专业英语四级阅读4

Exercise 4

PART V READING COMPREHENSION 25 MIN.

TEXTA

During the Old Kingdom, the Egyptians made many practical advances in mathematics and the sciences. Egyptian farmers devised methods of surveying land out of necessity. When annual floods washed away boundary markers, farmers had to remeasure their fields. The need to survey land led to the development of mathematics, particularly geometry. Egyptians learned to measure the areas of squares and circles and to figure the areas of squares and circles and to figure the volumes of cylinders and spheres.

The need to predict regular events such as Nile floods and eclipses led to advances in astronomy. Priests observed the skies and plotted the courses of stars and planets. These priest astronomers used their knowledge to produce a calendar with a 365-days, and they divided a year into 12 months, with three seasons: the Nile flood season, the planting season, and the harvest season. They calculated that each month had 30 days and they added five days to the last month to total 365 days. Although the Egyptians made no allowance for leap years, their calendar, as modified by the Greeks and Romans, is the basis for the modern calendar.

The Egyptian also invented techniques to build impressive stone monuments. Stone workers learned how to cut tall obelisks from a single rock, using hot fires and cold water to make the surrounding rocks crack. They then finished the job with hammers and crowbars. Egyptian engineering of temples and pyramids was so precise that each block fit perfectly into the next one.

Egyptians also made important medical discoveries. Although Egyptian doctors relied heavily on magic, they made scientific inquiries. By studying the human body, doctors learned to perform surgery. Ancient papyrus texts describe successful operations to set broken bones and treat spinal injuries. The Greeks and Romans acquired much of their medical knowledge from Egyptian sources.

81. According to the passage, the development of geometry in the ancient Egypt was

directly due to

A. the vast kingdom

B. the flood

C. the repeated surveys of land

D. the development of the mathematics

82. The ancient Egyptian priests

A. could predict all the regular events

B. developed astronomy

C. produced the current calendar

D. divided a year into four seasons

83. We can learn from the last paragraph that

A. the Egyptian doctors were superstitious

B. the Egyptian doctors could perform operations by magic

C. the Egyptian doctors used papyrus to operate on human bones

D. the Egyptian doctors were greatly influenced by the Greeks and Romans

84. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?

A. The Nile and the Ancient Egypt.

B. Floods and Geometry.

C. The Ancient Egyptian Scientific Achievements.

D. The Ancient Egyptian.

TEXT B

Journals written for college classes differ from private diaries written for ourselves. While historically the two terms have been used interchangeably, today we can make a useful distinction between them: diaries are personal notebooks that contain private thought, memories, feelings, dreams--things of importance to the writer and nobody else. Journals, however, have a more limited focus; they center more on the point where writers' personal lives meet their intellectual and social lives--in this case, centering on that meeting as it takes place in the study of literature.

If your English teacher has asked you to keep a journal, it is probably with the hope that you will use it to locate, collect, and make sense of your thoughts about the content of your literature class: about your reactions, your candid reactions to particular lectures; about first ideas for writing assignments and later thoughts on revising those assignments; about the personal connections you may make between this course and the rest of your life--whatever they may be.

It might also help to separate journals from class notebooks. Unlike diaries, class notebooks contain almost nothing at all that is personal, being filled as they are with other people's ideas: lecture and discussion notes, copied quotations, next week's assignments and so on. These notebooks are especially useful to help you pass examinations, but that's about it. Think of your journal as a cross between a diary (subjective) and a class notebook (objective): in the journal you write about the object of study from your own personal perspective – and you write primarily to yourself.

85. According to the passage, what is the purpose of teachers in assigning

journals on literature?

A. To help the students understand the literature works and the lesson.

B. To make sure that the students have read the novels, plays, or poems.

C. To find out the students' roles in the discussion.

D. To check whether the students are hardworking.

86. We can infer from the passage that journal is

A. a piece of writing kept to yourself exclusively

B. a piece of objective writing

C. a piece of writing both private and public

D. assigned by teachers

TEXT C

US President Bill Clinton announced a plan for expanding a visa programme for foreigners with high-tech skills last Thursday. Clinton wants to issue an extra 362,500 H-lB visas during the next three years and four times the fees collected to create a training and education program for US workers. He would also require that up to half the foreigners hold master's degrees or above to ensure US companies get highly skilled people. H-lB visas are issued to foreigners with college degrees and allow them to work in the United States for up to six years. Their number is 115,000 this year, but is scheduled to fall to 107,500 next year and then to 65,000 per year after that.High-tech industry officials say at least 300,000 jobs are unfilled due to the lack of qualified US applicants. Labour unions argue the industry is looking overseas mainly to hold down wages. Clinton's proposal would set an overall limit of 200,000

visas a year for three years, with 10,000 designated annually for research and higher education.He would increase the current USSS00 fee for visas to USS2,000 for most companies and USS3,000 for companies that depend on foreigners for at least 15% of their work force. Half the extra money would be used to train US workers, 30% would pay for educating US workers and 20 % to improve the Immigration and Naturalization Service.

Also, Clinton proposed to change a deadline for long-term illegal immigrants to apply for legal residence. Currently, only immigrants who arrived before 1972 can apply for legal status.

Clinton wants to move the date to 1986, allowing many more immigrants to gain legal status.

87. It can be inferred from the second paragraph that

A. according to Clinton's proposal, 362,500 H-lB visas will be issued in the next

three years

B. Clinton wants to increase the wages of workers with high-tech skills by four

times

C. Clinton wants to collect more money to train and educate the native workers

D. Clinton won't allow people of college degree to immigrate to the U. S.

88. Why does Clinton put forward this proposal?

A. He wants to increase more opportunities of employment.

B. He wants to meet the need of the companies for people of high-tech skills,

according to the high-tech industry officials.

