专业英语四级阅读 试卷156
专业英语四级（阅读）-试卷156
(总分：30.00，做题时间：90分钟)
一、 READING COMPREHENSION(总题数：11，分数：30.00)
1.PART V READING COMPREHENSION
__________________________________________________________________________________________
解析：
2.SECTION AIn this section there are several passages followed by ten multiple-choice questions.
For each question, there are four suggested answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the
one that you think is the best answer.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
解析：
Americans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life: death and
taxes. Americans do not have a corner on the death market, but many people feel that the United States leads the world with the most taxes. Taxes consist of the money which people pay to support their government. There are generally three levels of government in the United States: federal, state, and city; therefore, there are three types of taxes. Salaried people who earn more than
a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percen-tage of their salaries to the federal government. The percentage varies from person to person. It depends on their salaries. The federal government
has a graduated income tax, that is, the percentage of the tax(14 to 70 percent)increases as a person's income increases. With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15,
when the federal taxes are due. The second tax is for the state government; New York, California, North Dakota, or any of the other forty-seven states. Some states have an income tax similar to
that of the federal government. Of course, the percentage for the state tax is lower. Other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state. For example, a person might want to buy a packet of cigarettes for twenty-five cents. If there is a sales tax
of eight percent in that state, then the cost of the cigarettes is twenty-seven cents. This figure includes the sales tax. Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues. The state tax laws are diverse and confusing. The third tax is for the city. This tax comes in
two forms: property tax(people who own a home have to pay taxes on it)and excise tax, which is charged on cars in a city. The cities use these funds for education, police and fire departments, public works and municipal buildings. Since Americans pay such high taxes, they often feel that
they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes. People always complain about taxes.
They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way. They say that
it spends too much on useless and impractical programs. Although Americans have different views
on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject; taxes are too high.（分数：6.00）
(1).What does the sentence Americans do not have a corner on the ' death' market in Paragraph
1 mean?（分数：2.00）
A.Americans cannot monopolize the death market. √
B.Americans do not have a secret place to keep from death in their life.
C.Americans are not good at doing business in the death market.
D.There is no such a place as a death market in the U. S.
解析：
(2).Which of the following is CORRECT about the percentage of the federal tax and the state tax?（分数：
2.00）
A.They have the same percentage.
B.The percentage of the state tax is higher than that of the federal tax.
√C.The percentage of the federal tax is higher than that of the state tax.
D.It is not mentioned in the passage.
解析：
(3).Which of the following usages of the taxes is NOT mentioned in the passage?（分数：2.00）
A.For raising their revenues.
B.For public works and municipal buildings.
C.For police and fire departments.
D.For sustaining development. √
解析：
According to the American College Health Association's most recent annual national survey, 30
percent of college students reported feeling so depressed that it was difficult to function
at some time over the past year. Nearly three fourths of respondents in a 2011 National Alliance
on Mental Illness study of college students diagnosed with mental health conditions said they experienced a mental health crisis while in school. The Americans with Disabilities Act(ADA)and
other federal disability laws prohibit discrimination against students whose psychiatric(精神病
的)disabilities substantially limit a major life activity and mandates that colleges and
湵癩牥楳楴獥瀠潲楶敤琠敨?楷桴尠敲獡湯扡敬愠捣浯潭慤楴湯屳—such as lower course loads and
extended deadlines. Despite that very clearly stated law, dozens of current students across the
country told Newsweek they were punished for seeking help: kicked out of campus housing with
nowhere else to go, abruptly forced to withdraw from school and even involuntarily committed to psychiatric wards. Colleges are very accustomed to accommodating learning and physical
disabilities, but they don't understand simple ways of accommodating mental health disabilities,
says Professor Peter Lake, an expert on higher education law and policy who sees widespread
fear and reluctance across the board to promote diversity that encompasses mental disabilities
and mood disorders. Lake often tells skeptics about a man who suffered from clinical depression
and constantly talked about suicide: His name was Abraham Lincoln. We don't want to remove these people, Lake says. We want to expand the definition of diversity to make sure they're included.
