材料科学专业英语第二章翻译
ferrous alloys
铁合金
More than 90% by weight of the metallic materials used by human beings are ferrous alloy. This represents an immense family of engineering materials with a wide range of microstructures and related properties. The majority of engineering designs that require structural load support or power transmission involve ferrous alloys. As a practical matter, those alloys fall into two broad categories based on the carbon in the alloy composition. Steel generally contains between wc=0.05% and wc=4.5%.
超过90%的重量的金属材料使用的人类是铁合金。这是一个巨大的工程材料的家庭与广泛的微观结构和相关的属性。大部分的工程设计,需要结构性的负载支持或电力传输涉及铁合金。作为一个实际问题,这些合金分为两大类基于碳在合金成分。钢一般包含在wc = 0.05%和wc = 4.5%。
Within the steel category,we shall other than carbon is used.A compositon of 5% total noncarbon high alloy steels. Those alloy additions are chosen carefully becouse they invariably bring with them sharply increased material costs. They are justified only by essential improvements in improvements such as higher strength or improved corrosion resistance
在钢的类别,我们将使用碳。写的5%的总无碳高合金钢。这些合金添加的内容都是经过精心挑选因为他们总是携带材料成本大幅增加。他们是合理的只有基本的改进在进步,如高强度或改进的耐蚀性
2.1.1The earth contains a large number of metals which are useful to man. One of the most important of these is iron. Modern industry needs considerable quantities of this metal, either in the form of iron or in the from of steel. A certain number of non-ferrous metals, including aluminum and zinc, are also important, but even today the majority of our engineering products are of iron or steel. Moreover, iron possesses magnetic properties, which have made the development of electrical power possible.地球包含大量的金属是有用的人。其中最重要的是铁。现代工业需要大量这样的金属,无论是在形式的铁或钢的.一定数量的有色金属,包括铝和锌,也很重要,但即使是在今天,我们的大部分工程产品的铁或钢。此外,铁具有磁特性,使电力可能的发展.
the iron which we find on earth is not pure.it contains some impurities that must be removed by smelting. the process of smelting. consists of heating the ore in a blast furnace with coke and limestone, andreducing it to metal.铁,我们发现在地球上不纯。它包含一些杂质,必须被冶炼。这个过程的冶炼.由加热矿石与焦炭在高炉和石灰石,以及减少它的金属
blasts of not air enter the furnace from the bottom and provide the oxygen that is necessary for thereduction of the ore.爆炸的不是空气进入炉从底部,并提供了氧气,这是必要的森林采伐量减少矿石.
The ore becomes molten,and its oxides combine with carbon from the coke.the non-metallic constituents of the ore combine with the limestone to form a liquid slag. This floats top of the molten iron,and passes out of the furnace athrough a tap.the metal which remains is pig iron.矿石变成熔融,及其氧化物结合碳从可口可乐. 非金属成分的矿石结合灰岩形成液态渣. 这花车顶部的熔铁,然后流出炉通过一个水龙头,金属仍是生铁.