C. He wants to improve the working conditions for the foreign workers.

D. He wants to reduce the wages of the workers, according to the high-tech

industry officials.

89. Clinton proposed to

A. increase the current fee for visas by USS1,500 or US$2,500

B. increase the current fee for visas by USS2,000 or USS3,000

C. increase the current fee for visas to USS 2,000 for companies that depend

on foreigners for at least 15 percent of their work force

D. increase the current fee for visas to USS 3,000 for companies that depend

on foreigners for no more than 15 percent of their work force

90. According to the passage, which of the following is true?

A. The proposal was put forward last week.

B. The number of visas given to foreign workers of college degrees will

increase.

C. Half of the foreign workers should hold master degrees.

D. Half of the money collected from the increase of the fee for visas will be

spent on U. S. workers.

91. The passage is most likely from

A. an article of economics

B. a text of history

C. a political review

D. a news report

TEXT D

America has always been a land of beginnings. After Europeans

"discovered" America in the fifteenth century, the mysterious New World became for many people a genuine hope of a new life, an escape from poverty and persecution, a chance to start again. We can say that, as a nation, America begins with that hope. When, however, does American literature begin?

American literature begins with American experiences. Long before the first colonists arrived, before Christopher Columbus, before the Northmen who "found" America about the year 1000, Native Americans lived here. Each tribe's literature was tightly woven into the fabric of daily life and reflected the unmistakably American experience of lining with the land. Another kind of experience, one filled with fear and excitement, found its expression in the reports that Columbus and other explorers sent home in Spanish, French, and English. In addition, the journals of the people who lived and died in the New England wilderness tell unforgettable tales of hard and sometimes heartbreaking experiences of those early years.

Experience, then, is the key to early American literature. The New World provided a great variety of experiences, and these experiences demanded a wide variety of expressions by an even wider variety of early American writers. These writers included John Smith, who spent only about two-and-one-half years on the American continent. They included Jonathan Edwards and William Byrd, who thought of themselves as British subjects, never suspecting a revolution that would create a United States of America with a literature of its own. American Indians, explorers, Puritan ministers, frontier wives, plantation owners- they are all the creators of the first American literature.

92. What does the ,that hope" refer to?

A. The hope that America would be discovered.

B. The hope to start a new life.

C. The hope to find poverty and prosecution.

D. The hope to start American literature.

93. When did American literature begin?

A. When the ship Mayflower arrived.

B. When the European explorers arrived.

C. When the Northmen arrived.

D. Far earlier than the year 1000.

94. We can learn from the tribes' literature.

A. the Native Americans' daily life

B. the arrival of Columbus

C. the European explorers' experience

D. the early colonists' experience

95. By the last paragraph, the author wants to tell people that

A. experience is the key to American literature

B. people with rich experience became famous writers

C. there were a lot of writers in the early America

D. the writers in the early America were from the Great Britain

96. According to the passage, which of the following is true?

A. Poor people escaped from America.

B. Native Americans left a lot of works of literature.

C. The earlier colonists~ experience was heartbreaking.

D. Some writers from the Great Britain believed in the brilliant future of

American literature.

TEXT E

We plunge into an icy mountain lake and experience the initial shock of the water; soon the water feels comfortable. We step into a hot bath and feel practically scalded for a moment or two, then settle down with a sigh. We notice delightful smell as we enter a friend's house, but after a short stay the smell seems to fade. These common experiences illustrate the process of sensory adaptation--the fact that our sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus tends to decrease over time. When we first encounter a stimulus, like the bathtub water, our temperature receptors fire vigorously. Soon, however, our temperature receptors fire less vigorously. Through the process of sensory adaptation, the water now feels cooler.

Sensory adaptation has some practical advantages. If it did not occur, we would constantly be distracted by the stream of sensations we experience each day. We would not adapt, to our clothing rubbing our skin, to the feel of our tongue in our mouth, or to bodily processes such as eye blinks and swallowing. However, sensory adaptation is not always beneficial and can even be dangerous. For instance, after about a minute our sensitivity to most odors drops by nearly 70%. Thus, in situations where smoke or harmful chemicals are present, sensory adaptation may actually reduce our sensitivity to existing dangers. In general, though, the process of sensory adaptation allows us to focus on changes in the world around us, and that ability to focus is what is usually most important for survival.

97. It can be concluded from the first paragraph that

A. ice mountain lake is cold

B. bath water is hot

C. delightful smell will fade

D. people can get used to an unchanging stimulus

98. Which of the following is an illustration of sensory adaptation?

A. People will feel a shock when they plunge into cold water.

B. People will feel scalded when they get into a bathtub full of hot water.

C. Hot water will gradually become cold.

D. The delightful smell seems to fade though you find it strong at the

beginning.

99. What is the purpose for the author to cite the example "after about a minute our sensitivity to most odors drops by nearly 70%"?

A. To illustrate the definition of sensory adaptation.

B. To show the sensory adaptation to smells works fastest.

C. To illustrate the disadvantage of sensory adaptation.

D. To show the harm smoking does.

100. According to the passage, which of the following is true?

A. Sensory adaptation is essential to human beings.

B. Sensory adaptation can reduce our sensitivity when a sudden stimulus

occurs.

