中科院兰州化学物理研究所 博士试题
中国科学院博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题3.doc
中国科学院博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题（2002 年 3 月）PAPER ONEPART II STRUCTURE &VOCABULARY (15 points, 25 minutes)Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or words below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.16.Knowing that the cruel criminal has done a lot of unlawful things, I feel sure that I have no but to report him to the local police.A.timeB. changeC. authorityD.alternative17.Behind his large smiles and large cigars, his eyes often seemed to _______ regret.A.teem withB. brim withC. come withD. look with18.There is only one difference between and old man and a young one: the young one has a gloriousfuture before him and the old one has a ________ future behind him.A・ splendid B・ conspicuousC・ uproarious D. imminent19- That tragedy distressed me so much that I used to keep indoors and go out only necessity.A.within reach ofB. for fear ofC. by means ofD. in case of20.A young man sees a sunset and, unable to understand or express the emotion that it __________ in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to a world that lies beyond.A.reflectsB. retainsC. rousesD. radiates21. ________ the heat to a simmer and continue to cook for another 8-10 minutes or until most of thewater has evaporated.A.Turn offB. Turn overC. Turn downD. Turn up22.Banks shall be unable to ________ , or claim relief against the first 15% of any loan or bankrupted debt left with them.A.write offB. put asideC. shrink fromD. come cover23-1 am to inform you, that you may, if you wish, attend the inquiry, and at the inspectors discretion sate your case ___________ or through an entrusted representative.A. in personB. in depthC. in secretD. in excess24.In his view, though Hong Kong has no direct cultural identity, local art is thriving by"being _________ J being open to all kinds of art.A. gratifyingB. predominatingC. excellingD. accommodating25.In some countries preschool education in nursery schools or kindergartens ________ the 1 grade.A. leadsB. precedesC. forwardsD. advances26.Desert plants _______ two categories according to the way they deal with the problem of surviving drought.A.break downB. fall intoC. differ inD. refer to27.In the airport, I could hear nothing except the roral of aircraft engines which _______ all other sounds.A.dwarfedB.diminishedC. drownedD. devastated28.Criticism without suggesting areas of improvement is not ______________ and should be avoided if possible.A.constructiveB. productiveC. descriptiveD. relative29.The Committee pronounced four members expelled for failure to provide information in the of investigations.A.caseB. chaseC. causeD. course30.Since neither side was ready to __________ what was necessary for peace, hostility were resumed in 1980.A.precedeB.recedeC・ concede D. intercede31 • Such an __________ act of hostility can only lead to war.A.overtB. episodicC. ampleD. ultimate32._______ both in working life and everyday living to different sets of values, and expectationsplaces a severe strain on the individual.A. RecreationB. TransactionC. DisclosureD. Exposure33.It would then be replaced by an interim government, which would ______________ be replaced by a permanent government after four months.A. in stepB. in turnC. in practiceD. in haste34.Haven't I told you I don't want you keeping _______ with those awful riding about bicycle boys?A. companyB. acquaintanceC. friendsD. place35.Consumers deprived of the information and advice they needed were quite simply every cheat in the marketplace.A. at the mercy ofB. in lieu ofC. by courtesy ofD. for the price ofSection B (0.5 point each)Directions: In each of the following sentences there are four parts underlined and marked A, B, C, and D.Indicate which of the four partrs is incorrectly used by drawing a single bar across the squarebrackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.36.The auctioneer must know fair accurately the current market values of the goodsA B Che is selling.D37.Children