华东政法大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题2011年.doc

华东政法大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题2011年

(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)

一、第一部分基础英语试题(总题数：30，分数：15.00)

1.Thecontractwillbebindingwhenbothsideshaveaffixedtheir______toit. （分数：0.50）

A.seal

B.sail

C.veil

D.sole

2.Althoughtheyhavegunsandgrenades,theyarenotsoldiersbutagangof_____. （分数：0.50）

A.bandits

B.kidnappers

C.robbers

D.burglars

3.Surroundedwithnumerousstars,themoonseemsallthemore_____. （分数：0.50）

A.obvious

B.visible

C.conspicuous

D.apparent

4.John‘sscoreonthetestisthehighestintheclass;he_____lastnight. （分数：0.50）

A.must study

B.should have studied

C.must have studied

D.is sure to study

5.Theinventionofthetelephonewasagreat____tocommunication. （分数：0.50）

A.distribution

B.contribution

C.attribution

D.fruition

6.Whatadifferencebetweenthetwohouseswhichstand_____toeachother. （分数：0.50）

A.adjacent

B.adhering

C.extending

D.detaching

7.Eventhemostindulgentparentswillnotlettheirchildren____tellinglies. （分数：0.50）

A.get away with

B.get along with

C.get in

D.get out

8.Tomcoulddosomebrilliant_______ofourEnglishteacher. （分数：0.50）

A.impressions

B.personifications

C.impersonations

D.persons

9.Themomentthebuxomwomansatdown,theoldchairfirst_____andthencollapsed. （分数：0.50）

A.groaned

B.gasped

C.guffawed

10.ButtheSwissdiscoveredlongyearsagothatconstantwarfarebroughtthem______sufferingandpoverty. （分数：0.50）

A.anything but

B.nothing but

C.none other than

D.no more than

11.Totheirgreatdismay,theyfoundthattheirwageincreaseshadbeen_____bythesoaringpricesasaresult ofinflation. （分数：0.50）

A.leveled

B.reduced

C.offset

D.cancelled

12.I_____withthanksthehelpofmycolleaguesinthepreparationofthisnewcolumn. （分数：0.50）

A.express

B.confess

C.verify

D.acknowledge

13.Therearen‘tenoughcomputersforthewholegradeofstudentsto________. （分数：0.50）

A.go around

B.go under

C.go down

D.go for

14.Yourperformanceisgenerallyassumedto_______theknowledgeyouhaveacquired and will retain. （分数：0.50）

A.adhere to

B.submit

C.correspond to

D.conform to

15.Ididn‘tsayanythinglikethatatall.Youarepurposely_____myideatoproveyourpoint. （分数：0.50）

A.extorting

B.contradicting

C.distorting

D.distracting

16.Hissuggestionsarebasedona/an_______thattheprisonsystemisoutofdateandworthless. （分数：

0.50）

A.domination

B.consumption

C.consideration

D.assumption

17.Theteacherwasa_______womanwhodidherbest. （分数：0.50）

A.respecting

B.respectable

C.respective

D.respectful

18.Inthatcountry,studentswillbe_____admittancetotheirclassroomiftheyarenotproperlydressed. （分数：0.50）

A.declined

B.deprived

D.deserted

19.Followingthescandal,hewas_______fromhispostasdeputyfinanceminister. （分数：0.50）

A.refused

B.replied

C.relieved

D.removed

20.Iwasquite________byalltheflowersandlettersofsupportIreceived. （分数：0.50）

A.overwhelmed

B.surrounded

C.soaked

D.buried

21.On______,18%ofourdailycaloriescomefromsugar. （分数：0.50）

A.general

B.the whole

https://www.360docs.net/doc/497152945.html,mon

D.average

22.Shewasstaringoutoverthelake,lostin_______. （分数：0.50）

A.consciousness

B.contemplation

C.contradiction

D.content

23.Ican_______alotmoreworkwhenI'monmyown. （分数：0.50）

A.get through

B.get over

C.get on

D.get in

24.The________outcomeofthecontestvariesfrommomenttomoment. （分数：0.50）

A.ap

B.prone

C.likely

D.liable

25.Thepolicewereinstructedto______thedemonstrationagainstthegovernment. （分数：0.50）

A.break out

B.break into

C.break off

D.break up

26.Inthe____ofancientTroy,theGreeksgotintothecitybyhidinginawooden horse.（分数：0.50）

A.legend

B.myth

C.history

D.fiction

27.Evenasachildheshowedaninclinationto____overtheotherchildren. （分数：0.50）

A.rule

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C.inspect

D.dominate

28.Manyoftheearliest______intotheUnitedStatesestablishedlargeplantations. （分数：0.50）

A.emigrants

B.emigrations

C.immigrants

D.migrants

29.Undergraduatestudentshaveno____totherarebooksinthelibrary. （分数：0.50）

A.entrance

B.access

C.way

D.path

30.Theadvertisementsaysthismaterialdoesn‘t____inthewash,butithas. （分数：0.50）

A.dissolve

B.slim

C.contract

D.shrink

二、PartII:ReadingCompre(总题数：4，分数：20.00)

PassageOne Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage. Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight

‘ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissusp endedanddeadpeoplespeak.Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedi sguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970s,neurologistshadswitchedtothinki ngofthemasjust―mentalnoise‖–

therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdrea msarepartofthemind‘semotionalthermostat,regulatingmoodswhilethebrainis―

off-line‖.Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharne ssedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontrol,tohelpussleepandfeelbetter.―It‘syourdream,‖saysRosalindCartwright,chairofpsychologyatChicago‘sMedicalCenter.―Ifyoudon

‘tlikeit,changeit.‖

Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREM(rapideyemovement)sleep-whenmostvividdreamsoccur-asitiswhenfullyawake,saysDr.EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburg h.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved;thelimbicsystem(the―

emotionalbrain‖)isespeciallyactive,whiletheprefrontalcortex(thecenterofintellectandreasonin g)isrelativelyquiet.―

Wewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressed,andthosefeelingscanstaywithusallday,‖saysStanfordsleepresearcherDr.WilliamDement. ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowupamongthepatientsinCartwright

‘sclinic.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenight,progressingtowardhappieronesbefor eawakening,suggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseo urconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon

‘talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday‘sevents–until,itappears,webegintodream. Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.Cartwrightbelievesonecanexerciseconsciouscontrol overrecurringbaddreams.Assoonasyouawaken,identifywhatisupsettingaboutthedream.Visualizehowyo uwouldlikeittoendinstead;thenexttimeitoccurs,trytowakeupjustenoughtocontrolitscourse.Withmuc hpracticepeoplecanlearnto,literally,doitintheirsleep. Attheendoftheday,there

‘sprobablylittlereasontopayattentiontoourdreamsatallunlesstheykeepusfromsleepingor―wewakeupinapanic,‖

Cartwrightsays.Terrorism,economicuncertaintiesandgeneralfeelingsofinsecurityhaveincreasedpeo ple

‘sanxiety.Thosesufferingfrompersistentnightmaresshouldseekhelpfromatherapist.Fortherestofus ,thebrainhasitswaysofworkingthroughbadfeelings.Sleep-orratherdream-onitandyou

