简析海运提单的预借及倒签行为
龙源期刊网 https://www.360docs.net/doc/0910252036.html,
简析海运提单的预借及倒签行为
作者：徐国松
来源：《现代经济信息》2011年第24期
摘要：预借提单和倒签提单的共同之处在于提单上载明的签发日期(货物装船日期)与货物实际装船完毕的日期不符，前一个日期是为了满足卖方顺利结汇的需要而虚构的，并且早于后一个日期。本文主要阐述了海运提单的预借及倒签行为的危害及性质。
关键词：预借提单；倒签提单；运输合同；违约；索赔
中图分类号：F550.73文献标识码：A 文章编号：1001-828X（2011）12-0057-01
无论是预借还是倒签提单，货物实际装船完毕的日期都晚于提单上载明的签发日期，也就是晚于托运人(卖方)和收货人(买方)之间所签订的买卖合同以及由开证银行开出的信用证规定的货物装船日期(这正是承运人预借或倒签提单的原因所在)。托运人未能将货物按照买卖合同和信用证规定的时间装船付运，首先已构成违约，应承担违约责任。如果托运人就此止步，面对现实，老老实实地让承运人按照货物实际装船完毕的时间，签发已装船提单，那么收货人收货后只能追究托运人迟延交货的责任，托运人也就承担一般性的违约责任。但托运人倒签提单或预借提单掩盖自己已构成违约的真相。于是，托运人与承运人合谋，并要求承运人预借或倒签提单，即将提单的签发日期改在货物实际装船完毕日期之前，想借此来赖掉其本应承担的违约责任。很显然，如果承运人答应了托运人的要求而预借或倒签提单，那么，承运人在提单签发日期这个重要问题上采取了欺骗的手段，而且承、托运双方恶意串通，以合法形式掩盖非法目的，损害了提单持有人和收货人的利益。
对承运人和收货人而言，提单本身就是一个运输合同，而且往往是一个涉外合同。这就涉及到它的法律适用问题。依照我国海商法第二百六十九条的规定，提单中可以规定适用于该提单的法律，提单中没有规定的，适用与提单有最密切联系的国家的法律。该法第二百七十六条还规定，在适用外国法律或者国际惯例时，不得违背我国的社会公共利益。这两条规定，即是国际私法上著名的当事人意思自治原则和公共秩序保留原则，后一原则是对前一原则的限制。因此，依据上述法律冲突规范，不论适用于提单的是哪个国家的法律或哪种国际公约，只要该法律或公约承认承运人采用欺诈手段签发的提单是有效的，那么，我们就可以援用上述公共秩序保留条款，排除该法律或公约的适用，径直适用我国法律对预借或倒签提单行为进行定性。
我国民法通则第五十八条明确规定，恶意串通，损害国家、集体或者第三人利益的行为，违反法律或者社会公共利益的行为，以及以合法形式掩盖非法目的的行为，均属无效。因此，承运人采用欺诈手段签发的提单，应属无效。这一认定，也是与各国的法律规定和习惯做法乃
简析海运提单的预借及倒签行为
龙源期刊网 https://www.360docs.net/doc/0910252036.html, 简析海运提单的预借及倒签行为 作者：徐国松 来源：《现代经济信息》2011年第24期 摘要：预借提单和倒签提单的共同之处在于提单上载明的签发日期(货物装船日期)与货物实际装船完毕的日期不符，前一个日期是为了满足卖方顺利结汇的需要而虚构的，并且早于后一个日期。本文主要阐述了海运提单的预借及倒签行为的危害及性质。 关键词：预借提单；倒签提单；运输合同；违约；索赔 中图分类号：F550.73文献标识码：A 文章编号：1001-828X（2011）12-0057-01 无论是预借还是倒签提单，货物实际装船完毕的日期都晚于提单上载明的签发日期，也就是晚于托运人(卖方)和收货人(买方)之间所签订的买卖合同以及由开证银行开出的信用证规定的货物装船日期(这正是承运人预借或倒签提单的原因所在)。托运人未能将货物按照买卖合同和信用证规定的时间装船付运，首先已构成违约，应承担违约责任。如果托运人就此止步，面对现实，老老实实地让承运人按照货物实际装船完毕的时间，签发已装船提单，那么收货人收货后只能追究托运人迟延交货的责任，托运人也就承担一般性的违约责任。但托运人倒签提单或预借提单掩盖自己已构成违约的真相。于是，托运人与承运人合谋，并要求承运人预借或倒签提单，即将提单的签发日期改在货物实际装船完毕日期之前，想借此来赖掉其本应承担的违约责任。很显然，如果承运人答应了托运人的要求而预借或倒签提单，那么，承运人在提单签发日期这个重要问题上采取了欺骗的手段，而且承、托运双方恶意串通，以合法形式掩盖非法目的，损害了提单持有人和收货人的利益。 对承运人和收货人而言，提单本身就是一个运输合同，而且往往是一个涉外合同。这就涉及到它的法律适用问题。依照我国海商法第二百六十九条的规定，提单中可以规定适用于该提单的法律，提单中没有规定的，适用与提单有最密切联系的国家的法律。该法第二百七十六条还规定，在适用外国法律或者国际惯例时，不得违背我国的社会公共利益。这两条规定，即是国际私法上著名的当事人意思自治原则和公共秩序保留原则，后一原则是对前一原则的限制。因此，依据上述法律冲突规范，不论适用于提单的是哪个国家的法律或哪种国际公约，只要该法律或公约承认承运人采用欺诈手段签发的提单是有效的，那么，我们就可以援用上述公共秩序保留条款，排除该法律或公约的适用，径直适用我国法律对预借或倒签提单行为进行定性。 我国民法通则第五十八条明确规定，恶意串通，损害国家、集体或者第三人利益的行为，违反法律或者社会公共利益的行为，以及以合法形式掩盖非法目的的行为，均属无效。因此，承运人采用欺诈手段签发的提单，应属无效。这一认定，也是与各国的法律规定和习惯做法乃
提单及提单业务
第五章提单及提单业务 一、提单的概念及作用 1、什么是提单？（bill of lading B /L） 我国《海商法》第71条: “提单，是指用以证明海上货物运输合同和货物已经由承运人接收或者装船，以及承运人保证据以交付货物的单证。” 提单是重要的海上货物运输单证，也是一份重要的国际货物贸易单证，货物由承运人接收或者装船后，应托运人的要求，由承运人、船长、或者承运人的代理人签发。 2、提单的作用 （1）海上货物运输合同的证明 ①在提单签发之前，合同已经通过要约和承诺成立，签发提单只是承运人履行合同的一个环节。 ②构成合同的条件，除了“要约”和“承诺”的两个阶段外，还必须满足一定的要件即有合同当事人的签署。 ③提单不仅是证明承运人和托运人之间存在合同，更是他们之间合同内容的证明，即提单上的内容除承运人与托运人事先另有约定或者托运人证明内容不是其真实的意思表示外，属于承托双方合同的内容，对双方具有约束。 （2）提单是承运人接受货物或者货物已经装船的证明 ①具有货物收据的作用，签发收货代运提单意味着承运人已经收到货物，签发已装船提单明已经将货物装船。 ②证据效力：承运人与托运人之间是初步证据；承运人与收货人之间是绝对证据（最终证据）。（3）提单是承运人据以交付货物的凭证 ①承运人应向提单中载明的记名人或者指示人指示或者提单的持有人交付货物。如果签发了一式多份正本提单，应收回其中的一份正本提单，其余作废，除非合同中约定收货人凭全套正本提单提货。 ②保函：实际业务中，特别是近距离运输，经常出现提单流转慢于货物运输的速度，经常出现收货人凭副本提单加保函提货的情况。保函主要内容包括收货人一经收到正本提单，保证交给承运人和如果承运人因接受保函需要向第三方负担赔偿责任时，收货人保证向承运人赔偿相应的损失等。 承运人不凭正本提单放货，不论是否凭副本提单加保函，都构成无单放货，是一种违法行为。 ③无单放货： 海商法规定“提单是承运人据以交付货物的凭证”，按此规定，无论记名提单、不记名提单、指示提单，承运人都应该凭正本提单交付货物。 因记名提单不能流通转让，故不具有物权凭证的功能，《美国海上货物运输法》规定对于记名提单，承运人无须凭单交货，只需将货物交给提单上的记名收货人即可。 二、提单的种类 1、按提单“收货人”栏的缮制要求分类 （1）记名提单（Straight B/L），是指提单正面收货人栏内载明特定的人名或公司名及其地址、通信号码等的提单。承运人只能将货物交给提单上载明的收货人。 因提单收货人是记名的，不能转让给他人，银行对提单货物没有控制权，所以一般不予押汇。该提单主要用于贵重物品、展览品等运输途中不发生所有权转移的货物，目前集装箱运输中，船公司签发给无船承运人的提单多为记名提单。 （2）指示提单（Order B/L），又称可转让提单，是指提单正面“收货人”栏内显示“凭指示”（To Order）或“凭×××指示”（To Order of…）字样的提单。
空运提单的背面条款及其依据
空运提单的背面条款及其依据 提单的背面条款及其依据：在全式(LONGTERM)正本提单的背面，列有许多条款，其中主要有： 定义条款(DEFINITIONCLAUSE)--主要对“承运人”，“托运人”等关系人加以限定。 管辖权条款(JURISDICTIONCLAUSE)--指出当提单发生争执时，按照法律，某法院有审理和解决案件的权利。 责任期限条款(DURATIONOFLIABILLITY)--一般海运提单规定承运人的责任期限从货物装上船舶起至卸离船舶为止。集装箱提单则从承运人接受货物至交付指定收货人为止。 包装和标志(PACKAGESANDMARKS)--要求托运人对货物提供妥善包装和 正确清晰的标志。如因标志不清或包装不良所产生的一切费用由货方负责。运费和其他费用(FREIGHTANDOTHERCHARGES)--运费规定为预付的， 应在装船时一并支付，到付的应在交货时一并支付。当船舶和货物遭受任何灭失或损失时，运费仍应照付，否则，承运人可对货物及单证行使留置权。自由转船条款(TRANSHIPMENTCLAUSE)--承运人虽签发了直达提单，但 由于客观需要仍可自由转船，并不须经托运人的同意。转船费由承运人负担，但风险由托运人承担，而承运人的责任也仅限于其本身经营的船舶所完成的那段运输。 错误申报(INACCURACYINPARTICULARSFURNISHEDBYSHIPPER)--承 运人有权在装运港和目的港查核托运任申报的货物数量，重量，尺码与内容，如发现与实际不符，承运人可收取运费罚款。 承运人责任限额(LIMITOFLIABILITY)--规定承运人对货物灭失或损坏所造
海运提单及如何填制
海运提单主要项目填制说明如下： 1、托运人（Shipper）。即与承运人签订运输契约，委托运输的货主，即发