are among the most frequent victims of violent, dmg・related crimes thatoverriding majority since they are at heavy demand in the market, c 44. Retailers offered Ddeep discounts and extra hours this weekend in B C (he bid toDlureshoppers.45. The amendments A A B Chave nothing doing with the cost of acquiring the drugs.D38.A large collection of contemporary photographs, including some taken by MaryA Bare on display at the meseum.C D39.There is much in our life which we do not control and we are not even responsible for.A B C D40.Capital inflows w订1 also tend to increase the international value of the dollar, A Bmake it more difficult to sell U.S. exports.C D41.It can be argued that the problems, even something as fundamental as theA Bever-increased world population, have been caused by technological advanceC D42.It takes lhe mosl cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist theA B Ctemptation to revenge as subjected to uncivilized behavio匚D43.Wh订e experts in basic science are important, skilled talents should be theA Bof the laws on patent, trademark and copyright have enhancedBprotection of intellectual property rights and made them confonn to WTO rules. C DPART m CLOSE TEST (15 points, 15 minutes)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the choices given in the opposite column. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the squarebrackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.At least since the Industrial Revolution, gender roles have been in a state of transition. As a result, cultural scripts about marriage have undergone change. One of the more obvious 46 has occurred in the roles that women 47 • Women have moved into the world of work and have become adept at meeting expectations in that arena, 48 maintaining their family roles of nurturing and their family roles of nurturing and creating a(n) 49 that is a haven for all family members. 50 many women experience strain from trying to “do it alf\ they often enjoy the increased 51 that can result from playing multiple roles. As womens roles have changed, changing expectations about merTs roles have become more 52 • Many men are relinquishing their major responsibility 53 the family provider. Probably the most significant change in men's roles, however, is in the emotional 54 of family life. Men are increasing 55 to meet the emotional needs of their families, 56 their wives.In fact, expectations about the emotional domain of marriage have become more significant for marriage in general. Research on 57 marriage has changed over recent decades points to the increasing importance of the emotional side of the relationship, and the importance of sharing in the "emotion work，，58 to nourish marriages and other family relationships. Men and women want to experience marriages that are interdependent, 59 both partners nurture each other, and encourage and promote each other. We are thus seeing marriages in which merTs and women's roles are becoming increasingly more 6() •46. A. incidents B・C・ results D. effects47. A. take B. do C. playD show48. A. by B. while C. hence D. thus49. A. home B. garden C. arena D. paradise50. A. When B. Even though C. Since D.Nevertheless51. A. rewards B. profits C. privileges D. incomes52. A. general B. acceptable C. popular D. apparent53. A. as B. of C. from D. for54. A. section B・ constituent C. domain D・ point55. A. encouraged B. expected C. advised D. predicted56. A. not to mention B. as well as C. including D. especially57. A. how B. what C- why D. if58. A. but B. only C. enough D. necessary59. A. unless B. although C. where D. because60. A. pleasant.important C. similar D. manageablePART IV READING COMPREHENSION (30 points, 60 minutes)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passagecarefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement.Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoringAnswer Sheet.Passage OneThe man who invented Coca-cola was not a native Atlantan, but on the day of his funeral every drugstore in town testimonially shut up shop. He was John Styth Pemberton, born in 1833 in Knoxville, Georgia, eighty miles away. Sometimes known as Doctor, Pemberton was a pharmacist who, during the Civil War, led a cavalry troop under General Joe Wheeler. He settled in Atlanta in 1869, and soon began brewing such patent medicines as Triplex Liver Pills and Globe of Flower Cough Syrup. In 1885, he registered a trademark for something called French Wine Coca-Ideal Nerve and Tonic Stimulant; a few months later he formed the Pemberton Chemical Company, and recruited the services of a bookkeeper named Frank M・ Robinson, who not only had a good head for figures but, attached to it, so exceptional a nose that he could audit the composition of a batch of syrup merely by sniffling it. In 1886-a year in which, as contemporary Coca-Cola officials like to point out, Conan Doyle unveiled Sherlock Holmes and France unveiled the Statue of Liberty-Pemberton unveiled a syrup that he called Coca-Cola- It was a modification of his French Wine Coca. He had taken out the wine and added a pinch of caffeine, and, when the end product tasted awful, had thrown in some extract of cola nut and a few other oils, blending the mixture in a three-legged iron pot in his back yard and swishing it around with an oar. He distributed it to soda fountains in used beer bottles, and Robinson, with his flowing bookkeeper's script, presently devised a label, on which "Coca-Cola" was written in the fashion that is still employed. Pemberton looked upon his mixture less as a refreshment than as a headache cure, especially for people whose headache could be traced to over-indulgence.On a morning late in 1886, one such victim of the night before dragged himself into an Atlanta drugstore and asked for a dollop of Coca-Cola. Druggists customarily stirred a teaspoonful of syrup into a glass of water, but in this instance the man on duty was too lazy to walk to the fresh-water tap, a couple of feet off. Instead, he mixed the syrup with some soda water, which was closer at hand. The suffering customer perked up almost at once, and word quickly spread that the best Coca-Cola was a fizzy one.61.What does the passage tell us about John Sty th Pemberton?A.He was highly respected by Atlantans.B.He ran a drug store that also sells wine.C.He had been a doctor until the Civil War.D.He made a lot of money with his pharmacy.62.Which of the following was unique to Frank M. Robinson, working with the Pemberton's Company?A.Skills to make French wine.B.Talent for drawing pictures.C.An acute sense of smell.D.Ability to work with numbers.63.Why was the year 1886 so special to Pemberton?A.He took to doing a job like Sherlock Holmes's.B.He brought a quite profitable product into being.C.He observed the founding ceremony of Statue of Liberty.D・ He was awarded by Coca-Cola for his contribution.64.One modification made of French Wine Coca formula wased beer bottles were chosen as containers.B.the amount of caffeine in it was increased.C.it was blended with oils instead of water.D.Cola nut extract was added to taste.65.According to the passage, Coca-Cola was in the first place prepared especially forA.the young as a soft drink・B.a replacement of French Wine Coca.C.the relief of a hangover.D・ a cure for the common headache.66.The last paragraph mainly tellsA.the complaint against the lazy shop-assistant.B.a real test of Coca-cola as a headache cure.C・ the mediocre service of the drugstore.D.a happy accident that gave birth to Coca-Cola.Passage TwoBetween 1833 and 1837, the publishers of a "penny press" proved that a low-priced paper, edited to interest ordinary people, could win what amounted to a mass circulation for the times and thereby attract an advertising volume that would make it independent. These were papers for the common citizen and were not tied to the interests of the business community, like the mercantile press, or dependent for financial support upon political party allegiance. It did not necessarily follow that all the penny papers would be superior in their handling of the