‘llfeelinthemorning.（分数：5.00）

(1).Researchershavecometobelievethatdreams_____. （分数：1.00）

A.canbemodifiedintheircourses

B.aresusceptibletoemotionalchanges

C.reflectourinnermostdesiresandfears

D.arearandomoutcomeofneuralrepairs

(2).Byreferringtothelimbicsystem,theauthorintendstoshow_____. （分数：1.00）

A.its function in our dreams

B.the mechanism of REM sleep

C.the relation of dreams to emotions

D.its difference from the prefrontal cortex

(3).Thenegativefeelingsgeneratedduringthedaytendto_____. （分数：1.00）

A.aggravate in our unconscious mind

B.develop into happy dreams

C.persist till time we fall asleep

D.show up in dreams early at night

(4).Cartwrightseemstosuggestthat_____. （分数：1.00）

A.waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams

B.visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control

C.dreams should be left to their natural progression

D.dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious

(5).WhatadvicemightCartwrightgivetothosewhosometimeshavebaddreams? （分数：1.00）

A.Lead your life as usual

B.Seek professional help

C.Exercise conscious

D.Avoid anxiety in the daytime

PassageTwo Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasasubjectofanygreatimportance.Theinnerworkingsofourownbr ainswefeeltobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigation,butcustom,wehaveawayofthinking,isbehavioratitsmo stcommonplace.Asamatteroffact,itistheotherwayaround.Traditionalcustom,takentheworldover,isam assofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthanwhatanyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yet thatisarathertrivialaspectofthematter.Thefactoffirst-rateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatc ustomplaysinexperienceandinbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmaymanifest. Nomaneverlooksattheworldwithpristine(未受外界影响

的)eyes.Heseesiteditedbyadefinitesetofcustomsandinstitutionsandthewaysofthinking.Eveninhisph ilosophicalprobingshecannotgobehindthesestereotypes(固定的模

式);hisveryconceptsofthetrueandthefalsewillstillhavereferencetohisparticulartraditionalcusto ms.JohnDeweyhassaidinallseriousnessthatthepartplayedbycustominshapingthebehavioroftheindivid ualasoveragainstanywayinwhichhecanaffecttraditionalcustom,isastheproportionofthetotalvocabul aryofhismothertongueoveragainstthoseworldsofhisownbabytalkthataretakenupintothelanguageofhis family.Whenoneseriouslystudiessocialordersthathavehadthe

opportunitytodevelopindependently,thefigure(比

喻)becomesnomorethananexactandmatter-of-factobservation.Thelifehistoryoftheindividualisfirst andforemostanadjustmenttothepatternsandstandardstraditionallyhandeddowninhiscommunity.Fromth emomentofhisbirththecustomsintowhichheisbornshapehisexperienceandbehavior.Bythetimehecantalk ,heisthelittlecreatureofhisculture,andbythetimeheisgrownandabletotakepartinitsactivities,its habitsarehishabits,itsbeliefshisbeliefs,itsimpossibilitieshisimpossibilities.（分数：5.00）(1).Theauthorthinksthereasonwhycustomhasbeenignoredintheacademicworldisthat_________. （分数：

1.00）

A.custom reveals only the superficial nature of human behavior

B.the study of social orders can replace the study of custom

C.people are still not aware of the important role that custom plays in forming our world outlook

D.custom has little to do with our ways of thinking

(2).WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoJohnDewey? （分数：1.00）

A.An individual can exercise very little influence on the cultural tradition into which he is born.

B.Custom is the direct result of the philosophical probings of a group of people.

C.An individual is strongly influence by the cultural tradition even before he is born.

D.Custom represents the collective wisdom which benefits the individual.

(3).Theworld―custom‖inthispassagemostprobablymeans________. （分数：1.00）

A.the concept of the true and the false of a society

B.the independently developed social orders

C.the adjustment of the individual to the new social environment

D.the patterns and standards of behavior of a community

(4).Accordingtothepassage,aperson‘slife,fromhisbirthtohisdeath,_________. （分数：1.00）

A.is constantly shaping the cultural traditions of his people

B.is predominated by traditional custom

C.is continually influenced by the habits of other communities

D.is chiefly influenced by the habits of other communities

(5).Theauthor‘spurposeinwritingthispassageis_________. （分数：1.00）

A.to urge individuals to follow traditional customs

B.to stress the strong influence of customs on an individual

C.to examine the interaction of man and social customs

D.to show man‘s adjustment to traditional customs

PassageThree Questions41to45arebasedonthefollowingpassage Americanstodaydon

‘tplaceaveryhighvalueonintellect.Ourheroesareathlete,entertainers,andentrepreneurs,notschol ars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducation-nottopursueknowledgefort hesakeofknowledge.Symptomsofpervasiveanti-intellectualisminourschoolsaren‘tdifficulttofind. Schoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanintellectual,‖sayseducationwriterDianeRavitch.―Schoolcouldbeacounterbalance.‖Ravitch

‘slatestbook,LeftBack:ACenturyoffailedSchoolReforms,tracestherootsofanti-intellectualismino urschools,concludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistasteforintellectualpur suits.

Buttheycouldandshouldbe.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploit ationandcontrol.Withouttheabilitytothinkcritically,todefendtheirideasandunderstandtheideasof others,theycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.Continuingalongthispath,sayswriterEarlShorri s,―Wewillbecomeasecond-ratecountry.Wewillhavealesscivilsociety.‖Intellectisresentedasaformofpowerorprivilege,‖writeshistorianandprofessorRichardHofstadterinAnti-IntellectualisminAmericanLife,aPulitzerPr izewinningbookontherootsofanti-intellectualisminUSpolitics,religion,andeducation.Fromthebegi nningofourhistory,saysHofstadter,ourdemocraticandpopulisturgehasdrivenustorejectanythingthat smellsofelitism.Practicality,commonsense,andnativeintelligencehavebeenconsideredmorenoblequa litiesthananythingyoucouldlearnfromabook. RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearnin gputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren:―

Weareshutupinschoolsandcollegerecitationroomsfor10or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwithabellyfulofwo rdsanddonotknowathing.‖MarkTwain

‘sHuckleberryFinnexemplifiedAmericananti-intellectualism.Itsheroavoidsbeingcivilized-goingt oschoolandlearningtoread---sohecanpreservehisinmategoodness.

Intellect,accordingtoHofstadter,isdifferentfromnativeintelligence,aqualitywereluctantlyadmir

e.Intellectisthecritical,creative,andcontemplativesideofthemind.Intelligenceseekstograsp,man ipulate,re-order,andadjust,whileintellectexamines,ponders,wonders,theorizes,criticizesandima gines. Schoolremainsaplacewhereintellectismistrusted.Hofstadtersaysourcountry

‘seducationalsystemisinthegripsofpeoplewho―joyfullyandmilitantlyproclaimtheirhostilitytointellectandtheireagernesstoidentifywithchildre nwhoshowtheleastintellectualpromise.‖（分数：5.00）

(1).WhatdoAmericanparentsexpecttheirchildrentoacquireinschool? （分数：1.00）

A.The habit of thinking independently.

B.Profound knowledge of the world.

C.Practical abilities for future career.

D.The confidence in intellectual pursuits.

(2).WecanlearnfromthetextthatAmericanshaveahistoryof_____. （分数：1.00）

A.undervaluing intellect

B.favoring intellectualism

C.supporting school reform

D.suppressing native intelligence

(3).TheviewsofRavitchandEmersononschoolingare_____. （分数：1.00）

A.identical

B.similar

https://www.360docs.net/doc/497152945.html,plementary

D.opposite

(4).Emerson,accordingtothetext,isprobably_____. （分数：1.00）

A.a pioneer of education reform

B.an opponent of intellectualism

C.a scholar in favor of intellect

D.an advocate of regular schooling

(5).Whatdoestheauthorthinkofintellect? （分数：1.00）

A.It is second to intelligence.

B.It evolves from common sense.

C.It is to be pursued

D.It underlies power.