We can melt this down again in another furnace a cupola with more coke and limestone, and tap it out into a ladle or directly into molds. This is cast iron. Cast iron does not have the strength of steel. It is brittle and may fracture under tension. But it possesses certain properties that make it very useful in the manufacture of machinery. In the molten state it is very fluid, therefore, it is easy to cast it into intricate shapes. 我们可以融化这下又在另一个炉的圆顶和更多的可口可乐和石灰石,轻敲出一个包或直接进入模具。这是铸铁。铸铁没有钢的强度。它是脆弱和可能断裂在张力。但它具有特定的属性,使它非常有用的生产机械。在熔融状态很流畅,因此,很容易铸造成复杂的形状。
Also it is easy to machine it. Cast iron contains small proportions of other substances. These non-metallic constituents of cast iron include carbon, silicon and sulphur, and the presence of these substances affects the behavior of the metal. Iron which contains a negligible quantity of carbon, for example, wrought iron behaves differently form iron which contains a lot of carbon. 也很容易机它。铸铁包含小比例的其他物质。这些非金属的成分铸铁包括碳、硅、硫,这些物质的存在影响行为的金属。铁,包含一个微不足道的碳的数量,例如铁艺行为不同形式铁含有大量的碳。The carbon in cast iron is present partly as free graphite and partly as a chemical combination of iron and carbon which is called cementite. This is a very hard substance, and it makes the iron hard too. However, iron can only hold about 1.5% of cementite. Any
carbon content above that percentage is present of the from of a flaky graphite. Steel contains no free graphite, and its carbon content rangers from almost nothing to 1.5%. we make wire and tubing from mild steel with a very low carbon content, and drills and cutting tools from high carbon steel.碳在铸铁存在部分是免费的石墨和部分是化学结合铁和碳这叫做渗碳体。这是一个非常困难的物质,它使铁硬太。然而,铁只能持有约1.5%的渗碳体。任何碳含量高于现在的比例是来自一个片状石墨。钢不含游离石墨,其碳含量游骑兵从几乎为零的1.5%。我们让线和油管从低碳钢和一个非常低的碳含量,演习和切削工具从高碳钢。
Carbon and alloy steel
Carbon steel
A plain carbon steel is one in which carbon is the only alloying element. The amount of carbon in the steel controls its hardness, strength , and ductility. The higher the carbon content , the harder the steel.
Carbon steels are classified according to the percentage of carbon they contain. They are referred to as low, medium, high, and very-high-carbon steels.
碳和合金钢
碳钢
一个普通碳钢就是碳才是唯一的合金元素。碳的数量在钢控制它的硬度、强度及韧性。碳含量越高,越钢。
碳素结构钢分类按比例的碳它们包含。它们被称为低、中、高,和非常高的碳钢材。
Low-carbon steel
Steels with a carbon range of 0.05 to .0.30 percent are called low-carbon steels. Steels in this class are tough, ductile, and easily machined, formed, and welded. Most of them do not respond to anly heat treating process except case hardening.
Medium-carbon steels
Those steels have a carbon range from 0.30to0.45 percent.
They are strong and hard but cannot be worked or welded as easily as low-carbon steels. because of their higher carbon content, they can be heat treated. Successful welding of these steels often requires special electrodes, but even then greater care must be taken to prevent formation of cracks around the weld area.
低碳钢
钢碳范围的0.05到0 30百分比被称为低碳钢材。在这类钢强硬,有韧性,容易加工,形成,和焊接。他们中的大多数都不应对安良热处理过程除了表面硬化。
钢中碳
这些钢有一个碳的范围从0.30到0 45个百分比。
他们是强壮和坚硬但不能工作或低碳钢焊接一样容易。因为他们的高碳含量,他们可以热处理。成功焊接这些钢通常需要特殊电极,但即使这样更大的必须注意防止裂缝的形成在焊缝区。
High and very-high-carbon steels
Steels with a carbon range of 0.45 to 0.75 percent are classified as high-carbon and those with 0.75 to 1.7 percent carbon as very-high-carbon steels. Both of those steels respond well to heat treatment. As a rule, steels up to 0.65 percent carbon can be welded with special electodes, although preheating and stress relieving techniques must practical to weld steels in the very-high-carbon range.
高和非常高的碳钢材
钢碳范围为0.45至0.75%被归类为高碳和那些有0.75 - 1.7%的碳是非常高的碳钢材。这两种钢的热处理反应良好。通常,钢材0.65%碳可以焊接与特殊electodes,尽管预热和应力消除技术必须实际焊接钢在非常高的碳范围。
Carbon is the principal element controlling the structure and properties that might be expected from any carbon steel. The influence that carbon has in strengthening and hardening steel is dependent upon the amount of carbon present and upon its microstructure. Slowly cooled carbon steels have a relatively soft iron pearlitic microstructure ;whereas rapidly quenched carbon steels have a strong ,hard, brittle, martensitic microstructure.
\碳是主元素控制结构和性能可能会从任何碳钢。碳的影响已经在加强和淬火钢是依赖于碳的数量现在和在其微观结构。慢慢冷却碳素结构钢有一个相对软铁珠光体的微观结构;而快速淬火碳素结构钢有强烈的,硬而脆,马氏体微观结构。
In carbon steel, at normal room temperature, the atoms are arranged in body-centered lattice. this is known as alpha iron. And a combination of iron and
carbon .The compound of iron (ferrite) and a combination of iron and carbon. The compound of iron and carbon, or iron carbide
cementite is very hard and has practically no ductility.
