大学英语语法、长难句讲义
大学英语核心语法及长难句精讲班
引言：
1.为什么学语法？
语法（英语：Grammar）是指任意自然语言中控制子句、词组以及单词等结构的规则。
2.怎么学语法？
at table at the table
in prison in the prison
at school at the school
out of question out of the question
We have been roasting the chicken for over 30 years.
I really can’t imagine how crisp it will be.
第一章动词概述
一、谓语动词
英语时态
The first president of the US was George Washington, the second was John Adams, the third was Thomas Jefferson, and the sixteenth was Abraham Lincoln.
Who is the president of the US?
George Washington
Abraham Lincoln
Thomas Jefferson
None of the above
某一时间某一动作所呈现的状态。
我们学英语。
我们学过英语。
我们在学英语。
我们将学英语。
一般现在时
1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频率的时间状语连用。时间状语：every …, sometimes, at …, on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning, twice a week.
我每天早晨7点离开家去学校，一周两次。
2) 客观事实，普遍真理。
The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国的东部。
3) 表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.
哥伦布证明了地球是圆的。
4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
I don’t want so much. 我不想那么多。
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
Ann Wang 的英文写得很好但说得不好。
比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.
现在我在杯子里放了糖。
I am doing my homework now.
（含义：我正在做我的家庭作业。）
注：用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。
再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back.
第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。
5) 主将从现﹝主句用将来时，从句用现在时表将来﹞
① I will tell you when Li Ming comes.
（含义：当李明来的时候我会告诉你。）
② I’ll e-mail you as soon as I get to Beijing.
（含义：我一到北京就发电子邮件给你。）
注：一般从句为时间状语从句「由When as soon as...引导的从句」，
条件状语从句「由If...引导的从句」。
6) 表示按计划，规定要发生的动作，但仅限于少数动词如：begin, come, leave, go等。
The meeting begins at seven. 会议七点开始。
一般过去时
1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
Where did you go just now?
（含义：你刚才去哪里了？）
2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
When I was a kid, I often played football in the street.
（含义：当我还是个孩子的时候，我经常在街上踢足球。）Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
（含义：布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈的欢迎。）3) 句型：
It is time for sb. to do sth.“到某人做某事时间了”；“某人该……了”
It is time sb. did sth. “时间已迟了”；“早该……了”
It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。
It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示“宁愿某人做某事”
I’d rather you came tomorrow.
（含义：我宁愿你明天来。）
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。
I thought you might have some.
（含义：我以为你想要一些。）
比较：
一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。Christine was an invalid all her life.
(含义：她已不在人间。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.
(含义：她现在还活着。)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去。)
注意：用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。
1) 动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
Did you want anything else? 你还有什么事吗？
I wondered if you could help me. 不知你能不能帮我个忙。
2) 情态动词could, would
Could you lend me your bike? 你能借给我你的自行车？
3) used to / be used to
used to + do. “过去常常”表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。
Mother used not to be so forgetful. 妈妈过去不是这样健忘。Scarf used to take a walk.(过去常常散步)
be used to + doing对……已感到习惯，或“习惯于”，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。
He is used to a vegetarian diet. 他习惯于素食。
Scarf is used to taking a walk. (现在习惯于散步)
典型例题：
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It’s 69568442.
A. didn’t
B. couldn’t
C. don’t
D. can’t
答案（A）：本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。一般将来时
shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。
will在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。Which paragraph shall I read first? 我应该先读哪一段？
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 你今晚七点在家吗？
2) be going to +不定式，表示将来。
a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow? 你打算明天干什么？
b. 计划，安排要发生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month. 该活动在下个月举行。
c. 有迹象要发生的事。
Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.
看那些乌云，暴风雨就要来了。
3)be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
我们下星期六将讨论这份报告。
4) be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing.他要去北京。
注意：be about to不能与tomorrow, next week等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
be going to / will
用于条件句时，be going to表将来
will表意愿：
If you are going to make a journey, you’d better get ready for it as soon as possible.
