right to left
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni /Michelangelo
6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564
Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer
Sistine Chapel ceiling
英语一班 李莹 120801107 陈佳恩120801124
Leonardo da Vinci
Italian renaissance polymath
15 April 1452 – 2 May 1519 painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, writer
文艺复兴_【英文】_Renaissance__PPT
Political Ideas of the Renaissance
Niccolò Machiavelli
(1469-1527)
An Italian Philosopher and Writer based in Florence during the Renaissance
The Prince
What was the Renaissance?
The Renaissance was a cultural movement and a time of renewal (Europe was recovering from the Dark Ages and the Black Death/Bubonic Plague)
Renaissance means “rebirth” of classical knowledge and “birth” of the modern
world (new intellectual and artistic ideas that developed during the Renaissance marked the beginning of the modern world)
• Once people are infected, they infect others very rapidly • Plague causes fever, painful swelling of the lymph glands, and spots on the skin that are red at first and then turn black = Black Death • Since China was one of the busiest of the world's trading nations, it was only a matter of time before the outbreak of plague in China spread to western Asia and Europe • In 1347, Italian merchant ships returned from a trip to the Black Sea, one of the key links in trade with China. When the ships docked in Sicily (Italy), many of those on board were already dying of plague. • Within days the disease spread to the city and the surrounding countryside
意大利文艺复兴的历史事件时间轴
意大利文艺复兴的历史事件时间轴意大利文艺复兴是15世纪至16世纪期间在意大利半岛兴起的一场艺术、文化和思想的变革运动。
它对欧洲历史产生了深远的影响，并标志着中世纪与现代时期的过渡。
以下是意大利文艺复兴期间的重要历史事件的时间轴。
1. 1295年–弗洛伦萨共和国成立弗洛伦萨共和国是意大利文艺复兴最重要的城市之一，也是这一时期的中心。
1295年，弗洛伦萨建立了共和政体，这为后来的文艺复兴文化奠定了基础。
2. 1377年–佛罗伦萨建立了美第奇家族执政制度美第奇家族成为弗洛伦萨的显赫家族，并且执政长达300年之久。
他们的艺术赞助和政治统治为文艺复兴的繁荣做出了巨大的贡献。
3. 1401年–佛罗伦萨圣母百花教堂大门竞赛这场竞赛是文艺复兴时期最重要的艺术竞赛之一，由佛罗伦萨的相关机构主办，意在为该教堂的大门雕塑选择最杰出的艺术家。
此次竞赛吸引了许多杰出的艺术家，包括布鲁内莱斯基、吉贝尔蒂和达·马约等。
4. 1420年–肋骨瓶的发现一位农民在弗洛伦萨郊区的翁布罗河附近发现了一个保存完整的古罗马肋骨瓶，该瓶以其精美的纹饰和艺术价值引起了弗洛伦萨艺术家的广泛兴趣，成为他们重新认识古典艺术的契机。
5. 1434年–通商广义学院成立该学院在弗洛伦萨创建，旨在培养学者和人文主义者。
它的建立为文艺复兴时期的人文主义思想的发展提供了一个重要平台。
6. 1452年–达·芬奇诞生莱昂纳多·达·芬奇被普遍认为是意大利文艺复兴时期最伟大的艺术家之一。
他的作品和科学思想对后世产生了深远的影响。
7. 1475年–锡耶纳大教堂修复意大利文艺复兴时期的艺术家们开始修复意大利各地的教堂，并在它们上面创作了许多壁画和雕塑。
锡耶纳大教堂的修复工作在这一年开始，为该城市的文艺复兴时期奠定了基础。
8. 1485年–米开朗基罗诞生米开朗基罗是另一位备受赞誉的文艺复兴时期艺术家。
他的壁画作品《创世纪》和《最后的审判》堪称艺术的杰作，并对后世产生了深远的影响。
英语介绍一张名画作文小学
英语介绍一张名画作文小学Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa is one of the most famous and iconic paintings in the world. It is a masterpiece of Italian Renaissance art and has captivated people for centuries.达·芬奇的《蒙娜丽莎》是世界上最著名和标志性的画作之一。
这是意大利文艺复兴艺术的杰作，数百年来一直迷住了人们。
The painting, also known as La Gioconda in Italian, depicts a woman with an enigmatic expression. Her eyes seem to follow you wherever you go, and her slight smile has left countless viewers wondering about the thoughts and emotions behind it.这幅画作在意大利被称为“乔康达”，画中描绘了一位神秘表情的女性。
她的眼睛似乎无论你走到哪里都在注视着你，她微微的微笑让无数观众都对其背后的思想和情感产生了好奇。