PassageFour Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage. Tounderstandthemarketingconcept,itisonlynecessarytounderstandthedifferencebetweenmarketingan dselling.Nottoomanyyearsago,mostindustriesconcentratedprimarilyontheefficientproductionofgoo ds,andthenreliedon―persuasivesalesmanship‖

tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible.Suchproductionandsellingfocusesontheneedsofthesellertopro ducegoodsandthenconvertthemintomoney.

Marketing,ontheotherhand,focusesonthewantsofconsumers.Itbeginswithfirstanalyzingthepreferenc esanddemandsofconsumersandthenproducinggoodsthatwillsatisfythem.Thiseyeontheconsumerapproach isknownasthemarketingconcept,whichsimplymeansthatinsteadoftryingtosellwhateveriseasiesttopro duceorbuyforresale,themakersanddealersfirstendeavortofindoutwhattheconsumerwantstobuyandthen goaboutmakingitavailableforpurchase. Thisconceptdoesnotsimplythatbusinessisbenevolent(慈善的)orthatconsumersatisfactionisgivenpriorityoverprofitinacompany.Therearealwaystwosidestoeve rybusinesstransaction-thefirmandthecustomer-andeachmustbesatisfiesbeforetradeoccurs.Successf ulmerchantsandproducers,however,recognizethatthesurestroutetoprofitisthroughunderstandingand cateringtocustomers.Astrikingexampleoftheimportanceofcateringtheconsumerpresenteditselfinmid 1985,whenCocaColachangedtheflavorofitsdrink.Thenon-acceptanceofthenewflavorbyasignificantpor tionofthepublicbroughtaboutapromptrestorationoftheClassicCoke,whichwasthenmarketedalongsidet henew.KingCustomerruled!（分数：5.00）

(1).Themarketingconceptdiscussedinthepassageis,inessence,________. （分数：1.00）

A.the practice of turning goods into money

B.making goods available for purchase

C.the customer-centered approach

D.a form of persuasive salesmanship

(2).Whatwasthemainconcernofindustrialistsbeforethemarketingconceptwaswidelyaccepted? （分数：

1.00）

A.Theneedsofthemarket.

B.Theefficiencyofproduction.

C.Thesatisfactionoftheuser.

D.Thepreferencesofthedealer.

(3).Accordingtothepassage,―tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible‖(Sentence2,Para.1)means―

__________. （分数：1.00）

A.to sell the largest possible amount of goods

B.to transport goods as efficiently as possible

C.to dispose of these goods in large quantities

D.to redesign these goods for large scale production

(4).WhatdoestherestorationoftheClassicCokebestillustrate? （分数：1.00）

A.Traditional goods have a stronger appeal to the majority of people.

B.It takes time for a new product to be accepted by the public.

C.Consumers with conservative tastes are often difficult to please.

D.Products must be designed to suit the taste of the consumer.

(5).Indiscussingthemarketingconcept,theauthorfocuseson__________. （分数：1.00）

A.its main characteristic

B.its social impact

C.its possible consequence

D.its theoretical basis

三、PartIII:EnglishWriti(总题数：1，分数：15.00)

31.Howtorebuildtrustamongsocialmembers?

NOTES:Markswillbeawardedforcontent,organization,grammarandappropriateness.Failuretofollowthe instructionmayresultinalossofmarks.（分数：15.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________

四、第二部分专业英语试题(总题数：10，分数：40.00)

I.(LegalHistory) ThepoliticalinstitutionsthatwerefirstestablishedintheQinDynastyhadseveralimportantfeaturesth atlastedforalmosttwothousandyearsinChina.Thefirstisstrongemphasisontherulebylaw(byalargeandr elativelyefficientbureaucracy)butwithlittleconstraintontheemperor.Second,politicaldictatorsh ipbasedonideologicalmonopoly.Third,localgovernmentsareorganizedinasystemcalledprefecturesand counties.Thefourthfeatureisthepersonnelsystemforpublicofficesthatreliedfirstonrecommendation andthenonstandardexams. ―

Allthingsaredeterminedbytheemperornomattertheyaresmallorbig‖,soconcludedanancientscholaronQ in‘spoliticalinstitutions.

Legalismschool,whichisveryattractivetodictators,wasemployedbytheQinStateintheirquesttounifyt hecountry.ThecrueltyofQin

‘srulewasrevealedbynotonlythedetailedclassificationofitslawsbutalsohowitcollapsedinlessthan 20yearsafterconqueringtheotherstates.Althoughthefollowingdynastiesmoreorlesssoftenedtheirrul e,Qin‘sinfluenceremaineddominant.ItisaconsensusthatChina

‘spoliticalinstitutionsweresorepressivethatpeoplehadnowaytoparticipateinpublicdecisionmakin g.Intellectualshadbecomesimplyreservesforabureaucraticgovernment.

Thepoliticaldictatorshipwasbuiltonideologicalmonopoly.TheFirstEmperorwasnotoriousforordering ―

burningbooksandburyingscholars‖.ShortlyafterQinunifiedChina,WuEmperorinHanDynastystartedtop romotethemonopolyofConfucianismandbanotherschoolsofthinking.Thismovementhadsuccessfullyestab lishedthemonolithicstatusofChineseintellectualsinthefollowingtwothousandyears.Thiskindofideo logicalmonopolywasnotdesignedforanypublicparticipationindecisionmaking.Instead,itwasforelite swhodevotedthemselvestotheroyalfamily.

Thelocalgovernmentsystemofcountiesandprefectures,thebasicpatternofwhichisstillvisibleinmoder nChina,wasalsoestablishedintheQinDynasty.Thissystemdiffersfromthefeudalsysteminthesensethata lllocalofficialsweredirectlyresponsibletotheemperor.ForabigempirelikeChina,howtogovernthecou ntryefficientlyandeffectivelybecameabigproblem.

Ontheonehand,localgovernancewascriticaltosustainingthecontroloverthecountry. Ontheotherhand,whosatinpublicofficesbecamecrucialtothesuccessorfailureofeachdynastyortohowpu blicinterestsarerepresented. FengDeng:―EndogenousEvolutionofPatriarchalClanSysteminAncientChina‖（分数：4.00）

(1).Thefirstsentenceoftheparagraphsmeansthat_______lastedforalmosttwothousandyearsinChina. （分数：1.00）

A.the political institutions

B.the important features of the political institutions

C.the Qin Dynasty

D.the political institutions established in the Qin Dynasty

(2).WhichstatementisNOTtrueaccordingtothesecondparagraph? （分数：1.00）

A.Qin Dynasty, although having a short life, had strong influences to later dynasties.

B.That people did not participate in decision making in ancient China is a generally accepted opinion.

C.The bureaucratic government selected its officials from intellectuals.

D.The Emperor was not the sole governor of the Qin Dynasty.

(3).Thereflectionofideologicalmonopolywas （分数：1.00）

A.burning books and burying scholars.

B.the monopoly of Confucianism and ban of other schools of thinking.

C.zero public participation in decision making.

D.intellectualsdevotingthemselvestotheroyalfamily.

(4).ThegovernmentsystemofQinDynastydiffersfromthefeudalsysteminthesensethat （分数：1.00）

A.all Chinese local officials were directly responsible to the emperor.

B.county and prefecture governments were set up.

C.all local officials of the feudal system were directly responsible to the emperor.

D.local governance was critical to sustaining the control over the country.