C. Sensory adaptation weakens over time.

D. Sensory adaptation is always beneficial.

PART V

81．C．细节题，答案在第一段，洪水的频发造成农民每年都需丈量土地，几何学也就日益发达了。

82．B．细节题，答案在第二段开头。

83．A．细节题，古埃及医生依赖巫术，也进行科学探索，对希腊和罗马都深有影响。

84．C文章主旨题，文章各段讲述了古埃及在数学、天文历法、建筑和医学上的成就，C最能涵盖全文的主题思想。

85．A细节题，答案在第二段。

86．C．细节题，见第三段。

87．C．细节题，Clinton计划多发放362，500张H-lB类签证，收益用于美国工人的教育培训，他同时要求半数以上的获签证的人持硕士或硕士以上学位。因此C

是正解答案。

88．B．细节题，可在第四、第五段中找到。

89．A．细节题，在倒数第三段可以找到答案。

90．A．细节题，答案在第一段。

91．D．文体题，文章首句已提供全文最重要信息，为首语，文中列举的都是数字和事实，并无作者个人观点，是典型的新闻体文章。

92．C细节题，答案在第一段第二句。

93．B．细节题，见第二段第二句。

94．D‘细节题，在第二段第三句可以找到答案。

95．A．段落主旨题，该段中列举了大量各类早期作家，也简单解释了原因。A项最能概括段意。

96．C．细节题，最后一段倒数第二句中可以找到答案。

97．D．段落主旨题，A，B，C都是细节。

98．D．细节题，第一段第三句和第二段第五句都有提示。

99．C．细节题，在该例子的前一句中可找到答案。

100．A细节题，见文章结尾

Exercise 5

TEXT A

Illegal consumption including illegal drug consumption and underage drinking is an important example of criminal behavior. Although illegal consumption generally occurs in groups, for simplicity we now discuss a "solo crime," namely, those situations in which someone uses or consumes substances alone. This seems to be such a simple crime, but is it? Each solo offense involves the presence of one offender, but it also depends on the absence of anyone to interfere. For example, a teenager smoking a marijuana joint at home alone normally depends on the absence of parents or anybody else who would prevent the crime from occurring. Even a stranger such as a deliveryman might ring the doorbell. Or a neighbor might stop by. The offender may have to quit the crime and hide the joint. So a solocrime depends on many people! Most illegal consumption involves at least two offenders in the absence of guardians. Illegal consumption depends on some presences and some absences. It is generally the absences that complicate criminal events by linking them to the routine activities of

the rest of society. When these activities bring the guardians nearby, they serve to prevent the crime. When these activities keep guardians away, they make crime more likely.

Illegal consumption is more likely to occur when two or more youths so inclined converge in the absence of guardians. Their offense is collaborative, and they have a common incentive to avoid detection.

81. What is included in illegal consumption?

A. The consumption of cigarettes.

B. The consumption of medicines.

C. The consumption of marijuana joint.

D. The consumption of wine.

82. According to the passage, a solo crime refers to the situations in which

A. a criminal sings alone

B. a person uses the illegal substance alone

C. a person drinks alone

D. a person smokes alone

83. We can learn from the first paragraph that

A. illegal consumption tends to occur in groups

B. illegal consumption is usually a solo crime

C. illegal consumption depends on the presence of the guardians

D. illegal consumption depends on the absence of the offenders

84. What can prevent illegal consumption?

A. The presence of the offender.

B. The presence of the guardians.

C. The absence of a stranger.

D. The absence of other youths.

85. From the passage, we can conclude that the author is

A. pessimistic

B. optimistic

C. worried

D. objective TEXT B

Sydney, host of the Summer Olympic Games in 2000, is located on the southern shore of Port Jackson. It is Australia's oldest and largest city and is a major economic, cultural, and administrative center.

In Sydney's central business district, colonial public buildings and handsome terrace homes sit next to modern skyscrapers, such as Sydney Harbor Bridge, which for many years symbolized the city. Completed in 1932, the bridge linked northern Sydney with the southern and eastern suburbs and was at that time the largest single-arch bridge in the world. The bridge was eclipsed as a symbol with the opening, in 1973, of the multi-shelled Sydney Opera House that is now one of the most recognizable buildings in the world. Australia's largest corporations have their headquarters in this largest city in Australia. Sydney is also the center of information technology and telecommunications, commanding more than 40 % of the Australian telecommunications market in the mid-1990s. Manufacturing continues to be important, metals, machinery, clothing, processed food, electronic equipment, motor vehicles, ships, and refined petroleum are some of the wide range of Sydney's manufacture products.

Sydney has a population of around four million. The metropolitan area is populated mostly by descendants of British and Irish immigrants. But, as in other major Australian cities, Sydney has been transformed in recent years by migration from southern Europe and Southeast Asia. Sydney has warm summers and mild winters. It has many parks and beaches which are a favorite destination for both

tourists and residents. Bondi Beach, for example, is famous for its surfing.

86. Which of the following is true about Sydney Harbour Bridge?

A. It is the tallest structure in the Southern Hemisphere.

B. It is the symbol of the city.

C. It makes transportation in the city easier.

D. It is the largest single-arch bridge in the world.

87. By saying in the 2nd paragraph "The bridge was eclipsed as a symbol with the

opening, in1973, of the multi-shelled Sydney Opera House that is now one of the most recognizable buildings in the world", the author means that

A. the Harbour bridge was no more the symbol of the city in 1973

B. there are a lot of shells in Sydney Opera House

C. Sydney Opera House replaced Sydney Harbour Bridge as the symbol of the

city

D. Sydney Opera House is the one of the most recognizable buildings in the

world

88. From the third paragraph, we can learn that

A. Sydney is the largest financial center in the Asia-Pacific region

B. sixty of Australia's largest corporations are in Sydney

C. Sydney commanded over 40 % of the Australian telecommunications market

in the mid-1900s

D. manufacturing plays an important role in Sydney

TEXT C

On the eve of the Quincentenary of Columbus coming to America, the Western Shoshone Nation is facing further invasion of its homeland in the Great Basin region of the western US The Bureau of Land Management has served the Dann sisters, members of the Western Shoshone Nation, with a trespass notice charging them with grazing cattle on land which was recognized as Western Shoshone land by the 1863 Treaty of Ruby Valley but is now claimed by the federal government.