货人。在信用证支付方式下，一般以受益人为托运人；托收方式以托收的委托人为托运人。另外，根据《UCP500》第31条规定：除非信用证另有规定，银行将接受表明以信用证受益人以外的第三者为发货人的运输单据。 2、收货人（Consignee）。收货人要按合同和信用证的规定来填写。一般的填法有下列几种： （1）记名式：在收货人一栏直接填写上指定的公司或企业名称。该种提单不能背书转让，必须由收货人栏内指定的人提货或收货人转让。 （2）不记名式：即在收货人栏留空不填，或填“To Bearer”（交来人/持票人）。这种方式承运人交货凭提单的持有人，只要持有提单就能提货。 （3）指示式：指示式的收货人又分为不记名指示和记名指示两种。 不记名指示，是在收货人一栏填“To Bearer”，又称空白抬头。该种提单，发货人必须在提单背面背书，才能转让。背书又分为记名背书和不记名背书（空白背书）两种。前者是指在提单背面填上“Deliver to ×××”“Endorsed to ×××”，然后由发货人签章；后者是发货人在背面不做任何说明只签章即可。记名背书后，其货权归该记名人所有，而且该记名人不可以再背书转让给另外的人。不记名背书，货权即归提单的持有人。 记名指示，是在收货人一栏填“To Order of Shipper”，此时，发货人必须在寄单前在提单后背书；另外还有凭开证申请人指示即L/C中规定“To Order of Applicant”，在收货人栏就填““To Order of ×××Co”； 凭开证行指示，即L/C中规定“To Order of Issuing Bank”，则填“To Order of×××Bank”。 在实际业务中，L/C项下提单多使用指示式。托收方式，也普遍使用不记名指示式。若作成代收行指示式，事先要征得代收行同意。因为根据URC522中第10条ａ款规定：除非先征得银行同意，贷物不应直接运交银行，亦不应以银行或银行的提定人为收货人。如未经银行事先同意，贷物直接运交银行，或以银行的指定人为收货人，然后由银行付款或承兑后将货物交给付款人时，该银行并无义务提取货物，货物的风险和责任由发货人承担。 3．被通知人（Ｎotify Party）。原则上该栏一定要按信用证的规定填写。被通知人即收货人的代理人或提货人，货到目的港后承运人凭该栏提供的内容通知其办理提货，因此，提单的被通知人一定要有详细的名称和地址，供承运人或目的港及时通知其提货。若L/C中未规定明确地址，为保持单证一致，可在正本提单中不列明，但要在副本提单上写明被通知人的详细地址。托收方式下的被通知人一般填托收的付款人。 4.船名（Ocean Vessel）即由承运人配载的装货的船名，班轮运输多加注航次（V oy.No.）。 5.装运港（Port of Loading）。填实际装运货物的港名。L/C项下一定要符合L/C的规定和要求。如果L/C规定为“中国港口”（Chinese Port）此时不能照抄，而要按装运的我国某一港口实际名称填。 6、卸货港（Port of Discharge）。原则上，L/C项下提单卸货港一定要按L/C规定办理。但若L/C规定两个以上港口者，或笼统写“××主要港口”如“European Main Ports”（“欧洲主要港口”）时，只能选择其中之一或填明具体卸货港名称。 如果L/C规定卸货港名后有“In Tiansit to ××”只能在提单上托运人声
海运提单条款翻译
Received in apparent good order and condition unless otherwise indicated herein, the goods, or the container(s) o package(s) said to contain the goods described herein for transportation from the place of receipt or the port of loading to the place of delivery or the port of discharge to be carried subject to the terms and conditions hereof. One of the original bill of lading duly endorsed must be surrendered in exchange for the goods or delivery order. In accepting this bill of lading, the merchant agrees to be bound by all the stipulations, exceptions, terms and conditions on the face and back hereof. Whether written, typed, stamped or printed as fully as if signed by the merchant any local custom or privilege to the contrary notwithstanding. In witness whereof the number of original bills of lading stated below have been signed, one of which being accomplished the other(s) to be void. See terms on reverse 承运人已收到符合提单规定的表面状况良好的货物（除本提单另有说明），此货物为承运人接收运输货物一栏所示的全部货物或据称内装相应货物的集装箱或其它货物包装，将从货物接收地或装船港运往卸货港或货物交付地并受本提单的所有条款之约束。货方必须向承运人提交一份经适当背书的正本提单，以换取货物或提货单。 货方接受本提单，即意味着明确接受并同意（如同已签署）本提单正面与背面的所有条款与条件，不论是手写、打印、签章或是印刷的，即使有与此相反的当地习惯和特权也不例外。 兹证明承运人或其代理人已按本提单底部所示的提单份数签发提单，等其中一份正本完成提货任务后，其它各份提单即行失效。 提单条款续背页 Received in apparent good order and condition except as otherwise noted the total number of containers of packages or units enumerated below (*) for transportation from the place of receipt to the place of delivery subject to the terms hereof. One of the original bill of lading must be surrendered duly endorsed in exchange for the goods or delivery order. On presentation of this document (duly endorsed) to the carrier by or on behalf of the holder, the rights and liabilities arising in accordance with the terms hereof shall (without prejudice to any rule of common law of statute rendering them binding on the merchant) become binding in all respects between the carrier and the holder as though the contract evidenced hereby had been made between them. In witness whereof the number of original bills of lading stated below have been signed one of which being accomplished the others to be void. See terms on reverse 兹收到外表状况和条件良好（除本提单另有说明）的下述总数集装箱或其他包装或单位的货物，依据本提单所列条款和条件，从收货地运往交货地。货方必须向承运人提交一份经适当背书的正本提单，以换取货物或提货单。提单持有人或其代表向承运人提交经背书的提单时，依照本提单条款的条件而产生的权利和义务，在不损害普通法或成文法中约束货方的任何规定的条件下，将使本提单持有人和承运人之间的各方面受其约束，如同提单持有人和承运人之间已签订了本提单所证明之契约。 兹证明承运人或其代理人已按本提单底部所示的提单份数签发提单，等其中一份正本完成提货任务后，其它各份提单即行失效。 提单条款续背页 1 / 1
贸易提单的基本常识
1)提单BILLOFLADING 是指一种用以证明海上运输合同和货物由承运人接管或装船，以及承运人据以保证在目的港交付的单证。 2)货运提单HOUSEB/L 是指由货运代理人签发的提单。货运提单往往是货物从内陆运出并运至内陆时签发的。国际货代通常都使用此种提单。一般货代为满足客户的倒签或其他船东无法满足的要求时也使用这种提单。 3)船东提单MASTERB/L 是指由船东签发的提单。 4)已装船提单SHIPPEDORBOARDB/L 指承运人向托运人签发的货物已经装船的提单。 5)收货待运提单或待运提单RECEIVEDFORSHIPPINGB/L 指承运人虽已收到货物但尚未装船时签发的提单。 6)直达提单DIRECTB/L 指货物自装货港装船后，中途不经换船直接驶到卸货港卸货而签发的提单。 8)联运提单或称转船提单THROUGHB/L 指承运人在装货港签发的中途得以转船运输而至目的港的提单。 9)多式联运提单MTB/L 指货物由海上、内河、铁路、公路、航空等两种或多种运输方式进行联合运输而签的适用于全程运输的提单。 10)班轮提单LINERB/L