II.(EconomicLaw)

Forfourhundredyears,companylawhastriedtosolvethecoreproblemofcorporategovernance,theseparati onofownershipandcontrol.InEurope,corporategovernancedidnotbecomearesearchdisciplineofitsownb eforetheendofthelastmillennium.Theanalysisofthefunctioningofmanagementandcontrolunderdistinc tboardmodelswasthestartingpointandstillisoneofthemostimportantfieldsoftheincreasinglycompara tiveandinterdisciplinaryresearchagenda.ThehistoryoftheVerenigdeOostindischeCompagnie(V.O.C.) impressivelyillustratesearlyproblemsofcompanylaw.Itsevolutionestablishedthefirstinstitutiona lsupervisorystructure.TheV.O.C.goesbacktoamergeroftheearlycompanies,theVoorcompagnie?n.Muchl ikemodernbusinessamalgamations,itwassoughttoimprovethemarketpositionagainstcompetitors.Manyo ftheV.O.C.‘sfeaturesarestillcharacteristicformoderncompanies.

Withitsincorporationin1602,theV.O.C.hadaninternalstructurecomparabletowhatwedescribetodayasa one-tierboardmodel.Theboardofseventeendirectors,electedbythegovernorsofthesixchambers,haduni

versalmanagementpowerandactednearlyfreefromanyinterferencebyminorityshareholders.Theboarddev elopedthebusinessstrategy,settheshippingroutes,andissuedresolutionsthatwerebindingforthecham bers.Inthecourseoffurtherbusinessexpansionin1648,anexecutivecommitteeoftheboard(TheHagueComm ittee)https://www.360docs.net/doc/497152945.html,mitteesformedforaccountingorspecificbusinessm atters,werealsofoundatthechamberlevel. Themajorgovernanceproblemresultedfromthelackofadefinitionofdirectors

‘dutiesasanalignmentofdecisionmakingandthecompany‘sinterest.Thegovernors–themerchantsandownersoftheearlycompanies–wereunawarethatanentitywithitsowninteresthademergedastheycontinuedtomanagetheV.O.C.inthewayt heyhadmanagedtheirearlycompanies.Inparticular,thegovernors

‘righttopriorpurchaseturnedouttobeunfortunate,leadingtoanearlyformofwhatwetodaycallself-dea ling.Withtheseconddashofregulationin1623,thelicensewaschangedandthegovernorswerepermittedtob uyfromthecompanyonlyinpublicauctionsunderthesameconditionsasanyoneelse.Further,theywereallow edtosupplythecompanyonlyiftheyhadbeengrantedalicensetodoso.Themajorchangeintheinternalstruct urecamewiththeintroductionofthecommitteeofninein1623,whichcanbedescribedasanearlyformofthemo dernsupervisoryboard. KlausJ.Hopt,PatrickC.Leyens：―

BoardModelsinEurope--RecentDevelopmentsofInternalCorporateGovernanceStructuresinGermany,theU nitedKingdom,France,andItaly‖（分数：4.00）

(1).Inthe17thcentury,theboardofseventeendirectorshaduniversalmanagementpowertodothefollowing except （分数：1.00）

A.developing the business strategy.

B.deciding which way to take for the shipping.

C.helpingtoorganizetheworkofthechambers.

D.issuingresolutionsthatwerebindingforthechambers.

(2).Fromthefirstparagraph,onecanknowthat （分数：1.00）

A.the starting point of the research was the analysis of the functioning of management and control under distinct board models.

B.corporate governance was a research discipline of its own in the early 1900‘s.

C.merger of the early companies was sought to improve the competitors.

D.the history of the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (V.O.C.) was very impressive.

(3).Thewordwhichcanbestreplacetheword―alignment‖intheunderlinedsentenceis （分数：1.00）

A.grouping

B.association

C.arrangement

D.coalition

(4).WhichofthefollowingdidNOThappenin1623? （分数：1.00）

https://www.360docs.net/doc/497152945.html,ernors were permitted to buy from the company only in public auctions under the same conditions.

B.The committee of nine was introduced with internal structure.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/497152945.html,ernors were not allowed to supply the company if they had not been granted a license to do so.

D.Quite some regulations were made.

III.(InternationalLaw) Onemightacceptthatinternationallawandinternationalinstitutionsplayedanimportantroleintheeven tsleadinguptotheU.S.invasionofIraq,butstillbeoftheviewthat,ultimately,thefactoftheinvasion—inthefaceofnopersuasivelegaljustification—discreditstheideathatinternationalrulesontheuseofforceconstrainstatebehaviorandtheideathatth eSecurityCouncilplaysanimportantroleincoordinatingcollectivesecurity.Oneefforttodeterminethe attitudesofpersonsworldwideintheaftermathoftheinvasionindicatedthatoneofthebiggestcasualties

ofthewarwasthecredibilityoftheUnitedNations,forpersonsinstatesthatbothopposedandsupportedthe war.Indeed,notwithstandingthediscussionabove,onemightstillarguethatPresidentBushdecidedinsum merof2002toinvadeIraqand,whileheplayedagameofdiscussionsattheUnitedNationsandwithalliesabout internationallaw,attheendofthedaytheUnitedStateswentaheadandinvadedwhenthosediscussionsdidno tproceedtotheU.S.liking.CertainlytherhetoricofPresidentBushwouldsupportsuchaclaim:inthecours eoftakingtheU.S.casetotheUnitedNations,PresidentBushrepeatedlystatedthattheUnitedStateswante dU.N.supportbut,ifsuchsupportwasnotforthcoming,theUnitedStateswouldstilltakeactiontoenforceI raq‘sWMDobligations. ThereisprobablynodefinitivewaytodisprovetheargumentthattheBushadministrationwassetoninvading IraqnomatterwhathappenedattheUnitedNations.Onemightspeculateinresponsethathadtherebeennoplau siblelegaljustificationwhatsoeveravailabletotheBushadministration,thennoforeignstateswouldha vealliedthemselveswiththeUnitedStates,U.S.publicopinionwouldnothaveshifted,andtheBushadminis trationultimatelywouldhavecontinuedtopursueweaponsinspectionsratherthananinvasion,orwouldhav eengagedinalesseruseofforce(akintothebombingsof1998).Theimportanceoftheinternalandexternalfa ctorsdiscussedaboveprovidessomesupporttosuchspeculation,butcannotleadtoanydefinitiveconclusi ons.

Atthesametime,itappearsmistakentodrawsweepingconclusionsfromthefactoftheU.S.invasionofIraqab outthegeneralefficacyofinternationalrulesontheuseofforceortheutilityoftheSecurityCouncil. SeanD.Murphy:―AssessingtheLegalityofInvadingIraq‖（分数：4.00）

(1).Whichofthefollowingisthebesttopicfortheaboveparagraphs? （分数：1.00）

A.International Law and the Iraq War

B.Assessing the Legality of Invading Iraq

C.International Law has Little Force Constraining State Behavior

D.The United Nations and the United States

(2).Accordingtotheauthor,thebiggestvictimoftheIraqwaris （分数：1.00）

A.the United Nations.

B.persons in states that both opposed and supported the war.

C.the integrity of the United Nations.

D.the Bush Administration.

(3).Readingtheseparagraphs,onecanseethattheauthor （分数：1.00）

A.holds up the Bush Administration in launching the Iraq war.

B.opposes the Bush Administration in launching the Iraq war

C.expresses no opinion of pros or cons of the Iraq war.

D.takes a neutral position in analyzing the legality of the Iraq war.

(4).Thelastparagraphmeansthat （分数：1.00）

A.to draw sweeping conclusions about the function of international rules on the use of force or the utility of the Security Council from the U.S. appears mistaken.

B.it is a mistake to draw sweeping conclusions about the function of international rules on the use of force or the utility of the Security Council.

C.one should not get conclusion regarding the function of international law on use of force from the US invasion of Iraq.

D.it is wrong to get extensive conclusion regarding the efficiency of international law on use of force and use of the Security Council from the US invasion of Iraq.

