翻译讲义(19)
翻译知识与策略：conversion
conversion from English nouns and adjectives into Chinese verbs and adverbs:
1). All peace-loving people demand the complete prohibition and thorough destruction of nuclear weaspons. 一切爱好和平的人民都要求全面禁止核武器，彻底销毁核武器。
2). From the depths of its being, they are endeavoring to bring about a radical transformation of human life. 他们力图从根本上彻底改变人类生活。
3). He was a clever man; a pleasant companion, a careless student; with a great propensity for running into debt, and a partiality for the tavern. (V anity Fair) 他是个聪明人，谈吐非常风趣，可是学习上不肯用功，老是东挪西借，又喜欢上酒店喝酒。
4). Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves. 用无线电波传送和接收活动物体图象的技术称为电视。
5). No violation of this principle can be tolerated. 违犯这一原则的行为是不允许的。
1.1．conversion from English adjectives into Chinese verbs:
1). She is familiar with English grammar. 她熟悉英语语法。
2). She is content to stay at home. .她甘愿留在家里。
3). The whole village was astir with the news. 消息传来，全村轰动。
4). Sugar and salt are both soluble in water. 糖和盐二者都溶于水。
5). In order to carry through its policies of economic development, peace is necessary for China. 为了执行发展经济的政策，中国需要和平。
1.2．Conversion from English prepositions into Chinese verbs:
1).In his early days he abandoned medicine for literature. 他早年就放弃了学医，改学文学。
2). Man can not survive without air. 离开了空气人类不能生存。
3). She ran over the lawn, up the path, down the steps, across the veranda and into the porch.她一路小跑，越过草地，爬上小路，跑下台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。
4). The increased levels of chlorine disrupt the global process by which the earth regulates the amount of ultraviolet radiation from the sun that is allowed through the atmosphere to the surface.
上升了的氯气含量会打乱全球性程序。通过这一程序地球可以调节来自太阳、穿过大气层、到达地表的紫外线辐射量。
5). China is against hegemony and power politics.中国反对霸权主义和强权政治。
1.3．Conversion from English nouns into Chinese adjectives:
1). Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. 独立思考在学习上是绝对必要的。
2). I am a perfect stranger to physics. 我对物理一窍不通。
3). The lower stretches of rivers show considerable variety. 河流下游的情况是多种多样的。
4). The meeting was a great success. 会议开得很成功。
5). I have full confidence of the reliability of the information. 我充分相信，信息是可靠的。
1.4．Conversion from English verbs into Chinese nouns:
1). Often property damage and disrupted lives result. 结果往往是财产遭受损失，生活受到影响。
2).The Greek word “atom” means“cannot be cut”. 希腊语“原子”一词的意思是“不可分割”。
3). The earth on which we live is shaped like a ball. 我们所居住的地球形状像个球体。
4). The instrument is characterized by its compactness and portability. 这种仪器的特点是结构紧揍，携带方便。
Conversion of perspectives
Translation is based on the assumption that the content of human thinking is basically the same,
but the congnitive angles or thinking modes may not necessarily be the same. At times people from different cultures approach the same thing from different perspectives. These differences are reflected in their respective languages and often pose barriers for inter-cultural communication. To ensure smooth communication between cultures, it is necessary to shift the perspectives in translation.
