初中英语语法知识梳理 ——动词

初中英语语法知识梳理 ——动词
初中英语语法知识梳理 ——动词

初中英语语法知识梳理——动词

一、连系动词:连系动词本身有一定的词义,但不统统,不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一起构成合成谓语。

(一)状态类:表示具有或保持某种特征或状态。多见的有:be(是),keep(保持),stay(保持),remain(保持,依然),seem(似乎是),appear(似乎,显得)如:

The man seems surprised about the question I asked.

*keep, stay, remain的区别:

1、keep“保持……状态”,后接adj.或介词短语,其后多见:alive,awake,silent,fit,fine,close,clean,happy等。如:

In order to keep fit, all students play sports.

Keep in touch with sb.“和……保持联系”

2、remain“仍然存在……状态”,后接adj.、过去分词、名词或介词短语,强调某种状态前后无变化。如:

The door remained closed.

3、stay“保持……状态”,后接形容词、介词。如:

The door stayed closed.(无比较的的持续状态)

(二)感官类:主要指与感官有关的词:look(看起来),sound(听起来),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),feel(摸起来,感到)如:

The story sounds true.

(三)变化类:多见的有turn(变成),grow(变得),get(变成),become(变成,成为),fall(进入某种状态)

1、become和get主要指一个人暂时性的身心变化或永久性的自然变化,另外它们还可用于指天气的变化和社会的趋势。如:它们后常接angry, famous,

ill, old, well, deaf, strong等。如:get dressed穿衣服2、grow“渐渐变得……起来,长得”,主要表示逐渐变化,强调变化的过程。如:

It began to grow dark.

3、turn指改变特性、本质、状态等。还指到达或超过某一年龄或时间。如:

The milk turned sour.

还有多见结构:

go bad(变坏)come true(实现)fall asleep(睡着,入睡)(四)使用连系动词注意事项:

1、所有连系动词都不能用于被动语态中,除fall和feel以外的连系动词都不用于进行时态中。如:

He is feeling even worse today.

2、连系动词后可接过去分词作表语,相当于被动语态。如:The room soon became crowded.

3、连系动词也可跟不定式todo/tobe。多见的有remain,seem,appear;其中come,get接不定式表示变化过程“最终变得”。如:You’ll soon get to know about the result.

【收藏夹】get lost迷路get ready准备好keep calm保持清静come true实现go mad / hungry / bad发疯/挨饿/变坏

keep clean and tidy保持整齐

Stay fresh保持新鲜fall asleep / ill入睡/生病

二、助动词:

助动词本身无意义,在句中帮助主要动词构成一定的时态,语态、语气,或是帮助构成否定句和疑问句,常用的助动词有be, do, have, shall(should),

will(would).

三、情态动词:

情态动词表一定的词义,并不表示动作或状态,而仅仅表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法或态度,或表示主观设想。无人称和数的变化,没有被动语态。它在句中须和主要动词一起构成谓语,主要的情态动词有

can(could),may(might),must,haveto,need,shall,should,will,would.

情态动词有四类:

只做情态动词:must, can (could), may (might)

可做情态动词又可做实义动词:need

可做情态动词又可做助动词:shall (should), will (would)

具有情态动词特征:have (had) to, used to

情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加“not”。个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式,过去式用来表达更加客气,婉转的语气,时态性不强,可用于过去,现在或将来,没有被动语态。

知识清单:

can:表示能力,意为“能,会”;表示推测,意为“可能”,常用于否定句和疑问句中;表示请求或允许,意为“可以”。

could:can的过去式,意为“能,会”,表示过去的能力;在疑问句中表示更婉转的请求。

may:表示请求、许可,意为“可以”;表示推测,常用于肯定句中,意为“可能,也许”。

might: may的过去式,表示推测,常用于肯定句中,意为“可能,也许”。

must:表示主观看法,意为“必须,应该”;表示有把握的推测,用于肯定句。

need:表示“需要,必须”,主要用于否定句和疑问句中。

should:意为“应该”,表示要求、命令、劝告、建议。

had better:意为“最佳”,表示建议。

used to:意为“过去常常”,表示过去的动作和行为。

(一)考点一:can,may,must等情态动词在陈述句中的用法1、can的用法

(1)表示能力、许可、可能性。表示能力时大凡意为“能、会”,即有某种能力,尤其是生来具备的能力。不能用may或must代替。

如:

She can swim, but I can’t.

(2)表示可能

I can finish it in an hour.

(3)表示允许,常用于口语中。

You can use my dictionary.

(4)表示推测,意为“可能”,常用于否定句和疑问句中,此时can’t意为“不可能”。

---Can it be our teacher?---No, it can’t be our teacher. He is on a visitto the Great Wall.

2、could的用法

(1)can的过去式,意为“能,会”,表示过去的能力。如:He could swim when he was 10.

(2)could在疑问句中,表示婉转的语气,此时could没有过去式的意思。

---Could I use your pen? ---Yes, you can.

3、may的用法

(1)表示请求、许可,比can正式。如:

May I borrow your bike?

(2)表示推测,谈论可能性,意为“可能,或许”,大凡用于肯定句中。如:

She may be at home.

(3)may的过去式为might,表示推测时,可能性比may小。如:He is away from school, he might be ill.