news and opinion functions. But the door was open for some to make important journalistic advances.The first offerings of a penny paper tended to be highly sensational; human interest stories overshadowed important news, and crime and sex stories were written in full detail. But as the penny paper attracted readers from various social land economic brackets, its sensationalism was modified. The ordinary reader came to want a better product, too. A popularized style of writing and presentation of news remained, but the penny paper became a respectable publication that offered significant information and editorial leadership. Once the first of the successful penny papers had shown the way, later ventures could enter the competition at the higher level of journalistic responsibility the pioneering papers had reached.This was the pattern of American newspapers in the years following the founding of the New York Sim in 1833. The Sun, published by Benjamin Day, entered the lists against 11 other dailies. It was tiny in comparison; but it was bright and readable, and it preferred human interest features to important but dull political speechreports. It had a police reporter writing squibs of crime news in the style already proved successful by some other papers. And, most important, it sold for a penny, whereas its competitors sold for six cents. By 1837 the Sun was printing 30,000 copies a day, which was more than the total of all 11 New Yrok daily newspapers combined when the Sim first appeared. In those same four years James Gordon Bennett brought out his New York Herald(1835), and a trio of New York printers who were imitating Day's success founded the Philadelphia Public Ledger(1836) and the Baltimore Sun(1837). The four penny sheets all became famed newspapers.67.What does the first paragraph say about the "penny press?"A.It was known for its depth news reporting.B.It had an involvement with some political parties.C.It depended on the business community for survival.D.It aimed at pleasing the general public・68.In its early days, a penny paper oftenA.paid much attention to political issues.B.provided stories that hit the public taste.C.offered penetrating editorials on various issues.D.covered important news with inaccuracy.69.As the reader ship was growing more diverse, the penny paperA.improved its contentB.changed its writing style.C.developed a more sensational style.D.became a tool for political parties.70.The underlined word "ventures^ in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced byA.editors.B.reporters.C.newspapers.panies.71.What is true about the Philadelphia Public Ledger and the Baltimore SunlA.They turned out to be failures.B.They were later purchased by James Gordon Bennett.C.They were also founded by Benjamin Day.D.They became well-known newspapers in the U.S.72.This passage is probably taken from a book onA.the work ethics of the American media.B.the techniques in news reporting・C.the history of sensationalism in American media.D.the impact of mass media on American society.Passage ThreeForget what Virginia Woolf said about what a writer needs-a room of one's own. The writer she had in mind wasn't at work on a novel in cyberspace, one with multiple hypertexts, animated graphics and downloads of trancey, chiming music. For that you also need graphic interfaces, RealPlayer and maybe even a computer laboratory at Brown University. That was where Mark Amerika-his legally adopted name; don't ask him about his birth name-composed much of his novel Grammatron. But Grammatron isn't just a story. It，s an online narrative () that uses the capabilities of cyberspace to tie the conventional story line into complicated knots. In the four years it took to produce-it was completed in 1997-each new advance in computer software became another potential story device. “I became sort ofdependent on the industry：jokes Amerika, who is also the author of two novels printed on paper.