1.She set a good table. 她摆了一桌丰盛的菜肴。
2.He beat her black and blue. 他把她打得青一块，紫一块。
3.People began to leave the hall by ones and twos. 人们开始三三两两地离开大厅。
4.Students get a discount of 20% on air fares. 学生买机票可打八折。
5.Hardbacks are usually more expensive than paperbacks. 精装书通常比简装书贵。
6.I can read her thoughts. 我能看出她的心思。
7.Parent s’ love of their children is perfect and minute. 父母爱子女无微不至。
8.What kind of sailor are you? 你晕不晕船？
9.For 20 years we were passive witnesses to the deterioration of prices of our raw materials and
an excessive increase of the prices of manufactured goods. 我们在20年内坐视原料价格下跌和工业品价格暴涨。
10.The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort. 语言这东西不是随便可
以学好的，非下苦工不可。
11.He survived the trouble. 他闯过了难关。
12.V ery few of these old coins survived. 这些古钱币现在已经十分罕见。
13.contact lenses隐形眼镜
14．broad jump跳远
15. stopwatch 秒表
16.skin-deep 肤浅
17.a self-taught musician 自学成材的音乐家
18.fishwife 泼妇
19. think aloud自言自语
China policy 对华政策（不是“中国政策”）American beauty红蔷薇（不是“美国美女）
English disease软骨病（不是“英国病”）
Indian summer愉快宁静的晚年（不是“印度的夏日”）Greek gift害人的礼品（不是“希腊礼物”）
Spanish athlete吹牛的人（不是“西班牙运动员”）French chalk滑石粉（不是“法国粉笔”）
French windows (doors)
开夜车burn the midnight oil (半夜点油灯)
钻牛角尖split hairs (拆分头发)
低声下气pocket one’s pride (将自尊装进口袋)
背水一战fight with one’s back against the wall (背墙一战)
碰鼻ask forbread and receive a stone (要面包得石头)
马后炮mustard after dinner (餐后的芥末)
耳边风water off a duck’s back (流过鸭背的水)
气管炎hen-pecked (被母鸡啄的丈夫)
当电灯泡play goosebeny (佯装摘醋栗)
过河拆桥kick down the ladder (踢掉梯子)
替人背黑锅eat dog for sb．(替人吃狗肉)
昙花一现a flash in the pan (枪膛的火花)
酒肉朋友fair weatherfriend (好天气朋友)
趾高气扬grow too big for one’s boots (脚肿鞋穿不进)
狼狈为奸work with sb．hand in glove (手戴手套)
Translation of the word “work”
1. Henry works in a bank.
2. My watch has worked smoothly from the day I bought it.
I don’t think your plan will work.
My brain does not seem to be working well today.
I tried to be as friendly as possible at first, but it wouldn’t work.
In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined…
一般来说，当所要测定的特征能够精确界定时，测试效果最佳。
Our friendship works best when we speak our minds.
直言无讳，友情才最真挚”。
3. Our boss works us very hard.
The farmer worked the horses until they were exhausted.
The machine is worked by hand.
Puppets are toy creatures worked by strings.
4. The company works many gold mines.
The policeman worked the northern side of town.
This medicine will work wonders for your cold.
Time works many changes.
What a pretty rose pattern you’ve worked on the tablecloth!
It took six hours to work (out) the jigsaw puzzle.
This baby’s dress was worked by hand.
He worked mischief to the whole family.
5. the metal has become worked down over the years.
The youth worked the wood to make a bowl. (process)
His features worked with anger. (change)
Yeast makes beer work.
6. Time is working against you.
His appearance works against his chance of success as a politician.
7. He worked at his biography.
I want to work at perfecting my style before trying anything new. (make effort)
8. I found him working away at the library.
Little Hans worked away in his garden.
9. The nurse told Mary to put some cream on her skin and to work it in gently.
She worked in the key and opened the door. (insert slowly)
10. I’ll try to work my timetable in with yours. (make …correspond to)
Things always went smoothly in the office because the three clerks that were employed worked in with one another. (co-operate)
11. Mary worked some blue into the rug she was weaving.
The oil has worked into the carpet.
He worked himself into a rage. (make… produce some feeling or sentiment)
The speaker worked the audience into excitement.
12. Leave it to me. I’ll see if I can work it. (manage)
13. My hair works loose when I run.
14. I went for a long walk to work off my headache.
Heavy work with your hands will help work off your anger.
How long does it take to work off the requirement for the degree? (complete)
He offered to work off the debt, but I need the money more. (pay off by working)
14.I can’t work out the meaning of this poem.
The map is wrong. I can’t work out where we are.