In 1985, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that the Western Shoshone had been paid for its lands because the Indian Claims Commission awarded the tribes $26 million dollars (about $1.15 per acre) in damages for the "taking" of the land. The Western Shoshone never accepted the money. "Our Mother Earth is not for sale--not now, not tomorrow, or not ever," said Carrie Dann. She recalls that they have been "grazing cattle on these lands since we were girls just as our grandmother did before us. We have always used our treaty lands without paying fees or getting federal permits. I am grazing livestock on land which the federal government claims, but which we own."

The Western Shoshone National Council is asking supporters to join a nonviolent resistance to the threatened impounding and auctioning of the Dann's livestock and has issued "an urgent call for action and support to defend our homelands from unlawful U. S. government actions... Our land is being environmentally destroyed by the U.S. for nuclear testing, strip mining, water exploration, and military land grants. These activities affect the health, well-being and culture of our people while giving very little, if anything, in turn."

89. We can learn from the first sentence that

A. Columbus came to America in the evening

B. when Columbus came to America, the homeland of the Shoshone Nation was

invaded

C. Columbus invaded the homeland of the Western Shoshone Nation

D. the Great Basin region lies in the west of the US

90. Why did the Dann sisters get the trespass notice?

A. They entered the area by chance.

B. They grazed cattle on the Western Shoshone land.

C. They grazed cattle on the land claimed by the federal government.

D. They broke the 1863 Treaty of Ruby Valley.

91. What did Dann mean by saying, "Our Mother Earth is not for sale--not now, not

tomorrow, or not ever"?

A. The U.S. Supreme Court was prejudiced against the Western Shoshone.

B. The damages paid by the Indian Claims Commission were too low.

C. The Western Shoshone refused to take the money.

D. The land belonging to the Western Shoshone through generations could not be

sold to the federal government.

92. The Western Shoshone National Council protested against the federal government

about

A. impounding and auctioning the Dann's livestock

B. unlawful actions

C. pollution

D. paying too little

93. From the passage, we know that the author is

A. in favor of the Western Shoshone Nation

B. in favor of the federal government

C. indifferent

D. disinterested

TEXT D

Environment also plays an important role in Naturalism, an outgrowth of Realism that responded to theories in science, psychology, human behavior, and social thought current in the late nineteenth century.

In Naturalist works, people are often Caught within forces of nature or society that are beyond their understanding or control. For instance, the hero of Jack London's To Build a Fire is crushed by the overwhelming force of the arctic cold. Tim Haskins, a farmer in Hamlin Garland’s Under the Lion's Paw, suffers beneath an economic force that he is not equipped to fight. In The Red Badge of Courage Henry Fleming, the young soldier, usually must act under the shadow of larger forces that he cannot know or understand; in Theodore Dreiser's novels the characters' actions are determined by uncontrollable social and physical factors.

Naturalists use a facts-only approach, a style made of detailed observation of the "truth" of human experiences. Romantic illusions, emotions, and idealistic solutions to problems are all absent from Naturalistic writing. Poets as well as novelists participated in this movement: Edwin Arlington Robinson, for example, showed his characters in the harsh light of day, unromanticized, often unhappy and

unfulfilled.

Although naturalist works described the world with sometimes brutal realism, they sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform. For example, Frank Norris and Hamlin Garland, in portraying the plight of the western and mid-western farmer, hoped to bring a desperate situation to the eyes of the American public and so to improve it. This combination of cruel reality and desire for improvement is typical of America as it moved into the twentieth century.

94. According to the second paragraph, which of the following is true?

A. In Naturalist fictions, people often fail to win the natural or social forces.

B. The heroes in Naturalist fictions are often under-educated and weak.

C. In To Build a Fire, Jack London is crushed by the weather in the Arctic.

D. Environment plays an important role in the human life.

95. Which of the following can be found in Naturalist fictions?

A. Wild imagination.

B. Sensitive feelings.

C. Idealistic solutions to problems.

D. Cruel reality.

96. Naturalist fictions

A. employed only the style made of detailed observation of the truth of human

experience

B. failed to interest the poets

C. usually put the characters in rough environments

D. aimed at improving the society

97. In this passage, Naturalism refers to a school of

A. philosophy

B. literature

C. music

D. painting TEXT E

As long as we have been on earth, we have used the sea around us. We take from the ocean, and we give to it.

We take fishes from the ocean--millions of kilograms of fish, every year, to feed millions of people. We even use their bones for fertilizer and meal. We take minerals from the ocean. One way to get salt is to place seawater in a shallow basin and leave it until it evaporates. Along with salt, other minerals are left after evaporation. Much gold and silver drift dissolved in the waters of the sea, too. But the sea does not give them up by simple evaporation. Other gifts from the sea are pearls, sponges and seaweed. Pearls become jewelry. Natural sponges become cleaning aids. Seaweed becomes food of many kinds--even candy, and ice cream—as well as medicine. Believe it or not, fresh water is another gift from the sea. We cannot drink ocean water. Some of its contents may cause illness. But ocean water becomes fresh water when the salts are removed. In the future, we will find ourselves depending more and more on fresh water from the sea.

The sea gives us food, fertilizer, minerals, water, and other gifts. What do we give the sea? Garbage. We pollute the ocean when we use it as a garbage dump. Huge as it is, the ocean cannot hold all the waste that we pour into it. Dumping garbage into the ocean is killing off sea life. Yet as the world population grows, we may need the sea and its gifts more than ever.