如果你要去旅行，你最好尽快准备好。
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
现在如果你愿意脱下你的衣服，我们将在镜子前为你穿上新衣服。
be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。
be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.(客观安排)
明天下午我要去踢足球。
I’m going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)
一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。
—When does the bus start? 汽车什么时候开？
—It stars in ten minutes. 十分钟后。
2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.
3）在时间或条件句中。
When Bill comes (不是will come),ask him to wait for me. 当比尔来了，让他等我。
I’ll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 当我到达那里时，我会写信给你。
4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得愉快。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
在离开房间前要确保窗子都关闭。
用现在进行时表示将来
意为：“意图”、“打算”、“安排”，常用于人。常用词为come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。
I’m leaving tomorrow. 我明天就要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你要在这儿呆到下星期吗？
现在完成时
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去，但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have (has) +过去分词。
比较一般过去时与现在完成时
1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。
2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
一般过去时的时间状语：
yesterday, last week, …ago, in1980, in October, jus t now具体的时间状语。
共同的时间状语：
this morning tonight, this April now, once, before, already, recently, lately
现在完成时的时间状语:
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always
不确定的时间状语:
3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.
过去时常用的非持续性动词有：
come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。
举例：
I saw this film yesterday. 我昨天看了这部电影。
（强调看的动作发生过了。）
I have seen this film. 我已经看过这部电影。
（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）
Why did you get up so early?
（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）
Who hasn’t handed in his paper?
（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）
She has returned from Paris. 她已从巴黎回来了。
She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回来了。
He has been in the League for three years. 他在团中已经三年。
(在团内的状态可延续)
He has been a League member for three years. 他连续三年为一个团内的成员。
(是团员的状态可持续)
He joined the League three years ago. 他三年前入团。
(三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White？
---He’s already been sent for.
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time…that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。
This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。
This is the first time (that) I’ve heard him sing.这是我第一次
听他唱歌。
典型例题:
(1) ---Do you know our town at all?
---No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was
B. have been
C. came
D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it’s the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come
B. even, have come
C. ever, come
D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
（错）I have received his letter for a month.
（对）I haven’t received his letter for almost a month.
One in six. Believe it or not, that’s the number of Americans who struggle with hunger. To make tomorrow a little better, Feeding America, the nation’s largest domestic hunger-relief
organization has chosen September as Hunger Action Month. （2012-6）
Today, given the job losses of the past year, fewer unhappy couples will risk starting separate households.（2012-6）
语态
我们晒太阳。
我们晒衣服。
被动语态结构：be + -ed
二、非谓语动词
1.英语句型
简单句的五种形式：
（1）主语+谓语(不及物动词）；
（2）主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语；
（3）主语+谓语+宾语+补语；
（4）主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语；
（5）主语+系动词+表语。
两类系动词：①be动词；
②一些实义动词用作系动词：feel, taste, smell等。
并列句：一个句子当中包含两个或更多互不相依存的主谓结构，中间用一些连接词连接起来的句子。并列句不能只用逗号隔开，而要用连接词连接。
连接词：
（1）并列关系句型：
连接词有and, as well as, either… or…, neither… nor…, not only… but also…
e.g.: Last year I met Kate and we became friends.
Either my uncle can do it, or my aunt can do it.
（2）转折概念并列句型：转折词有but
e.g.: It has no mouth, but it can talk.
（3）对比关系的并列句型：
e.g.: He liked sports, while I would rather collect stamps.
练习：2009年6月阅读
Cerling’s team coll ected tap water samples from 600 cities and constructed a mop of the regional differences.（简单句）Most hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water are stable, but traces of both elements are also present as heavier isotopes. （并
列句）
简单句和并列句是复合句的基础。
2.非谓语使用条件
英语句子不能没有谓语动词，简单句中只能有一个谓语动词。如果一个简单句出现两个或者两个以上动词，充当谓语的只能有一个动词，其余的用非谓语动词形式表达。
非谓语动词的使用条件：一句话中至少有两个动词，且其中一个已经充当了谓语。
He wants to go for a walk.
He bought a watch made in Japan.
Passing her window, he heard Lucy playing the piano.