15.A couple of the boys worked him over in a dark alleyway. (beat)
The author worked over his manuscript. (do it again)
16.I worked up this business from nothing. (develop)
Support from party members has been working up recently. (strengthen)
19. (N) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world
皮尔森汇集了世界各地数百位研究人员的成果…
The friendship between the two came to an end after one succeeded in finding a better job. This is jealousy at work, people say.
The vase shows careful work.
It takes a lot of work to build a ship.
Homework:
在中国的一些地方，人们习惯于每天吃大蒜。有些人每天吃大蒜多达２０瓣在这些地方，人们从未听说乳腺癌。为了搞清大蒜能否防癌，医生们用鼠做了实验。医生给鼠每天喂２０克大蒜（鼠吃１克大蒜相当于人吃一瓣蒜），同时让鼠吃一种致乳腺癌的物质。结果如何呢？几乎没有鼠生癌。医生现在正致力于寻找大蒜中具有防癌作用的成份。
翻译资料英语
FINANCIAL INNOV ATION Like other industries, the financial industry is in business to earn profits by selling its products. If a soap company perceives that there is a need in the marketplace for a laundry detergent with fabric softener, it develops a product to fit the need .Similarly, in order to maximize their profits, financial institutions develop new products to satisfy their own needs as well as those of their customers; in other words, innovation-which can be extremely beneficial to the economy-is driven by the desire to get (or stay) rich. This view of the innovation process leads to the following simple analysis: A chance in the financial institutions for innovations that are likely to be profitable. Starting in the 1960s, individuals and financial institutions operating in financial markets were confronted with drastic changes in the economic environment: Inflation and interest rates climbed sharply and became hard to predict, a situation that changed demand conditions in financial markets. Computer technology advanced rapidly, which changed supply conditions. In addition, financial regulations became especially inconvenient. Banking institution discovers many old ways of doing business being able to not have earned money again; they provide the masses finance with service and financial products sale neither well. Many financial intermediary is discovered they have no way to raise having arrived at a fund, but these self that will not a suspense of business right away with original tradition finance implement. For existing under new economy environment, research and development puts up banking institution be obliged to being able to satisfy customer need moreover the new product being able to gain a profit of and serving, this process is called financial engineering. In their case, necessity was the mother of innovation. Our discussion of why financial innovation occurs suggests that there are three basic types of financial innovations: Escapism to responding to needing condition change, to the small advantages supplying with condition change and to controlling. We have had one now understandable that banking institution is innovative for instance the cause institutions, let’s look at examples of how financial institutions in their search for profits have produced financial innovations of the three basic types. 1