We are finally learning that if we destroy our seas, we might also destroy

ourselves. Hopefully, it is not too late.

98. Paragraph 2 mainly discusses that

A. the ocean is very important to human being

B. we take fish from the ocean

C. there is jewelry in the ocean

D. seawater is undrinkable

99. What's the authors~ purpose in writing the passage?

A. To encourage people to get more from the sea.

B. To persuade people not to pollute the sea.

C. To inform people of the fortune under the sea.

D. To prevent people from killing off sea life.

100. We know from the passage that

A. there are millions of kilograms of fishes in the ocean ready to feed humans

B. the only way to get salt is to place seawater in a shallow basin and leave it

until it evaporates

C. in the future, people will be more reliant to fresh water from the sea

D. it is too late to stop polluting the sea

PART V

81．C细节题，第一段第一句，注意B，D的表述都不完整。

82．B．细节题，第一段第二句。

83．A细节题，见第一段第二句。

84．B．细节题，在第二段中倒数第二句中可找到答案。

85．D考查对作者态度的把握，作者陈述了事实，对原因进行了一定的分析，并未提出作者个人的观点，也没有引述他人观点对事态作出预测。

86．C细节题，第二段第二句说明大桥把城市北部和市郊连接起来，使交通更为方便。

87．C细节题，第二段最后一句。悉尼歌剧院作为世界上最独树一帜的建筑之一把大桥比下去了。

88．D．细节题，从第三段最后一句可找到答案。

89．D．细节题，结合下文看，只有D是正解的。

90．C细节题，参看第二段最后一句。

91．D细节题，从第二段第四句，Carrie Dann的回忆可以看出他们世代在此放牧。

92．B细节题，见最后一段第一句。

93．A．考查对作者倾向的判断，作者报道的言论和事实都是维护ShoshoneNation，他也使用了invade这样的词语来批评州政府。

94．A细节题，从第二段中的例子可以看出。

95．D细节题，见最后一段第一句。

96．C．细节题，第二段的第一句给了提示。

97．B．例中的著名作家的名字，如Jack London，Hamlin Garland，以及poets，novelists等词都给了提示，说明文中是指文学流派。

98．A段落主旨题，从人类可从海洋获得的东西可以知道海洋的重要性，B，C，D都是细节。

99．B．写作目的判断题。文章讨论了海洋对人类的重要意义以及海洋遭受的污染，最后一段更是明确地指出：人类应及时意识到，毁灭海洋就

是毁灭人类自己。

100．C．细节题，见第二段最后一句

Exercise 6

TEXT A

All Sir William Jones wanted to do was to learn Sanskrit. While he was studying, however, he made a surprising discovery. This ancient language of India was amazingly similar to Latin and Greek. The Sanskrit word for "mother"--matar--was almost identical to the Latin word, mater. "Father" was pitar in Sanskrit, pater in Latin and Greek. The more he studied, the more similarities he found.

How could this be? Thousands of miles and many natural barriers separated India and Europe. Still, Jones concluded, the similarities were too strong to be accidental. In 1786, he announced "No one could examine them all three, without believing them to have sprung from some common source."

Since then, scholars have traced many languages to this "common source." Today, these languages are called the Indo-European family. But where did this source originate? Language and geography provide the clues. European languages have similar words for the animals and trees of northern Europe, such as oak, willow, bear, and wolf. There are no common words for the animals and trees of southern Europe.

To scholars, this suggests that the Indo-European languages began in north central Europe. In time, some northern Europeans set out toward the east, settling in Iran, India, and Pakistan. Others migrated westward toward southern and western Europe. The root language developed into dozens of different languages, but the family resemblances remain. The word for "three" is drei in German, tres in Spanish, tre in Albanian, and tri in Russian.

Almost every language in Europe is part of the Indo-European family, but there are exceptions. Hungarian and Finnish cling to other language families. High in the Pyrenees, the Basque people speak a language that has no known relatives. Perhaps the Basques were the original inhabitants of the region. Isolated by mountains, they may have been bypassed by the spread of Indo-European culture.

81. What did Sir William Jones discover when he was learning Sanskrit?

A. Sanskrit was very similar to some European languages.

B. Sanskrit was an ancient language.

C. The Sanskrit word for mother is the same as that in Latin.

D. Latin and Greek were very similar.

82. Which of the following statements is true about "the common source"?

A. Jones found out the common source.

B. All languages sprang from the common source.

C. Only three languages sprang from the common source.

D. Since 1786, scholars have traced many languages to the common source.

83. Where did the common source originate?

A. In southern Europe.

B. In north-central Europe.

C. In India.

D. in Pakistan.

84. What can be concluded from the passage?

A. Jones first discovered the root language.

B. The languages with the common source are called the Indo-European family.

C. The root language developed into different languages as people migrated.

D. Every language in Europe is part of the Indo-European family.

TEXT B

The eyes are the window to the soul, so goes the cliche. Our eyes are naked, the essence of vulnerability, allowing the world to pour in and our innermost emotions to involuntarily pour out. Eye contact is the essence of face-to-face communication; to avoid it has profound social significance. When we close our eyes to someone, or to something, how much of ourselves do we render inaccessible? Convincing portraiture also relies on eye contact between the subject and the viewer, as if recognition and emotion depended on it. Even amateur documentation aims for it. We discard as mistakes those photographs that capture us with eyes shut. According to popular convention, they fail to truly represent us, for our personality penetrates the viewer through our gaze.

