汉译英概述讲义

汉译英概述讲义
汉译英概述讲义

汉译英概述

一、汉泽英与英译汉的比较

汉泽英与英译汉在本质上都是一样的,都是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的过程,所以对它们的要求是大致相同,即都必须使译文忠实与原文的内容,语言通顺易懂,合乎译入语的语言习惯;同时,尽量保持原作语言的风格。但它们又毕竟是两种不同类型的翻译,有相当大的差异,各自的重点和难点都是不尽相同。

翻译界一般都认为将汉语译成英语比将英语翻译成汉语要难,或者说将母语翻译成外语比将外语翻译成母语要难。

从翻译的两个基本过程——理解和表达来说,对中国学生来说,英译汉的主要难点在理解;汉译英的主要难点在表达。在汉译英时,从选词到组词成句,再到布局谋篇,困难重重。而译者自己往往难以断定自己的译文是否地道自然,是否符合英语的表达习惯,或者有无更贴切的译法。因此常常出现Chinglish。

运用母语时可以得心应手,游刃有余;而用外语表达则捉襟见肘,穷于应付,这就是汉译英与英译汉最大的差异,也是汉译英的主要困难所在。

二、汉英翻译标准

汉英/英汉翻译有着同样的翻译标准,对它们的要求基本一致,即“忠实”,“通顺”。

(一)忠实的要求:

1、译文要忠实原文内容,译者必须要把原文中的基本意义传达出来,不能有篡改,不能有遗漏,也不能任意增添原文所没有的内容。初学者这方面容易犯的错误有:

A.逐字逐句的死译,不了解英语的地道表达,导致英语译文汉化,形成“中式英语”(Chinglish or Chinese-style English)

“Chinglish, of course, is that misshapen, hybrid language that is neither English nor Chinese but that might be descr ibed as “English with Chinese characteristics”

e.g.一小时内免费送机票上门

烧纸钱

中国的经济正在腾飞/经济腾飞

投资热点

拳头产品

隐形眼镜

洗牌

他(徐霞客)在考察的过程中,从不盲目迷信书上的结论。(TEM-8,1993)

创新是一个民族的进步的灵魂。

B.中文功底较差,对原文理解不当。

e.g.双方见面寒暄几句……(TEM-8,1996)

穷山恶水

行百里者半九十

西汉·刘向《战国策·秦策五》:“诗云:…行百里者半九十。?此言末路之难也。”

总理原文:今后几年,道路依然不平坦,甚至充满荆棘,但是我们应该记住这样一条古训:行百里者半九十。不可有任何松懈、麻痹和动摇。

The road ahead is not a smooth one. It may be full of twists and turns. But We should always remember this important thing, that is “Half of the people who have embarked on the 100

miles journey may fall by the wayside”. This means we must not slacken our efforts in the slightest.

And we must not waver in our resolve. (张璐)

走一百里路,走了九十里才算是一半。比喻做事愈接近成功愈困难,愈要认真对待。常用于以勉励人做事要善始善终。

The last part of an endeavor is the hardest to finish.

One must susta in one?s effort when a task is nearing completion.

C.对于汉语文化背景的误解

e.g.年夜饭

以外贸企业为龙头。

《Dragon Lady》---The Life and Legend of the Last Empress of China

《龙夫人—慈禧故事》秦传安译

我属鸡。我从来不吃鸡。鸡年是我的本命年。

I was born in the Year of the Rooster. I never eat chicken. The year of the Rooster will bring me good luck or bad luck.

Chinese people traditionally use 12 animals, representing the 12 Earthly Branches, to symbolize the year in which a person is born. Spring Festival 1993, for example, is the first day of the Year of the Rooster. People born in this year have the rooster as their life symbol. All other years of the rooster, according to an old Chinese saying, become either good-or-bad-luck years for them.(包惠南《中国文化与汉英翻译》)

2、忠实于原文的风格,包括原文的语体风格,时代风格,作者个人的语言风格。

美国翻译理论家Eugene A. Nida:

Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.