常用英语数字的翻译方法
常用英语数字的翻译方法 英语中的有些数词在汉译时可以等值翻译。但是，也有不少数词在汉译中不能等值翻译，或者完全不译出来。这种翻译处理方法是为了使汉译句子能符合汉语的表达习惯。以下分别举例说明。 （1）等值翻译： a drop in the ocean沧海一粟 within a stone…s throw一箭之遥 ki11 two birds with one stone一箭双雕 A fall into the pit， a gain in your wit.。吃一堑，长一智。（2）不等值翻译： at sixes and sevens乱七八糟 on second thoughts再三考虑 by ones and twos两两地，零零落落地 Two heads are better than one.三个臭皮匠胜过诸葛亮。 -Can you come down a little？-Sorry，it…s one price for all. 你能便宜一点卖吗？对不起，不二价。 He had one over the eight after be drank only half bottle of the wine. 他才喝了半瓶酒就醉得七歪八倒了。（3）不必译出 One man…s meat is another man?s poison.人各有所好。 I…ll love you three score and ten.我会一辈子爱你的。 Ten to one he has forgotten it.很可能他已经忘了。
His mark in math is second to none in the class. 他的数学分数在班上是名列前茅的。 She is a second Lei Feng.她是雷锋式的人物。 I always believe my sixth sense.我总相信我的直觉。 He talks about you nine times out of ten when we have a chitchat. 每次我们闲聊他几乎都谈及你。 The parson official1y pronounced that they became one.牧师正式宣告他们成婚。 I used to study in France in the year one. 我早年曾在法国学习。 不定冠词a的翻译特点 英语中不定冠词a（an）相当活跃，就连英美的作家有时对它也看法不一。现用实例来说明在翻译中常出现的一些非常规用法。 （1）a day or two（＝one or two days）一两天 但前者作主语时，谓语动词用单数、复数均可；后者作主语时，谓语用复数形式。 （2）more than a year一年多的时间（即一年零几个月）；比较more than one year不止一年的时间（即两年。三年……）。 （3）a ten years l0年 a dozen times l2次 用在基数词前表示一个数量单位。 （4）once upon a time从前
山东师范大学翻译讲义
山东师范大学外国语学院 英汉翻译English-Chinese Translation 贾磊 2011
1.Editing/修改 English Chinese ..the best collection of his drawings being in the Uffizi in Florence 他最好的草图都被收集在佛罗伦萨的乌菲兹美术馆 …during the funeral service,St Stephen and St Augustine were said to have miraculously intervened to place the body in its tomb with their own hands.据说圣史蒂芬和圣奥古斯丁神秘地介入了殡葬仪式并亲手将尸体放入墓地 He(Prince of Angri)had offered Caravaggio6,000scudi(a large sum)to fresco a loggia,an offer that was refused, doubtless because he disliked the medium,which he is not definitely know to have employed.亲王支付给卡拉瓦乔六千银币（一大笔钱）请他为自己的凉廊绘制壁画却遭到了拒绝，显然画家不喜欢这种绘画，因为这样不能明确地表明他是受雇而创作。 This marriage of convenience is clearly doomed.显然，这场贪图财利的婚姻，将不可避免地走向灾难的结局。 Wright of Derby was one of the earliest artists to restore men and women(pictorially at least)to what society then believed was their proper spheres:men think and reason, women feel.德比的莱特是把男人和女人重新恢复到当时社会所认为的适当社会地位的早期艺术家之一（至少在绘画上如此），即：男人善于思考推理，女人善于感性体验。 Unfetted by the conventions that such grandiloquent portaits required,Reynolds created his freshest and most daring portait of a society beauty.