To this near-unassailable link between the gaze and subjectivity, Merilyn Fairskye’s long-term project Eye Contact provides a compelling counterpoint. For close to a decade, Fairskye has systematically made portraits of people with whom she comes into contact. Most of the 1000 subjects are unknown to her, hailing from a vast variety of ethnic and socio-economic backgrounds, but all follow the same simple instructions before being photographed: "adopt a neutral expression, and close your eyes. '

Fairskye’s subjects do not lose their subjectivity thereby, for their pose takes them internally to a private place they alone to know and savour. Ironically, by denying the conventional point of access to personality, Fairskye has not diminished but enhanced the integrity and unique subjectivity of each person she has photographed. At the same time, the broad stroke of her documentation means that these portraits remind us that we are in our state of uniqueness together. This sense of shared differentiation is underlined by the captions that accompany each portrait, identifying the subject by first name, occupation, and country of birth. The captions operate partly as gentle parodies of photographic portraiture, including its ethnogra phic manifestations, but also as index of equality.

Eye Contact is only one component of Fairskye’s latest installation, but remains the strongest. Fairskye has chosen to exhibit her portraits on a video loop projected onto a wall-sized screen: the faces come into view, stabilize, and then disappear, in quick succession. The scale and simplicity of the presentation work to good effect, as does the accompanying sound scape of eighty different voices. At times incomprehensible fragments of exchanges of personal stories are interwoven to create a sense of standing in the midst of a friendly crowd.

In Eye Contact, Fairskye has created a poetic and affecting work that muses on the complex relationship between representation, subjectivity and community. It is a work whose power needs no enhancement through attempts to push the metaphor. 85. According to the passage, Merilyn Fairskye is most probably a

A. painter

B. photographer

C. poet

D. sculptress

86. Eye Contact is a

A. painting with a thousand subjects smiling

B. series of photos with the subjects whose eyes are open

C. challenge to the conventional belief that the eyes are the window to the soul

D. documentation of the expression and pose of Fairskye's friends

87. In Eye Contact, Fairskye wants to advocate that

A. the link between the gaze and subjectivity is self-evident

B. oneself is the only thing that one can know and verify

C. human being is unique

D. humans of all races and classes are an integral

88. In the author's opinion, which of the following statements is true?

A. Eye contact is not important to communication.

B. Fairskye fails to integrate the gaze and subjectivity

C. Eye Contact is too simple to achieve its effect.

D. Eye Contact is a successful artistic attempt.

89. What is the metaphor, referred to at the end of the passage?

A. The eyes are the window to the soul.

B. The subjects~ pose is their subjectivity.

C. Fairskye's documentation is a bold stroke.

D. The quick succession of portraits creates the sense of standing in a crowd. TEXT C

The English novelist Virginia Wool f once said that "on or about December 1910, human nature changed." Of course, human nature did not change, and Woolf knew it. What she meant was that the perception of human nature and of the human condition changed, and that the new perceptions were often expressed in startling and confusing ways. Life in the early twentieth century seemed suddenly different. New inventions allowed people to travel from place to place with a speed that was never before possible. The telephone, the radio, and the widespread availability of books, newspapers, and magazines all make people more aware of how others lived and thought. A person living in a remote village learned more about the variety and complexity of life on this planet than even a well-educated person living in a big city had known in the last century. The modem mind found this new knowledge exciting, but it was also confused by all the conflicting philosophies and ways of life.

The years from 1910 to t930 are often called the Era of Modernism, for there seems to have been in both Europe and America a strong awareness of some sort of "break" with the past. Movements in all the arts overlapped and succeeded one another with amazing speed--Imagism, Cubism, Dadaism, V orticism, and many others. The new artists shared a desire to capture the complexity of modem life, to focus on the variety and confusion of the twentieth century by reshaping and sometimes discarding the ideas and habits of the nineteenth century. The Era of Modernism was indeed the era of the New.

90. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the second paragraph?

A. Science and technology developed greatly in the early twentieth century.

B. People were better informed than ever before.

C. Life in the early twentieth century changed suddenly.

D. The social development brought on modernism.

91. Which of the following is true about Modernism?

A. It occurred in the early nineteenth century.

B. It occurred in the U. S.

C. Movements in all the arts appeared one after another quickly.

D. Artists of modernism wanted to change the human nature.

TEXT D

During the 1800s, thinkers once again tried to use the scientific method to study human behavior. This led to the development of two new social sciences--sociology, the study of society, and psychology, the study of behavior. Sociologists study how people act in groups. Psychologists study the behavior of individual.

The French philosopher Auguste Comte was one of the founders of sociology. Comte argued that society, like nature, operated according to certain laws. He thought that once these laws were discovered, there would be a scientific basis for social organization and action.

The Russian psychologist Ivan Parlor studied the behavior of dogs. Pavlov set up an experiment in which he always rang a bell before he gave food to a dog. Food caused the dog to salivate(分泌唾液). Eventually, the dog would salivate as soon as it heard the bell. Pavlov concluded that the dog had been "conditioned" to respond even when the original stimulus, the food, was no longer there. Pavlov thought that people also were conditioned to respond automatically to a given stimulus. Therefore, some human behavior is based on unconscious responses rather than on conscious thought.

The Austria physician Sigmund Freud based his work in psychology on the idea that an unconscious part of the mind governs much human behavior. A person's motives in taking certain action, he said, are sometimes hidden in the unconscious. Freud developed psychoanalysis, a method of trying to discover those motives.

92. According to the first paragraph, which of the following statements is true?

A. In 1800s, thinkers began to study human behavior in a scientific way for the

first time in the history.