班轮是在一定的航线上按照公布的时间表，在规定的港口间连续从事货运的船舶。班轮可分定线定期和定线不定期两种。 11)租船合同提单CHARTERPARTYB/L 一般指用租船承运租船人的全部货物，船东签给租船人的提单，或者并非全部装运租船人的货物，而由船东或租船人所签发的提单。 12)记名提单STRAIGHTB/L 是指只有提单上指名的收货人可以提货的提单，一般不具备流通性。 13)指示提单ORDERB/L 通常有未列名指示（仅写ORDER），列名指示（ORDEROFSHIPPER或ORDEROFCONSIGNEE**COMPANY；ORDER OF**BANK）。此种提单通过指示人背书后可以转让。 14)不记名提单BLANKB/L或OPENB/L 提单内没有任何收货人或ORDER字样，即提单的任何持有人都有权提货。 15)清洁提单CLEANB/L 货物交运时，表面情况良好，承运人签发提单时未加任何货损、包装不良或其他有碍结汇的 批注。 16)不清洁提单FOULB/L 货物交运时，其包装及表面状态出现不坚固完整等情况，船方可以批注，即为不清洁提单。 17)包裹提单PARCELRECEIPT或NON-NEGOTIABLERECEIPT
倒签提单的法律性质及后果分析
倒签提单的法律性质及后果分析 摘要:目前在我国航运实践中倒签提单的纠纷案件趋增严重扰乱了正常的海运经济秩序。而关于此类行为的性质及法律后果，法律法规尚无明文规定，学术上也有较大争议，容易导致审制实践中的混淆。学术上关于倒签提单行为性质的学说有“违约说”“侵权说”“缔约过失说”“责任竞合说”。关于倒签提单的法律性质的界定具有十分重要的意义，一方面关系到各方当事人之间关系的厘清，另一方面还关系到当事人之间的责任承担、利益保护等问题。本文在分析了目前关于倒签提单的几种主流观点之后，提出了自己的意见并在此基础上说明了倒签提单法律后果的承担问题。 关键词：提单；倒签提单；侵权；违约；合同；责任承担 一、关于提单和倒签提单 提单（Bill of Lading）是一种用以证明海上运输合同的订立和货物已经由承运人接收或装船，以及承运人保证凭以交付货物的单据。提单的作用表现在以下几个方面：（1）提单是承运人与托运人之间订有运输合同的凭证；（2）提单是承运人出具的接收货物的收据；（3）提单是代表货物权利的凭证。 在托运人方面，提单只是承运人已按提单所记载的内容收到货物的初步证据；但是对于善意受让提单的包括收货人在内的提单持有人而言，提单就不仅仅是初步证据，而且还是终结性证据，承运人不得否认提单上有关货物资料记载内容的正确性。承运人同收货人、提单持有人之间的权利义务关系，依据提单的规定确定。这样，对托运人而言，提单是托运人、承运人所订运输合同的直接证明；对收货人而言，如果认为提单本身就是一个运输合同，那么承运人和收货人就是是该合同的当事人，如果不把提单当做一个运输合同，那么承运人和收货人之间就只有物权关系。但是，无论如何，托运人、承运人、收货人均受提单的约束，提单的内容，包括签发日期和对货物状况（如是否装船）的记载，必须真实、准确、合法。 在现代国际贸易中，跟单信用证是最常见、最主要的付款方式。在这种情形下，开证银行应买方的请求开出的信用证对货物的装运期限、信用证的有效期和交单日期都有严格的规定，而且卖方只有在完全依照信用证上所载的规定向议付银行提交与其相符的单证后，才能够顺利的拿到货款。其中，卖方所提交的提单必须是已装船提单，否则不能拿到货款。但是在实践中，由于种种原因，经常会遇到信用证的有效期即将届满，但货物尚未装船、尚未装船完毕或者货物实际装船完毕的日期迟于信用证规定的装船期限，在这些情况下如果按照实际日期签发的提单去议付银行结算货款，议付银行肯定会拒绝付款。鉴于此，在现实生活中卖方遇到这种情况时往往会和承运人协商对策，进而分别采取下述两种方法：（1）在货物
海运提单的填制方法
海运提单的填制方法
海运提单的填制方法： （一）托运人（Shipper/Consignor） 托运人是指委托运输的人，在贸易中是合同的卖方。一般在填写海运提单Shipper栏目时，如信用证无特殊的规定，都填写卖方的单位名称、详细地址、联系方式。许多制单人是直接把公司的公章盖在这一栏目中。 托收方式下的提单托运人栏:应按合同规定的出口商作为托运人人（二）收货人（Consignee） 与托运单“收货人”栏目的填写完全一致。根据信用证在：记名收货人、凭指示和记名指示中选择一个： 例如，信用证或合同对提单要求如下： ①“Full set of B/L consigned to 【ABC Co．】”——记名收货人 ②“Full set of B/L made out 【to order】”——to order 凭指示，即“空白抬头” ③“B/L issued to order of 【Applicant】”——记名指示 （注：Applicant：指信用证业务中的开证申请人，也就是买方） ④“Full set of B/L made out to 【our order】”——记名指示（our指开证行XYZ银行）
⑤“Full set of B/L made out to order of shipper”——to order of shipper与to order没有区别：凭托运人指示 托收方式下，本栏可按合同的买方名称、地址、联系方式填写 （三）被通知人（Notify party，Notify，Addressed to）如果第（二）栏中的Consignee做成了“记名”式的，即 在收货人栏中填上了买方的单位名称和地址、联系方式，则在该栏中填【买方的单位名称、地址和联系方式】，或填上：“THE SAME AS CONSIGNEE” 如果第（二）栏中的Consignee做成了“凭指示”式的，则该栏目中填写货物到达目的港（地）船公司需要通知的人，一般情况下，该栏目填写的内容与托运单内容相同，即【买方或进口商在目的港的代理人的单位名称；×××货运代理公司的名称和地址、联系方式】 （四）前段运输（Pre－carriage by） 如果货物需转运，在这一栏目中填写第一程船的名称； 如果货物不需转运，空白这一栏目。但驳船用“Lighter”字样填入此栏目。 （五）收货地点（Place of Receipt）
第八章 海运提单教案汇总
第八章海运提单 [学习目的]了解海运提单的基本含义及其在外贸业务中的作用，掌握海运提单的缮制技巧，理解海运提单的基本内容。 [计划学时]三讲6学时 [重点与难点] 重点：海运提单的基本内容 难点：海运提单的缮制技巧。 [教学方法]案例导课，分析引出内容，强调海运提单的外贸单证业务中的重要性，课堂精讲。布置作业两次，并批改。 [教学手段与教具]教学大纲、教案、教材和其他相关教材，单据模板。 [教学过程设计] 第一讲（2个课时） 第一节海运委托书 第二节海运提单理论概述 第二讲（2个课时） 第三节海运提单的主要内容及条款解析 第四节海运提单的缮制 第三讲（2个课时）
第五节实训指导 布置作业：本章节的作业形式：纸制作业 第一节海运委托书 一、海运委托书的含义 何谓海运委托书 海运委托书又叫托运单（Booking Note），是托运人根据贸易合同和信用证条款内容填制的，向承运人或其代理办理货物托运的单证，也是船公司缮制提单的主要依据。 提问：1、哪一方缮制海运委托书？ 2、海运委托书能证明什么？ 二、海运委托书缮制样本 1、海运委托书的内容 参照书中海运委托书样本，解释海运委托书个项目内容。2、海运委托书缮制 解释海运委托书个项目内容缮制依据。 三、租船订舱业务流程 结合书中租船订舱业务流程图，说明租船订舱业务过程。
第二节海运提单理论概述 一海运提单的含义 海运提单（MARINE BILL OF LADING或OCEAN BILL OF LADING），简称“提单”（B/L），是由承运人或其授权的代理人签发给托运人，表明已将特定的货物装上船并经海洋运至目的地的收据和物权凭证。 二、海运提单的作用 1、货物收据 海运提单是承运人或其代理人签发的货物收据（Receipt for the Goods），确认承运人已经按海运提单所列内容收到货物。提单一经承运人签发，即表明承运人已将货物装上船舶或已确认接管。 2、物权凭证 海运提单的合法持有人凭海运提单可在目的港向轮船公司提取货物，也可以在载货船舶到达目的港之前，通过转让海运提单而转移货物所有权或凭以向银行办理抵押货款。 3、运输契约的证明 海运提单是托运人和承运人之间的运输契约的证明（Evidence of Contract of Carrier），是承运人与托运人处理双方在运输中的权利和义务问题的主要依据。
中远COSCO集装箱提单背面条款(中英文)
中远COSCO集装箱提单背面条款(中文) 中远集团提单背面条款 1. DEFINITIONS 定义 “承运人”（CARRIER）是指“中远集运”，即中远集装箱运输有限公司。 “货方”（MERCHANT）包括发货人、托运人、收货人、受货人、货主、本提单的合法持有人或被背书人，或与货物或本提单具有现时或未来利益关系的任何人，或被授权代表前述任何一方行事的任何人。 “船舶”按有关上下文情况，包括本提单第6栏所列船舶或其替代船舶，以及承运人或代表承运人于全部运程中的海运阶段所使用的任何支线船或驳船。 “分立契约人”（SUB-CONTRACTOR）包括（除承运人以外的）船舶所有人及经营人，装卸工人，码头、仓库、集装箱储运站经营人及拼箱经营人，公路及铁路运输经营人，及承运人雇佣的用以进行运输的任何独立订约人，以及其小分立契约人（SUB-SUB-CONTRACTOR）。分立契约人一词应包括直接及间接分立契约人及其各自的受雇人、代理人或分立契约人。 “货物”（GOODS）是指自货方收到的全部货物或其任何部分，并包括非由承运人或其代表提供的任何集装箱。“件”是指由货方或其代表装载并铅封的每一集装箱，而不是在集装箱中所装的货物件数，如果此项件数未在本提单正面列明，或者是用“据称内装”或类似词句列明。 “装运单位”（SHIPPING UNIT）是指未以包件运输的任何一个具体单位的货物，包括机械、车辆及船只，但散装货物除外。 “集装箱”（CONTAINER）包括任何集装箱，如开顶集装箱、拖车、可运油罐、框架箱、平板箱、货盘，以及为运输货物而使用的任何其他设备或设施。 