所谓翻译,是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息,首先在语义上,其次在文体上。

e.g.王二婶哀求他说:“求求你了,要是我当家的回来了,我又少不了一顿揍”。(《冬宝》)“不多不多!多乎哉?不多也!” (《孔乙已》)

(二)通顺性:用词要正确得体,行文流畅通顺,符合英语的表达习惯,避免逐字逐句的死译,语句要符合英语句式的规范,简洁明快。

1、不要让译文读者产生误解;

2、不要违反英语的词法句法,把汉语的词法句法强加在英语身上。

除了以上谈到的Chinglish的表现以外,汉译英中Chinglish的常见具体症状还有:

A.搭配

v+n(动宾搭配)

“来信写道……”学习知识

南京的风俗:但凡新媳妇进门,三日就要到厨下收拾一样菜,发个利市。(吴敬梓《儒林外史》,杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

adj+n (修饰语+中心词)

正式协议;正式声明;(代表团中的)“正式成员”

“老”

老妪、老毛病、老部下、老工人、老式样、老规矩、老菠菜

s+v(主谓搭配)

我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。

你的教学科研取得了长足的进步,但不应因此而骄傲自满。

他身体虽弱,但精神很好。

B.汉语中的重复和多余表达在英译时要删减,使译文符合英语的简洁风格。

一个孤僧独自归,关门闭户掩柴扉,半夜三更子时分,杜鹃谢豹子规啼。

这些都是骗人的谎言。

这就彻底打破了他不切实际的幻想。

双方一致同意。

广泛发动群众

C.汉语的意合结构转换为英语的形合结构,译文语句要符合英语的语句规范。

汉语行文的特点是小句平行铺排,句式松散,句间缺乏有形衔接,呈“竹节式”结构,依靠逻辑语序和语感组织句子;而英文句式紧凑严谨,句间逻辑关系层次分明,语法标记明显,形成了以SV为主干的空间架构的句式结构,汉英在句式结构上的差异是汉译英中避免Chinglish的重要因素。

英译时要注意适当运用英语中的从属连词、不定式和分词等语言形合手段实现并句。

e.g.

天净沙.秋思

枯藤老树昏鸦,小桥流水人家,古道西风瘦马,夕阳西下,断肠人在天涯。

Autumn Thought

Withered vine, old tree, crows at dusk,

Tiny bridge, flowing brook, and cottages,

Ancient road, bleak wind, bony steed.

The sun sinking west,

A heart-torn traveler at the end of the world.

Other versions:

At dusk o’er old trees wreathed with withered vine fly evening crows;

Neath tiny bridge besides a cot a clear stream flows;

On ancient road in western breeze a lean horse goes;

Westward declines the sun,

Far, far from home is the heartbroken one.

Withered vines hanging on old branches,/Returning crows croaking at dusk.

Crows hovering over rugged trees wreathed with rotten vine—the day is about gone.

我们的国家大,人口众多,经济落后,农业要搞上去,最重要的还是要依靠一系列正确的政策调动农民的积极性,自力更生,艰苦奋斗。

我们过了江,进了车站。我买票,他忙着照看行李。(朱自清:背影)

We entered the railway station after crossing the River. While I was at the booking office buying a ticket, father saw to my luggage. (张培基译)

We crossed the Yangtze and arrived at the station, where I bought a ticket while he saw to my luggage. (杨宪益、戴乃迭译)

3.不要生硬地照搬汉语中特有的形象说法,如果按其字面意义直译到英语往往文理不通,晦涩难懂。

……谁知是离开了咸菜缸又跳进了萝卜窖。(蒋子龙:《赤橙黄绿青蓝紫》)

皮笑肉不笑

茗烟又嘱咐道:“不可拿进园去,叫人知道了,我就…吃不了兜着走?了。”(曹雪芹:《红楼梦》)“但现在他的舌头好像不听使唤了”(《退伍军人》)

4.避免出现技术性失误

时态,语态,主谓一致;非谓语/谓语动词;名词单复数,冠词乃至拼写,大小写和标点符号。

e.g.以后又来了好些人,说这是一块陨石,从天上落下来已经有二三百年了,是一件了不起的东西。(贾平凹《丑石》)

Few follow the advice of Isabella Beeton, the guru of British cooks in the 19th century, who decreed in an early edition of her book that “a good meal, i f enjoyed and digested, gives the support necessary for the morning?s work.”(许余龙,1987:56)