雷诺兹没有被这种浮华肖像画的惯例所束缚,他创造了一个上流社会美女的最令人耳目一新，也是最大胆创新的肖像画。 Sitting backwards in a chair,Mrs Abington has her thumb in her mouth as she stares distractedly,yet with bright, captivating eyes,out into space.阿宾顿夫人靠在椅背上，拇指放于嘴中，瞪着眼睛若所所思，但她明亮美丽的眼睛却望向苍穹。 在20世纪初期 拿破仑的妈妈在骄傲地观礼。 He confronts a people whose language he does not know, on whose kindness he must rely,and with whom–his poetic gifts now all but useless to him–he must attempt to communicate.他碰上的这个民族，他不懂他们的语言，他又必须依赖他们的善良生存，而且他必须试着去跟他们沟通——现在诗人的天赋对他来说已是百无一用。 The painting must have been admired by Edgar Degas, because the older artist started in earnest on his own quest to represent the“modern”,but female,body in the act of bathing in1884-85,just as Caillebotte signed and dated his most important late painting.这幅画肯定受到了埃德加?德加的赞美，因为这位艺术前辈早在1884-85年就开始用他自己的方式虔诚地表现“现代的”，而不是女性的，浴中人体艺术，正如同卡耶波特在他晚期最重要的作品中所签署并注明的一样。 当它还在画架上时便被著名的俄国收藏家史楚金(Sergei Shchukin)预定收藏。 Schwitters was particularly influenced by Kandinsky’s ideas about the synthesis of different art forms and his ideal of creating a universal Gesamtkunstwerk（‘total work of art’）.康定斯基对不同艺术表现形式之间应相互融合的思想以及他希望创造一个世界性的完全的纯艺术作品的理想深深地影响着施维特斯。 Essentially self-taught,in autumn1954the young American Jasper Johns destroyed all the works in his New York studio as a prelude to reinventing his art from first principles.1954年秋天，贾斯帕?约翰斯——一位基本上是自学成才的年轻的美国小伙子——销毁了他纽约工作室里所有的作品，这一举动，拉开了约翰斯挑战抽象主义画风的序幕。
英语翻译技巧选修课讲义
第一单元词语的翻译（1） 增词法 汉英两种语言在词法和句法结构方面存在着极大的差别。例如，英语中有词形变化，汉语中没有；英语中大量用连词、介词、关系代词等，而汉语中各成分往往通过内在的关系贯串在一起，不一定或很少使用连词和介词，也没有关系代词。所以，翻译时常常有必要在译文的词量上作适当的增加，使译文既能忠实地传达原文的内容和风格，又能符合译入语的表达习惯，但是增词必须是根据具体情况增加非增加不可的词语。 汉译英中的增词 一、根据句法结构需要增词 1．增补主语 汉语里无主语的句子相当多，汉译英时常常要根据上下文的意思选择适当的代词或名词补做主语。增加什么样的主语则取决于上下文。 例1：不坚持就会失败。 One will fail unless —one perseveres． 例2：怕要下雨了。 I am afraid it is going to rain. 例3：又要马儿跑得快，又要马儿不吃草，简直可笑! You want the horse to run fast and yet you don’t 1et it graze．Isn’t it ridiculous! 2．增补非人称的或强调句中的it 英语中it除了指天气、时间等外，还常用来表示强调、代替不定式等。汉语中有许多表达方法，英译时需增补it。 例4：一天天冷起来了。 It is getting colder day by day． 例5：是我们采取有效措施的时候了。 It’s time we took effective measures. 例6：尝试而失败还是比不尝试好。 It’s better to try and fail than never try at a1l． 从以上例句可以看出汉英语言表达思想顺序的不同。如果一个句子里既有叙事部分，又有表态部分，在汉语里往往是叙事在前，表态在后。叙事部分比较长，表语部分一般都很短(如句中的“不容易”、“容易”、“好”)。在英语中则往往相反，表态在前，叙事在后。所以译文中要增补it作先行主语，以便把较短的表态部分放在前面。 下面两个例句中it起强调作用。 例7：我们费了很大力气才解决了那些问题。 It was with great effort that we solved those problems． 例8：我们这样做都是为了你好。 It was for your benefit that we did all that． 3. 增补作宾语的代词或先行宾语it 在汉语中，只要从上下文能正确理解，宾语常常可以省略，但在英语中凡及物动词都得有宾语，因此在英译时经常要增补宾语。 例9：我们认为理论与实践相结合是十分重要的。 We think it most important that theory should be combined with practice．
材料英语翻译