The background of the painting is a hazy and dreamlike landscape, adding to the overall mysterious and captivating feel of the artwork. The use of sfumato technique, a gradual blending of colors andtones, creates a softness and depth that enhances the enigmatic beauty of the subject.这幅画作的背景是一片朦胧梦幻的风景，增添了作品总体神秘和迷人的感觉。
西方艺术理论导读(第3讲)15-16世纪文艺复兴时期艺术理论：人文主义与科学精神
• 弗朗西斯科·彼特拉克（佩脱拉克，Francesco Petrarca，1304-1374），出生于阿雷佐。其父 是佛罗伦萨的名门望族，与但丁同党并同时被流 放。彼特拉克随父流亡法国，他是文艺复兴第一 个人文主义者，被誉为“文艺复兴之父”。他以 其十四行诗著称于世，为欧洲抒情诗的发展开辟 了道路，后世人尊他为“诗圣”；与但丁、薄伽 丘齐名，文学史上称他们为“三颗巨星”。
拉斐尔：该拉忒亚湿壁画，1514
• 阿尔布雷特•丢勒 （Albrecht Dürer，1471-1528）
• 米开朗基罗 （Michelangelo，1475-1564）
米开朗基罗： 圣家庭，15051507
米开朗基罗：哀恸的 圣母（梵蒂冈圣彼得 大教堂内殿）
米开朗基罗：最后的审判， 1534-1541
• 6世纪（548年）拜占庭马赛克壁画艺术（君士但丁皇帝）
蛮族艺术和加洛林文艺复兴
• 蛮族艺术和加洛林文艺复兴：公元5世纪-11 世纪。8-9世纪“神圣罗马帝国”加洛林文 艺复兴，亦称“前罗马式艺术”，查理皇 帝的贡献。
• 建筑：地中海宗教风格+（公元5-11世纪）
• 布鲁内莱斯基，全名菲利普·布鲁内莱斯基 （Filippo Brunelleschi，1377-1446）
• 佛罗伦萨圣母百花大教堂：钟塔（乔托，哥特式，1334）
•
主教座堂穹顶（布鲁内莱斯基，罗马式，1418-1436）
• 洛伦佐•吉贝尔蒂 （Lorenzo Ghiberti，约1378-1455）
意大利文艺复兴【英文精品】
The Renaissance – Italian Architects
• Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – 1446) • sponsored by Medici • San Lorenzo 1421-1428
San Lorenzo Birdseye View
San Lorenzo - Sacristy
San Lorenzo - Nave
The Renaissance – Italian Architects
• Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – 1446) • sponsored by Medici • Florence Cathedral 1420-1436
• Increase level of Corruption • “buying” positions & “Selling” Indulgences • Illegitimate Children of Clerics
The Renaissance
• Europe stabilizes : • Governments take hold / provide civic functions ( i.e., schools ) • Cities begin to grow • Re-Establishment of the Service Sector and Trade •Humanism • Thinking & Acting for one’s self – individualism • Begin to question the norms of society & Religion • Stratification of classes – Introduction of a new Class ! • Upper Class – Royalty, Merchants, Bankers • New -Artisan Class – Highly skilled Craftsman & Artists • Lower Class – Farmers & laborers
意大利
比萨斜塔位于意大利的比萨小镇，是一座由白色云石建成的古塔。该塔发生倾 斜但斜而不倒，比萨斜塔因此远近闻名。比萨斜塔建于1173年，塔高79尺，自建成以 后曾发生多次倾斜，常人只凭眼睛也能察觉。意大利科学家伽利略曾在斜塔的顶层做 过自由落体运动的实验，开创了实验物理的新时代，斜塔也因而更加闻名遐迩。意大 利政府曾想尽办法制止古塔的继续倾斜，但到目前为止未能成功。比萨斜塔附近建有 教堂，供教友进内朝拜。[2] 钟楼始建于1173年，设计为垂直建造，但是在工程开始后不久（1178），便由 于地基不均匀和土层松软而倾斜，1372年完工，塔身倾斜向东南。 比萨斜塔是比萨城的标志，1987年它和相邻的大教堂、洗礼堂、墓园一起因其 对11世纪至14世纪意大利建筑艺术的巨大影响，而被联合国教育科学文化组织评选为 世界遗产。 比萨斜塔从地基到塔顶高58.36米，从地面到塔顶高55米，钟楼墙体在地面上 的宽度是4.09米，在塔顶宽2.48米，总重约14453吨，重心在地基上方22.6米处。圆 形地基面积为285平[3]方米，对地面的平均压强为497千帕. 倾斜约10%，即5.5度，偏 离地基外沿2.3米，顶层突出4.5米。 1173年首次发现倾斜。
意大利独立建国后，其的经济状况较其他西欧国家落后，政局也较为动荡。南北 意大利之间巨大的经济差距，迫使不断有南方的意大利人搬迁到北部或前往新大 陆。意大利本来与德意志帝国和奥匈帝国之间签订有三国同盟。但在第一次世界 大战中，意大利加入了协约国一方。但意大利在战后并未完全得到英法应允的土 地。由于谈判桌上的失败加上战争为意大利经济和社会带来的巨大冲击，导致国 内形势持续不安。法西斯党则利用这一时期崛起掌权。在二战中，意大利站在了 轴心国的一方。二战战败后，君主制度被废除，取而代之的是意大利共和国的建
西方文明史复习资料