“ThaFs unusal for a writer, because if you just write on paper the "technology" is pretty stable二Nothing about Grammatron is stable. At its center, if there is one, is Abe Golam, the inventor of Nanoscript, a quasi-mystical computer code that some unmystical corporations are itching to acquire. For much of the story, Abe wanders through Prague-23, a virtual "4city^ in cyberspace where visitors indulge in fantasy encounters and virtual sex, which can get fairly graphic. The reader wanders too, because most of Grammatron 9s 1,000-plus text screens contain several passages in hypertext. To reach the next screen, just double-click. But each of those hypertexts is a trapdoor that can plunge you down a different pathway of the story. Choose one and you drop into a corporate-strategy memo. Choose another and there's a XXX-rated sexual rant. The story you read is some sense the story you make.Amerika teaches digital art at the University of Colorado, where his students develop works that straddle the lines between art, film and literature. "I tell them not to get caught up in mere plot J he says. Some avant-garde writers-Julio Cortazar, Italo Calvino- have also experimented with novels that wander out of their author^ control. "But what makes the Net so exciting/7says Amerika, “is that you can add sound, randomly generated links, 3-D modeling, animation.” That room of one's own is turning into a fun house.73.The passage is mainly to tellA.differences between conventional and modern novels.B.how Mark Amerika composed his novel Grammatron.C・ common features of all modem electronic novels.D.why Mark Amerika took on a new way of writing.74.Why does the author ask the reader to forget what Virginia Woolf said about the necessities of a writer?A.Modern writers can share rooms to do the writing.B.It is not necessarily that a writer writes inside a room.C.Modem writers will get nowhere without a word processor.D.It is no longer sufficient for the writing in cyberspace.75.As an on-line narrative, Grammatron is anything but stable because itA.provides potentials for the story development.B.is one of the novels at (g ).C.can be downloaded free of charge.D.boasts of the best among cyber stories.76.By saying that he became sort of dependent on the industry, Mark Amerika meant thatA. he could not help but set his Grammatron and others in Industrial Revolution.B・ conventional writers had been increasingly challenged by high technology.C.much of his Grammatron had proved to be cybernetic dependent.D.he couldn't care less about new advance in computer software.77.As the passage shows, Grammatron makes it possible for readers toA.adapt the story for a video version.B.“walk in，，the story and interact with it.C.develop the plots within the author's control.D.steal the show and become the main character.78.Amerika told his students not toA.immerse themselves only in creating the plot.B.be captivated by the plot alone while reading. C・ be lagged far behind in the plot development.D.let their plot get lost in the on-going story.Passage FourIn 1993, a mall security camera captured a shaky image of two 10-year-old boys leading a much smallerboy out of a Liverpool, England, shopping center. The boys lured James Bulger, 2, away from his mother, who was shopping, and led him on a long walk across town. The excursion ended at a railroad track. There, inexplicably, the older boys tortured the toddler, kicking him, smearing paint on his face and pummeling him to death with bricks before leaving him on the track to be dismembered by a train. The boys, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson, then went off to watch cartoons.Today the boys are 18-year-old men, and after spending eight years in juvenile facilities, they have been deemed fit for release-probably this spring. The dilemma now confronting the English jsutice system is how to reintegrate the notorious duo into a society that remains horrified by their crimes and skeptical about their rehabilitation. Last week Judge Elizabeth Butler-Sloss decided the young men were in so much danger that they needed an unprecedented shield to protect them upon release. For