四级作文常见语言错误

四级作文常见病句

一、“there be”结构

常见病句：1. There are many people like to go to the movies.

2. There are different kinds of vegetables can be bought on the market by people.

正确表达：1. There are many people who like to go to the movies.

2. There are different kinds of vegetables that people can buy on the market.

这两个例句的错误比较有普遍性，因为在历次考试中有不少考生不能正确运用there be 这一最常用的句式。在这种结构中，there是引导词，没有实际意义。be在句中作谓语，有时态和数的变化。

例如：1. There was no school in the village at that time. (=there was not a school...)

2. There is not a moment to be lost.

3. There are many people rushing into the cities every year.

4. There are many things that we can do to prevent traffic accidents.

5. There is no use holding back the wheel of history.

从以上例句还可看出，句中的主语后面可接多种修饰语，如介词短语、不定式短语、定语从句、分词短语等等。这无疑使该结构增加了表现力，使句子表达内容更加丰富。在运用这一结构时，考生最容易犯的错误是在there be之后又用了一个动词作谓语，使句子结构出现严重错误。这里列举的考生的典型错误均属这种情况，对此我们在写作中要格外注意。

二、比较结构

常见病句：1. Comparing with the bike, the car runs much faster.

2. The climate in Walton is colder than other cities.

正确表达：1. Compared with the bike, the car runs much faster.

2. The climate in Walton is colder than that of other cities.

许多考生在作文中用compare或than表示比较，但相当多的表达有误。

在例1中，对两个事物进行比较的句式为Compared with A, B...,只能用compare的过去分词，不能用现在分词，因为B是分词的逻辑主语，只能被比较。

在例2中，考生误将"天气"与"城市"进行比较，而二者没有可比性，只有将后者改为"其他城市的天气"才符合逻辑，很显然，考生的错误是受了汉语表达习惯的影响。

比较结构是常用结构，正确地使用这一结构可以使文章的句式增加变化，有利于提高写作成绩。

下面是比较结构的一些常用的表达方法：

1. 同级比较

1）In 1998 we produced as many cars as we did in the previous five years.

2）We have accomplished as much in the past three years as would have taken ten years in the past.

2. 比较级

1）Children now enjoy better medical treatment than before.

2）We can live longer without food than we can (live ) without water.

3. 最高级

1）This is the most interesting book I've ever read.

2）Of all his novels I like this one best.

4. “the more…the more…”结构

1）The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.

2）The more a man knows, the more he discovers his ignorance.

5. 选择比较

1）I prefer staying at home to going out.

2）They prefer to work rather than (to) sit idly.

3）He prefers to work alone.

注意：这里的1）句用的是Prefer A to B结构，to为介词，后接名词或动名词；2）句是以不定式作prefer的宾语；3）句用法同2），只是不把rather than部分表达出来。

6. 对比

1）She is very beautiful while her two sisters are extremely ugly.

2）He is tired out, whereas she is full of vigor.

注意：while 和whereas均可用于连接两个意义对立的分句，相当于汉语的"而"字。

三、表达原因的结构

常见病句：1. The real reason to our failure is not far to seek.

2. The reason for this is because some people want to earn plenty of money without

working hard.

正确表达：1. The real reason for our failure is not far to seek.

2. The reason for this is that some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard.

以上两个病句分别引自四级考试的考生作文。从遣词造句上看，这两位考生具有一定的写作能力，not far to seek, plenty of money以及without working hard等均运用正确、恰当。但令人遗憾的是，第一位考生不知道reason不与to搭配而应接介词for，第二位考生犯了一个中国学生常犯的错误，就是用because引起表语从句，because这个词不能引起表语从句，在本句中只能改用that才正确。

写作测试的文体决定了表达原因结构的重要性。英语中用来表达原因这一概念的结构有多种。我们可用as, because, since, seeing that, considering that, now that, not that...等词组引出表示原因的从句。例如：

1. Now that we have seen these great achievements with our own eyes, we feel more proud than ever of our country.

2. Professor Liu is strict with us because he wants us to make rapid progress.

3. Since we live near the sea, we enjoy a healthy climate.

4. Pollution is still a serious problem, not that we don't have the ability to solve it, but that some people have not realized the consequences of the problem.