西方文明史复习资料一、人类文明的诞生一）、四大文明发源地及其各自主要贡献：1、两河流域Mesopotamia(3500 BCE-): Ur乌尔, Sumer苏摩尔, Akkad阿卡德, Babylonia巴比伦贡献：楔形文字cuneiform --- First Written Language农业：Sumer: barley大麦was the main crop, but wheat, flax亚麻, dates, apples, plums李子, and grapes were also grownUr：6000人口中有2500的劳动力畜牧业Husbandry 最早的白羊毛，羊（meat and milk; butter and cheese ）比牛多2、古印度Ancient Egypt数3、古埃及ancient Egypt1）大规模动员劳动力来建造大工程Large scale mobilization动员of labors for huge projects.例Pyramid 2）天文学和建筑学Development in Astronomy and Architecture3）书写系统Writing system4）行政体系Administration system4、古中国ancient China 四大发明：gunpowder、Compass、printing、Papermaking二）、犹太文明Judaic Heritage单一神论Monotheism( the belief in one God. God is all powerful ) Judaism Christian Beliefs多神论polytheism三）、Greco-Roman Heritage1、古希腊罗马文明总结Summery of Greco-Roman Heritage1）Philosophy and way of thinking: Logic (Combined with Christianity to influence the dailylife of the west)2）Political system3）Law4）Arts2、Greek Heritage贡献： a. Logic, philosophy, science, literature, arts, political thoughts, historiography, poetics, esthetics, etc.b. Handcraft, architecture, navigation, military arts, political and legal systems, etc.哲学Philosophy: Pre-Socrates1）爱琴海时代Aegean civilizations•黑暗时代Greek Dark Age (1200-750 BCE)•荷马时代The Homeric Age (ca. 800 BCE)2）古希腊时代（700-500 BCE）Ancient Greek Civilizations•民族报和城邦Ethnos and Polis (City-state)•科林斯、斯巴达与雅典Corinth, Sparta and Athens•贵族、专制、民主Athens---Aristocracy, Tyranny and DemocracyApollo阿波罗在此时代贡献：文学和艺术Literature and arts：Homer 和Iliad伊利亚特& Odessa 奥德赛戏剧Dramas: Tragedy and Comedy史学：Herodotus (c. 484 BC–c. 425 BCE) , the father of History史学之父讲述了希腊波斯战争The Histories tells the story of the Greco-Persian Wars ，Written about 440 BCE 代表人物：苏格拉底Socrates. 469 BC–399 BC柏拉图Plato亚里士多德Aristotl•伯利克里Pericles, the popular Athenian democratic leader(461-429 BCE)Despotism、Patriarch、Democracy专制、元老、民主Hellenic Age•The Persian War波斯战争•Athenian Imperialism雅典帝国主义•The Peloponnesian War (431- 404 BCE)•Macedonian Unification of Greece希腊马其顿统一3）Hellenistic Age泛希腊时代•Alexander the Great亚历山大大帝•Diffusion of Greek culture希腊文化扩散2）Roman Heritage 贡献：法律建筑a. Ancient Romeb. Republic Romec. Roman Empire四）日耳曼文明Germanic Heritage1、Commune Systems2、Autonomy3、Common Laws重点•the law of ancient Rome from the time of the founding of the city in 753 BCE until the fall of the Western Empire in the 5th century CE. It remained in use in the Eastern, or Byzantine, Empire until 1453. As a legal system, Roman law has affected the development of law in most of Western civilization as well as in parts of the East. It forms the basis for the law codes of most countries of continental Europe and derivative systems elsewhere.代表人物：Julius CaesarAmerican civilization例如：玛雅文明Maya第二部分：中世纪Middle Ages第一部分：奴隶制的衰落与封建制的崛起一、奴隶制的衰落Fall of Slavery System1、罗马帝国的瓦解Collapse of Roman Empire CE 4762、基督教的兴起Rise of Christian Church Belief in afterlife来世3、外族人的入侵Barbarian Invasions*二、西方封建制特点Features of Western Feudalism1）领主和他们的附庸Lords and their vassals2）封地和农奴Fief and serfs•东西方封建体制的差异Differences between Western and Chinese Feudal Systems1）Lord vs. State2）遗产继承和社会地位的变动Heredity vs. Social Mobility注：Feudalism was the expression of a society in which every man was bound to every other by mutual ties of loyalty and service.长子继承制PrimogenitureThe firstborn son inherited the entirety of a parent's wealth, estate, title or office. In the absence of children, inheritance passed to the collateral relatives, in order of seniority of the collateral line.