3.非谓语动词三时性
非谓语动词三种基本形式：动词不定式, -ing, -ed。
关系主要表现在时间的联系上。
The man stopped working.
The man stopped to work.
Passing her window, he heard Lucy playing the piano.
He wants to go for a walk.
He bought a watch made in Japan.
4.-ing形式及其短语用法
-ing形式的非谓语动词可以单独使用，也可以加上一些词构成一个-ing短语。
词性上讲，-ing形式的非谓语动词相当于名词或者形容词。Seeing is believing.
The sleeping boy is Tom.
The boy sleeping under the table is Tom.
修饰语位置：做定语修饰名词时，单独一个-ing形式的非谓语动词通常放在被修饰名词前；如果是-ing短语修饰名词，则只能放在被修饰名词之后。
此外，ing短语还可以单独使用，通常用逗号与句子分开，在句中充当状语。
Hearing the news, she burst into tears.
Hearing the news, tears were rolling down her cheeks. （错误）
-ing形式的非谓语动词四个特点：
(1)与谓语动词之间是共时关系
(2)与被修饰名词之间是主动关系
(3)单独使用时，-ing短语的逻辑主语必须与句子的语法主语一致
(4)介词后面的动词需变为-ing形式
5.-ed形式及其短语用法
从词性上讲，-ed形式的非谓语动词相当于形容词。
The broken glass lies on the floor.
The glass broken by Tom lies on the floor.
-ed形式的非谓语动词短语可以单独使用，常用逗号与句子分开，在句中充当状语。
Injured in a car accident, he was sent to a hospital in the neighborhood.
-ed形式的非谓语动词四个特点：
(1)与谓语动词之间是先时关系
(2)与被修饰名词之间是被动关系
(3)单独使用时，-ed短语的逻辑主语必须与句子的语法主语一致
(4)介词后面的动词需变为-ing形式
6.动词不定式用法
从词性上讲，不定式相当于名词或形容词。
He wanted to see a film.
不定时短语具有“后时性”。
不定式短语的被动形式：
显性被动：to be –ed
He is the person to be blamed for the delay of the work.
Mary is not an easy boss to be pleased.
隐形被动：
He is to blame for the delay of the work.
Mary is not an easy boss to please.
如果不定式动词是及物动词，但后面没有宾语，这就构成了不定式的隐性被动。
英语六级经典长难句分析
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什么是简单句？ 一切复杂句（并列句／复合句／复杂复合句）都是由五种简单句而来： i.主语＋谓语My skin burns. ii.主语＋谓语（系动词）＋表语I am a teacher.／You l ook good. iii.主语＋谓语＋直接宾语I l ove you. iv.主语＋谓语＋间接宾语+直接宾语The firm gave Sam a watch. v.主语＋谓语＋直接宾语＋宾语补足语You make me happy. 什么是并列句？ 一般由并列连词and, but, so, yet连接，或者由“；”连接。各个并列句同等重要且独立存在。举例：I know you, and/but/so/yet I hate you. 什么是主从复合句？ 形容词性从句（定语从句）： 从句作定语，修饰名词，代词或整个句子。先行词和关系代词（引导词）。定语从句常见引导词有which, that, who, whose, whom, when, where, as, whereby 例子：A d octor examined the astronauts who returned from space today. 名词性从句： 主要包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句。名称由来根据该从句所做成分而定，从句做主语就叫主语从句，依此类推。名词性从句常见引导词：which, what, who, whom, that, when, where, how I．表语从句：I am what I am. II. 主语从句：Whether we find a joke funny or not largely d epends on where we have been brought up. III. 宾语从句：Anthropol ogists wond ered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peopl es now living in the Pacific Islands came from. IV. 同位语从句：Peopl e who work in offices are frequently referred to as “white-collar workers” for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work.