4、must的用法

(1)must表示主观看法,意为“必须,一定”,其否定形式为“mustn’t”表示“一定不要,千万别”“禁止,不许”。如:

You must stay here until I come back.

You mustn’t paly with fire.

(2)对must引导的疑问句,肯定回答为must,否定回答为needn’t或don’t have to。

---Must I finish my homework? ---No, you needn’t / don’t have to.(3)must表示有把握的推测,用于肯定句。

The light is on, so he must be at home now.

【注】当must表示肯定的判断、推测时,其反义疑问句要用实际问句的助动词来构成。如:

She must be at home, isn’t she?

5、need的用法

(1)表示需要、必须,主要用于疑问句和否定句中,形式为needn’t,意为“没有必要,不必”。Need的疑问句肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn’t。

---Need I stay here any longer? ---Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t.(2)need 还可以做实意动词,此时有人称、数和时态的变化,后边多接动词不定式。如:

I need to do it right now.

6、shall, should的用法

(1)shall表示征求对方意见,多用于第一人称。如:

Shall we go out for a walk?

(2)should意为“应该”,可表示劝告、建议、义务、责任等。如:You should drink a lot of water.

(3)shouldhavedone对过去动作的责备,表示本应该做某事,实际上没有做。如:

You should have finished your homework.

7、will的用法

Will表示意愿、意志、打算,可用于多种人称。如:

I will help you if I’m free this afternoon.

8、had better的用法

had better意为“最佳”,没有人称的变化,后面接不带to的不定式,其否定形式为“had better not”。如:

You had better not give the book to him.

(二)考点二含有情态动词的疑问句

1、由can,may,must构成的疑问句。

(1)对may引出的问句,有下列回答方式:

Yes,of course. / Yes, certainly. / Sure. / No, you mustn’t. / No, you can’t.

(2)对must引出的疑问句,回答方式:

Yes,…must. / No,…needn’t. / don’t have to.

2、will,would,shall的用法

(1)will在大凡疑问句中表示客气的请求、劝说。would是will的过去式,语气更加客气、婉转。如:

Would you show me your picture book?

(2)对will / would you…?的回答方式有:

Yes, I will. / No, I won’t. Sure. / I’m sorry, I can’t. / All right. / Certainly./ No, thank you / thanks. / Yes, please.

(3)shall引导的问句主要用于第一人称中,表示征求对方的意见或客气的请求。

其回答方式有:Yes, please. / All right. / No, thanks.

(三)考点三例外情态动词的否定意义例外

1、can’t

(1)can’t可译为“不会”。如:I can’t play baseball.

(2)当句子表示推测时,用can’t表示不可能。如:

He can’t be ill. He is playing chess with Tom.

(3)can’t还可用来回答“May I…”的问句。如:

---May I come in?---No,you can’t / mustn’t.

(4)can’t还可用于不变习语中。如:

She can’t help crying.

2、may not译为“可能不”。如:

He may not be at home.

3、mustn’t

(1)mustn’t表示“不准,不许”。如:

He mustn’t leave this room.

(2)mustn’t也可用于以may表示要求的疑问句的否定回答中。如:---May I stand here? ---No, you mustn’t / can’t.

4、needn’t

(1)needn’t表示“不必”相当于don’t have to。如:

You needn’t meet him unless you’d like to.

(2)needn’t + have+动词的过去分词,表示不需要做却做了,暗含时间或精力上的浪费。如:

You needn’t have bought it.

5、shouldn’t表示“不应该”

(四)考点四情态动词的被动语态

含有情态动词的被动语态的结构为:情态动词+be+done(动词的过去分词)做题时要兼顾情态动词和被动语态两个方面。

(五)易混知识归纳

1、can和be able to

两者表示能力时用法相同,但can只有原形及其过去式could两种形式,在其他时态中要用be able to来表示。另外be able to常常指经过努力,花费了时间和劳力之后才能做到某事。如:

He has been able to drive.

2、can和may

(1)can和may都可以用来征求意见或许可,表示“可以”。如:May / Can I help you?

(2)表示可能性:在肯定句中用might,may,must而不用can;在疑问句中表示推测用can,不用might,may,must;在否定句中用can’t表示“不可能”,不用may,must。

3、may be和maybe

(1)may be中的may为情态动词,be为动词原形,用于句中作谓语动词;

4、can’t和mustn’t

can’t“不能,不会,不可能”,mustn’t“不准,不许,禁止”,用于表示命令,表达剧烈的语气。

5、must和have to

must侧重于个人意志和主观上的必要,还可以在间接引语中表示过去的必要。have to侧重于客观上的必要,可用于现在时、过去时和将来时。

6、used to do / be used to doing / be used to do

used to do表示过去常常发生的动作,强调过去,只用于过去,注意用to do,而不用doing形式;而be used to doing意为“习惯做……”,be可以有各种时态;be used to do意为“……被用来做……”,为被动语态结构。如:

My father used to eat meat.

She is used to eating meat.

Knives are used to cut things.

【情态动词记忆口诀】

情态动词两要点,动词原形跟后边,说话语气较婉转。can表“能力”,may“许可”,must“责任”或“义务”。

否定答语needn’t换,“需要”need, dare“敢”,

should“应该”,would“愿”,have to“被迫”表客观。

【收藏夹】can’t wait to do迫不及待地做

can’t help doing情不自禁做

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