三、Feudalism and New Technologies1）军事：来自中国Military: From China, Stirrup2）生产力的发展Increase productivity3）家庭成为主要的生产组织Household becomes the major unit of production四、Decline of Feudalism1、人口大减Depopulation of Europe1）战争Wars: (such as crusades十字军东征1095---1272)2）黑死病1347 - 1350 Black Death: one third to half of the population died.3）人口减少对其影响The impact of depopulation on the feudalism.第二部分：资本主义的兴起Emergence of Capitalism一、文艺复兴The Italian Renaissance1、简介：The Renaissance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European intellectual lifein the early modern period. Beginning in Italy, and spreading to the rest of Europe by the16th century, its influence affected literature, philosophy, art, politics, science, religion, andother aspects of intellectual enquiry.2、背景：Backgrounds:•意大利的地理位置Geographical positions of Italy•与东方的商业往来Commercial exchanges with the Orient•财富的积累Accumulation of Wealth•City States城邦: Venice, Florence, Milan, Naples and Papal States2、特点Features of Renaissance: Humanism1)重视个人成就Emphasis on Individual Achievements2)重视现世，而不是来世Emphasis on this life, not afterlife3)重视在多方面的成绩Emphasis on comprehensive accomplishments in arts, literature,science, politics and everything.3、核心思想：人文主义思想Humanismhumanists asserted "the genius of man ... the unique and extraordinary ability of the human mind Humanism was not a philosophy per se本身、本质上, but rather a method of learning. In contrast to the medieval 中世纪scholastic mode方式, which focused on resolving解决contradictions矛盾between authors, humanists would study ancient texts in the original, and appraise估计、评价them through a combination of reasoning推理and empirical evidence实验数据.二、意大利文艺复兴的贡献Achievements of Italian Renaissance1、在艺术：In arts: 达芬奇Leonardo da Vinci, 《Mona Lisa》《The Last Supper》米开朗琪罗Michelangelo,，《David》Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, Sandro Botticelli, and Michelangelo Buonarroti.2、在文学In Literature: Dante, Petrarch, Bocaccio3、在科学In science: Da Vinci4、在政治In politics: Machiavelli: The Prince三：民族国家的兴起Emergence of Nation States一）背景：贸易和市场的扩张Trades and expanding markets•国家意识Sense of Nation•国家对教会State vs. Church•Absolute Monarchy 君主制and despotism专制: Theories and practice•The Orient and Empires四：资产阶级革命Bourgeois Revolutions一）英国资产阶级革命English Revolution1、君主专制政体Absolute MonarchyRule of the House of Stuart斯图亚特王室2、革命前的社会阶级Social Classes before the revolutionMerchants 商人Gentlemen and New Gentry 绅士和新贵族Yeomanry (free-holders & copy-holders) 自耕家Nobles贵族3、背景：1) 社会经济背景Social and Economic Background工商业Manufacture and Commerce制造业，分散工场Manufacturing —Putting out system农业革命Agricultural Revolutio n圈地，资本主义农场Enclosure , Capitalist Farming国际贸易Foreign Trade2)舆论文化背景•文艺复兴Renaissance 例：Thomas More, Shakespeare, Milton米尔顿, etc.•清教运动Puritanism 例： The Chosen Salvation4、从革命到斯图亚特王朝复辟From Civil Wars to the Restoration从两次内战到共和国 From Civil Wars to Commonwealth•Royalists保皇派 or cavaliers骑士派 vs roundheads圆颅派•护国政体Protectorate•斯图亚特王朝复辟Restoration5、革命形势的形成Political Crisis be the Revolution1）君主专制统治的特点Characteristics of English DespotismWeak Monarch君主; Parliament; Noble system2）斯图亚特当政The Reign of StuartsFeudalist封建 Land system, Taxes and financial policy, foreign policy, Religious prosecutions, conflicts between the monarch and the bourgeois3）代表人物：克伦威尔Oliver Cromwell4、光荣革命Glorious Revolution1）国内革命的结果Consequences of Civil Wars•封建社会关系崩溃Collapse of Feudal Social Relations•资本主义经济的发展Development of Capitalist Economy•变更土地所有权Change of Landownership•资产阶级政治理论Political theories of Bourgeoisie2）1688光荣革命Glorious Revolution 1688詹姆斯二世James II•资产阶级政治体系的建立Establishment of Bourgeois Political System•君主立宪制Constitutional Monarchy3）威廉和玛丽William of Orange and Marry, Protestant daughter of James II4）权利法案Bill of Rights•国王不能颁布法律The king could not suspend law.