IV.(CriminalLaw)

Theacrimoniousdebateovercapitalpunishmenthascontinuedforcenturies.Inrecentdecades,thedebateh asheatedupintheU.S.followingtheSupremeCourt-imposedmoratoriumoncapitalpunishment.Currently,s everalstatesareconsideringachangeintheirpoliciesregardingthestatusofthedeathpenalty.Nebraska ‘slegislature,forexample,recentlypassedatwo-yearmoratoriumonexecutions,whichwas,however,vet oedbythestate

‘sgovernor.Tenotherstateshaveatleastconsideredamoratoriumlastyear.ThegroupincludesOklahomaw hoselegislaturewillsoonconsiderabillimposingatwo-yearmoratoriumonexecutionsandestablishingat askforcetoresearchtheeffectivenessofcapitalpunishment.ThelegislatureinNebraskaandIllinoishas alsocalledforsimilarresearch.InMassachusetts,however,theHouseofRepresentativesvoteddownabill supportedbythegovernortoreinstatethedeathpenalty. Animportantissueinthisdebateiswhethercapitalpunishmentdetersmurders.Psychologistsandcriminol ogistswhoexaminedtheissueinitiallyreportednodeterrenteffect.Economistsjoinedthedebatewiththe pioneeringworkofEhrlich.Ehrlich

‘sregressionresults,usingU.S.aggregatetime-seriesfor1933-1969andstatelevelcross-sectionalda tafor1940and1950,suggestasignificantdeterrenteffect,whichsharplycontrastswithearlierfindings .ThepolicyimportanceoftheresearchinthisareaisborneoutbytheconsiderablepublicattentionthatEhr lich‘sworkhasreceived.TheSolicitorGeneraloftheUnitedStates,forexample,introducedEhrlich

‘sfindingstotheSupremeCourtinsupportofcapitalpunishment. CoincidingwiththeSupremeCourt

‘sdeliberationontheissue,Ehrlich

‘sfindinginspiredaninterestineconometricanalysisofdeterrence,leadingtomanystudiesthatusehis databutdifferentregressionspecifications--differentregressorsordifferentchoiceofendogenousvs .exogenousvariables.ThemixedfindingspromptedaseriesofsensitivityanalysesonEhrlich

‘sequations,reflectingafurtheremphasisonspecification.

Dataissues,ontheotherhand,havereceivedfarlessattention.Mostoftheexistingstudiesuseeithertime -seriesorcross-sectiondata.Thestudiesthatusenationaltime-seriesdataareaffectedbyanaggregatio nproblem.Anydeterrencefromanexecutionshouldaffectthecrimerateonlyintheexecutingstate.Aggrega tiondilutessuchdistincteffects.Crosssectionalstudiesarelesssensitivetothisproblem,buttheirst aticformulationprecludesanyconsiderationofthedynamicsofcrime,lawenforcement,andjudicialproce sses.Moreover,crosssectionalstudiesareaffectedbyunobservedheterogeneitywhichcannotbecontroll edforintheabsenceoftimevariation. HashemDezhbakhshandPaulH.Rubin:―DoesCapitalPunishmentHaveaDeterrentEffect? （分数：4.00）

(1).Fromthefirstparagraph,onecanknowthatintheUS （分数：1.00）

A.the executive branch is in opposite opinion with the legislature at the state level regarding death penalty.

B.several states are considering reinstate the death penalty.

C.Oklahoma decided to suspend death penalty for two years.

D.some states‘ legislature has also called for research on cancellation of capital sentence.

(2).Whichofthefollowinggroupofpeoplethoughtthatcapitalpunishmenthadnodeterrenteffect? （分数：

1.00）

A.economists and criminologists

B.psychologists and criminologists

C.psychologists and economists

D.economists and Ehrlich

(3).Accordingtothe3rdparagraph,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue? （分数：1.00）

A.Ehrlich‘s finding caused others to analyze the deterrence effect of death penalty.

B.Many people used Ehrlich‘s data in their analysis but in a different way.

C.The finding of others‘ research was similar.

D.Ehrlich provided an equation in his analysis.

(4).Inthe4thparagraph,theauthorthinksthat （分数：1.00）

A.cross sectional studies are more sensitive to aggregation.

B.time-series data are not influenced by aggregation.

C.unobserved heterogeneity cannot be controlled for in the absence of time variation.

D.data issue had not been paid enough attention as it should be.

V.(ConstitutionalLawandAdministrativeLaw) IwishtotakeasmysubjectJusticeScalia

‘s1988TaftLecture,Originalism:TheLesserEvil.Thepublishedversionofthislecturehashadanenormou sinfluence.Itisamongthemostfrequentlycitedlawreviewarticlesand—togetherwithJusticeScalia

‘sintroductiontoAMatterofInterpretation—helpedshapethecurrentdebateoverthepropermethodofconstitutionalinterpretation.Indeed,hisTaftL ecturecanbecreditedwithcontributingtooneofthemostremarkableintellectualcomebackstoriesoflega lscholarship.

Inthe1980svariousleadingfiguresinconstitutionallawtookaimatthecontentionthattheConstitutions houldbeinterpretedaccordingtotheoriginalintentionsofitsframers.Originalism,itwaswidelythough t,wasthoroughlytrouncedbythreeunanswerableobjections:First,originalismisimpracticalbecauseit isimpossibletodiscoverandaggregatethevariousintentionsheldbynumerousframers.Second,originali smisactuallycontrarytotheoriginalintentionsofthefoundinggenerationwhothemselvesrejectedrelia nceonoriginalintent.Finally,originalismistoberejectedbecauseitiswrongforthelivingtobeboundby thedeadhandofthepast.

InhisTaftLecture,JusticeScaliawasperhapsthefirstdefenderoforiginalismtoshiftthetheoryfromits previousfocusontheintentionsoftheframersoftheConstitutiontotheoriginalpublicmeaningofthetext atthetimeofitsenactment.Thisshiftfromoriginalframersintenttooriginalpublicmeaningobviatedmuc hofthepracticalobjectiontooriginalism.Thatlanguagehasanaccessiblepublicmeaningiswhatenablesi nterpersonalcommunication.Ifwordsdidnothaveanobjectivemeaningbeyondthesubjectiveintentionofs peakersandwriters,wewouldneverbeabletounderstandeachother.Indeed,theobjectivetheorybywhichpr ivatecontractsarenormallyinterpretedassumestheavailabilityofsuchmeaning.Andtheverysameeviden cethatshowsthefoundinggenerationrejectingrelianceontheintentionsoftheframersalsoshowstheirre lianceontheoriginalpublicmeaningofthetext. Shiftingfromoriginalframersintenttooriginalpublicmeaningdidlittletoanswerthe―deadhand‖objection,however.Whybeboundbythepast?Forthat,JusticeScaliaandotheroriginalistshadtodevelopa theoryofconstitutionallegitimacy.Mostoriginalistsstressedthetheoryofpopularsovereignty.Theyc ontendedthattheConstitutionisanauthoritativeexpressionofthewillofthePeople,whichjudgesaredut y-boundtofollow. RANDYE.BARNETT:―Scalia'sInfidelity:ACritiqueofFaint-HeartedOriginalism（分数：4.00）

(1).WhichofthefollowingisNOTacommentofJusticeScalia‘s1988Lecturebytheauthor? （分数：1.00）

A.It is one of the most frequently cited law review articles.

B.It contributed to one of the most remarkable intellectual review of legal scholarship.

C.It helped shape the current debate over the proper method of constitutional interpretation.

D.It had an enormous influence.

(2).ThefollowingarecriticalcommentsofOriginalismexcept （分数：1.00）

A.Originalism, it was widely thought, was thoroughly trounced by unanswerable objections.

B.It is impossible to discover and aggregate the intentions of so many framers.

C.People in the 20th century should not be bound by the dead hand of the past.