本条作为定义条款，用以说明、规定本提单条款中经常出现的一些名词，以便明确在为提单所证明或构成的运输合同中所代表的概念、避免理解上的差异。 有关承运人的定义与提单正面的抬头和承运人签单部位的落款相对应，符合《跟单信用证统一惯例500》对提单签发的要求。本提单所构成或证明运输合同中的承运人仅指中远集运、而非任何其他相关的契约承运人、实际承运人，这样避免了当存在几个运输合同时发生混淆。另外还应指出的是承运人被定义为‘中远集运’（COSCO CONTAINER LINES.），虽然中远集装箱运输有限公司的英文正式名称为COSCO CONTAINER LINES COMPANY LIMITED, 但是我们这里仅使用其商业名称(TRADE NAME)。 关于货方的定义将发货人、托运人、收货人、受货人、货主、本提单的合法持有人或受背书人，或与货物或本提单具有现时或未来利益关系的任何人，或被授权代表前述任何一方行事的任何人纳入运输合同中与承运人相对应的货方，符合提单流转的需要，保护了船货双方共同的权益，便于双方根据运输合同解决纠纷。 关于‘件’的定义是与提单正面的‘不知条款’相对应的，同时也是为适应海商法有关承运人单件责任限制规定的需要。即除非提单上已显示了货物件数或者表明了?据称内装?等类似词句，否则由货方装箱的一个集装箱将作为一件计算，这是因为承运人在接受整箱货时是无法核实货物件数，同时整箱货的运费比拼箱货按件数、重量、体积等单位计收的运费低廉。 *本条款中各项定义也适用于条款注释中出现的相关名词。 2. CARRIER\'S TARIFF 承运人的运价本 承运人所使用的运价本中的条款以及有关费收的其他要求等项，已被载入本提单。请特别注意运价本中所载各项条款，包括但不限于免费堆存期、集装箱及车辆滞留期等。使用的运价本的有关条款，可向承运人或其代理人索取。如本提单与所用运价本之间有不一致之处，应以本提单为准。 本条是用以说明承运人运价本的作用。提单正面、背面条款内容虽然十分丰富，但毕竟是固定的格式，不可能经常更改；而且运输合同项下各项费用的收取，结算的依据往往要与具体港口的特殊要求相对应，或者随着市场的变化而变化，所以承运人用运价本的形式对此作出规定。根据本条款将运价本中的条款并入提单并约束运输合同的各方。 3. SUB-CONTRACTING, INDEMNITY AND CERTAIN DEFENSES, EXEMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS分立契约、赔偿以及抗辩、免除事项及责任限制 (1)承运人有权在任何时间以任何条件将运输的全部或其任何部分同任何分立契约人订立分立契约，并（或）以任何其他船舶或运输工具代替本船。 货方保证，不向承运人以外的由其履行或承办运输的任何人（包括但不限于承运人的受雇人、代理人或分立契约人）就货物或货物运输一事而提起向其或其所拥有或经营的任何船舶加诸或意欲加诸任何责任的索赔或任何法律诉讼，不论此项责任是否由于此种人的疏忽而引起。如果，即使如此，此项索赔或法律诉讼仍被提起，则货方保证就由此引起的后果包括法律费用，全部赔偿承运人。在不防碍上述规定的情况下，上述第(1)款所述每一个人或船舶，包括但不限于承运人的受雇人、代理人或分立契约人，都应享有本提单所载适用于承运人的在涉及合同或侵权事件中的每一免除事项、抗辩及责任限制，犹如此种条款已为其利益而明文规定，而且在订立本提单时，就上述免除事项、抗辩及责任限制而言，承运人不仅代表其本身，而且也是作为上述的人或船舶的代理人或受托人. 本条就是通常所说的‘喜马拉雅条款’，是提单必须包括的标准条款，其效力也已为海商法、海牙-维斯比规则确认。本条款主要说明承运人的雇佣人在代表承运人履行承运人的部分或全部义务时同样受提单条款的约束和保护。由于索赔方与承运人的雇佣人或代理人没有合同关系，所以索赔方往往会绕过运输合同直接向第三人提起侵权之
从一则案例分析甩货预借提单纠纷及风险防范
从一则案例分析甩货预借提单纠纷及风险防范国际贸易 从一则案例分析甩货预借提单纠纷及风险防范 孙夏上海海事职业技术学院夏亮复旦大学 在外贸实践中，甩货预借提单常有发生，它也是我国中小外贸企业面临地现状.预借提单（），是指信用证规定地装运期和交单期已届至，但由于某些原因货物未能装船或全部装船，托运人为结汇而要求承运人提前签发地已装船提单（）.出口商可凭此提单在信用证下收取货款，而进口商则延迟收货甚至收不到货，极易导致各种纠纷.下面就以一则因船舶延期甩货而签发预借提单地案例来对相关问题作一分析. 一、案情介绍 卖方香港某铝业有限公司（简称公司）与买方日本某公司（简称公司）于月日签订了编号为地铝锭销售合同，付款方式为即期信用证.公司又作为买方于月日与卖方国内某有色金属进出口总公司（简称公司）签订了编号为地铝锭销售合同，付款方式为，装运港青岛.公司开出地信用证规定，最迟装运期限为月日. 月日，公司委托某市运输公司（简称公司）向某远洋运输公司（简称公司）所属地某轮集装箱船（简称轮）装运由青岛港运往日本大阪港地出口铝锭，共需个集装箱.公司接受委托后，同日向公司委托地某市外轮代理公司（简称公司）出订舱单，书面要求“订轮航次（月日船期）”.因各种原因，轮拖期，于次年月日抵港.月日，公司按要求货物全部装箱后送公司指定地港口集装箱场站完成交接，并由轮大副在收货单签字确认.月日，公司凭收货单向公司换取了已装船地正本提单（提单编号为），并将正本提单交给了公司.因轮拖期，为结汇方便，应公司地要求，公司提单签发日期为月日.次年月日，公司收到公司递交地全套单
据，并将其交给银行议付货款，并同时将有关单证传到公司，以便办理提货手续. 轮月日装完货后离港.月日，公司业务员在现场发现箱货根本没有装上轮，仍然留在港口地集装箱场站，随后通知公司.月日，公司去大阪港提货，发现轮没有装载提单项下地货物，随即电告公司，取消了合同项下此货物地买卖，并要求该公司支付地违约金.议付行也将全套议付单据退还公司. 事后，公司向公司提起海运欺诈诉讼.公司诉称：()由于公司预借提单地行为给公司造成严重经济损失，公司宣布解除买卖合同，公司因此损失差价利润约万美元，且还需支付公司地违约金.()由于国际市场铝锭价格下跌，公司遭受合同价格与目前可比价格之差价损失近万美元.()公司还需承担货物占箱费和堆场费及不能收回资金所致地利息损失. 公司辩称：()因该船货载极满，经公司和公司共同商定，改装下一航次，后因货方要求退货，结果未能出运.()为了结汇方便，公司明确要求倒签提单，由此发生地一切后果和损失，由公司和公司承担.()公司指示公司在货物装船后予以倒签，但在未装船地情况下，公司擅自签发预借提单，公司并未知悉，公司属于一种越权行为，责任和损失应由公司承担. 在开庭前，公司考虑到甩货、漏装在我国司法实践中被认定为承运人违约，主动与公司商谈，达成如下协议：()公司撤诉；()公司向公司赔偿美元；（）适合地时候，公司将箱货运抵目地港；（）诉讼费、占箱费和堆场费及相关费用由公司承担.最后，双方达成庭外和解. 二、案情分析 本案是一起较典型地承运人因爆舱而随意甩货，并因船舶拖期而预借提单、倒签日期所造成地经济纠纷.爆舱甩货、预借提单和倒签日期等问题是本案地关键.
海运提单填制说明
海运提单填制说明项目内容要点提示 1、提单的号码 （B/L NO.）承运人或其代理人按承运人接受托运货物的先后次序或按舱位入货的位置编排的号码 2、托运人（Shipper）即发货人，全称 和地址 ①信用证下通常为信用证受益人 ②如果信用证要求以第三者为托运人必须按 信用证的要求予以缮制 ③托收项下为合同卖方 3、收货人或指示（Consignee or Order）即提单的抬头①信用证项下应在记名收货人、凭指示和记名 指示中选择一个； ②托收项下填“to order”或“to order shipper” 4、被通知人（Notify Party）承运人在货物 到港后通知的 对象，一般为收 货人的代理人， 其全称及详细 地址 ①信用证项下应按信用证要求填写； ②若信用证未作规定，为确保单证一致，此栏 可留空，但提交给船公司的副本必须详细记载 申请人全称、地址和电话等； ③托收项下可填合同的买方。 5、前程运输 Pre－carriage by 第一程船名如果货物不需要转运，本栏留空6、收货地点收货的港口如果货物不需转运，本栏留空
Place of Receipt 名称或地点 7、海运船只、航次 Ocean Vessel Voy. No.实际货运船 名、航次 如货物需转运，填第二程的船名 8、装运港（Port of Lading）货物的实际装 船的港口名称 如货物需转运，填货物中转港口名称 9、卸货港（Port of Discharge） 一般是目的港 10、交货地点（Place of Delivery）即最终目的 地 如果货物的目的地就是卸货港，此栏留 空 11、唛头(Marks and Nos.) ①按信用证或合同规定填写； ②应与发票等单据内容相同； ③如无唛头规定时可填注“NO MARKS”(N/M) 12、集装箱箱数或包装件数（No. of container or pkgs） 13、包装种类和件数，货名（Number ①按信用证或合同规定填写； ②货物描述可用货物统称
外代无抬头海运提单和背面条款