•不经议会允许不能征税No taxes without the consent of Parliament•在议会中言论自由Freedom of speech in Parliament•请愿的权利和过度罚款，保释，或残忍的惩罚Right of petition and free of excessive fines,bail, or cruel punishment5）第一位首相罗伯特沃尔波尔Robert Walpole the first British prime minister.6）革命意义：Significance of English Revolution•资产阶级政权的首次胜利The first major political victory of Capitalism•革命在妥协中结束Revolution ended in Compromise妥协•披着宗教的外衣Revolution in religious disguise伪装, so also called Puritan Revolution二）美国资产阶级革命(1775-1783) American Revolution1、三种殖民地Thirteen colonies: 、•north, middle and south;proprietary; autonomous自治的、有自主权的 and crown•北部：小农和手工业North: small farmers and manufacturing;中部：大农业Middle: Large scale farming;南部：奴隶种植园South: Slave plantation2、美利尘民族的形成Nation in the making1）有益忽视Benevolent negligence2）民族市场的形成Formation of National market3）民族意识的形成Sense of nation4）殖民地与宗主国的矛盾Conflicts between colonies and the mother nation3、1）七年战争结束The end of 7 years war 17632）英国殖民政策Colonial policies of the Great BritainSugar Act, Stamp Act, Townshend Acts3）波士顿惨案Boston Massacre 1770 波士顿大屠杀Boston Massacre4）第一次大陆会议The First Continental Congress5）波士顿茶党和不可容忍的法律Boston Tea Party and Intolerable Acts波士顿倾茶案 Boston Tea Party6）1775战争的第一枪Shots heard round the world: Lexington and Concord,•列克星敦战Battle of Lexington7）立宪会议Constitutional Conference4、独立宣言起草人Thomas Jefferson汉密尔顿Alexander Hamilton麦迪逊James Madison,美国宪法之父5、权利法案（前十条修正案）Bill of Rights•Right of expression, assembly, petition, of religion, etc.•Right to bear arms.•Right of just trial.•Rights of people: Internal laws vs. International practice.三）、法国资产阶级革命French Revolution1、背景：启蒙运动（17—18世纪）Ideological Background：Enlightenment口号：自由平等博爱Liberty、 Equalit 、Fraternity1）简介：a European intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and man were synthesized合成 into a worldview 世界观that gained wide assent 赞同、认同and that instigated煽动、鼓动 revolutionary developments in art, philosophy, and politics.•Enlightenment was a desire for human affairs to be guided by rationality 理性rather than by faith, superstition迷信, or revelation; a belief in the power of human reason人类理性 to change society and liberate the individual from the restraints限制 of custom or arbitrary专制 authority; all backed up by a world view increasingly validated by science rather than by religion or tradition.2)代表人物： Important figures•I n all Europe, a lot of scientists, men of letters, philosophers are considered the most important figures of the Enlightenment: such as Thomas Paine托马斯潘恩, Benjamin Franklin 本杰明富兰克林, Thomas Jefferson, Kant康德, Adam Smith亚当斯密, John Locke洛克, David Hume大卫休谟, Edward Gibbon, Goethe歌德, Gottfried Leibniz莱布尼兹, Carl Linnaeus, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, so on.