D.The founders of the US themselves rejected reliance on original intent.

(3).ThecontributionofJusticeScaliatooriginalismisthathe （分数：1.00）

A.obviated much of the practical objection to originalism.

B.found that language had an accessible public meaning was what enabled interpersonal communication.

C.foundthatifwordsdidnothaveanobjectivemeaningbeyondthesubjectiveintentionof speakersandwriters,wewouldneverbeabletounderstandeachother.

D.shiftedthepreviousfocusontheintentionsoftheframersoftheConstitutiontotheoriginalpublicme aningofthetextatthetimeofitsenactment.

(4).Fromthelastparagraph,weknowthat （分数：1.00）

A.original public meaning did answer the ―dead hand‖ objection.

B.judges have the duty to follow the will of the people.

C.a new theory of popular sovereignty was developed to answer the ―dead hand‖ objection.

D.one should not be bound by the past.

VI.(Jurisprudence) AmericanLegalRealismwasthemostimportantindigenousjurisprudentialmovementintheUnitedStatesdur ingthe20th-century,havingaprofoundimpactnotonlyonAmericanlegaleducationandscholarship,butals oonlawreformandlawyering.UnlikeitsScandinaviancousin,AmericanLegalRealismwasnotprimarilyanex tensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrinesfromsemanticsandepistemology.TheRealistswerel awyers(plusafewsocialscientists),notphilosophers,andtheirmotivationswere,accordingly,differe nt.Aslawyers,theywerereachingagainstthedominant―mechanicaljurisprudence‖or―formalism‖oftheirday.―Formalism‖

inthesensepertinenthere,heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreaso ns,whichjustifyauniqueresultinmostcases(perhapseverycase).TheRealistsargued,instead,thatcare fulempiricalconsiderationofhowcourtsreallydecidecasesrevealsthattheydecidenotprimarilybecaus eoflaw,butbased(roughlyspeaking)ontheirsenseofwhatwouldbe―fair‖

onthefactsofthecase.Legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyaspost-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsre achedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations.BecausetheRealistsnevermadeexplicittheirphilosophic alpresuppositionsaboutthenatureoflawortheirconceptionoflegaltheory,oneoftheimportantjurispru dentialtasksforRealiststodayisaphilosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviews,especiallya gainstthecriticismsoflegalphilosophers,notablyH.L.A.Hart. ButRealismalsoborethemarksofanintellectualculturewhichitdidsharewithitsScandinaviancousin.Th isculture–

thedominantoneintheWesternworldfromthemid-19thcenturythroughatleastthemiddleofthelastcentury –wasdeeply―positivistic,‖inthesensethatitviewsnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge,andthoughtallotherdisc iplines(fromsocialsciencetolegalstudy)shouldemulatethemethodsofnaturalscience.Chiefamongthel atterwasthemethodofempiricaltesting:hypotheseshadtobetestedagainstobservationsoftheworld.Thu stheRealistsfrequentlyclaimedthatexistingarticulationsofthe―law‖werenot,infact,―confirmed‖

byactualobservationofwhatthecourtwerereallydoing.AlsoinfluentialonsomeRealistswasbehaviorism inpsychology–JohnWatson‘sversion,notthelater,andbetter-known,brandassociatedwithB.F.Skinner –whichwasitselfinthegripsofa―positivistic‖conceptionofknowledgeandmethod.

BrianLeiter:AmericanLegalRealism（分数：4.00）

(1).AmericanLegalRealismhadaprofoundimpactontheflowingbut （分数：1.00）

A.American legal education.

B.American legal scholarship.

C.Americanlawreform.

D.Americanlawyers.

(2).Fromthe1stparagraphwecanknowthatScandinavianRealists （分数：1.00）

A.were philosophers.

B.were primarily an extension to law of substantive philosophical doctrines.

C.were reaching against ―mechanical jurisprudence‖.

D.held that judges decide cases on the basis of distinctively legal rules and reasons.

(3).TheAmericanRealistsarguedthat （分数：1.00）

A.courts decide cases not primarily because of law, but based on their sense of ―fairness‖.

B.legal rules and reasons figure simply as prior-hoc rationalizations for decisions reached on the basis of non-legal considerations.

C.philosophical reconstruction and defense of these views are necessary.

D.careful empirical consideration reveals that courts decide cases primarily because of law.

(4).WhatistheintellectualculturethatAmericanRealismshareswithitsScandinaviancousin? （分数：

1.00）

A.Existing articulations of the ―law‖ were not ―confirmed‖ by actual observation of what the court were really doing.

B.method of empirical testing

C.taking natural science as the paradigm of all genuine knowledge

D.All disciplines should also emulate the methods of natural science.

VII.(CivilandCommercialLaw)

Whenlegislators,policyanalysts,andopinionleadersdiscussfamilychangetheyusuallyfocusontwoissu es:out-of-wedlockbirthsandfatherlessfamilies.Inmanycasestheydiscussthesetwoissuesasiftheywer eidentical.Yetmorethanhalfofallfatherlessfamiliesarecreatedbydivorce,separation,death,orimpr isonment,andnearlyhalfofallout-of-wedlockbirthsarenowtocohabitingfathersandmothers.Thesefact ssuggestthatweneedtobemorepreciseaboutwhichchangesworryus.Americansworryaboutfamilychangefor atleastthreekindsofreasons,whichwewilllabeleconomic,developmental,andmoral. Fromaneconomicperspective,themosttroublingfeatureoffamilychangehasbeenthespreadoffamilieshea dedbyasinglemotherwhoisnotlivingwithanotheradultwhohelpssupportherandherchildren.Singlemothe rsseldomcommandhighwages.Theyalsofinditunusuallydifficulttoworklonghours,sincetheymustalsoca refortheirchildren.Manygetverylittlechildsupportfromtheabsentfather,andevengenerouschildsupp ortpaymentsprovidelessmoneythanaresidentfatherwiththesameincomewouldnormallyprovide.Whilesin glemothersareeligibleforvariousformsofpublicassistance,neitherlegislatorsnorvotershavewanted tomakesuchassistanceatallgenerous,lestgenerosityencouragestillmorewomentoraisechildrenonthei rown.Thespreadofsingle-motherfamilieshasthereforeplayedamajorroleinthepersistenceofpovertyin theUnitedStates.In1964,whenLyndonJohnsondeclaredawaronpoverty,only30percentofpoorfamilieswit hchildrenwereheadedbysinglemothers.Sincethelate1970sthefigurehasbeenabout60percent. NotallchildrenfromdisruptedfamilieslivewithwhattheEnglishcallalonemother,butotherlivingarran gementsarelesslikelytoleavechildreninpoverty.Motherswhodivorceandremarrytendtobeaboutaswello ffeconomicallyasmotherswhoremainmarriedtotheirchildren

‘sbiologicalfather.Unmarriedmotherswhocohabitwithaboyfriendalsotendtohavesignificantlyhighe rhouseholdincomesthanthosewholiveontheirown,althoughitisnotclearhowmuchofthetypicalboyfriend ‘sincomeisavailabletosupportthemother

‘schildren.Andwhenunmarriedmotherslivewiththeirparentsorotherrelatives,theytoofacefewerecon omicproblemsthanwhentheylivealone.Ifwearemainlyconcernedwithreducingchildpoverty,allthesealt ernativesreduceitsincidence.

DavidT.EllwoodandChristopherJencks:TheSpreadofSingle-ParentFamiliesintheUnitedStatessince196 0（分数：4.00）

(1).WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTtrueaccordingtothe1stparagraph? （分数：1.00）

A.Out-of-wedlock birth is not the only cause for single-parent families.