初中英语长难句—语篇从句讲义(初中学生版)
初中英语阅读理解之长难句分析讲义 语篇学语法 从句 larrived inLondonon afoggyday,togotoaveryimporta n tmeeti n g.Thepla ce ① where the meeti ng was going to be heldwas on theothersideofthetow n.Alltrafficcametoastop ② because the drivers were not able to see more tha n a yard in front of them.Themeeti n gwouldbegi n at9:00,soldecidedtogothere on foot. Mi nu teslater,lwascompletelylost.lstoodtherea n dthought ③ that I would have to phone to the meet ing to eGpla in ④ that I was not able to arrive there on time.The nl hearday oun gma n ' svoiceco min goutofthefog, “【suppose ⑤ you are lost.Canlhelpyou? ” Iwasverygladtohaveaman ⑥who could take me to the meeti n g.Afterwardltoldhim ⑦ where I wan ted to go,tookhisarm,a ndwestarted.Wewalkedquitefast,turnin gcornersa ndcross in groads. way so easily. “I knowthispartofLondonquitewell, ” hesaid. “ But in suchafogit ' simpossibletoseea nything, ” Isaid. “I amblind,sir. ” hea nswered, “ In thefog,itiseGactlythesameformeasus ⑧As I followed him through the dark streets 」wondered ual. ⑨ why he found his
历年英语六级真题长难句摘选精析精品
【关键字】化学、活动、地理、政治、英语、情况、功夫、方法、条件、空间、领域、质量、模式、计划、运行、传统、地方、认识、问题、系统、密切、现代、合理、合作、保持、发展、建设、建立、制定、提出、发现、了解、研究、位置、关键、稳定、意识、力量、成果、地位、根本、精神、基础、需要、利益、环境、途径、能力、需求、主导、方式、渠道、作用、规模、结构、水平、速度、关系、分析、履行、吸引、逐步、形成、制约、树立、丰富、保护 历年真题长难句摘选精析 1．Our linguistic（语言上的）and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world. 【分析】这是一个复杂的简单句；句子的主干是Our blindness and casualness are losing us. with which 引导一个定语从句修饰casualness. take notice of 意思是“注意到”。 【译文】我们对语言、文化的无知，以及那种对其他国家形成的品味、手势、风俗和语言的漫不经心的态度，正使我们在世界上失去朋友，错过商机，丧失威信。 2．A simple trip around the yard in a pair of those babies eliminates(消除) all need to call for a lawn(草坪) care specialist, and provides the perfect-sized holes to give any lawn oxygen without all those messy chunks (块)of dirt lying around. 【分析】这是一个复杂的简单句；句子的主干是A simple trip eliminates all need and provides holes. messy chunks of dirt：乱七八糟的脏东西。 【译文】只要穿这种娇小的鞋在院子里走一走，就完全没必要请修剪草坪的专家了，因为这会形成大小合适的洞为草坪提供氧气，周围还不会留下那些乱七八糟的脏东西。 3．But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading. 【分析】这是一个带有比较级的句子，主干是：But my own worry today is less that than. 【译文】但我今天所担心的不是广泛泛滥的文盲问题，而是更加奢侈一点的问题，即：对中产阶级读者读写技能下降了的担忧，他们不愿把安静的地方、难得的家庭生活的机会、时间和注意力用来读书，而典型的读书活动正需要这些。 4．This violation of concentration, silence, solitude（独处的状态）goes to the very heart of our notion of literacy; this new form of part-reading, of part-perception against background distraction, renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration, let alone that most important tribute any human being can pay to a poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to learn it by heart. 【分析】这是一个并列句。第一个分句的主干是：this violation goes to the heart of literacy.，第二个分句的主干是this new form renders…,let alone …。 【译文】这种对精神集中、安静、独处状态的妨碍同阅读概念直接冲突；在娱乐背景下半读书半分散精力的读书新方式不可能专心致志地理解，更不要说任何一个人对真正喜爱的一首诗或一篇散文所能表示的最大赞赏是将其背诵下来了。 5．And with doubtful prospects for a short-term financial return, with the cold war a rapidly fading memory and amid a growing emphasis on international cooperation in large space ventures, it is clear that imperatives other than profits or nationalism will have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planet's reddish surface. 【分析】句子的主干是it is clear that imperatives will have to compel human beings to leave