卢梭Rousseau the Inequality Among MankindVoltaire believed in the supremacy至高无上 and efficacy of human reasonDiderot狄德罗, Denis1713-1784孟德斯鸠Montesquieu His major work:< The Spirit of Laws >3）特点：The Characteristics of the Enlightenment• 1. 理性Reason -- Science as the highest human pursuit.• 2. 自然神论 Deism -- natural God against Catholic Church天主教• 3.社会契约 Social Contract – Democracy against despotism• 4.浪漫主义 Romanticism2、三个等级：教士、贵族、平民三级会议The meeting of the Estates General: May 5, 17893、三个阶段The First Stage of the French Revolution, 1789-17921）第一阶段1789-1792The First Stage of the French Revolution,Storming of the Bastille巴士底狱The Tennis Court Oath at Versailles凡尔赛成果：a）宣布人民的权利The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen人权宣言的颁布（1789 4 26）Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen[1789] Adopted by the National Assembly国民大会 during the French Revolution on August26, 1789, and reaffirmed by the constitution of 1958b）在1789年8月4日，国民议会•同意取消特权原则On August 4, 1789 the National Assembly agreed to abolish the principle of privilege.c）封建土地制度被废除Feudal Land system was abolished.2）第二阶段A、外部和内部对革命的威胁The Internal and External Threats to the Revolution•财政危机、通货膨胀和国外战争困扰着革命政府Fiscal crisis, inflation and foreign war were in front of the revolutionary government.•反动派的威胁War threats of foreign reactionary forces from the fall of 1791 also challenged stability.B、事件：马拉之死The Death of Marat罗伯斯庇尔4、拿破仑时代The Era of Napoleon•拿破仑越过阿尔卑斯山击败奥地利1800 Bonaparte took the French Army across the Alps, eventually defeating the Austrians at Marengo击败普鲁士French Army entered Berlin on 27 October 1806衰落和失败Decline and Fall1.Causes of decline and fall1）和封建主义的和解 Reconciliation with feudalism、2）战争 Warsa）侵略战争（国内外对拿破仑的不满和反抗）warsb）欧洲人民不再支持拿破仑的战争European People’s resistance to NapoleonWars and Nationalismc）法国资产阶级和人民对拿破仑的战争也日益不满Internal discontent with Napoleon warsd）法国军力衰弱Military decline(二）帝国的垮台The Fall of the first Empire（三）波旁王朝复辟和“白日政变‖Restoration of the Bourbons and 100 days１）．波旁王朝复辟the restoration２）．白日政变100 days5、对拿破仑的评价Evalution6、维也纳会议和神圣同盟Congress of Vienna•正统原则principle of orthodoxy•遏止原则principle of containment•神圣同盟Holly Alliance革命的意义：1. By overthrowing the Old Regime, the revolution paved ways to the political rule of bourgeoisie.2. The revolution shook the foundation of feudalism in Europe and influenced the world. Equality and liberty were declared the basic principles for all human race.新政府面临的危机：内部：财政危机Fiscal crisis, inflation and foreign war were in front of the revolutionary government.外部：外国反动派War threats of foreign reactionary forces from the fall of 1791 also challenged stability. 奥地利和普鲁士Austria and Prussia法国革命时间表（1789.5.5~1870.9.4）一、波旁王朝（843~1791.9）｛封建君主专制｝1789.5.5; 三级会议召开，后改名―制宪会议‖｛第三等级：｝7.14 巴黎人民攻占巴士底狱【爆发】8月《人权宣言》｛君主立宪派：大资、自由派贵族｝1791.9 《1791年宪法》—君主立宪制确立（~1792.9）1792.8.10 ―八月起义‖｛吉伦特派：工商业资产阶级｝9月瓦尔密村击退普军，国民工会宣布成立第一共和国二、法兰西第一共和国（1792.9~1804.12.2）1793.1 处死路易十六6.2 雅各宾派掌权｛中小资｝秋罗伯斯比尔为首的公安委员会推行―恐怖政策‖1794.7.27 ―热月革命‖｛热月党人｝【法国大革命高潮阶段的结束】1799.11.9 ―雾月政变‖，拿破仑任第一执政，颁新宪法，建立独裁统治1804.3 《法兰西民法典》（=《拿破仑法典》）三、法兰西第一帝国（1804.12.2~1814.6.22）｛资产阶级帝制｝1804.12.2 拿破仑加冕，称拿破仑一世1812. 兵败俄国【开始崩溃】1813.10 兵败莱比锡【开始瓦解】1814.3 反法盟军、路易十八进入巴黎，拿破仑后被放逐厄尔巴岛1815.3.1. 