这项工作由张先生负责the job is in charge of Mr. Zhang

敲门knock the door

今天食堂吃饺子。

这些地方满是纸屑、烟头、空瓶和生锈的罐头。

(尤其在乡间,上千年以来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。)种植庄稼和葡萄,酿酒和饮酒,喂牛和挤奶,锄草和栽花;……(TEM-8,2002)

汉英翻译的过程

一、汉译英中的理解:

理解原文是翻译中的关键环节,对以汉语为母语的人来说,汉译英中汉语原文的理解并不困难,这仅仅是相对英汉翻译而言的,绝对不是说理解原文在汉译英中不重要,或者说是毫无问题。1)对语言现象的理解:一定要结合原文的语篇语境,不能脱离语境孤立地理解某个词或句子,理解不能流于表面,要深入分析,要由表及里、要由浅入深,要弄清字里行间的隐含之义,或言外之义。

在农村,特别是比较偏僻落后的农村,还残存着少数包办买卖婚姻的陋习。

他憋了一会,终于说出几个字来:……《退伍军人》

2)逻辑分析:在汉译英中显得比在英译汉中更为重要,因为英语是形合语言结构严谨,句子与句子之间的逻辑关系基本上都用一定的连接词语和语法标志显示出来,汉语是意合语言,形散而意不散,句与句、词与词之间的逻辑关系通过上下文显示出来,需要分析。

e.g. 西部地区地域辽阔,交通不发达,首先要进行基础设施的建设。

晚上还得唱戏,一大家人都指望爸爸和我两个挣钱吃饭呀!

大熊猫一胎产仔两只。

前事不忘,后事之事。

其实地上本没有路,走的人多了,也便成了路。(鲁迅:《故乡》)

3)文化背景的理解

语言本身作为思想交流的工具在很大程度上涉及到使用语言的民族的文化传统,学习一种外语在某种意义上意味着学习一种文化,翻译既是两种语言的交流,又是两种文化的交流,作为翻译技能的培养,除了加强两种语言的基础以外,还要了解两种语言在文化上的差异,要有广博的文化知识和素养,才能恰当地处理翻译中因为文化差异所造成的障碍。

为了拍这张照片,我忘了拣做晚饭的牛粪。(《考察长江源头的摄影集》)

杭州的春天,淡妆浓抹,无不相宜。

饮湖上初晴后雨二首(其一)苏轼

水光潋滟晴方好,山色空蒙雨亦奇。

欲把西湖比西子,淡妆浓抹总相宜。

二、汉译英中的表达

汉译英的表达能力主要取决英语书面表达能力的高低,以及对英语的文化背景知识的了解,包括英语国家的文学、历史、传统、地理、社会、民俗等。

光靠汉译英这门课是远远解决不了英语表达能力的提高的,但是汉译英课程可以提供一些技巧方法,以使初学者尽快提高汉译英的表达能力。

1、在表达过程中要辨别汉语和英语词义的微小区别,以免选择译词不准确。

例:求职者中间有机关干部、普通工人、合资企业雇员……

干部:“国家机关、军队、人民团体中的公职人员(士兵、勤杂人员除外)” /“担任一定的领导工作或管理工作的人员:如工会干部”(《现代汉语》第353页)

Cadre: (a) an inner group of highly trained and active people in a political party or military force ; (b) a highly trained and active member of a political-party or military force

Say, speak, bark, clamor, yell, murmur, whispe r, stammer, drawl, gush, brag, address……