The follow are the conditions and exceptions hereinbefore referred to: 1.D EFINTION. “Merchant” i ncludes the Shipper, the Receiver, the Consignor, the consignee, the Holder of the Bill of Lading and the Owner of the Goods. 2.J URISDICTION. All disputes arising under and in connection with this Bill of Lading shall be settled in the flag – state of the ship, or otherwise in the place mutually agreed between the Carrier and the Merchant. 3.P ARAMOUNT CLAUSE. This Bill of Lading shall be subject to the Hague Rules contained in the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of law Relating to Bills of Lading, dated at Brussels the 25th August 1924, or the corresponding legislation of the flag state of the ship. If the stipulation of this Bill of Lading are wholly or partly contrary there to, this Bill of Lading shall be read as if such stipulation or part thereof, as the case may be, were deleted. 4.P ERIOD OF RESPONSIBILITY. The responsibility of the Carrier shall commence from the time when the goods are loaded on board the vessel and shall cease when they are discharged from the vessel. The Carrier shall not be liable for loss of or damage to the goods before loading and after discharging from the vessel, howsoever such loss or damage arises. 5.P ACKING AND MARKS. The Merchant shall have the goods properly packed and accurately and clearly marked before shipment. The port of destination of the goods should be marked in letters not less than 5 cm high, in such a way as will remain legible until their delivery, All fines and expenses arising from insufficiency or inadequacy of packing or marks shall be borne by the Merchant. 6.F EIGHT AND OTHER CHARGES. (1) Advance freight together with other charges is due on shipment. If not prepaid. Though stipulated, the freight and other charges shall be paid by the Mer- chant plus 5% interest per annum running from the date of notification for their payment, If the cargo shipped are perishables, low cost goods, live animals, deck cargo or goods for which there is no Carrier’s agent at the port of destination, the freight for such cargo and all related charges shall be paid at the time of shipment. Freight payable at destination together with other char ges is due on vessel’s arrival. Advance freight and/or freight payable at destination shall be paid to the Carrier in full, and non-returnable and non-deductable irrespective of whatever loss or damage may happen to vessel and cargo or either of them. (2) All dues, taxes and charges or any other expenses in connection with the goods shall be paid by the Merchant. 7.INCORRECT STATEMENT. The Carrier is entitled, at port of shipment and /or port of destination, to verify the quantity, weight, measurement and/or contents of such goods as declared by the Merchant. If the weight, measurement and/or contents of such goods as stated in the Bill of Lading turned out to be inconsistent with that of the goods actually loaded, and the freight paid falls short of the amount which would have been due if such declaration had been correctly given the Carrier is entitled to collect from the Merchant as liquidated damages to the Carrier double the amount of difference between the freight for the goods actually shipped and that misstated. The Merchant shall be liable for loss of and damage to the vessel and/or goods arising or resulting from inaccuracies in stating the description, quantity, weight, measurement or contents of the goods and shall indemnify the Carrier for the costs and expenses in connection with weighing, measuring and checking such goods. 8.LOADING, DISCHARGING AND DELIVERY. The goods shall be supplied and taken delivery of by the Owner of the goods as fast as the vessel can take and discharge them, without interruption, by day and if required by Carrier also by night, Sundays and holidays included, notwithstanding any custom of the port to the contrary and the Owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default thereof. Discharge may commence without previous notice, If the goods are not taken delivery of by the Receiver from alongside the vessel without delay, or if the Receiver refuses to take delivery of the goods, or in case there are unclaimed goods, the Carrier shall be at liberty to land such goods on shore or any other proper places at the sole risk and expense of the Merchant, and theCarrier’s responsibility of delivery of cargo shall be deemed to have been fulfilled. Weighing on board is only allowed by special permission of the Carrier, including detention and extra costs of discharging, shall be for account of the Receivers or Consignees, notwithstanding any custom of the port to the contrary. If the goods are unclaimed during a reasonable time, or wherever the goods will become deteriorated decayed or worthless, the Carrier may, at his discretion and subject to his lien, and without any responsibility attaching to him, sell, abandon or otherwise dispose of such goods solely at the risk and expense of the Merchant. 