我们还可以借助某些词语用简单句表达原因结构。例如：

1. The reason for this change is quite obvious.

2. Diligence is the key factor of success.

3. Idleness is the root of all evils.

除了上述的例句外，英语中还有很多或易或难的表达原因的结构。

我们在进行写作训练的时候，不能满足于一知半解，要讲究书面语言的正确性和准确性。比如，because是最常用的引导原因从句的连词，语气最强，表示直接的原因，若because置于句首，后面的主句不能再用so。用as引导的原因从句语气较弱，所说明的原因是附带的，而since表示的原因暗示着是稍加分析之后才能推断出来的原因。

四、词性误用

常见病句：1. Free admission to museums in order to let more people learn knowledge.

2. Now more and more bikes instead of cars to reduce pollution.

3. For example, you work in a big factory.

4. More and more museums free admission to the public.

5. The working staff of the company talked with us friendly.

正确表达：1. Free admission to museums aims to let more people learn knowledge.

2. Now more and more bikes take the place of cars to reduce pollution.

3. Suppose you work in a big factory.

3. More and more museums become admission-free to the public.

4. The working staff of the company talked with us in a friendly way.

词性误用也是四级作文中常见的错误，考生常常把介词词组当做动词使用，如例1-3，把名词当做动词用，如例3，还有把形容词当做副词用，如例4。错误的主要根源在于不少考生对词汇的学习不够深入，简单地记忆中文意思，然后在写作时就直接生搬硬套，忽略了句子的语法结构。这要求考生在学习词汇的过程中，不仅要掌握词汇的拼写和含义，还要多留心用法和主要的搭配。

五、“花费”动词的使用

常见病句：1. We had to spend a lot of time to prepare for the examination.

2. He costs much money for the new mobile phone.

3. Waiting for the meals in the crowded canteen takes us a lot of time.

正确表达：1. We had to spend a lot of time preparing for the examination.

2. The new mobile phone cost him a lot of money.

3. It takes us a lot of time to wait for the meals in the crowded canteen.

以上的动词spend, cost, take以及pay, pay for是考生在考试中间经常使用，也经常容易犯错的动词，所以需要好好掌握它们的区别和各自用法：

spend的主语必须是“人”，宾语可以是钱、精力、时间等，其后用on (for) + 名词或用in（可省略）+ 动名词形式，不接不定式。如：

He spent a lot of money for this new car.他花了很多钱买了这辆新车。

He spends much money on books.他平时将很多钱用在买书上。

He spent a lot of money (in) buying a new car.他花很多钱买一辆新车。

Every morning he spends half an hour on English.每天早晨他用半小时读英语。（句中on English 可与(in) reading English替换）

cost的主语必须是“物”或“事”，表示“费用”、“耗费”，后接life, money, health, time等，侧重于“花费”的代价。如：

The book cost him one dollar.这本书用了他一美元。

It costs you 12 pounds to go London by ship.乘船到伦敦要用12英磅。

Making experiments like this costs much time and labor.做这样的实验要花很多钱。

注意：cost后不能与具体的时间长度连用，只能与表示抽象概念的时间短语连用。如：some time, much time, ten years of hard work等。可说It cost him ten years of work.不可说It cost him ten years to work.

take表示“花费”时，其主语一般是“一件事”，有时主语也可以是人，它说明事情完成“花费了……”，常常用在以It 作为形式主语的句子中。如：

It took me ten minutes to go to the post office.到邮局用去了我十分钟时间。

The producer took two years to make the film.制片商用了两年时间拍这部新影片。

pay的基本意思是“支付”，作为及物动词，宾语可以是“人”、“钱”。如：

He paid the taxi and hurried to the station.他付了出租车的钱，急忙向车站赶去。

They had to pay two hundred francs.他得付二百法郎。

We’ll pay you in a few days.几天后我会给你钱。

pay for的宾语为“物”、“事”，for表示支付的原因。如：

You’ll have to pay me ten dollars a week for your meals.你得每周付给我十美元饭钱。

注意：下面两句中pay for的意义不同。

Of course we have to pay for what we buy.当然我们买东西得付钱。

Don’t worry about money; I’ll pay for you.别担心钱，我会替你付的。