英语语法初中英语动词时态和语态讲解

英语语法初中英语动词时态和语态讲解
英语语法初中英语动词时态和语态讲解

英语语法:初中英语动词时态和语态讲解

(一)动词是谓语动所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。

英语动词有16种时态,但是常用的只有9种:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时、现在完成进行时。下面分别介绍。

1、一般现在时的用法

1)表示经常性、习惯性的动作;表示现在的状态、特征和真理。句中常用often, usually, every day 等时间状语。例如:

a. He goes to school every day.

b. He is very happy.

earth moves around the sun.

2) 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来。例如:

a. If you come this afternoon, we’ll have a meeting.

b. When I graduate, I’ll go to countryside.

3) 有时这个时态表示按计划、规定要发生的动作(句中都带有时间状语),但限于少数动词,如:begin, come, leave, go ,arrive, start , stop, return, open, close等。例如:

a. The meeting begins at seven.

b. The rain starts at nine in the morning.

4) 表示状态和感觉的动词(be, like, hate, think, remember, find, sound 等)常用一般现在进行时。

a. I like English very much.

b. The story sound very interesting.

5) 书报的标题、小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。

2.一般现在时的用法

1)表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过反复发生的动作。

a. He saw Mr. Wang yesterday.

b. He worked in a factory in 1986.

2)表示过去经常发生的动作,也可用“used to “ 和“would + 动词原形”。I used to smoke. During the vacation I wouldm in the sea.

注:”used to “ 表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。“would + 动词原形”没有“现在不再……”含义。另外“to be used to +名词(动名词)”表示“习惯于…..”

a. I am used to the climate here.

b. He is used tomming in winter.

3.一般将来时的用法

一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态。其表达形式除了“ will 或shall + 动词原形”表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。

It is going to rain.

We are going to have a meeting today.

2)“be to + 动词原形” 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见。

The boy is to go to school tomorrow.

Are we to go on with this work

3) “be about to + 动词原形” 表示即将发生的动作,意为be ready to do sth. 后面一般不跟时间状语。We are about to leave.

4) go , come , start, move, sail, leave, arrive ,stay 等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作。I’m leaving for Beijing.

5) 某些动词(如come, go ,leave, arrive, start, get , stay 等)的一般现在时也可表示将来。

The meeting starts at five o’clock.

He gets off at the next stop.

4.现在进行时的用法

1)现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作,由“to be + 现在分词” 构成。另外,“系动词+ 介词或副词” 也表示进行时的意义。What are you doing The bridge is under construction.

2)表示感觉、愿望和状态的某些动词(如have, be , here, se, like 等)一般不用进行。5.过去进行时的用法

1)过去进行时过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作,由“ was (were) + 现在分词”构成。In 1980 he was studying in a university.

He was reading a novel when I came in.

6.现在完成时的用法现在完成时由“have + 过去分词其使用有两种情况:

1)现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成,但对现在有影响。句中没有具体时间状语。He has gone to Fuzhou.

He has been to Fuzhou.

2) 现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去常用for 和since 表示一段时间的状语或so far , now, today, this wek (month, year ) 等表示包括现在内的状语。He has studied English for 5 years.

He has studied English since 1985.

Now I have finished the work..

注意:表示短暂时间动作的词(如come, go , die, marry, buy 等)的完成时不能与for, since 等表示一般时间的词连用。

3)现在完成进行时还可用时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作。

I’ll go o your home when I have finished my homework.

If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go to the park.

7.过去完成时的用法

1)过去完成时由“had + 过去分词”构成。过去完成时的动作表示过去某一时刻或某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态。句中常用by, before, until, when 等词引导的时间状语。

By the end of last year we had built five new houses.

I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.

2)过去完成时的动词还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去。Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.

8.过去将来时的用法

过去将来时表示从过去的某个时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时由“should 或would + 动词原形” 构成。第一人称用should, 其他人称用would.

They were sure that they would succeed.