Most lifetime cases of mental health conditions begin by the age of 24, and thanks to a variety
of factors, including rising antidepressant(抗抑郁药)prescription rates and stigma reduction
efforts, college students are more and more likely to ask campus counselors for assistance. The
number of students seeking counseling for severe psychological problems jumped from 16 percent
in 2000 to 39 percent in 2012; the percentage of students who report suicidal thoughts has risen
along with it. Schools should encourage students to seek treatment. But a lot of policies I see
involve excessive use of discipline and involuntary leaves of absence, and they discourage
students from asking for the help they need, says Karen Bower, a private attorney who specializes
in disability discrimination cases in higher education. Ultimately, that makes the campus less
safe. Two large-scale studies found that around 10 percent of college student respondents had
thought about suicide in the past year, but only 1. 5 percent admitted to having made a suicide attempt. Combined with data from other studies, that suggests that the odds that a student with
suicidal thoughts will actually commit suicide are 1 , 000 to 1. Thus, policies that impose restrictions on students who manifest suicidal thought will sweep in 999 students who would not commit suicide for every student who will end his or her life, Paul S. Appelbaum writes in Law
& Psychiatry: Depressed? Get Out! Colleges don't want people who are suicidal around, so what's supposed to happen to them? says Ira Burnim, legal director of the DC Bazelon Center for Mental
Health Law. We're going to lock them in a bomb shelter? Kicking students off campus for mental
health issues typically does more harm than good by isolating them from their support systems
when what they really need is stability and empathy, he says. Moreover, it's often a completely unnecessary overreaction.（分数：6.00）
(1).Students with mental disabilities might be punished in the following ways EXCEPT______. ）2.00（分数：
A.getting out of campus dorms
B.dropping out of schools
C.staying in psychiatric wards
D.prolonging academic years √
解析：
(2).Increasing college students turn to professional counselors for help because______.（分数：2.00）
A.great efforts have been made to weaken the feeling of disgrace √
B.it is encouraged to decrease the dose of medicine
C.it is more economical for students without income
D.mental health conditions become more severe than before
解析：解析：细节题。根据第三段第一句可知，多亏一些因素，包括抗抑郁处方受众率的提高及减少歧视的努力，大学生越来越愿意向咨询师寻求帮助，故选[A]，同时排除[B]。[C]和[D]均未提及，故可排除。
(3).According to Paragraph 5, it can be concluded that______.（分数：2.00）
A.suicide should be taken as the most serious issue
B.10% of the students have made a suicide attempt
C.most of the students with suicidal thought will never do it √
D.schools should impose severe restrictions on the suicide issue
解析：解析：推理题。第五段第二句提到，与其他的研究数据结合起来看，这一差距说明，在有过自杀想法的人中，只有千分之一的人最终自杀了，故选[C]。[A]在文中并未提及，故排除；根据第五段第一句可知，有大约10％的大学生受访者曾想过自杀，同时，仅有1．5％的人坦然承认曾有过自杀的尝试，故排除[B]；[D]在文中并未提及，故排除。Conservative commentator Charles Krauthammer's new book is flying off the shelves—and nobody
knows exactly why. Sitting atop the New York Times nonfiction bestseller list for two months now,
the conservative Washington Post columnist's Things That Matter: Three Decades of Passions,
Pastimes and Politics, a collection of his writings, is not the kind of fiery, rash conservative commentary that generally climbs to the top of the bestsellers' lists. And yet, the collection
has sold enough to make publicists and pundits(时事评论员，)alike scratch their heads. It is,
as conservative publisher Adam Bellow told Newsweek, a phenomenon. Published October 22 by Crown Forum, a Random House imprint that specializes in conservative authors, it first hit the Times bestseller list in November. Within two weeks, it had surpassed the latest works of conservatives Glenn Beck and Fox News's Bill O'Reilly and Brian Kilmeade to climb to No. 1. And there it remains.
It ranks No. 8 on Amazon's list of best-selling books of 2013. According Nielsen, the book has
sold 601, 000 hardcover copies in the United States alone. Crown says Things That Matter is in
its 18th printing, with 970, 000 copies in print. Was I surprised? I was surprised, said Bellow,
who runs HarperCollins's conservative imprint Broadside Books. The collective wisdom in
publishing is that anthology(选集)collections don't sell. The Krauthammer compendium(概略)appears to be surfing a particularly vicious wave. The conservative publishing industry has
flourished in recent years and books by conservative authors routinely make the bestsellers' lists.