B.Nearly half of all out-of-wedlock borne babies are now living with their parents.

C.Less than half of all motherless families are created by divorce, separation or death.

D.Out-of-wedlock births and fatherless families are two separate issues.

(2).Fromthe2ndparagraph,weknowthattheeconomicproblemofsingle-parentfamilyis （分数：1.00）

A.poverty

B.the low-income mother.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/497152945.html,ck of government assistance.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/497152945.html,ck of support from the child‘s father.

(3).Whichofthefollowingsituationisnotmentionedincomparingwithalonemother? （分数：1.00）

A.mothers who divorce and remarry

B.mothers who remain married to their children‘s biological father

C.unmarried mothers who cohabit with a boyfriend

D.unmarried mothers live with their parents

(4).Theunderlinedsentenceinthe2ndparagraphdoesNOTmeanthat （分数：1.00）

A.more kids of poor families are living in single-parent families now.

B.more than half of the poor families with children are single-parent families.

C.the rate of poor single-parent families has doubled sine the late 1970s.

D.the divorce rate has doubled since 1964.

VIII.(ForensicAppraisal)

Traditionalforensicevidencehaslongplayedaroleincriminaljustice.Butcurrentlypoisedonthehorizo nisanewgenerationofforensicsciencescapableofinvestigatingandinculpatingsuspectsonanorderofpo werfargreaterthanthataffordedbytraditionalforensictechniques.Thisarrayofexcitingnewmethods--suchasDNAtyping,datamining,biometrictechnologies,andforensicMRIimaging,representamarkedadvan ceovertherudimentarytechniquesofold,andwillsurelystakeacentralandindispensableroleinthefutur eadministrationofcriminaljustice. Yettheexperienceoftraditionalforensicsciencesinthecriminaljusticesystemcautionagainstrushing tooquicklytoembracethesenewtechniques.Inrecentyears,thelegitimacyofevidentiarystalwartslikeh andwriting,voiceexemplars,hairandfiber,biteandtoolmarks,andevenfingerprintshasbeenseriouslyc alledintoquestion.Exonerationstudieshavedemonstratedtheshockingdegreetowhichthecriminaljusti cesystemhashistoricallyfailedtopreventspurioussciencesandfaultyorfraudulentevidencefromservi ngtoconvictinnocentdefendants.Forexample,onestudyfoundthatdefectivescientificevidencecontrib utedtooverone-halfofwrongfullyobtainedconvictions.

Ofcourse,theunreliabilityoftraditionaltechniques,andthefailureofthecriminaljusticesystemtoke epoutsuchinvalidevidence,hasinlargepartbeenexposedthroughtheuseofthenew,morereliableforensic techniquessuchasDNAtyping.Accordingly,theconventionalwisdomtendstoassertthatthequalitiesthat makenewmethodssodesirableandreliablewilllikewiserenderthesetechniqueslesssusceptible,ifnotwh ollyimmune,fromtheproblemsthatplaguedtraditionalsciences.Manycriticsoftraditionalscienceshav eevenembracednewmethodologiesasofferinga―newscientificparadigm‖

forforensicevidence,oneinwhich―

untestedassumptionsandsemi-informedguessworkisreplacedbyasoundscientificfoundationandjustifi ableprotocols.‖Butitstandstoreasonthatasystemthatfailedtostemtheabuseofobviouslyfaultyformsofforensiceviden cemightalsobewhollyill-equippedtosafeguardtheuseofmorerobust,complicatedformsofsuchevidence, bothintermsofassuringitsintegrityandoffosteringhealthyscientificdevelopment.Infact,asthisArt icleargues,theverycharacteristicsthatmakethisnewgenerationofforensicevidencesopromisingserve onlytoenhancetheneedforconcernabouttheuseofsuchevidenceinthecriminaljusticesystem. ErinMurphy:THENEWFORENSICS:CRIMINALJUSTICE,FALSECERTAINTY,ANDTHESECONDGENERATIONOFSCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE（分数：4.00）

(1).WhichofthefollowingisNOTanewgenerationforensictechnology? （分数：1.00）

A.DNA typing

B.mining

C.forensic MRI imaging

D.biometric technologies

(2).Thelastsentenceofthesecondparagraphshowsthattheauthorthinksthat （分数：1.00）

A.the legitimacy of the old evidentiary stalwarts has been seriously called into question.

B.the criminal justice system has historically failed to prevent spurious sciences and faulty or fraudulent evidence from serving to convict innocent defendants.

C.experience of traditional forensic sciences in the criminal justice system caution against rushing too quickly to embrace these new techniques.

D.the old technologies do not work any more.

(3).Thebesttopicforthe3rdparagraphis （分数：1.00）

A.The New Techniques is Welcome by More, Even the Critics of the Old Techniques

B.The Unreliability of Traditional Techniques is Exposed through the Use of the New Techniques

C.The New Techniques are Immune from the Problems of the Traditional Sciences

D.The New Methodologies Offer a ―New Scientific Paradigm‖ for Forensic Evidence

(4).Thelastparagraphshowsthattheauthor‘sattitudetowardsthereliabilityofnewtechniquesis （分数：1.00）

A.contradict

B.trustworthy

https://www.360docs.net/doc/497152945.html,plimentary

D.suspicious

IX.(LitigationProcedure) Forthepurposesoflimitingtheunauthorizeddistributionofintellectualproperty,theDMCA

‘sstatutoryimmunityforISPsiscarefullystructuredtoblockonlyactionsfordamages. AnothersectionoftheActprovidesforaprocessbywhichacourt,undercertainconditions,cangrantinjunc tiverelief.InthecaseofasourceISP,theremaybeanorderrequiringaterminationoftheoffendingsource

‘saccountwiththeISPoraterminationoftherestoftheworld‘saccesstotheuser

‘sassignedInternetdestination,iftheinfringingmaterialresidesthere.ForanOSP,aninjunctionmayb eframedasanorderrequiringterminationoftheOSPuser

‘saccountorremovalorblockedaccesstothematerialontheOSP‘sservers. ItmaybethisprospectofinjunctivereliefthathasledtoapracticebypublishersofaskingISPstomonitora ndpoliceactivitytakingplaceontheirnetworks.Forexample,theMotionPictureAssociationofAmericase ntalettertoHarvardUniversitycomplainingofallegedlyinfringingmaterialhostedbysomeoneontheHarv ardnetwork.

Harvard,inturn,discoveredthatthematerialinquestionwashostedbyanundergraduateonhisowncomputer attachedtotheHarvarddormitorynetwork.Harvardsentalettertothestudentalertinghimthatsuchhostin gwasinviolationofitsnetworkpolicies,andthreateningsanctionsshouldthestudentcontinuetohost suchmaterial. NoticesbypublisherstoISPsseekingactionbytheISPsagainstindividualusershavebecomeroutine,withf irmsspringinguptoaccepttheoutsourcedtaskofidentifyingpointsofinfringementwithinanetworkandge neratingcomplaintletterstotherelevantISPs.SomepublishershaveevenattemptedtogetsourceISPs—universities,inparticular—

tochangenetworkarchitecturetopreventtheuseofpeer-to-peernetworkingcompletely.Whilemosthavede clinedtodoso,atleastoneuniversity,inthesameweekitsentalettertoapublisherrefusingtotakeaction ,announcedanetworkbandwidthconservationpolicythatclampedmostout-goingInternettrafficfromstud entdormitories,effectivelydampeningtheuniversity‘scontributiontoworldwidefilesharing/piracy. Forenforcementpurposes,itmaybeeasiertofindandengageanISPregardingitslegalresponsibilitiestha nasinglesubscriberofthatISP.Butifarevelationofsubscriberidentityissought,successmerelypushes theenforcementproblembacktodealingwithapotentiallyunreachablesource.Moreover,whentheISPinque stionislocatedoverseascooperationofanysortisfraughtwithasmanybarriersasthoseforfarawayindivi dualsourcesofillicitmaterial. JonathanZittrain：InternetPointsofControl（分数：4.00）

(1).Accordingtothe1stparagraph,whichofthefollowingisNOTaremedyregardingISP‘sliability? （分数：1.00）

A.damages

B.injunctive relief

C.an order requiring a termination of the offending source‘s account

D.an order requiring a termination of the access to the user‘s assigned Internet destination

(2).Thesentencewhichisclosestinmeaningwiththeunderlinedsentenceofthe2ndparagraphis （分数：1.00）

A.The prospect of injunctive relief may have led the ISPs to monitor and police activity taking place on their networks.

