专题 名词代词、数词、冠词、主谓一致

专题一 名词、代词、数词、冠词、主谓一致 名词 一、名词所有格 1.名词所有格的构成 （1）-’s（主要用于人、国家、动物，也有例外） ① 在单数名词或不以s结尾的复数名词后 Tom’s sister Women’s Day ② 在s或es结尾的复数名词后 the workers’ club ③ 在复合名词和作为整体的名词词组后 the go-between’s husband two hours and a half’s walk 比较：Tom’s and Nancy’s mothers Tom and Nancy’s mother （2）of+名词 无生命的拥有者 the roof of the church 2. 名词所有格的两种形式使用有时可以通用 ① 表示有生命的东西 the horse’s tail= the tail of the horse ② 表示国家、城市、地区的名词 the country’s plan = the plan of the country ③ 表示机构的名称 the school’s future = the future of the school ④ 表示天体的名词 the sun’s diameter = the diameter of the sun 3.名词所有格所修饰的词有时可以省略 the chemist’s, the dentist’s 4.双重所有格 a friend of my father’s 二、名词复数的不规则变化 1. 可数名词的数 （1）单复不同 foot ( feet ) ox (oxen) （2）单复相同 deer, Chinese, sheep （3）集合名词（集体名词）class/ family / team/ committee / crew / staff 比较：Our class is a pleasant one. The class are very friendly to each other. （4）以-s结尾，仍为单数的名词 physics, maths （5）复合名词的复数形式 daughters-in-law/ grown-ups/ girl students / women nurses 注：① 可数名词的复数形式可以由冠词、零冠词、除one以外的基数词以及一些限定词修饰。 ②有些词和词组必须用复数 goods 货物 / forces 军队/ works 工厂/ manners 礼貌 make friends with / take turns/ give regards to 2、不可数名词的数 可以通过一些单位量词来计数： 如：a piece of news a flash of hope a gust of wind 有些单位量词可以来计数可数名词： a pair of scissors a set of books 例题解析 1. The young dancer looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took ____ pictures of them. A. many of B. masses of C. the number of D. a large amount of 2. As a result of destroying the forests, a large _____ of desert ______ covered the land. A. number; has B. quantity; has C. number; have D. quantity; have 3、物质名词的数 物质名词一般做不可数名词，但有时其复数形式代表了不同的词义。 sand/ sands沙滩 water / waters水域 4、专有名词的数 专有名词一般无复数形式，除非其本身就是复数名词，如 the United States，但姓氏的复数可表示一家人或同名同姓的几个人。 the Smiths Mr. Smiths 代词 一、在比较级的句子中than, as 后用主格、宾格都可以。（但有时有区别） My mother loves my sister more than I. My mother loves my sister more than me. 二、两个以上人称代词并列，其次序排列顺序原则。 you, she and I 三、she可以代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等。 The ship has been used for a long time, so she will retire after this voyage. 四、this\that的用法： 1.this (these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物，that (those)反而亦之。 2. this常指后面要讲到的事物，有启下的作用，that反而亦之。 I want to tell you this: the English party will be held tomorrow. He hurt his leg yesterday. That’s why he didn’t come. 3.为了避免重复，常用that 或those代替前面已经提过的名词。 The weather in BJ is colder than that in SH. 五、such和same的用法： 1.such指“这样的”人或事物，在句中做主语或定语。 2. same指“同样的”人或事物，在句中做主语、表语、宾语和定语。 六、any的用法 1.与句中表示否定的副词连用。( hardly, scarcely, seldom) There is hardly any milk in this bottle. 2. 句中含有一些表示否定意义的结构。( too---to ) The mountain is too high for any of us to climb up 3.在条件句中或在含有whether\if引导的宾语从句中。 If there is any information for anyone, please tell me. 七、one和ones的用法： 1. 可以做定语、表语、主语或宾语，可以指人或物，表示“一个”，所有格是one’s，反身代词是oneself. 2. 可以代替前面提到的名词，一避免重复，可用this\that\these\those修饰。 八、it的用法： 1.代替前面提到的短语、从句或动词 2.可以充当形式主语，后跟that 从句 it seems, it appears, , it happens It seems that he has arrived here now. 3. it与one的区别 it指代上文同类同一事物，one表示同类，但不同的另一事物 That is a book on the desk. It is red. That is a good book. I need one. 4. it 与that, which 的区别 ① it 充当形式主语，形式宾语，不能用that ② 在定语从句中，关系代词只能用that 和which, 在强调句型中只能用that It was at our school gate that I met an old friend. ③ 表示猜测看不清楚的人 例题解析： Both sides have accused ________ of breaking the contract. A. another B. the other C. neither D. each 数词 一、年月的表示： 1. the 1900’s=the 1900s 2. the 1980’s=the 1980s 二、分数： two thirds one and a half 例题解析： This rope is _______ as long as that one. A. second-third B. two-third C. two-threes D. two thirds 三、小数： 1. 整数部分为零时，可省略不读。 2.当小数后接名词时，值大于1，名词用复数；反而亦之。 四、百分数： 1.构成：a percentage of / twenty percent 2.常与by, to连用，在句中做状语: The price was reduced by thirty percent. 五、dozen/ score的用法： 1.之前加上大于1的基数词，依然用单数形式。 two dozen pens 2.其复数形式+of表示“几十个或很多” scores of bottles 六、倍数的表达： 1.基数词+times as +形、副原级+as 2.基数词+times +形、副比较级+than 3.基数词+times the +表示大小、数量的名词+of three times the size of that one 冠词 一、不定冠词： 用于价格、速度、比率等的词组中。 sixty miles an hour four times a day 二、定冠词的特殊用法： 1. “the+单数名词”可表示一类人或事物，后动词用单数。 The computer calculates faster than the brain. 2. 在海洋、河流、群岛、山脉、沙漠、地区等专有名词前以及本身为复数形式的国名前。 the Atlantic / the Netherlands / the Thames 三、零冠词 1. 泛指可数名词复数，抽象名词和物质名词。 Man is great. 2. 语言或学科名词前。 French is my favorite language. 四、冠词之差，意义有别。 at table / at the table 例题解析 1. As a rule, domestic servants doing odd jobs are paid ________. A. by the hour B. by hour C. by an hour D. by hours 2. An accident happened at ______ crossroads a few meters away from _____ bank. A. a; a B./; a C./; the D. the;/ 3. The cakes are delicious. He’d like to have ____ third one because _____ second one is rather too small. A. a; a B, the; the C. a; the D. the; a 4._____ recent report stated that the number of Spanish speakers in the U. S. would be higher than the number of English speakers by____ year 2090. A. A; the B.A;/ C. The;/ D. The; a