拿破仑登陆法国3.20. 拿破仑重登皇位6.18. 滑铁卢兵败6.22. 拿破仑退位，不久被流放圣赫勒拿岛【第一帝国最终覆灭、波旁王朝复辟】四、波旁王朝复辟（1815.6.22~1830.7.29）｛封建统治｝路易十八世颁《大宪章》1824. 查理十世继位1830.7 查理十世签《七月赦令》【导火线】7.27 ―七月革命‖（~7.29―光荣的三日‖）｛大资｝五、七月王朝（1830.7.29~1848.2.24）｛君主立宪制，大资政权｝1830.7.29. 路易·菲利浦被推上王位，三色旗为国旗1831.&1834. 里昂工人起义1848.2.22~24.―二月革命‖{中小资+工人}六、法兰西第二共和国（1848.2.24~1852.11）｛小资｝1848.6. ―六月革命‖失败｛工人｝12月路易·拿破仑·波拿巴成为第一位普选产生的总统1851. 波拿巴发动军事政变，解散议会，开始独裁1852 初颁布新宪法七、法兰西第二帝国（1852.11~1870.9.4）｛资本主义专制统治｝1852.11路易·拿破仑·波拿巴登基称帝，称―拿破仑三世‖。
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Italian States - Rivaliries
• Florence • – Oligarchy – Medici family • Milan – Condottiere mercenaries – Spanish empire • Venice – Great Council • Doge - leader – Monopoly on spice and luxury trade Papal States – Renaissance Popes (Italian) – Borgias (Spain) 1492 • Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Poor land Spanish empire
Renaissance Literature
Niccolo Machiavei
• Divine Comedy Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) • Italian sonnet - poem of 14 lines (8 and 6) • Literary humanism • Devout Catholic • Revive the classics
• Florentine merchants loaned and invested money • Huge profits from investments and loans • More disposable income – Patrons of the arts • The rich and middle class enjoyed the wealth, instead pilgrimages to the City of God
• During the Renaissance, Italy remained divided politically. Social Classes • Rebirth or revival of Greek and Roman antiquity. Humanism and Renaissance Man • Humanities – History, Literature, Art, Logic/Reason, Rhetoric/Debate, Grammar, Science • Florence – Birthplace of the Renaissance – Medici Family - Bankers
Sandro Botticelli
• • • • • Vivid colors Classical mythology The Adoration of the Magi The Birth of Venus Primavera
Leonardo da Vinci
• First Italian artist to use oil paints • Mona Lisa • The Last Supper • The Virgin of the Rocks • Religious matter in secular and humanized fashion
Renaissance and Reformation Ch.14
Italian Renaissance
Why does our government want all kids to be educated?
1300-1600
Italian States
• The civilization of the Italian Renaissance was urban, centered on towns that had become prosperous from manufacturing, trade, and banking. • Italians had acquired considerable wealth, and some of this wealth was used to support writers, scholars, and artists. Patrons of the Arts
Leonardo da Vinci
• Studying fossils • Anatomy from dissections • First accurate description of human skeleton • Remained on paper
• Northern cities had free men who competed with the Nobles. (Political and economic) • Merchant guilds and communes. (Oligarchies) • Political rivals created an unstable government • The common people (popolo) were heavily taxed and excluded from government • The popolo used armed conflicts to establish republican form of governments. • The popolo could not maintain civil order • The wealthy and nobles would gain back control by using the Condottieri (military leaders) • The wealthy acted like nobles and created courts
Italian Renaissance Art
• • • • • Religious scenes focused on expressions Holy as human - Humanism God‟s beauty in world Nude body Uniqueness - self-portraits