the rest of their lives, Venables and Thompson will have a right to anonymity. All English media outlets are banned from publishing any information about their whereabouts or the new identities the government will help them establish. Photos of the two or even details about their current looks are also prohibited.In the U.S., which is harder on juvenile criminals than England, such a ruling seems inconceivable. "Wele clearly the most punitive in the industrialized world/9 says Laurence Steinberg, a Temple University professor who studies juvenile justice. Over the past decade, the trend in the U.S. has been to allow publication of ever more information about underage offenders. U.S. courts also give more weight to press freedom than English courts, which, for example, ban all video cameras.But even for Britain, the order is extraordinary. The victim's family is enraged, as are the ever eager British tabloids. "What right have they got to be given special protection as adults?97asks Bulger's mother Denise Fergus. Newspaper editorials next door. Says conservative Member of Parliament Humfrey Malins: Tt almost leaves you with the feeling that the nastier the crime, the greater the chance for a passport to a completely new life：'79.What (Kcurred as told at the beginning of the passage?A.2 ten-year-olds killed James by accident in play.B.James Bulger was killed by his two brothers.C.Two mischievous boys forged a train accident.D.A little kid was murdered by two older boys.80.According to the passage, Jon Venables and Robert ThompsonA.have been treated as juvenile delinquents.B.have been held in protective custody for their murder game.C・ were caught while watching cartoons eight years ago.D.have already served out their 10 years in prison・81.The British justice system is afraid that the two young men wouldA.hardly get accustomed to a horrifying general public.B.be doomed to become social outcasts after release.C.still remain dangerous and destructive if set free.D.be inclined to commit a recurring crime.82.According to the British courts, after their return to society, the two adults will beA.banned from any kind of press interview.B.kept under constant surveillance by police.C.shielded from being identified as killers.D.ordered to report to police their whereabouts.83.From the passage we can infer that a US counterpart of Venables or Thompson wouldA・ have no freedom to go wherever he wants.B.serve a life imprisonment for the crime.C.be forbidden to join many of his relatives.D.no doubt receive massive publicity in the U.S.84.As regards the mentioned justice ruling, the last paragraph mainly tells thatA.it is controversial as it goes without precedent.B.the British media are sure to do the contrary.C.Bulger^s family would enter all apeal against it.D.Conservatives obviously conflict with Liberals.Passage FiveCan the Internet help patients jump the line at the doctor's office? The Silicon Valley Employers Forum, a sophisticated group of technology companies, is launching a pilot program to test online "virtual visits'，between doctors at three big local medical groups and about 6,000 employees and their families. The six employers taking part in the Silicon Valley initiative, including heavy hitters such as Oracle and Cisco Systems, hope that online visits will mean employees wont have to skip work to tend to minor ailments or to follow up on chronic conditions. "With our long commutes and traffic, driving 40 miles to your docotr in your hometown can be a big chunk of time," says Cindy Conway, benefits director at Cadence Design Systems, one of the participating companies.Doctors aren't clamoring to chat with patients online for free; they spend enough unpaid time on the phone. Only 1 in 5 has ever E-mailed a patient, and just 9 percent are interested in doing so, according to the research firm Cyber Dialogue. "We are not stupid^ says Stirling Somers, executive director of the Silicon Valley employers group. "Doctors getting paid is a critical piece in getting this to work.” In the pilot program, physicians will get $20 per online consultation, about what they get for a simple office visit.Doctors also fear they'll be swamped by rambling E-mails that tell everything but what's needed to make a diagnosis. So the new program will use technology supplied by Healinx, an Alameda, Cal if.