他没有考虑后果就脱口而出的说出了那消息。

2.除了英汉在词义上的细微差别以外,词语的搭配,也是应引起注意的一个问题。

几年来,每次下棋国王都是赢家,大家都恭维他为天下独一无二的象棋高手。

3.注意直译和意译的灵活运用。

太岁头上动土/摸老虎屁股

八字还没一撇

他们是连襟。

我们要使中央委员会成员年轻化。

素质教育

资源节约型社会和环境友好型社会

第三讲英汉句式对比与翻译讲义

第二讲英汉句式结构对比与翻译 如果说词是最小的可以独立运用的意义单位,那么句子是语言的基本运用单位。一般情况下,进行语篇翻译时,无论是英译汉还是汉译英,基本上都是以句子为翻译单位的。尤其是英译汉时,即使是一个很长的句子,一般也要将整个句子通盘考虑,搞清整个句子的逻辑关系才能将句子翻译成既能忠实传达原文信息、风格、逻辑关系又能保持通顺的中文。 如果是汉译英,有时句子较长,可以根据意群进行切分,然后将切分开的句子逐句译为英文。将英汉两种语言的句式结构进行对比,了解两种语言在句式结构上的异同之处,对翻译来说是非常重要的一环。 英文句式结构 英文句式结构基本上都可以归纳为主谓结构,即S+V(主语+谓语动词)的结构,即使是祈使句,也不过是省略了主语的句子。英文的句子结构在S+V的结构上可以扩展,但总不外乎五种基本变化。 (1)S+V:He langhed. (2)S+V+O:Mary is reading Harry Potter. 3)S+V+O+O.c. We heard them quarrelling. (4)S+V+I.O+D.C He gave me some first-hand marerial. (5)S+link.V+P He is in dangerous situation. 以上这些句型充分显示出英文的基本句式结构是主谓结构,而且这是一种高度语法化的句式结构,其中主语一般是动作的发出者(doer\agent)或动作的承受者(doee),即整个句子分别为主动语态和被动语态。 用上述主谓结构来套中文的句子模式,有一部分汉语句子与上述英语句子基本是对应的。例(1)至(5)的意思,中文也有与英文相似的结构,分别为: (1)C:他笑了。 (2)C:玛丽在读《哈里.波特》。 (3)C:我们听见他们争吵。 (4)C:他给我一些一手资料。 (5)C:他处于危险的境地。/他处境危险。 二、中文句式结构 (一)主谓结构(S + V ) 例1:他没来。(S + V ) He didin’t come. 例2:全家人都在看电视。(S + V + O) The family are watching TV. 例3:我们看到很多人站在广场上。( S + V + O + O.C ) We saw many people standing on the square. 例4:你能递给我那本书吗?( S + V + I.O + D.C) Would you please pass me the book? 例5:他看上去很失望。(S + link. V + P) He looks disappointed.

汉译英赏析:英培安《欣赏自己》

《欣赏自己》 On Self-Appreciation 不怕直说,我是相当欣赏自己的。我承认自己有许多不如人的地方,但也知道并不老是这样差劲。所以,我做了一件事,写了一篇文章,只要自觉还不错我可以乐上几天,遇有人赞,更飘飘然得不像话;甚至还会忘其所以,插上几句自夸的话。 Frankly, I very much appreciate myself. Yes, I admit I’m in many respects not as good as other people, but I don’t think I’m always no good. When I find what I’ve done or written is okay, I’ll remain pleased with myself for quite a few days, and, in case I receive praise for it, I’ll even become so swollen-headed as to add a few words to glorify myself. 真的,我一点也不谦虚。 True, I’m not modest at all. 或者这就是自负吧,恐怕要给人骂了。但有什么不对呢? People may call me conceited. But I think otherwise. 我也欣赏别人,凡是好的东西我都欣赏。只懂得欣赏别人而忘了欣赏自己,岂不是太不公平了? I also appreciate other people. I appreciate anything good. Isn’t it unfair to forget appreciating myself while appreciating others? 但是我们华人总是比较谦虚,而且引以为荣。自己的太太叫拙荆,文章曰拙作。如果你当真叫他的太太山芭婆,文章如狗屁,他保证勃然大怒,和你拍桌子绝交。其实,你所说的,和他说的,可能并没什么两样。 We Chinese are generally inclined to be modest, and we take pride in being so. For example, a Chinese will call his own wife zhuojing, meaning “my humble wife”, and his own writings zhuozuo, meaning “my poor writings”. But if you should call his wife a “rustic women” or his writings “trash”, he would, I’m sure, slap the table in a rage and declare he would make a clean break with you. As a matter of fact, there is probably no difference at all between what is said by him and you respectively. 我认为,如果你的东西确是好的,直接说它好,没有什么不对。老王卖

英语汉译英翻译

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