9.LIGHTERAGE.,Any lighterage in or off ports of loading or ports of discharge shall be for the ccount of the Merchant. 10..LIEN. The Carrier shall have a lien on the goods and any document relating thereto for freight, dead freight, demurrage and any other amount payable by the Merchant, and for General Average contributions for whomsoever due and for the cost of recovering the same, and for this purpose shall have the right to sell or otherwise dispose of the goods. If on sale of the goods, the proceeds fail to cover the amount due and the cost and expenses incurred , the Carrier shall be entitled to recover the deficit from the Merchant. 11.NOTICE OF LOSS OR DAMAGE, THIME BAR. Unless notice of loss or damage and the general nature of such loss or damage be given in writing to the Carrier or his agent at the port of discharge before or at the time of the removal of the goods into the custody of the person entitled to delivery thereof under the contact of carriage, such removal shall be prima facie evidence of the delivery by the Carrier of the goods as described in the Bill of Lading. If the loss or damage is not apparent, the notice must be given within three days of the delivery.The notice in writing need not be given if the state of the goods has at the time of their receipt been the subject of joint survey or inspection.In any event the carrier and the vessel shall be discharged from all liability in respect of loss or damage unless suit is brought within one year after delivery of the goods or the date when the goods should have been delivered. In the case of any actual or apprehended loss or damage the Carrier and the Receiver shall give all reasonable facilities to each other for inspecting and tallying the goods. 12.LIMITATION OF LIABILITY. All claims for which the Carrier may be liable shall be calculated on the basis of the Merchant’s net invoice cost, p lus freight and insurrance premuim, if paid. In no event shall the Carrier be liable for any loss of possible profit or any consequential loss. The Carrier for any loss of or damage to the goods shall be limited to an amount not exceeding ￡100 per package or freight unit unless the value of the goods higher than the amount is declared in writing by the Shipper before receipt of the goods by the Carrier and inserted in this Bill of Lading and extra freight paid as required. If the actual value of the goods per package of per freight unit exceeds such value, the declared value shall nevertheless be deemed to be the declared value and the Carrier’s liability if any, shall not be the declared value and any partial loss or damage shall be adjusted pro rata on the basis of such declared value. 13.FORWARDING, SUBSTITUTE OF VESSEL, THROUGH CARGO AND RANSHIPMENT. If necessary, the Carrier shall be at liberty to carry the goods to their port of destination by other vessel or vessels either belonging to the Carrier or other persons or by rail or other means of transport proceeding either directly or indirectly to such port and to carry the goods or part of them beyond their port of destination, and to tranship, lighter, land and store the goods on shore or afloat and reship and forward same at the Carrier’s expenses but at Merchant’s risk. The responsibility of the Carrier shall be limited to the part of the transport performed by him on the vessel under his management. 14.DANGEROUS GOODS, CONTRABAND. (1) The Merchant undertakes not to tender for transportation any goods which are of a dangerous, inflammable, radio-active, and/or any harmful nature without previously giving written notice of their nature to the Carrier and marking the goods and the container or other covering on the outside as required by any laws or regulations which may be applicable during the carriage. (2) Whenever the goods are discovered to have been shipped without complying with the subclause 1 above or the goods are found to be contraband or prohibited by any laws or regulations of the port of loading, discharge or call or any place or waters during the carriage, the Carrier shall be entitled to have such goods rendered innocuous, thrown overboard or discharged or other wise disposed of at