-based start-up. Healinx's "Smart Symptom Wizard" questions patients and turns answers into a succinct message. The company has online dialogues for 60 common conditions. The doctor can then diagnose the problem and outline a treatment plan, which could include E-mailing a prescription or a face-to-face visit.Can E-mail replace the doctor's office? Many conditions, such as persistent cough, require a stethoscope to discover what's wrong- and to avoid a malpractice suit. Even Larry Bonham, head of one of the doctor's groups in the pilot, believes the virtual doctor's visits offer a “very narrow" sliver of service between phone calls to an advice nurse and a visit to the clinic.The pilot program, set to end in nine months, also hopes to determine whether online visits will boost worker productivity enough to offset the cost of the service. So far, the Internet's record in the health field has been underwhelming. The experiment is "a huge roll of the dice for Helainx/5 notes Michael Barrent, an analyst at Internet consulting firm Forester Research. If the “Web visits” succeed, expect some HMOs (Health Maintenance Organizations) to pay for online visits. If doctors, employers, and patients aren't satisfied, firgure on one more E-health start-up to stand down.85.The Silicon Valley employers promote the E-health program for the purpose ofA. rewarding their employees.B. gratifying the local hospitals.C.boosting worker productivity.D. testing a sophisticated technology.86.What can be learned about the on-line doctors' visits?A.They are a quite promising business-B.They are funded by the local government.C.They are welcomed by all the patients.D.They are very much under experimentation.87.Of the following people, who are not involved in the program?A・ Cisco System employees. B. Advice nurses in the clinic.C.Doctors at three local hospitals.D. Oracle executives.88.According to Paragraph 2, doctors are。
物化考博试题
09年物理化学考博试题一、选择题1、(U=0)，又回到始态，判断U的变化。
2、抽掉隔板后，判断S变化。
3、液态理想混合物，△V，△H，△S，△G如何变化。
4、A+2B→C ，5、克拉倍龙-克劳修斯公式适用范围。
6、蒸汽压组成二、填空(二选一)(一) 1、2、三组分相图，相数最多几个，自由度数几个？3、A(g)+2B(g)→C ，增加产物浓度的三种方法是什么？4、5、(二) 无机材料物理化学概念1、烧结概念2、….缺陷与….缺陷3、§-电位4、位错5、三、简答题(二选一)(10分/题)1、理想稀溶液蒸汽压一定升高，沸点一定降低吗？为什么？2、三元相图切线和….分别代表什么？四、计算题(四选三)(10分/题)1、给定反应的气体浓度至少低于多少？H2S+2AgNO3=Ag2S+2HNO3，H2S与H2等体积混合。
2、10mol/kgHCl和6mol/kgHCl蒸汽分压分别为100kpa和17.8kpa，求两电动势之差。
Pt，H2()/HCl(10mol/kg)/Cl2()，Pt Pt，H2()/HCl(6mol/kg)/Cl2()，Pt3、已知SiO2，SiCl4，SiF4，HF，HCl，H2O的，试证明石英玻璃在HF和HCl中的稳定值。
4、求晶化值。
(记不清了)五、作图题(20分)1、根据步冷曲线作出二元组分蒸汽压组成图，并指出一些东西。
2、简述C点的析晶过程。
（04或05的试题）我同学关于物理化学试题的印象关于选择题的印象：1）热力学三定律：主要是基本概念，我记得我考的是功热的转换，还有一个是关于卡诺循环的2）关于PV=nRT的题目3）表面吸附公式方面的题目，4）关于电极电位方面5）二级反应，反应级数方面的也有，一共是10个题，每题2分选择题还是挺难的，我觉得，但也许是当时我的基本概念不是很扎实。
关于填空题的印象：1）热力学定律，表面吸附，主要是填增大，和减小之类的，有一个是关于热的计算的，还有一个是关于胶体的性质的一共好像是5个题，10个空。
中科院考研物化试题及答案
中科院考研物化试题及答案模拟试题：中国科学院物理化学考研真题模拟一、选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. 在恒温恒压下，一个理想气体的体积发生变化时，该气体的内能变化为（）。
A. 增加B. 减少C. 不变D. 不能确定2. 根据热力学第二定律，下列哪种说法是正确的？（）A. 能量总是自发地从高温物体传递到低温物体B. 能量总是自发地从低温物体传递到高温物体C. 能量传递的方向与温度无关D. 能量传递的方向与压力有关3. 一个化学反应的活化能为40 kJ/mol，提高反应温度至原来的两倍，反应速率将增加（）。
A. 2倍B. 4倍C. 16倍D. 100倍4. 下列关于电解质溶液的描述，哪一项是错误的？（）A. 电解质溶液的导电性与其离子浓度成正比B. 电解质溶液的导电性与溶剂的极性有关C. 电解质溶液的导电性与温度无关D. 电解质溶液的导电性与离子的迁移率有关5. 在相同条件下，下列气体中扩散速度最快的是（）。
A. 氢气B. 氧气C. 二氧化碳D. 氦气二、简答题（每题5分，共20分）6. 什么是化学平衡？影响化学平衡的因素有哪些？7. 请简述表面张力的形成原因及其对液体表面现象的影响。
8. 何为电化学腐蚀？它与化学腐蚀有何不同？9. 何为催化作用？催化剂在化学反应中的作用机理是什么？三、计算题（每题10分，共20分）10. 一个理想气体在等压条件下，从温度T1=300K增加到T2=600K，求气体体积的变化量。
11. 一个电解池中，通过电流I=5A进行电解，电解时间为t=3600秒，法拉第常数F=96500C/mol。
若电解出1摩尔的氢气和1摩尔的氧气，求电解过程中转移的电子总数。
四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）12. 论述固体表面吸附现象及其在工业中的应用。
13. 论述温度、浓度和催化剂对化学反应速率的影响，并举例说明。
答案：一、选择题1. C2. A3. C4. C5. A二、简答题6. 化学平衡是指在一定条件下，反应物和生成物的浓度保持不变的状态。
中科院物理化学考试试题