在碳钢,在正常的室温,原子排列在都会以点阵。这被称为alpha铁。并结合铁和碳。这种化合物的铁(铁素体)和一个组合的铁和碳。这种化合物的铁和碳,或碳化铁渗碳体是非常困难和已经几乎没有延展性。
In a steel with 0.8 percent carbon, the grains are pearlitic, meaning that all the carbon is combined with iron to form iron and carbide. This is known as a eutectoid mixture of carbon and iron. See figure
在一个钢有0.8%的碳,谷物是珠光体,这意味着所有的碳结合铁形成铁和硬质合金。这被称为共析混合物的碳和铁。参见图
If there is less than 0.8 percent carbon, the mixture of pearlite and ferrite is refered to as hypoeutectoid. An examination of such a mixture would show grains of pure iron and grains of pearlite as shown in figure 2.2
如果有不到0.8%的碳,混合的珠光体和亚共析铁素体就称为。考试这样的混合物会显示谷物的纯铁和谷物的珠光体如图2.2
When the metal contains more than 0.8 percent carbon ,the mixture consists of pearlite and iron carbide and is called hypereutectoid. Notice in figure 2.3 how the grains of pearlite are surrounded by iron carbide. In general ,the greatest percentage of steel used is of the hypoeutectoid type, that which has less than 0.8 percent carbon.
当金属包含超过0.8%的碳,混合物包括珠光体和碳化铁和被称为过共析体。注意,在图2.3的谷物的珠光体周围是铁碳化物。一般来说,最大的百分比的钢用的是亚共析类型,这carban不到0.8%。
Alloy steel
An alloy steel is a steel to which one or more of such elements as nickel, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, titanium, cobalt, tungsten, or vanadium have been added. The addition of these elements gives steel greater toughness, strength, resistance to wear, and resistance to corrosion. Alloy steels are called by the predominating element which has been added. Most of them can be welded, provided special electrodes are used.一个合金钢是一个钢,一个或多个这样的元素,如镍、铬、锰、钼、钛、钴、钨、或钒已添加。这些元素的加入使钢更大的韧性、强度、耐磨、耐腐蚀。合金钢叫的主元素已被添加。他们中的大多数可以焊接,提供特殊电极使用。The common elements added to steel and their effects are explained as the following.最常见的元素添加到钢及其影响是解释如下。Manganese
The addition of manganese to steel produces a fine grain structure which has greater toughness and ductility. Manganese always presents in a steel to some extent because it is used as a deoxidiser.新增的锰钢铁生产细晶粒结构具有更大的韧性和延性。锰总是礼物钢在某种程度上,因为它被用作脱氧剂。Silicon
Always present to some extent, because it is used with manganese as a deoxidiser.总是存在某种程度上,因为它是用锰作为脱氧剂。Chromium
When quantities of chromium are added to steel the resulting product is a metal having extreme hardness and resistance to wear without making it brittle. Chromium also tends to refine the grain structure of steel, thereby increasing its toughness. It is used either alone in carbon steel or in combination with other elements such as nickel, vanadium, molybdenum, or tungsten当大量的铬被添加到钢产生的产品是一个金属具有极高的硬度和耐磨性没有使其脆性。铬也倾向于细化晶粒的钢铁建筑,从而增加其韧性。它是使用要么独自在碳钢或结合其他元素,如镍、钒、钼、钨。Nickel
The addition of nickel increases the ductility of steel while allowing it to maintain its strength. When large quantities of nickle are added (25 to 35 present), the steels not only become tough but also develop high resistance to corrosion and shock.添加镍增加钢的韧性,并允许它保持它的强度。当大量的五分镍币被添加(25到35存在),钢不仅成为强硬但同时开发高耐腐蚀和休克。Tungsten Tungsten is used mostly in steels designed for metal cutting tools. Tungsten steels are tough, hard, and very resistant wear.