B. Sociologists study all human behavior.

C. Psychology is the study of behavior of individual.

D. Psychology is not a social science.

93. Comte believed that

A. only nature operated according to certain laws

B. both nature and society operated according to certain laws

C. the laws of the society had all been found

D. the laws of the society would be a basis for social organization and action

94. Pavlov's experiment proved that

A. dogs could salivate

B. dogs would salivate when they heard bell ring

C. human behavior is based on conscious thought

D. some human behavior is based on unconscious responses

95. Sigmund Freud was

A. the founder of psychology

B. the person who found out that an unconscious part of the mind governs

much human behavior

C. the person who played an important role in the development of

psychoanalysis

D. the person who discover the motives of human behavior

96. What is the best title for the passage?

A. New Fields of Study.

B. New Development.

C. Sociology.

D. Psychology.

TEXT E

You are probably already familiar with the survey approach. This involves asking large numbers of individuals to complete questionnaires designed to yield information on specific aspects of their behavior or attitudes. Such surveys are often conducted to measure attitudes toward a wide range of issues, such as birth control, or environmental protection. In addition, surveys are employed to assess voting preferences before elections, consumer reactions to various products and current patterns of behavior for large numbers of persons. Surveys are often repeated over a long time in order to find shifts in public opinions or actual behavior. For example surveys of job satisfaction--individuals' attitudes toward their jobs--have continued for several decades.The survey method offers some very real advantages: large amounts of information can be gathered with relative ease, and shifts over time can be readily noted. However, the disadvantages are also quite apparent. People may fail to respond accurately or truthfully, providing answers that place them in a favorable light rather than ones that reflect their true views. In addition, the results of surveys are useful only if the persons questioned are truly representative of larger groups to whom the findings are to be generalized. For example, imagine that a survey conducted with 10,000 men and women indicated that more than 90 percent were strongly in favor of a large increase in gasoline taxes to provide greater support for local school systems. But all the 10,000 persons who responded to the survey are members of a national teacher's association! They are raising serious questions about the extent to which they are representative of the larger group to whom we wish to generalize--the entire adult population. The moral is clear: Unless the people who respond to a survey are similar to the larger group to whom we wish to extend the results, such generalizations are on very shaky grounds.

97. Survey is

A. a method of asking questions

B. a method of getting detailed information of the individuals

C. a method used to measure attitudes towards a wide range of issues

D. a method of observing individual behavior

98. Why are surveys often repeated over a long period of time?

A. Because the findings are not well kept.

B. Because they need to track changes in people's opinions and behavior.

C. Because any survey would continue for several decades.

D. Because surveys are too complicated to be finished within a short time.

99. What's the disadvantage of the survey approach?

A. Large amounts of information can be gathered easily.

B. Shifts over time are easily noted.

C. People's true views are reflected.

D. People may fail to offer their true views.

100. We can learn from the example in the last paragraph that

A. the people questioned in surveys should represent larger groups

B. surveys should be carried among as many people as possible

C. the results of surveys are often useless

D. the increase in gasoline taxes will help the local school system a lot PART V

81．A细节题，答案在第一段第三句。

82．D细节题，见第二段最后——句和第三段第一句。

83．B．细节题，在第三段第一句可找到答案。

84．C细节题，答案在第三段倒数第二句。

85．B．细节题，见第二段最后一句。

86．C细节题，第二段第一句指出该作品对于“眼睛是心灵的窗户”一说是有力的对立观点。

87．D．细节题，第二段最后一句和第三段最后一句都有提示。

88．D．考查对作者好恶的判断，在最后两段，作者给该作品以较高的评价。89．A考查对全文的理解和对前后呼应的掌握以及文章首句及结尾处所指的比喻。

90．D．段落主旨题，全文讲的是现代主义，第二段讲了其成因，D最合此意。91．C．细节题，参看最后一段第二句。

92．C细节题，见第一段第三句。

93．B．细节题，第二段第二句里可找到答案。

94．D．细节题，见第三段最后一句。

95．C．细节题，文章结尾给出答案。

96．A全文主旨题，文章首段提出了全文的主题，19世纪社会学和心理学两大学科兴起，接着分别进行了介绍。B项过于宽泛，C，D都不全面，只有A 项较为全面准确。

97．C细节题，考查对定义的理解是否准确，见第一段第三句

98．B．细节题，第—一段最后第二句。

99．D．细节题，在第二段第三句可找到答案。

100．A 细节题，参看文章结尾处的最后两句。

Exercise 7

TEXT A

Between 10,000 B.C. and 3500 B. C., people in many parts of the world gradually stopped hunting and gathering food and became farmers. They tamed wild animals such as dogs, sheep, and goats and began to grow grain and vegetables for food. Scholars believe that women were the farmers in many of these early societies and that men hunted.

In the New Stone Age, agriculture developed in many places. Anthropologists have generally concluded that it began first in the Middle East. People grew crops that were suited to the local soil and climate. In the Middle East and Africa, for example, they grew wheat, barley, and oats. They grew rice and root crops such as yams in Asia. Beans, squash, and maize, or corn were grown in the Americas.

The agricultural revolution, or the change from hunting and gathering food to growing food, had a far-reaching effect on the way people lived. Since people no longer had to move in search of food, they formed permanent settlements, or villages. They built houses, and property became important. Even so, not everyone abandoned the nomadic way of life. Some people remained hunters and gatherers. Others established a stable way of life as herders of sheep, cattle, or goats.

In farming villages, people had to cooperate in new ways. The heads of each family probably met to make decisions about planting and harvesting. As villages grew, a chieftain and a council of elders took the task of making decisions. Increasingly, people relied on these leaders to settle disputes over such issues as land ownership. This issue had not come up among nomadic people who did not own land.