But few books sell as many as Krauthammer's, particularly anthologies of previously published
work. Anything at that level is largely serendipitous, Bellow said. Success, it seems, begets
even more success. Once a book becomes number one on the best seller list, it functions as a
form of advertising, Bellow explained. More copies are stocked at Barnes & Noble. When consumers
walk into the store, they see big piles of them and, like in some experiment created by B. F.
Skinner(the American psychologist who argued that free will is an illusion), they reach out and
buy it. But when you get to the heady level Krauthammer has reached, it begins to look as if
it is far more than just the marketing machine at work. And there are almost as many theories
about Krauthammer's success as books sold. How you feel about the book's popularity largely depends
on how you view the author. To many, Krauthammer is a thinking conservative, in contrast to the
bluster of the modern-day Tea Party and quick-fire figures like Rush Limbaugh and Glenn Beck.
To those who are trying to make sense of the rise of the conservative movement, Krauthammer's
success is a triumph for temperate, smart conservatism. Americans thirsty for a subtle,
intellectual debate are buying his book in droves.（分数：4.00）
(1).Adam Bellow believes all of the following statements EXCEPT______.（分数：2.00）
A.the success of Things That Matter is a phenomenon
B.the success of Things That Matter is surprising
C.anthology collections don't sell usually
D.conservative authors rarely make the bestsellers' lists √
解析：解析：细节题。根据第七段第二句可知，近几年，保守派出版市场变得繁荣起来，保守派作家的书时常登上畅销书榜单，所以[D]“保守派作者的作品鲜少登上畅销榜单”的表述错误，而且这也不是贝娄的观点，故选[D]。根据第三段可知，贝娄称该文集的畅销已经成为一种现象，故排除[A]；根据第六段首句可知，贝娄对于文集的畅销感到惊讶，故排除[B]；根据第六段最后一句可知，贝娄认为，出版界的集体经验是，文集的销路不会太好，故排除[C]。
(2).It can be inferred from Paragraph 9 that______.（分数：2.00）
A.success is closely related to advertising
B.being the bestseller itself can draw public attention √
C.Barnes & Noble is a publishing house
D.consumers buy books according to B. F. Skinner's advice
解析：解析：推理题。根据第九段第二句可知，贝娄解释到：当这本书成为最畅销的作品时，这一事实如同广告的效果一样。可以推知，成为畅销书这一事实本身就可以引发关注，故选[B]。[A]“成功与广告有着密切的关系”，文中没有提及，故排除；根据第九段后半部分可知，Barnes&Noble是一家书店，排除[C]；[D]“消费者买书时依据B．F．斯金纳的实验结果”，文中未提及，故排除。
The cold is bad enough, but winter's shorter days make the season a downer, to say the least.
But how real is seasonal affective disorder(known as SAD)? SAD is often a catch-all term to describe the winter dumps, but experts say it's often misused and the condition is actually less common
than people think. There are a lot of myths. SAD is not a myth. It is a mental disorder that
is incompletely understood and also something that is complicated by questions about the role
of evolutionary biology, says Dr. Jeffrey Lieberman, the president of the American Psychiatric Association. That diagnosis is different from the lows that many feel during the winter months.
In fact, research shows many people overestimate the impact of seasons on their moods in general. Where is the line between SAD and the simple doldrums? How much winter sadness is the product
of a mood-based disorder, and how much is a natural outcome of being cooped up indoors? SAD is considered a subtype of a mood disorder like depression or bipolar disorder(躁郁症), so a very
small percentage are actually diagnosed with it. In order to meet the qualifications for a SAD diagnosis, according to the Mayo Clinic, an individual must be show the following: depression
and other symptoms for a minimum of two consecutive years during the same season; depression-free periods following episodes of depression; unexplained behavior and mood changes. For most other
cases of seasonal mood changes, Lieberman says making some lifestyle changes such as exercising
or keeping good sleeping habits can help. It's important to realize that just like people on
Mondays have physical and emotional symptoms, you deal with it. You don't take a treatment for Mondays. It only warrants treatment when it starts to interfere with daily life, he says. What
about the bright light lamps that claim to relieve depression during the darker months? They're
based on the idea that light therapy can boost melatonin(褪黑激素)levels, and also serotonin(血清素)in the brain—higher levels of serotonin between nerve connections can have anti-depressive
effects. But as appealing as that sounds, Lieberman says there isn't solid evidence behind it.