9.现在完成进行时的用法现在完成进行时由“ have (has)+ been + 现在分词”构成,表示现在以前一直进行的动作。有些动词(work, study, live, teach 等)用现在完成时与用现在完成时意思差不多。

I have worked here for three years.

I have been working here for three years.

但多数动词在这两种时态表示不同意思

I have been writing a letter.

注意:表示短暂动作的动词(finish, marry, get up, come, go 等)不能用这种时态。

(二)动词语态

1.当句子的主语是动作的执行者时,谓语的形式叫主动语态。句子的主语是动作承受者时,谓语的形式叫被动作语态。被动语态由助动词be + 过去分词构成,时态通过be 表现出来。1)一般现在时:You are required to do this.

2)一般过去时:The story was told by her.

3)一般将来时:The problem will be discussed tomorrow.

4)现在进行时:The road is being widened.

5)过去进行时:The new tool was being made.

6)现在完成时:The novel has been read.

7)过去完成时:He said that the work had been finished.

8)过去将来时:He said that the trees would be planted soon.

2. 一些特殊的被动结构

1)带情态动词的被动结构:The problem must be solved soon.

2)带不定式的被动结构:The room is going to be painted.

The homework needs to be done with care.

3) 短语动词的被动:

a.(不及物)动词+介词:若这类短语动词是及物性的,则可用于被动语态中,如:laugh at, look after, talk about, think of 等。若这类短语动词是不及物性的则不可用于被动语态中,如:book up, look down. 等

b.(及物)动词+副词:bring about, carry out, find out, make out, put away, put off, take up, turn down, turn out, wipe out等

c. 动词+副词+介词:do away with, face up to, give into ,look down upon, make up with等

d. 动词+名词+介词:catch sight of, keep on eye on, make a fool of , pay attention to , put an end to , set fire/light to , take notice of 等

4) 带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时,一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语,宾语补足语保留在谓语后面。We always keep the classroom clean.

(比较:The classroom is always kept clean.)

5)主动形式表示被动意义的词。常见的有:

a.主动形式,这时动名词同句中的主语有动宾关系。

The children need looking after.

The windows wants /requires repairing.

This point deserves mentioning.

b.有些及物动词后须加副词(如:well, easily等),有些可不加,如:act, clean, cut, draw, lock, open, play, read, sell, shut, strike, wash, write 等。

The cloth washes/ sells well.

The door won’t shut. The play won’t act.

c. 形容词worth后直接加动名词时,如:The book is worth reading twice.

某些作表语的形容词后,用不定式主动形式表示被动意义。

The fish is not fit to eat.

d. 某些感官动词(如:feel, look, prove, smell , sound, taste, wear等)与形容词连用时:The water feels very cold.

The dish tastes delicious.

6) 以下动词构成的句子不能改为被动句:

a. 动词leave, enter, reach 等的宾语是表示处所、地点(国家、团体,组织、军队)等。

b. 表示状态的动词,如:become, benefit, cost, contain, equal, fit, fail, have, lack, last, mean, suit, look like等。

c. 下列不及物动词及短语:appear, belong to , break out, die, happen, lie, occur, rise, take place, agree with, belong to, consist of , have on, keep up with 及一些固定词组,如keep words, lose heart, make a face等。

d. 宾语是反身代词,相互代词,同源代词,不定式,动名词,抽象名词等。

7)汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如:

据说…… 希望……

据推测说… 必须承认……

必须指出… 众所周知……

有人会说….. 大家认为…..