钨主要用于在钢专为金属切削工具。钨钢是艰难的,硬,很耐磨损。Molybdenu Molybdenum produce the greatest hardening effect of any element except carbon and at the same time it reduces the enlargement of the grain structure. The result is a strong, tough steel. Although molybdenum is used alone in some alloys, often it is supplemented by other elements, particularly nickle or chromium or both.钼产生最大的硬化效应的任何元素除了碳,同时它减少了扩大粒结构。结果是一个强大的、艰难的钢。虽然钼单独用在某些合金,它常常是辅以其他元素,特别是镍或铬或两者。Vanadium
Vanadium is a strong carbide forming element. Addition of this element to steel promotes fine grain structure when the steel is heated above its critical range for heat treatment. It also imparts toughness and strength to the metal. It can cause reheat cracking.钒是一个强大的硬质合金成形元素。添加这个元素钢促进细晶粒结构当钢加热高于临界范围热处理。它还传授的韧性和强度的金属。它可以导致再热裂解Titanium Titanium is a strong carbide forming element. It is not used on its own, but added as a carbide stabiliser to some austenitic stainless steels钛是一种强碳化物形成元素。它不是用在自己的,但添加为碳化物安定剂一些奥氏体不锈钢Cast lrons As stated earlier, we define cast irons as the ferrous alloys with greater than 2%(w) carbon. They also generally contain up to 3%(w) silicon for control of carbide formation kinetics. Cast irons have relatively low melting temperatures and liquid phase viscosities, do not form undesirable surface films when poured, and undergo moderate shrinkage during solidification and cooling. The cast irons must balance good formability of complex shapes against inferior mechanical properties compared to wrought alloys.如前所述,我们定义为黑色合金铸铁铸造用大于2%(w)碳。他们也通常含有3%(w)硅为控制碳化物形成动力学。铸铁铸造相对低熔点温度和液相粘度,并不会形成不良表面的电影,并接受倒温和收缩在凝固和冷却。演员熨斗必须平衡好成形性的复杂形状对劣质的力学性能比锻合金. A cast iron is formed into a final shape by pouring molten metal into a mold. The shape of the mold is retained by the solidified metal. Inferior mechanical properties result from a less uniform microstructure, including some porosity. Wrought alloys are initially cast but are rolled or for ged into final, relatively simple shapes (in fact, “wrought” simply means “worked”).一个铸铁是形成最终形状将液态金属注入一个模具。形状的模具是聘请的凝固的金属。劣质的力学性能结果从一个更少的制服微观结构,包括一些孔隙度。锻合金最初铸造但滚动或伪造进入决赛,相对简单的形状(事实上,“熟”仅仅意味着“工作”)。There are four general types of cast irons. White iron has a characteristic white, crystalline fracture surface. Large amounts of Fe3C are formed during casting, giving a hard, brittle material. Gray iron has a gray fracture surface with a finely faceted structure. A significant silicon content (wsi=2%~3%) promotes graphite (C) precipitation rather than cementite (Fe3C). The sharp, pointed graphite flakes contribute characteristic brittleness in gray iron. 有四种通用类型的铸铁铸造。白口铸铁具有独特的白色,水晶断裂表面。大量的Fe3C 形成在铸造,给一个困难,脆性材料。灰口铸铁有灰色断裂表面与细面结构。一个重要的硅含量(wsi = 2% ~ 3%)促进石墨(C)沉淀而不是渗碳体(Fe3C)。尖锐的指出,石墨片贡献特征脆性在灰口铸铁。
By adding a small amount (w=0.05%) of magnesium to the molten metal of the gray iron composition, spheroidal graphite precipitates rather than flakes are produced. This resulting ductile iron derives its name from the improved mechanical properties. Ductility is increased by a factor of 20, and strength is doubled. A more traditional form of cast iron with reasonable ductility is malleable iron, which is first cast as white iron and then heat treated to produce nodular graphite precipitates.通过添加少量(w = 0.05%)的镁的熔融金属灰口铸铁的成分、球状石墨沉淀而不是片生产。这导致球墨铸铁得名于改善力学性能。延性增加了20倍,和力量是翻了一倍。一个更传统形式的铸铁与合理的延性是可锻铸铁,这是最初饰演白铁然后热处理生产球墨铸铁沉淀物
电气工程及其自动化专业英语第二章课文翻译