Light therapy is not a fake, but the evidence is not that strong, he says. But since it's
not invasive, it also isn't harmful—except perhaps to your budget. So if you're not feeling
your usual cheerful self this winter, see your doctor. If he doesn't diagnose you with SAD, try
adding some physical activity to your day and getting regular sleep. And remember that spring
is just a few months away.（分数：4.00）
(1).We can learn from the passage that SAD is______.（分数：2.00）
A.a common condition among people
B.a term referring to the winter dumps
C.a term not being totally understood √
D.a term of evolutionary biology
解析：解析：细节题。第二段提到，SAD是一种没有被完全理解的精神障碍，也是被进化生物学的作用复杂化了的问题，故选[C]，同时排除[D]。根据第二段第一句可知，SAD经常泛指冬季低谷期，但是，专家称这个概念常被错误地使用，这种情况实际上并没有人们想象的那么普遍，故排除[A]和[B]。
(2).According to Paragraph 5, which of the following is CORRECT?（分数：2.00）
A.It is necessary to look for treatment when mood changes.
B.Exercising is beneficial to ease seasonal mood changes. √
C.People should keep a good mood on Mondays.
D.Seasonal mood changes will not interfere with daily life.
解析：解析：细节题。第五段第一句提到，对于季节性情绪变化的很多其他案例来说，尝试一些生活方式的改变也有所帮助，比如锻炼、保持良好的睡眠习惯。由此司知，锻炼对于减轻季节性情绪变化有好处，故选[B]。根据第五段最后一句可知，当其开始影响日常生活的时候，才需要治疗，故排除[A]；[C]和[D]文中没有提及，故均排除。
3.SECTION BIn this section there are five short answer questions based on the passages in Section
A. Answer the questions with No more than TEN words in the space provided.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
解析：
4.PASSAGE ONE
（分数：2.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________
正确答案：(正确答案：Complaining and protesting．)
解析：解析：从文章第三段最后一句With the high cost of taxes，people are not very happy on April
15，when thefederal taxes are due．和最后一段中的People always complain about taxes．They often
protest that…可以看出，美国人常常抱怨高额税务，并抗议政府乱花纳税人的钱，因此Complaining and protesting为正确答案。
5.PASSAGE TWO
（分数：2.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________
正确答案：(正确答案：It will make these students lack the support．)
解析：解析：最后一段提到，艾拉·伯尼姆认为把精神健康有问题的学生踢出学校的做法弊大于利，这就把他们隔离于可以提供支援的系统之外，他们真正需要的是安定感和同理心。而且，这常常是一种完全没有必要的过度反应。故It will make these students lack the support为正确答案。
PASSAGE THREE（分数：4.00）
(1).What does the word serendipitous in Paragraph 8 mean?（分数：2.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________
正确答案：(正确答案：Incidental.)
解析：解析：第八段开头提到，没有几本书的销量可以和克劳特哈默的作品相媲美，尤其是与之前的文集相比。紧接着提到，贝娄说：“这一水平的任何事物在很大程度上……”可见，serendipitous在这里应该表达“偶然的”之意，故Incidental为正确答案。
(2).What is the author's attitude towards Charles Krauthammer's new book?（分数：2.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________
)
．Neutral正确答案：(正确答案：
解析：解析：纵观全文可知，本篇文章讲述的是保守派作家的新书《重要事情》的良好市场表现及其原因，但是从行文来看，作者的态度不偏不倚，比较客观，故Neutral为正确答案。
6.PASSAGE FOUR
（分数：2.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________
正确答案：(正确答案：The truth about seasonal affective disorder．)
解析：解析：本文依次讲述了SAD的基本状况、诊断依据和治疗手段，由此可知，本文主旨是对SAD真实情况的科学普及，故The truth about seasonal affective disorder为正确答案。
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