中国科学院研究生院2007年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：物理化学（甲）考生须知：1．本试卷满分为150分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
3．可以使用无字典存储和编程功能的电子计算器。
下列一些基本常数供解题时参考：普朗克常数h = 6.626 × 10-34 J·S；玻兹曼常数k B = 1.381× 10-23 J·K-1；摩尔气体常数R = 8.314 J·mol-1·K-1；法拉第常数F = 96500 C·mol-1一、是非题（每小题1分，共15分）（判断下列各题是否正确，正确用“√”表示，错误用“×”表示）1、气体的压力是在单位时间内撞击在单位表面上的分子所发生的动量的变化。
2、公式PVγ=常数，适用于理想气体的绝热可逆变化。
3、一定量的某实际气体，向真空中绝热膨胀以后，系统的P和V的乘积变小，温度降低，则此过程的ΔU < 0，ΔS > 0 。
4、将低沸点的A和高沸点的B两种纯液体组成液态完全互溶的气液平衡体系。
在一定温度下，将液体B加入体系中时，测得体系的压力增大，说明此系统具有最大正偏差。
5、水的三相点就是水的冰点。
6、溶剂服从拉乌尔定律、溶质服从亨利定律的溶液，称为理想稀溶液。
7、当反应A(s)→B(s)+D(g)达到化学平衡时，系统的自由度f = 3。
8、在合成氨反应中，惰性气体的存在不影响平衡常数，但影响平衡组成。
9、能量零点选择不同，则内能的值也不同。
10、无论是定位系统或非定位系统，最概然分布的公式是一样的。
11、对任一种有液接的浓差电池，加盐桥比不加盐桥的电动势大。
12、反应A + B = 2 C + 2 D 不可能是基元反应。
13、在同一温度下的同一基元反应，随着不同浓度单位，k （速率常数）有不同数值，从)exp()exp(RTH R S h T k k m r m r B θθ≠≠Δ−Δ=看，主要是因所取的标准态不同所引起的。
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兰化所考研真题答案
兰化所考研真题答案兰化所考研真题答案近年来，兰化所考研真题备受考生关注。
兰化所，即兰州化学物理研究所，是中国科学院下属的研究机构，以化学和物理学为主要研究方向。
其考研真题涵盖了多个学科领域，从有机化学到物理化学，从材料科学到光电子技术，广泛涉及了研究所的主要研究方向。
兰化所考研真题的出现，对考生来说是一次宝贵的学习资源。
通过分析真题，考生可以了解到研究所对各学科的考察重点，从而有针对性地进行备考。
而且，兰化所作为中国科学院的重要研究机构，其考研真题的难度和质量也备受认可，可以帮助考生提高解题能力和应试水平。
在兰化所考研真题中，有机化学是一个重要的考察方向。
有机化学是化学的一个分支，研究有机物的结构、性质和反应。
兰化所考研真题中的有机化学部分，主要考察了有机化合物的合成方法、反应机理和结构鉴定等内容。
通过解答这些题目，考生可以加深对有机化学知识的理解和掌握。
物理化学也是兰化所考研真题的重要组成部分。
物理化学是化学的另一个分支，研究物质的性质和变化规律。
在兰化所考研真题中，物理化学部分主要考察了热力学、动力学、量子化学等内容。
这些题目不仅要求考生具备扎实的物理化学基础，还需要考生具备分析和解决实际问题的能力。
材料科学是兰化所的另一个重要研究方向，也是考研真题中的一个重点。
材料科学研究材料的结构、性质和应用，包括金属材料、无机非金属材料和高分子材料等。
兰化所考研真题中的材料科学部分，主要考察了材料的制备方法、性能测试和结构表征等内容。
通过解答这些题目，考生可以了解到材料科学的最新研究进展和应用前景。
光电子技术是兰化所的另一个研究方向，也是考研真题中的一部分。
光电子技术研究光的产生、传输和控制，以及光与电子的相互作用。
兰化所考研真题中的光电子技术部分，主要考察了光学原理、光电子器件和光电子应用等内容。
这些题目不仅要求考生具备扎实的光学和电子学基础，还需要考生具备设计和优化光电子器件的能力。
总之，兰化所考研真题是一份宝贵的学习资源，对考生备考和提高综合能力有着重要的意义。
中科院大气物理研究所大气物理1996-2014年考博试题及答案--自己总结
备注：红色字体P37表示在《大气物理学》书中第37页，另外本文档中试题答案为自己总结的。
中科院大气物理研究所大气物理1996-2014年考博试题及答案 2014年一、名词1、标准大气：（P37）标准大气，又称“参考大气”。
能够反映某地区（如中纬度）垂直方向上气温、气压、湿度等近似平均分布的一种模式大气。
它能粗略地反映中纬度地区大气多年年平均状况，并得到一国或国际组织承认。
2、天电：（P407）天电是指大气中放电过程引起的脉冲电磁辐射，其中闪电是主要的天电源。
3、莫宁-奥布霍夫长度：(P248)4、云凝结核：（P320）5、光化学烟雾：（P29）光化学烟雾是由汽车、工厂等污染源排入大气的碳氢化合物（HC ）和氮氧化物（NOx ）等一次污染物在阳光作用下发生复杂的光化学反应，生成臭氧、醛、酮、酸、过氧乙酰硝酸酯（PAN ）等二次污染物，这些一次污染物和二次污染物混合形成有害的光化学烟雾。
6、播撒云: “播种云一供应云”机制：高空对流泡中通过凝华和结淞增长大量冰晶，成为自然“播种云” ，冰晶降落到低层浓密的层状云中碰并水滴，从而将云水转化为雨水。
在低层，由中尺度抬升而产生的浓密的层状云为降落下来的降水粒子提供了丰富的云水，成为“供应云”。
高层播种云，一般是卷层云，在气旋云系中，高空对流泡是一种典型的播种云。
由于高空对流泡尺度小，可能同时存在好几个，因此，使地面降水存在着小尺度的不均匀结构。
供应云，一般指浓密的层状云，如高层云、雨层云、层积云或层云。
当供应云受到冰雪晶粒子的播种后，云内会通过云水碰冻→云冰碰连→雪晶的有效转化以及碰并等过程，使其降水强度明显增加。
7、冰雹的湿增长：（P348）8、普朗克定律（P68）：对于绝对黑体物质，单色辐射通量密度与发射物质的温度和辐射波长或频率符合以下关系:1/51152)1()1(2),(2---=-=T c Tk chB e c e h c T F λλλλπλ，其中c 1为第一辐射常数：24821107427.32-⋅⋅⨯==m m W h c c μπ；c 2为第二辐射常数：K m kch c ⋅==μ143882。
中科院长春应用化学研究所高等物理化学2016年考博真题考博试题博士研究生入学考试试题
中国科学院长春应用化学研究所
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
高等物理化学
一、选择题(每小题2分，共40分)
1. 理想气体模型的基本特征是( )
(A) 分子不断地作无规则运动、它们均匀分布在整个容器中
(B) 各种分子间的作用相等, 各种分子的体积大小相等
(C) 所有分子都可看作一个质点, 并且它们具有相等的能量
(D) 分子间无作用力, 分子本身无体积
2. 关于物质临界状态的下列描述中, 不正确的是( )
(A) 在临界状态, 液体和蒸气的密度相同, 液体与气体无区别
(B) 每种气体物质都有一组特定的临界参数
(C) 在以ｐ、Ｖ为坐标的等温线上, 临界点对应的压力就是临界压力
(D) 临界温度越低的物质, 其气体越易液化
3. 对于实际气体, 下面的陈述中正确的是( )
(A) 不是任何实际气体都能在一定条件下液化
(B) 处于相同对比状态的各种气体,不一定有相同的压缩因子
(C) 对于实际气体, 范德华方程应用最广, 并不是因为它比其它状态方程更精确
(D) 临界温度越高的实际气体越不易液化
4．热力学第一定律ΔU=Q+W 只适用于( )
(A) 单纯状态变化(B) 相变化
(C) 化学变化(D) 封闭物系的任何变化
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中科院兰州化学物理研究所博士试题题目一：基于质谱技术的代谢组学研究中的方法与应用
1. 代谢组学是什么？其在生命科学研究中的作用是什么？
2. 请结合具体实例，说明质谱技术在代谢组学研究中的应用及其优势。
3. 代谢组学研究中样品的选择和制备对结果有何影响？请详细讨论并给出相应的解决方案。
4. 代谢组学研究中数据处理和分析中常见的技术方法有哪些？请从多个角度进行对比分析。
5. 针对代谢组学研究中的实验设计和结果解读两个环节，请分别提出您的建议，并解释其原因。
题目二：纳米材料在光催化领域中的应用与开发
1. 简要描述纳米材料在光催化领域中的应用。
并结合具体案例，说明其应用过程中的关键步骤。
2. 请列举光催化反应中常用的纳米材料，并分析其性能、优缺点。
3. 在纳米材料的开发和应用中，如何解决其稳定性和寿命等问题？请提出具体的解决方案。
4. 请解释纳米材料在光催化反应中发挥作用的基本原理，并从理论和实验结果上进行说明。
5. 控制纳米材料的形貌和结构对光催化性能有何影响？请举例说明并进行解释。
题目三：新型智能材料在能源领域中的应用
1. 简要介绍新型智能材料在能源领域中应用的现状和前景。
2. 请列举能源领域中常见的新型智能材料，并分析其特性和应用优势。
3. 对于新型智能材料在能源领域中的应用，如何解决其性能稳定性和可持续性的问题？请提出
适当的解决方案。
4. 请解释新型智能材料在能源领域中发挥作用的基本原理，并给出实际案例进行说明。
5. 新型智能材料在能源领域中的应用需要考虑哪些技术和经济因素？请从多个角度进行综合分析。