第二章第一篇 To say that we live in an age of electronics is an understatement. From the omnipresent integrated circuit to the equally omnipresent digital computer, we encounter electronic devices and systems on a daily basis. In every aspect of our increasingly technological society— whether it is science, engineering, medicine, music, maintenance, or even espionage—the role of electronics is large, and it is growing. 谈论关于我们生活在一个电子学时代的论调是一种空泛的论调。从无处不在的集成电路到同样无处不在的数字计算机，我们在日常活动中总会遇到电子设备和电子系统。在我们日益发展的科技社会的方方面面——无论是在科学、工程、医药、音乐、维修方面甚至是在谍报方面——电子学的作用是巨大的，而且还将不断增强。 In general, all of the tasks with which we shall be concerned can be classified as "signal-processing“tasks. Let us explore the meaning of this term 一般说来，我们将要涉及到的工作被归结为“信号——处理”工作，让我们来探究这个术语的含义吧。 A signal is any physical variable whose magnitude or variation with time contains information. This information might involve speech and music, as in radio broadcasting, a physical quantity such as the temperature of the air in a room, or numerical data, such as the record of stock market transactions. The physical variables that can carry information in an electrical system are voltage and current. When we speak of "signals", therefore, we refer implicitly to voltages or currents. However, most of the concepts we discuss can be applied directly to systems with different information-carrying variables. Thus, the behavior of a mechanical system (in which force and velocity are the variables) or a hydraulic system (in which pressure and flow rate are the variables) can often be modeled or represented by an equivalent electrical system. An understanding of the behavior of electrical systems, therefore, provides a basis for understanding a much broader range of phenomena. 信号就是其与时间有关的量值或变化包含信息的任何物理变量。这种信息或许像无线电广播的演讲和音乐，或许是像室内温度的物理量，或许像股市交易记录的数字数据。在电气系统中能够载有信息的物理变量是电压和电流。因此当我们谈到“信号”，我们不言而喻指的是电压和电流，然而，我们要讨论的大多数概念是可以被直接应用于载有不同信息的变量的系统，因此，一个机械系统（在这个系统中力和速度是其变量）或者液压系统（在这个系统中压力和流速是其变量）的性能通常可以用一个等效的电气系统来模拟或表示。因此，我们对于电气系统性能的理解为理解更宽领域的现象打下了一个基础。 A signal can carry information in two different forms. In an analog signal the continuous variation of the voltage or current with time carries the information. An example, in Fig.2-l, is the voltage produced by a thermocouple pair when the two junctions are at different temperatures. As the temperature difference between the two junctions varies, the magnitude of the voltage across the thermocouple pair also varies. The voltage thus provides an analog representation of the temperature difference. 一个信号可以以两种形式来承载信息。在一个模拟信号中电压或电流随时间而产生的连续变化载有信息。在图2-1中，当一对热电偶的接头处于不同的温度时由热电偶所产生的电压就是一个例子。当两个接头之间的温度差改变时，一对热电偶两端的电压也将改变。于是电压就提供了温度差的模拟表现形式 The other kind of signal is a digital signal. A digital signal is one that can take on values within two discrete ranges. Such signals are used to represent ON-OFF or YES-NO information. An ordinary household thermostat delivers a digital signal tocontrol the furnace. When the
(完整版)医学专业英语翻译及答案
Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、
《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译 完整版
Unit 1 Chemical Industry 化学工业 1.Origins of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin‘s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939). 1．化学工业的起源 尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发，对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后（1918-1939）。 date bake to/from: 回溯到 dated: 过时的，陈旧的 stand sb. in good stead: 对。。。很有帮助
专业英语翻译
Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 141 (2011) 133–138 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /v e t i m m Short communication Saccharomyces cerevisiae decreases in?ammatory responses induced by F4+enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in porcine intestinal epithelial cells Galliano Zanello a ,b ,1,Franc ?ois Meurens a ,1,Mustapha Berri a ,Claire Chevaleyre a ,Sandrine Melo a ,Eric Auclair b ,Henri Salmon a ,? a Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA),UR1282,Infectiologie Animale et SantéPublique,F-37380Nouzilly (Tours),Indre et Loire,France b SociétéIndustrielle Lesaffre,Lesaffre Feed Additives,Marcq-en-Baroeul,France a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 19October 2010Received in revised form 13December 2010 Accepted 31January 2011Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Pig Intestinal epithelial cells Cytokines Chemokines a b s t r a c t Probiotic yeasts may provide protection against intestinal in?ammation induced by enteric pathogens.In piglets,infection with F4+enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)leads to in?ammation,diarrhea and intestinal damage.In this study,we investigated whether the yeast strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc ,strain CNCM I-3856)and S.cerevisiae variety boulardii (Sb ,strain CNCM I-3799)decreased the expression of pro-in?ammatory cytokines and chemokines in intestinal epithelial IPI-2I cells cultured with F4+ETEC.Results showed that viable Sc inhibited the ETEC-induced TNF-?gene expression whereas Sb did not.In contrast,killed Sc failed to inhibit the expression of pro-in?ammatory genes.This inhibition was dependent on secreted soluble factors.Sc culture supernatant decreased the TNF-?,IL-1?,IL-6,IL-8,CXCL2and CCL20ETEC-induced mRNA.Furthermore,Sc culture supernatant ?ltrated fraction <10kDa displayed the same effects excepted for TNF-?.Thus,our results extended to Sc (strain CNCM I-3856)the inhibitory effects of some probiotic yeast strains onto in?ammation. ? 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1.Introduction Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)are pathogenic gram negative bacteria which infect humans and sev-eral species of farm animals such as calves and pigs.ETEC interacts with intestinal epithelial cells,colonizes the small intestine and secretes enterotoxins such as the heat-labile enterotoxins (LT),the heat-stable enterotox-ins (STa and/or STb),and the enteroaggregative E .coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1(EAST1)(Nagy and Fekete,2005).In pigs,ETEC infection and enterotoxin secretions can induce intestinal in?ammation and diarrhea resulting in reduced growth rate,increased mortality and economic ?Corresponding author.Tel.:+33247427331;fax:+33247427779.E-mail addresses:salmon@tours.inra.fr ,henri.salmon@tours.inra.fr (H.Salmon).1 These authors contributed equally to this work.loss (Fairbrother et al.,2005).Moreover,F4+ETEC strain induce pro-in?ammatory response in intestinal epithe-lial cells (Devriendt et al.,2010).Administration of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae variety boulardii (Sb )has been shown to protect pigs in reducing ETEC transloca-tion (Lessard et al.,2009).In vitro studies showed that Sb secretes soluble factors that decrease the expression of pro-in?ammatory cytokines induced by enteric pathogens (Zanello et al.,2009).However,to our knowledge,there is no in vitro data regarding the anti-in?ammatory effects of S.cerevisiae (Sc )secreted soluble factors.Sc and Sb are members of the same species but they differ geneti-cally,metabolically and physiologically (Edwards-Ingram et al.,2007;Hennequin et al.,2001).Thus,in this study,we assessed if the non-commensal and non-pathogenic yeasts Sc (strain CNCM I-3856)and Sb (strain CNCM I-3799)secreted factors allowing the down-regulation of pro-in?ammatory gene expression in intestinal epithe-lial cells cultured with F4+ETEC.Sc (strain CNCM I-3856) 0165-2427/$–see front matter ? 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.01.018