the Carrier’s discretion without compensation and the Merchant shall be liable for and indemnify the Carrier against any kind of loss, damage or liability including loss of freight, and any expenses directly or indirectly rising out of or resulting from such shipment. (3)If any goods shipped complying with the sub-clause (1) above become a danger to the ship or cargo, they may in like manner be rendered innocuous, thrown overboard or discharged or other wise disposed of at the Carrier’s discretion without compensation except to General Average, if any. 15.DECK CARGO, LIVE ANIMALS AND PLANTS. Cargo on deck, plants and live animals are receive d, handled, carried, kept and discharged at Merchant’s risk and the Carrier shall not be liable for loss thereof or damage thereto. 16.CARGO IN CONTAINERS. (1)Goods may be stowed by the Carrier or his agents or servants in containers and containers whether stowed aforesaid or received fully stowed may be carried on or under deck without notice. The Carrier’s liability for such carriage shall likewise be governed by the terms and conditions of this Bill of Lading irrespective of Clause 15 hereof notwithstanding the fact that the goods are being carried on deck and the goods shall contribute to General Average and shall receive compensation in General Average. (2) If a container has not been filled, packed, stuffed or loaded by the Carrier, the carrier shall not be liable for loss of or damage to the contents and the Merchant shall indemnify the Carrier against any injury, loss, damage, liability or expense incurred by the Carrier if such injury, loss, damage, liability or expense has been caused by: 1) the manner in which the container has been filled, packed, stuffed or loaded; or 2) the unsuitability of the contents for carriage in containers; or 3) the unsuitability or defective condition of the container which would have been apparent upon reasonable inspection by the Merchant at or prior to the time the container was filled, packed, stuffed or loaded. If a container which has not been filled, packed, stuffed or loaded by the Carrier is delivered by the Carrier with the seal intact, such delivery shall be deemed as full and complete performance of the Carrier’s obligation hereunder and the Carrier shall not be liab le for any loss of or damage to the contents of the container, The Shipper shall inspect containers before stuffing them and the use of the containers shall be prima facie evidence of their being sound and suitable for use. 17.REFRIGERATED GOODS. Before loading goods in any insulated space, the Carrier shall, in addition to the Class Certificate, obtain the certificate of the Classification Society’s Surveyor or other competent person, stating that such insulated space and refrigerating machinery are in the opinion of the surveyor or other competent person fit and safe for the carriage and preservation of refrigerated goods, The aforesaid certificate shall be conclusive evidence against the Merchant. Receivers have to take delivery of refrigerated cargo as soon as the vessel is ready to deliver, otherwise the Carrier shall land the goods at the wharf at the Merchant’s risk and expense. 18.TIMBER. Any statement in this Bill of Lading to the effect that timber has been shipped “In apparent good order and condition” does not involve any admission by the Carrier as to the absence of stains, shakes, splits holes or broken pieces, for which the Carrier accepts no responsibility. 19.IRON AND STEEL. Every piece of Iron and Steel is to be distinctly and permanently marked with oil paint and every bundle securely fastened, distinctly and permanently marked with oil paint and metal tagged, by the Merchant, so that each piece or bundle can be distinguished at port of discharge. If the Merchant fails to meet the aforesaid requirements, the Carrier, shall neither be responsible for correct delivery nor liable for expenses arising therefrom. 20.BULK CARGO, GOODS TO MORE THAN ONE CONSIGNEE. (1) As the Carrier has no reasonable means of checking the weight of bulk cargo, any reference to such weight in this Bill of Lading shall be deemed to be for reference only, but shall constitute in no way evidence against the Carrier (2)Where bulk Cargo or goods without marks or cargo with the same marks are shipped to more than one Consignee, the Consignees or owners of the goods shall jointly and severally bear any expense or loss in dividing the goods or parcels into pro rata quantities and any deficiency shall fall upon them in such proportion as the Carriers, his servants or agents shall decide. 