2021年自考英语讲义完整版

2021年自考英语讲义完整版
2021年自考英语讲义完整版

自考英语(二)讲义完整版一

讲义一

Text A What Is a Decision ?

I.课文内容简介

决策目是制定和实现组织目的。作决策因素是有问题存在、目的和目不对的、或者有某种东西防碍目的或目实现。作决策过程对管理人员来说至关重要。决策者必要具备从各种可供选取也许性中拟定最佳选取手段。而各种目的顺序和重要性也某些地基于决策者价值观。今天所作决策也许会对将来产生深远影响。因而,有经验管理者能从当前决策看到将来效果。

段落大意:课文提成三某些

第一、二段:决策定义The definition of decision

第三、四段:作决策普通过程The general process of making a decision

第五至九段:在管理层次上,各种因素影响决策制定Various factors influencing decision making at the managerial level

II.New Words

organizational a. 组织上

goal n. 目,目的

objective n./a. 目的,目/客观,真实

accomplish vt. 完毕(任务等)

predict vt./vi. 预言;预示

accompany vt. 随着,陪伴

implement vt. 实现;完毕

constraint n. 强制;强制因素

precedent n. 先例,前例

simplify vt. 简化

tendency n. 趋势,倾向

managerial a. 经理,管理人maker n. 制造者;制造商achievement n. 完毕,达到attain vt. 达到;完毕

optimal a. 最适当,最抱负suboptimization n. 局部最优化trade-off n. 权衡;物物互换argue vt./vi. 争辩,争论

budget n./vt. 预算

scheme n./vt.把…编入预算define vt. 解释,给…下定义multiple a./n.多样,复合/倍数profitability n. 赚钱,获利correctness n. 对的,对的性unintended a. 非筹划中,非故意ongoing a. 进行中,非故意entity n. 存在,实体

skilled a. 纯熟;有技能

in the way 挡路、碍事

to make a guess at 猜测

and the like 等等,诸如此类

to seek to 追求,争取

in part 某些地,在某种限度上point of view 观点

词汇精讲

1.goal n. 目的,进球,球门(同义词:aim ,end ,purpose,objective)Her goal is a place at university . 她目的是在大学任教。

2.objective :n./a. 目;目的(尤指较长远目的);宗旨/客观,如实

派生词:object n. 物体

反义词:subjective n./a. 主语;主观事物;/ 主观,

用法:Her objective is to get a college education. 她目的是接受大学教诲。

If you don't work hard,you'll never achieve your objectives.

如果你不努力工作,你将永远达不到目。Achieve表达较难达到目的。

It is an objective report. 这是一篇如实报道。

3.accomplish v. 完毕(任务)等

The students accomplished the task in less than ten minutes .

学生们在不到10分钟内完毕了任务。

4.predict :v 预言,预示,预告

同义词:forecast v. 预测,预报

It's hard to predict when it will happen . 很难预见这件事何时发生。

5.accompany :v. 随着,陪伴

The lonely old man is accompanied by his dog. 这位孤单老人让她狗做伴。All orders must be accompanied with cash. 所有订货单必要随付钞票。

派生词:company n. 公司;v. 陪伴

6.implement v. 实现,实行,履行(诺言)等

The committee's suggestions will be implemented immediately.

委员会意见将及时贯彻执行。

The changes to the national health system will be implemented next year.

对全国医疗体系改革将在来年进行。

7.constraint n. 限制,约束

They told the truth but only under constraint. Constraint on the rules of grammer

她们说了实话但是有所保存(是被迫)。语法规则限制(约束)

8.tendency :n. 趋势,倾向

There is a growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices.

人们在家里而不是在办公室里工作趋势日益增长。

派生词:tend v. 趋向,倾向用法:tend to do sth.

He tends to get angry when people disagree with him .

当人们不批准她意见时,她很容易气愤。

9.achievement n. 完毕,成就,

An Olympic silver medal is a remarkable achievement for one so young .

对一种如此年轻人来说,获得奥运会银牌是个了不起成就。

派生词:achieve v. 完毕,做到,达到(目),实现,获得

He will never achieve his objectives if he doesn't work hard .

如果她不努力,将会永远达不到目。

10.attain :v. 达到;获得(长期努力后而获得)同义词:obtain,get

用法:She has made up her mind to attain her goal in life. 她下定决心要达到生活中目的。

The apple tree has attained to a great height. 苹果树已长得很高了。

11.optimal adj 最佳

The sailors are waiting for optimal weather conditions before taking off .船员们正在等待出航最佳天气条件。

12.argue :vt./vi. 争辩,争论,辩论

用法:

作不及物动词用时,后边可以接with,about 或over(就…争论),for (赞成)或against (反对)

She is always ready to argue over the smallest issues. 她总喜欢为极小问题进行争论。

He often argues philosophy with James. 她常和詹姆斯讨论哲学。

He argued for immediate action . 她主张及时行动。

They argued against such a policy. 她们反对这种政策。

作及物动词时,表达“说服、用辩论证明”意思

I argued him out going on such a dangerous journey. 我说服她不做这样危险旅行。

He argued that man was descended from apes. 她论证人类祖先是猿。

13.scheme n 筹划方案

He has got a crazy scheme for getting rich before he is 20 .

她制定了一种在20岁之前发财疯狂筹划。

14.multiple adj 多样复合

What the person does next is the result of the multiple influences to which they have been exposed .

一种人下一步会做什么是她受到各种影响成果。

15.ongoing adj 进行中,迈进

No agreement has yet been reached and the negotiations one still ongoing .

当前还没有达到任何合同,谈判仍在进行。

16.entity n 存在实体

He regarded the north of the country as a separate cultural entity .

她把这个国家北方当作一种单独文化实体。

17.skilled adj 纯熟,有技能

My mother is very skilled at /in dress-making .

我妈妈非常擅长做衣服。

Phrases and Expressions

1.(stand,get,be )in the way 碍事,挡道;妨碍人

If you are not going to help,at least don't get in the way!如果你不肯帮忙,至少别妨碍

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