《自动化专业英语》中英文翻译-中文部分
第二部分 控制理论 第1章 1.1控制系统的引入 人类控制自然力量的设计促进人类历史的发展,我们已经广泛的能利用这种量进行在人类本身力量之外的物理进程?在充满活力的20世纪中,控制系统工程的发展已经使得很多梦想成为了现实?控制系统工程队我们取得的成就贡献巨大?回首过去,控制系统工程主要的贡献在机器人,航天驾驶系统包括成功的实现航天器的软着陆,航空飞机自动驾驶与自动控制,船舶与潜水艇控制系统,水翼船?气垫船?高速铁路自动控制系统,现代铁路控制系统? 以上这些类型的控制控制系统和日常生活联系紧密,控制系统是一系列相关的原件在系统运行的基础上相互关联的构成的,此外控制系统存在无人状态下的运行,如飞机自控驾驶,汽车的巡航控制系统?对于控制系统,特别是工业控制系统,我们通常面对的是一系列的器件,自动控制是一个复合型的学科?控制工程师的工作需要具有力学,电子学,机械电子,流体力学,结构学,无料的各方面的知识?计算机在控制策略的执行中具有广泛的应用,并且控制工程的需求带动了信息技术的与软件工程的发展? 通常控制系统的范畴包括开环控制系统与闭环控制系统,两种系统的区别在于是否在系统中加入了闭环反馈装置? 开环控制系统 开环控制系统控制硬件形式很简单,图2.1描述了一个单容液位控制系统, 图2.1单容液位控制系统 我们的控制目标是保持容器的液位h 在水流出流量V 1变化的情况下保持在一定 可接受的范围内,可以通过调节入口流量V 2实现?这个系统不是精确的系统,本系 统无法精确地检测输出流量V 2,输入流量V 1以及容器液位高度?图2.2描述了这 个系统存在的输入(期望的液位)与输出(实际液位)之间的简单关系, 图2.2液位控制系统框图 这种信号流之间的物理关系的描述称为框图?箭头用来描述输入进入系统,以及
土木工程专业英语原文及翻译
土木工程专业英语原文 及翻译 文档编制序号：[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]
08 级土木(1) 班课程考试试卷 考试科目专业英语 考试时间 学生姓名 所在院系土木学院 任课教师 徐州工程学院印制 Stability of Slopes Introduction Translational slips tend to occur where the adjacent stratum is at a relatively shallow depth below the surface of the slope:the failure surface tends to be plane and roughly parallel to the slips usually occur where the adjacent stratum is at greater depth，the failure surface consisting of curved and plane sections． In practice, limiting equilibrium methods are used in the analysis of slope stability. It is considered that failure is on the point of occurring along an assumed or a known failure surface．The shear strength required to maintain a condition of limiting equilibrium is compared with the available shear strength of the soil，giving the average factor of safety along the failure surface．The problem is considered in two dimensions，conditions of plane strain being assumed．It has been shown that a two-dimensional analysis gives a conservative result for a failure on a three-dimensional(dish-shaped) surface． Analysis for the Case of φu =0 This analysis, in terms of total stress，covers the case of a fully saturated clay under undrained conditions, . For the condition immediately after construction．Only moment equilibrium is considered in the analysis．In section, the potential failure surface is assumed to be a circular arc. A trial failure surface(centre O，radius r and length L a where F is the factor of safety with respect to shear strength．Equating moments about O：
英语翻译第二单元 Unit 2
第二单元Unit 2 方法和技巧（1）Methods and Skills (1) 口译的方法和技巧因其内容、要求、对象、场合的不同而不同。为了准确、完满地传达说话人的原意，译员要根据具体情况，选择适当的方法，灵活运用各种不同的技巧，提高口译的表达效果。口译的方法和技巧可概括为以下几种： 一、直译 汉英两种语言属于不同的语系，在语言结构、表达方式、修辞手段和思维方式等方面都有各自的不同特点。但是，两种语言在词汇、句子结构、语序和文化内涵等方面又有一定的对等性。直译就是利用这种对等关系，口译时，在保证准确传递说话人原意的前提下尽量使原语在词语、句子结构和语序上与译入语保持一致。对等直译法是口译中最基本、最常用的方法，同时也是最有效、最实用、最简便的方法。 以下英语的汉译就是利用这种对等关系直译的。 (1) Today, technology has made us all virtual neighbors. 今天，科技使我们所有国家实际上成为邻邦。 (2) As you build a new China, America wants to build a new relationship with you；We want China to be successful, secure and open, working with us for a more peaceful and prosperous world. 