英语四级定语从句讲义以及参考答案
定语从句讲议
一．什么是定语从句
1.定语从句(Relative Clause, Adjective Clause, Attributive Clause, Defining Relative
Clauses, Restrictive Clauses ) 是一种由关系词(Relative Word) 引导的从句形式的后置定语。它分限定性和非限定性两种(Defining and Non-defining)。
2.关系词分关系代词(Relative Pronoun) 和关系副词(Relative Adverb)以及关系限定
词(Relative Adverb ).
二．限定性和非限定性定语从句在句法和语意上的区别
1．限定性定语从句对其所修饰的先行项(Antecedent) 起限制作用，不可缺少，否则句意不完全。主句和从句间不用逗号隔开。
2．非限定性定语从句只是对其所修饰的Antecedent提供有用的补充情况，缺了它，主句句意仍完整。主句和从句间用逗号分开，常用在书面语中，文体较正式。
三．关系词的分类
关系词分两类：
1．关系代词：
WHO: refers to persons and used as a subject;
WHOM: refers to sb. and used as an object
WHICH: refers to sth. and as a subject, object and prepositional object
THAT: often refers to sth. sometimes to sb. and a subject, object and prepositional
object
Note: THAT can’t be used to introduce a non-defining relative clause in an English
Examination.
2.关系副词:
WHEN: refers to time and used an adverbial.
WHERE: refers to place or location and as an adverbial.
WHY: refers to reason and as an adverbial. It can’t be used to introduce a non-defining relative clause.
3.Whose 是表示所属/所有权关系的关系词，是唯一的关系限定词。
4.As 是关系代词，可作主语，主补和宾语
四．Examples:
---- What’s the name of he blonde girl who just came in?
--- Do you think one should stay faithful to the person to whom one is married?
--- The brocks which fell off the roof caused serious damage.
--- Where’s the money that I lent you?
--- The man whose hair is long is an American movie star.
--- We all look forward to the day when the scientists can discover more secret of the universe.
--- This is the place where I found my lost watch.
--- That is the reason why I don’t agree with you.
--- The two combers, who were feeling exhausted, went back to their tent.
--- The Chairman’s daughter, whose name is Ann, gave me a patient smile.
--- We are going to settle in N. Carolina, wher e land is cheap.
--- I’m seeing the manager tomorrow, when he will be back from New York.
五.修饰全句的定语从句。
--- He showed me a photo that upset me.
--- He tore up my photo, which upset me.
--- He wore his swimming things in the office, which shocked his boss a great deal. 五．Usages of Relative Clauses:
1．在限制性定语从句中，常用that来代替其他关系代词，尤其是在口语和非正式文体中，that 如果在从句中作宾语。常省略(zero that ).
--- He’s a man that ( who ) people like at first sight.
--- I’ve lost the bananas that ( which ) I bought this morning.
2.在下列单词后习惯上用that.
All, every ( thing ), some ( thing ), any (thing ), no ( thing ), none, little, few, much, only.
--- Any man that ( who ) smokes cigarettes is risking his health.
--- You’re the only person that can help me.
3.当先行项被最高级修饰时，关系代词习惯上用that.
--- Newton was one of the greatest men that ever lived.
4.关系代词在SVC结构中作主语补语或there be 结构中作“实意主语”时，通常用
that指人或物。
--- Dr. Smith still talks like the man ( that ) he was en years ago.
--- He asks for the latest book ( that ) there is on the subject.
5.在表示方式，时间或地点的单词后，常用zero that 来代替in which, when 或
where.
--- I didn’t like the way ( that ) she spoke to me.
--- I’ll never forget the Sunday ( that ) you first arrived.
--- Do you know any where( that ) I can get a drink?
6.先行项被the only, the very, the same, the last, the first time + clause 修饰时, 习惯
上用that.
7.当以who/ which 开始的特殊疑问句，惯用that.
六．有时非/ 限制性定语从句在语意上起状语分句的作用，表示原因，目的，结果，条件或让步等意义。
--- He is clever and quick at his work, for which he is honored with the title of model worker. ( so that : result )
--- He wished to write an article that will attract public attention to the matter .
( purpose )
--- The headmaster was giving a dinner for a few people whom he wished esp. to talk to or to hear from. ( cause )
七．AS 引导定语从句。( 主要是非限定性，也可以是限定性。)
当as 引导以整个分句，整个谓语或述谓成份为先行项的非限定关系分句时，其仍
然保留“理由，比较，方式，等同”等意义；as 引导的分句在意义上不可与主句
相悖，而且一般是肯定句，对主句意义起辅助作用，表示正如等意义。其在句中
的位置可以是句尾，句中或句首，是介乎关系分句和状语分句的语法结构。
The same … as …; such… as… ; as … as …
--- He married her, as/ which was natural. ( SVC / SV ) as a subject
--- He seemed a foreigner. As / which in fact he was. ( SVC) as a SC
--- He is fond of music, which / as I’m glad to hear. ( SVO ) as an object
--- Mumy treats me just like a baby, which /ｘas I can’t bear.
--- As he realized, I was very useful to him.
--- We are facing the same problems as we did years ago = We are facing the problems which we faced years ago.
We find such shrubs as will best stand up to hard weather. = We find shrubs
which best stand up to hard weather.
八．在非限定性从句中，限定词如some, any, none, all, both, several, enough, many, few 可与of whom 和of which 连用
--- It’s a family of 8 children, all of whom are studying music.
--- I’ve tried 8 courses of dishes, none of which is to my taste.
有时我们还常看到这样的结构。
A number of whom, three of which, half of which, the majority of whom, the
youngest of whom.
九．Preposition + Relative pronoun +Infinitive: ( Non-finite Relative Clause ) --- We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden in which to play. ( formal; we usually have a garden to play in in place of it.)
十.Preposition + Relative Pronoun: which, whom, whose ( formal )
--- They tried to think of a plan by which they could fulfil their task ahead of time.
--- The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.
十一. When / Where = prep. + which.
--- That is the day when ( on which) he did the experiments.
--- that is the house where ( in which) he lived ten years ago.
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