21.HEAVY LIFTS AND AWKWARD CARGO. Any one piece or package of cargo weighs 2000 kilos or upwards and any awkward cargo with a length of 9 meters or upwards must be clearly and boldly marked with the weight and/or dimensions and/or length by the Shipper and shall be loaded and discharged by shore crane or otherwise at the ship’s option and at the risk and expense of the Merchant. If any damage, loss or liability to the ship, lighter, wharf, quay, cranes, hoisting tackle, or whatsoever or to whomsoever occurs owing to the lack of statement or mis – statement of weight, measurement or length, the Merchant shall be responsible for such damage, loss or liability. 22.FUMIGATION. In the event of fumigation of goods on board for whatever reason, the Carrier shall not be liable for damage to goods wi thout actual proof of the Carrier’s negligence which shall not be presumed against him, and all expenses incurred are for Merchant’s account. 23.OPTION. The port of discharge for optional goods must be declared to the vessel’s agents at the first of the optional ports named in the option not later than 48 hours before the vessel’s arrival there. In the absence of such declaration the Carrier may elect to discharge at the first or any optional port and the contract of carriage shall then be considered as having been fulfilled. Any option must be for the total quantity of goods under this Bill of Lading. 24.GENERAL AVERAGE AND NEW JASON CLAUSE. (1)General average shall be adjusted. Stated and settled according to the York – Antwerp Rulos, 1974, at any port or place at the carrier’s option. In the event of accident, danger, damage or disaster before or after the commencement which, or for the consequence of which the Carrier is not responsible, by statute contract or otherwise, the goods, Shippers, Consignees or Owners of the goods shall contribute with the Carrier in General Average to the payment of any sacrifices, losses or expenses of a General Average nature that may be made or incurred and shall pay salvage and special charges incurred in respect of the goods, If a salving ship is owned or operated by the Carrier, salvage shall be paid for as fully as if the said salving ship or ships belonged to strangers. Such deposit as the Carrier of his agents may deem sufficint to cover the estimated contribution of the goods, and any salvage and special charges thereon shall, if required, be made by the goods, Shippers, Consignees or Owners of the goods to the Carrier before delivery. 25.BOTH TO BLAME COLLISION CLAUSE. If the vessel comes into collision with another vessel as a result of the negligence of the other vessel and any act, neglect or default of the master, mariner, pilot or of the servants of the Carrier in the navigation or in the management of the vessel, the owners of the goods carried hereunder will indernmify the Carrier against all loss or liability to the other or non-carrying vessel or her Owners in so far as such loss or liability represents loss of or damage to or any claim whatsoever of the Owners of said goods paid or payable by the other or non-carrying vessel or her Owners to the Owners of said goods and setoff, recouped or recovered by the other or non-carrying vessel or her Owners as part of their claim against the carrying ship or Carrier. The forgoing provisions shall also apply where the Owners, operators or those in charge of any vessel or vessels or objects other than, or in addition to, the colliding vessels or objects are at fault in respect of a collision, contact stranding or other accident. 26. WAR, QUARANTINE, ICE, STRIKES, CONGESTION ETC. Should it appear that war, blockade, pirate, epidemics, quarantine, ice, strikes, congestion and other causes beyond the Carrier’s control would prevent the vessel from safely reaching the port of destination and/or discharging the goods thereat, the Carrier is entitled to discharge the goods at the port of loading or any other safe and convenient port and the contract of carriage shall be deemed to have been fulfilled. Any extra expenses incurred under the oforasaid circumstances shall be borne by the Merchant.