B.The prospect of injunctive relief may have led the publishers to ask ISPs to monitor and police activity taking place on their networks.

C.The prospect of injunctive relief may have led the publishers of asking ISPs to monitor and police activity taking place on their networks.

D.ItistheprospectofinjunctivereliefthathasledtoapracticebypublishersofaskingISPs

(3).TheHarvardstudentstoryinthe2ndparagraphisusedtoillustrate （分数：1.00）

A.the relationship between a university and its students.

B.the liability of a network user.

C.actions taken by ISPs in response to publishers‘ requests.

D.the university policy towards infringement.

(4).Theunderlinedword―revelation‖inthe3rdparagraphmeans （分数：1.00）

A.repetition

B.revolution

C.surprise

D.disclosure

X.(IntellectualProperties)

WenowaddressthedegreetowhichtheSupremeCourt'sdecisioninQualityKinginvalidatesthiscircuit'sco nstructionof§109(a).ThispanelmayoverruleBMGMusic,DrugEmporium,andDenbicareifQualityKing―undercut[s]thetheoryorreasoningunderlyingthepriorcircuitprecedentinsuchawaythatthecasesarecl earlyirreconcilable.‖

ItisclearthatQualityKingdidnotdirectlyoverruleBMGMusic,DrugEmporium,andDenbicare.QualityKing involved―roundtrip‖

importation:aproductwithaU.S.-copyrightedlabelwasmanufacturedinsidetheUnitedStates,exportedt oanauthorizedforeigndistributor,soldtounidentifiedthirdpartiesoverseas,shippedbackintotheUni tedStateswithoutthecopyrightowner'spermission,andthensoldinCaliforniabyunauthorizedretailers

.TheCourtheldthat§109(a)canprovideadefensetoanactionunder§

602(a)inthiscontext.However,becausethefactsinvolvedonlydomesticallymanufacturedcopies,theCou rtdidnotaddresstheeffectof§

109(a)onclaimsinvolvingunauthorizedimportationofcopiesmadeabroad.(Ginsburg,J.,concurring)(―Wedonottodayresolvecasesinwhichtheallegedlyinfringingimportsweremanufacturedabroad.‖).Moreo ver,theCourtneverdiscussedthescopeof§109(a)ordefinedwhat―lawfullymadeunderthistitle‖means. WenextconsiderwhetherthereasoningofQualityKingisclearlyirreconcilablewithourgeneralrulethat

§109(a)islimitedtocopies―legallymade...intheUnitedStates.‖Thebasisforthatrulewasourconcernthatapplying§

109(a)toforeign-madecopieswouldviolatethepresumptionagainsttheextraterritorialapplicationofU

https://www.360docs.net/doc/497152945.html,w.QualityKingdismissedasimilarconcernthatthetriggeringof§

109(a)byforeignsaleswouldrequireaninvalidextraterritorialapplicationoftheCopyrightAct,explai ningthatmerelyrecognizingtheoccurrenceofsuchsales―doesnotrequiretheextraterritorialapplicationoftheActanymorethan§602(a)'s?acquiredabroad

‘languagedoes.‖Costcocontendsthatthisexplanationisirreconcilablewithourinterpretationof§109(a)inBMGMusic.

WerejectCostco'scontentionandholdthattheSupremeCourt'sbriefdiscussiononextraterritorialityis not―clearlyirreconcilable‖withourgenerallimitationof§

109(a)tocopiesthatarelawfullymadeintheUnitedStates.Thecommonunderstandingofthepresumptionaga instextraterritorialityisthataU.S.statute―

appliesonlytoconductoccurringwithin,orhavingeffectwithin,theterritoryoftheUnitedStates,unles sthecontraryisclearlyindicatedbythestatute.‖ OmegaS.A.v.CostcoWholesale（分数：4.00）

(1).WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTtrueaccordingtotheparagraphs? （分数：1.00）

A.Quality King is a case decided by the Supreme Court of the US.

B.Quality King is a case regarding intellectual properties.

C.Quality King overruled BMG Music, Drug Emporium and Denbicare.

D.The Court in Quality King did not address the effect of § 109(a) on claims involving unauthorized importation of copies made abroad.

(2).ThesecondissuethecourtinOmegaS.A.v.CostcoWholesaleconsiderediswhether （分数：1.00）

A.the court‘s general rule that §109(a) is limited to copies ―legally made ... in the United States

B.the Supreme Court‘s reasoning in Quality King can not reconcile with the court‘s decision regarding § 109(a).

C.§ 109(a) is limited to copies ―legally made ... in the United States.

D.the Supreme Court discussed the scope of §109(a) or defined what ―lawfully made under this title‖ meant.

(3).Theunderlinedsentencemeansthat （分数：1.00）

A.Quality King dismissed an invalid extraterritorial application of the Copyright Act.

B.merely recognizing the occurrence of foreign sales does not require the extraterritorial application of the Act any more.

C.the triggering of § 109(a) by foreign sales would require an extraterritorial application of the Copyright Act.

D.the concern that the triggering of § 109(a) by foreign sales would require an invalid extraterritorial application of the Copyright Act was rejected in Quality King.

(4).Whichofthefollowingstatementisbesttodescribethelastparagraph? （分数：1.00）

A.The court‘s view on the application scope of §109(a) is not irreconcilable with the Supreme Court‘s view on extraterritoriality.

B.Costco's contention was rejected because it contradicts the Supreme Court's view on extraterritoriality.

C.The general understanding of extraterritoriality does not conflict with the Supreme Court's view on the same topic.

D.A United States statute applies only to conduct occurring within, or having effect within, the territory of the United States.

五、PartII(总题数：2，分数：10.00)

32.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese（5marks）

One-thirdoftheUSphysiciansareover65,andthatproportionisexpectedtorise.Asdoctorsinthebabyboom generationreach65,manyareunderincreasingfinancialpressuresthatmakethemreluctanttoretire.Many doctors,ofcourse,retaintheirskillsandsharpnessofmindintotheir70sandbeyond.Butphysiciansareha rdlyimmunetoParkinson’

sdisease,strokeandotherillsofaging.Andsomeexpertswarnthattherearetoofewsafeguardstoprotectpa tientsagainstthosewhoshouldnolongerbepracticing.

“Myguessisthatpeoplethinkthereissomefail-safemechanismtoprotectthimfromincompetentphysician s,”Dr.Norcrosssaid.“Thereisnot.”（分数：5.00）

__________________________________________________________________________________________ 33.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish(5marks) 本周末，一个著名网站中止了音乐和影视的下载服务，由此引起人们对多媒体文件共享网站命运的严重关注。自星期六起，通过https://www.360docs.net/doc/497152945.html,进入音乐或电影频道的路径被屏蔽，或者被导向其他网站。VeryCD的首席执行官黄一孟告诉记者，中止服务是为了避免著作权侵权。（分数：5.00）

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