有人相信……

there be 小结

1. 基本结构:There be +主语+ 地点/时间状语。如:There is a computer in the room. 房

间里有一台电脑。There are two TV plays every evening. 每晚有两场电视剧。

2. 主谓一致:要采取就近一致原则,和* 近be的主语一致。如:There is a pen, two rulers in the box. 盒子里有一只钢笔,两把尺子。There are two boys and a teacher at the school gate. 门口有两个男孩,一个老师。

3. 主语后的动词形式:在there be 句型中,主语与动词是主动关系时用现在分词;是被动关系时用过去分词。如:There is a purse lying on the ground. 地上有一个钱包。There are five minutes left now. 现在还有5分钟。

4. 反意疑问句。反意疑问句应与there be对应,而不是依据主语。如:There is a radio on the table, isn't there 桌子上有一台收音机,是吧There are more than fifty classes in your school, aren't there 你们班有50多名学生,是吧

5. there be 与have的替换:there be表示所属时可与have替换。There is nothing but a book in my bag. =I have nothing but a book in my bag. 包里只有一本书。

6. there be后接不定式时常用主动形式表示被动意义。如:There is a lot of work to do. 有许多工作要做。注意:当该句型主语是something, anything, nothing等不定代词时,后面的不定式用主动形式或被动形式,意义各不同。There is nothing to do. 没有事可做。There is nothing to be done. 没有办法(束手无策)。

7. 与其它词连用,构成复合谓语。如:There may be a rain this afternoon. 今天下午可能有雨。There used to be a cinema here before the war. 战争之前,这儿有一家电影院。

8. 变体there be结构中的be有时可用live, stand, remain等代替。如:Once there lived a king who cared more about new clothes than anything else. 从前有位国王喜欢新服胜过别的任何东西。

9. 习惯用语:There is no good /use (in) doing sth. 做某事没有好处/用处;There is not a moment to lose. 一刻也不能耽误。例如:There is no good making friends with him. 和他交朋友没有什么好处。He is very ill. Send him to hospital. There's not a moment to lose. 他病得厉害,把他送到医院去,一刻也不能耽误。

初中英语动词时态讲解及练习

16种英语时态总结归纳 时态(Tense)是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此,当我们说时态结构的时候,指的是相应时态下的动词形式。 英语时态分为16种:一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时,以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时。 1. 一般现在时 用法:A) 表示现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。 B) 习惯用语。C) 经常性、习惯性动作。 例:He always helps others. (他总是帮助别人。) D) 客观事实和普遍真理。尤其要注意,如果前后文不是一般现在时,则无法保持主句、从句时态一致。 E) 表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,(仅限于某些表示“来、去、动、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词)可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用。常见的用法是:飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。 例:The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.(下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。) How often does this shuttle bus run? (这班车多久一趟?) F) 在时间和条件状语从句里经常用一般现在(有时也用现在完成时)表示将来事情。 例:When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.(等你完成这份报告的时候,我就已经等了将近3个小时了。) 2. 现在进行时(be doing) 用法:现在正在进行的动作。 3. 现在完成时(have done) 用法: A) 表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。 例:I bought a new house, but I _________ my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses. A) didn't sell B) sold C) haven't sold D) would sell 答案是C) haven't sold。 B) 表示从过去某时刻开始,持续到现在的动作或情况,并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点,或for 加一段时间,或by加一个现在时间。 例:Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ___________ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time. A) are to challenge C) have been challenged B) may be challenged D) are challenging 全句的意思是:“虽然牛顿是个伟大的人物,但他的许多见解直到今天还在受到挑战,并且被现代科学家的工作所修正。”challenge是及物动词,在本句中应当是被动语态;其动作延续到今天,所以要用现在完成时态。可见答案是C) have been challenged。A) are to challenge和D) are challenging都是主动语态,不可能是答案。B) may be challenged虽然是被动语态,但意思与全句内容不合,所以不对。 C) 表示发生在过去,但对现在仍有影响的动作或情况。通常用点动词,如:arrive, begin, find, give, lose等。 例:John has broken his left leg.(约翰摔断了左腿。) 注意事项 A) 现在完成时是联系过去和现在的纽带。现在完成时和过去时的区别在于:现在完成时强调动作的动态,或受动态的影响,是动态的结果,对现在有影响;过去时只表示过去的某个具体时间里发生的动作,与现在没有联系。