当你们建设一个新中国的时候，美国希望同你们建立一种新型关系，我们希望中国成功、安全、开放、同我们一起为一个更加和平、繁荣的世界而工作。 (3) In the 21st century----your century----China and the United States will face the challenge of security in Asia. 在二十一世纪——你们的世纪——中美两国要面对亚洲安全问题的挑战。 (4) One of our founding fathers, Benjamin Franklin, once said: ―Our critics are our friends, for they show us our faults.‖ 美国的奠基者之一, 本杰明﹒弗兰克林曾经说过：―批评我们的人就是我们的朋友，因为他们指出了我们的错误。‖ 以下汉语的英译也是利用英汉对等关系直译的。 (1) 首先，请允许我代表在座的，向我们的贵宾表示热烈的欢迎和真诚的问候。 First of all, please allow me, on behalf of all present here, to extend our warm welcome and cordial greetings to our distinguished guests. (2) 虽然我们来自不同的背景，说不同的语言，但是，我相信我们将通过对体育的共同热爱找到共同的语言和共同的友谊。 Although we come from many different backgrounds and speak many different languages, I am sure we shall find a common language and mutual friendship through our joint interest in sports. (3) 我相信中国的改革开放和稳定会给亚欧国家的商界带来可观的投资和贸易良机。 I am convinced that China's reform, open up and stability will provide the business community of Asian and European countries with tremendous investment and trade opportunities. (4) 我们将坚持―和平统一‖和―一国两制‖的基本原则。 We shall adhere to the basic principles of ―peaceful reunification‖ and ―one country, two systems‖. (5) 我们的干部要能上能下 Our cadres should be ready to go up and equally ready to go down.
统计学专业英语翻译
汉译英 Population 总体，样本总体sample 样本，标本parameter 限制因素 median 中位数odd 奇数，单数even 偶数 range 极差variance 方差standard deviation 标准差Covariance 协方差empty event 空事件product event 积事件 conditional probability 条件概率Random variable 随机变量binominal distribution 二项式分布uniform distribution 均匀分布Poisson distribution 泊松分布residual 残差 central limit theorem 中心极限定律 英译汉 descriptive statistics 描述统计学mathematical statistics 数理统计学inductive statistics 归纳统计学Inferential statistics 推断统计学dimension 维，维数continuous variable 连续变量ordinal variable 有序变量nominal variable 名义变量dichotomous 两分的；二歧的discrete variable 离散变量categorical variable 分类变量location 定位，位置，场所dispersion 分散mean 均值unimodal单峰的 multimodal 多峰的chaotic 无秩序的grouped data 分组数据 frequency distribution频数分布cumulative frequency 累加频数tallying 计算 Uniformly distribution 均匀分布histogram 直方图frequency polygon 频率多边图rectangle 矩形Percentile 百分位数quartile 四分位数 interquartile range 四分位数间距simple event 简单事件Compound event 复合事件mutually exclusive 互斥的，互补相交的complementary event 对立事件Independent 独立的joint probability function 联合概率函数jacobian雅克比行列式 Law of large numbers大数定律point estimate 点估计estimate 估计值 statistic 统计量optimality 最优性Unbiased estimate 无偏估计量efficient estimate 有偏估计量unbiasedness无偏性efficience有效性Consistent estimate 一致估计量 asymptotic properties 渐近性质Confidence interval 置信区间interval estimation 区间估计 null hypothesis 原假设alternative hypothesis 备择假设significance level 显著性水平power function 幂函数testing procedures 检验方法test statistic 检验统计量 rejection region 拒绝区域acceptance region 接受区域critical region 临界区域 first-derivatives 一阶导数second-derivatives 二阶导数Likelihood ratio 似然比dependent variable因变量unexplanatory variable未解释变量independent variable自变量 Error term 误差项regression coefficients 回归系数Sum of squared residuals 残差平方和Marginal probability function 边际概率函数joint probability density function 联合概率密度函数Marginal probability density function边际概率密度函数stochastically independent 随机独立的 Mutually independently distribution 相互独立的分布independently and identically distribution 独立同分布的likelihood function 似然函数maximum likelihood estimator 最大似然估计量 maximum likelihood estimate 最大似然估计值log-likelihood function 对数似然函数 ordinary least squares estimation/estimate/estimator 普通最小二乘估计/估计值/估计量 linear unbiased estimator 线性无偏估计