81. What was the influence of the agricultural revolution?

A. People began to move in search of food.

B. Property was no more important.

C. Everyone abandoned the nomadic way of life.

D. Such issues as land ownership came up.

82. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?

A. In the New Stone Age, agriculture developed only in the Middle East.

B. In the New Stone Age, women became farmers and men began to hunt.

C. In the New Stone Age, people started permanent settlements.

D. In the New Stone Age, people began to grow rice everywhere in the world. TEXT B

Clever experiments show that certain situations bring out theft. Lost-letter studies are an example. In one study researchers dropped addressed envelopes with postage on the street, and all were picked up by passersby within minutes. Some contained only a letter with a unimportant message on a single sheet of paper, and 85% of these were mailed. Others contained a lead disk exactly the size and thickness of a 50-cent piece. Only 54 % of these were mailed. The researchers concluded that "a sharp decline in the reliability of the public sets in under the effects of suggestion of financial gain." In another study women pretended to leave coins in telephone booths in crowded public areas. When the women dressed unattractively, they got the coins back only 64 % of the time. And in a third study customers in convenience stores bought 30-cent local newspapers with a $1 bill and, pretending absentmindedness, walked away from the cash register at a slow pace. In this situation 16% of the store cashiers make no effort to return the proper change. The relatively high percentage of honest responses was thought to be due to the face-to-face contact that had been made in buying the newspaper and to the close physical proximity of the victim. Both of these conditions are believed to reduce theft, which is easier when the victim is anonymous or far away or is a large corporation.

83. Why are those experiments conducted?

A. To test whether the people are clever.

B. To test whether the people are honest.

C. To test whether the women are attractive.

D. To test whether theft is reduced.

84. People's reliability may be influenced by the following factors except

A. money

B. sex

C. physical proximity

D. morality

85. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?

A. The first experiment was conducted with letters with a sheet of paper or with

a fifty cent coin.

B. The second experiment is the one with the highest percentage of honest

responses.

C. Thieves are more likely to steal things of strangers.

D. People are no longer honest.

86. What is the main idea of the passage?

A. Theft is sometimes caused by external factors.

B. There is a sharp decline in the reliability of the public.

C. Theft should be reduced.

D. Measures must be taken to prevent theft.

TEXT C

White hostility toward African Americans, and the resulting discrimination, have been fueled by a sense of threat. During slavery, many working-class whites, encouraged by slave holders, feared the release of large numbers of blacks into the labor market and society in general. When northern industries used African Americans as strikebreakers in the first decades of this century, white workers feared the loss of their jobs. Today, many white Americans fear "black violence". Moreover, specific fears about the "costs" of welfare as well as the "taking" of jobs through affirmative action have added to the fear of black violence.

These fears have translated into negative stereotypes of African Americans as a people who are prone to crime and violence, unwilling to work, and a drain on the white taxpayer through their welfare dependency. In turn, these stereotypes have been used to justify informal discrimination, to prevent the help to the urban poor, to be negligent in enforcing laws or policies prohibiting discriminatory practices against black workers, and most important, to hesitate in making a serious effort at job creation for African Americans. The result is that Alrican Americans' share of valued resources has not increased much over the last two decades, even as formal discrimination has been greatly lessened. This fact is used to further the negative belief that African Americans have "not taken advantage of their equal opportunities.

87. According to the passage, how did the northern industries make use of African

Americans in 1900s?

A. Sent them to ask the strikers to go back to work.

B. Made them work very hard.

C. Employed them to threaten the white strikers.

D. Released them into the labor market.

88. What is the ill influence of these negative stereotypes?

A. Giving help to the poor black.

B. Justifying informal discrimination.

C. Enforcing laws prohibiting discriminatory practices against black workers.

D. Creating opportunities of employment for the black.

89. What can be inferred from "a drain on the white taxpayer" about the African

Americans?

A. They are unwilling to work.

B. They never pay tax.

C. They lack security.

D. Their welfare depends on the white's tax.

90. The author wrote the passage to tell us

A. African Americans pose a threat to the whites in employment

B. African Americans are dependent on the tax paid by the whites

C. African Americans are discriminated against because they are often on strike

D. the sense of threat intensifies the white's hospitality and discrimination

against the African Americans

TEXT D

"Near a great forest lived a poor woodcutter with his wife and two children; the boy's name was Hansel and the girl's Gretel." So begins one of the most famous of the fairy tales collected by Jacob and Wilheim Grimm. In the early 1800s, the Grimm brothers visited German villages and wrote down the stories that peasants told as they sat around the evening fire. The tales--of witches and princesses, talking cats and werewolves, enchanted forests and demons in disguise--had never before been set down in writing. The Grimm brothers published the first collection of these folk tales in 1812 and were astonished when the book became a bestseller adored by children around the world.

The Grimms never doubted the importance of their work. They were inspired by the spirit of nationalism that was growing among the Germans. At the time, Germany was spilt into dozens of small states. The Grimms believed that gathering the stories of the German-speaking people would help weld them together into one nation. "These tales deserve attention not only because of their poetry," wrote Jacob, "but also because they belong to our national literature. What else do we have in common but our language and literature?" The poet Heinrich Heine compared each to cathedral in which Germans from different states blended their voices in a single chorus.

91. The males were

A. about Hansel and Gretel

B. about the Grimm brothers

C. popular in the early 1800s

D. popular in the German villages

92. From the first paragraph, we can infer that

A. the Grimms wrote a lot of stories in villages

B. the stories were told by peasants

C. the stories were made up around the evening fire

D. the Grimms published their first folk tale in 1812

93. The Grimms believed that their work was important because

A. the collection of folk males was an immediate success