人教版七年级英语时态语法讲解

七年级英语语法----时态讲解及其练习 一、一般现在时 定义:表示经常、反复发生的动作,经常存在的状态或者习惯性动作(有时间规律发生的事情)的一种时间状态。(很拗口,但要学会就必须深刻体会,so please 将其狂读3遍) 具体用法 1、表示经常的或习惯性的动作,常与表示频率的时间状语连用。(always, usually, often, sometimes, every day\ morning\ night\ evening\afternoon\week,) e.g. I go to school at 8:00 every morning. 2 表示主语具备的性格、能力、特征和状态及喜好等。 e.g She is 11 years old . I don’t like English. She can speak English well. 3表示客观事实和普遍真理。 e.g The earth moves around the sun. 基本结构构成 含有be(am、is 、are)动词的用法 肯定句:I am+其它 You \ they\ we are +其它 She \he \ it+is +其它 否定句:I am not+ 其它。 You \ they\ we are not +其它 She \he \ it+is +not +其它 一般疑问句及回答: Are you +其它? 肯定回答:yes, I am. 否定回答:no, I am not. Are you\ they\ you+ 其它? 肯定回答: yes,we \they are. 否定回答:no, we \they are not. Is she\ he \it+其它? 肯定回答: yes,she \he \it is. 否定回答:no,she \he \it is not. 从上面结构中你能总结出be动词的用法吗?单数________,复数_________ ;我用_________,你用__________ ,______________-连着她他它。 含实义动词的结构:肯定句: 主语(I, we, you,they,)+动词原形+其它。

初中英语语法——动词的时态

动词的时态 一、考点解读 今天我们复习动词的时态,英语的时态是同学们学习英语的难点,在各地的中考题目中许多题型都会有对于动词时态的考查。出现较多的是在单选,完形填空,及其在第二卷中出现的根据汉语意思填词的题目,还包括翻译句子,书面表达。可以说中考题目中大部分都会涉及到动词的时态。既是难点也是重点。在今天的专题中我们复习初中阶段需要掌握的八个时态。 1.一般现在时 2.现在进行时 3.一般过去时 4.过去进行时 5.一般将来时 6.过去将来时 7.现在完成时 8.过去完成时 二、专题梳理 初中阶段所学的英语的时态有8种。英语的时态有很强的表达能力,能使句子的意思明确,能显示细微的差异,能使句子生动逼真。但它们不是相当灵活,在不同的时间中,要用不同的形式,这是与中文大不相同的地方。 1.一般现在时:一般现在时是描述经常性、反复性的动作、性质或状态的时态。 (1)一般现在时的时间状语通常有: ①often ②usually ③always

④seldom ⑤sometimes ⑥every+时间 ⑦次数+时间 ⑧on+时间 ⑨in+时间 ⑩没有时间,但表示客观存在的事实 (2)一般现在时动词的形式主要用动词原形表示,但如果主语是单数第三人称时,则在动词后加s或es,变成否定句和疑问句时,又将s、es去掉,还为原形。 ①be动词的一般现在时的构成 否定式和疑问否定式如下表所示: ②其他实义动词的一般现在时的构成

其他实义动词一般现在时的构成如下 表所示(以动词work为例) 特别提示: have(has)在表示“有”时,否定形式为haven’t(hasn’t)或have not(has not),变为疑问句时可直接把have(has)放在句首也可借助于助动词do(does)。当不表示“有”的意思时,其否定句和疑问句只能加助动词do(does)构成。 e.g.Has she any experience in teaching piano lessons?(√) Does she have any experience in teaching piano lessons?(√) 她有教钢琴的经验吗? Had you a good time going hiking yesterday?(×) Did you have a good time going hiking yesterday?(√) 你昨天徒步旅行玩得开心吗?

(完整版)初一英语一般现在时态讲解

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(完整word版)初中英语语法讲解大全,推荐文档

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