①化学这门科学在当今世界非常有用。 ②y对于x的依赖关系用y=f(x)来表示。 ③各种物质的导热能力差异很大③各种物质的导热能力差异很大。 ④这个参数可以准确地加以测量。 ⑤半导体的导电率随温度的变化而变化。 ⑥原子能的恰当名称是核能。 ⑦工程材料的性质依赖于（取决于）它们的成分、结构、合成、加工。 ⑧材料科学与工程这个术语将材料科学与材料工程结合在一起，材料科学在材料知识谱的基础知识端，材料工程在应用知识端，两者之间并没有分界线。 ⑨材料的许多性质强烈依赖于其结构，即使材料的成分保持不变。这就是为什么材料中结构-性质关系或者显微结构-性质关系至关重要。 ⑩上面的两个等式极为重要。 The two equations above are of great importance. 十一.金属棒热端的分子随着那里的温度的增加而振动得越来越快。 Molecules at the hot end of a metallic rod vibrate faster as the temperature there increases. 十二.通常这些参数中有一些是已知的。 Usually some of these parameters are known. 十三.当温度低于临界温度时，电子能自由地通过晶格运动。 As temperatures below the critical temperature, the electrons move freely throughout the lattice. 十四. A随温度的这种变化主要是由B的变化引起的。 This variation of A with temperature is due primarily to variations in B. 十五.这种复杂的关系必须用图解来表示。 This complicated relationship must be representedgraphically. 十六.原子间的键合作用部分取决于原子的价电子如何结合在一起。键的类型包括金属键、共价键、离子键、范德华键。 十七.键能与键的强度有关，特别是离子键和共价键结合的材料键能很高。高键能的材料常常具有高的熔点、高的弹性模量和低的热膨胀系数。 ③许多陶瓷材料中发现的离子键是当正电性的原子失去电子给负电性的原子，产生带正电的阳离子和带负电的阴离子而形成的。
英语翻译中的数字表达
英语翻译中的数字表达 在汉英笔译和英语写作中，经常会遇到数字；哪些场合用单词表示，哪些场合用阿拉伯数字表示，往往使人难以确定，现行语法书中也极少涉及此类问题。 实际上，以英语为母语的国家，在书写数字时已形成几条约定俗成的规则，现总结如下供读者参考。 一. 英美等国的出版社在排版时遵循一条原则，即1至10用单词表示，10以上的数目用阿拉伯数字（也有的以100为界限），这条原则值得我们行文时借鉴。 Eg. That table measures ten feet by five. 那个工作台长10英尺，宽5英尺。Eg. The traditional pattern of classroom experience at the college level brings the professor and a group of 20 to 30 students together for a 45-to-50-minute class session two or three times a week. 由一个教授和十名学生每周会晤两三次，每次授课时间45到50分钟，是大学程度课堂教学的传统方式。 二. 人数用阿技伯数字表示显得更简洁明了，但不定数量、近似值用单词表示较恰当。 Eg. There are 203817 voters on the electoral rolls. 选举名单上有203817个投票人。 Eg. Nearly thirty thousand voters took part in this election. 近3万个投票人参加了这次选举。 三. 遇到日期、百分比、带单位的特殊数字，通常用阿拉伯数字。 Eg. Maximum swivel of table is l20. 工作台的最大回转角度是120度。 Eg. 3rd March l991或3 March l991； a discount of 5 percent（5%的折扣）； Eg. purchased 7 yards of carpet（买7码地毯）； Eg. ordered 2 pounds of minced steak （订购2磅剁碎的肉）。 如果涉及的数目和单位是不定数，可用单词表示。 Eg. about five miles per hour（每小时大约5英里） Eg. at least ten yards away（至少有10码远） Eg. hesitated for a moment or two（犹豫了片刻） Eg. I have warned you a hundred times（我已经警告你多少遍了）。 四. 在科技文章中，数字频繁出现，用阿拉伯数字比用单词陈述更有利。 Eg. The new engine has a capacity of 4.3 litres and a power out-put of 153 kilowatts at 4400 revolutions per minute. 这台新发动机的容积为4.3升，转速为每分钟4400转时输出功率是153千瓦。 Eg. We know that the weight of a cubic foot of air at 0oC and 76cm，pressure is 0.08l pound, or 12 cubic feet of air weigh a pound. 我们知道，1立方英尺的空气在0摄氏度和760毫米汞柱压力下，重量是0.81磅，也就是说12立方英尺空气的重量是1磅。 五. 句首不用阿拉伯数字，句末要尽量避免用阿拉伯数字。 Eg. 4th July is an important date in American history.
翻译讲义
一．课堂导入 （以温故提问的方式导入） 1、提问:从高考的特点与考查目的出发,文言文翻译要严格遵循的两个原则是什 么? 第一: 忠于原文,力求做到_____、 _____、 _____ 。(信达雅) 第二: 字字落实,以_____为主,以_____为辅 (直译意译) （①让学生用自己语言表述文言文翻译“信、达、雅”三字原则的理解 ②直译：指译文要与原文保持对应关系，重要的词语要相应的落实，要尽力保持原文遣词造句的特点和相近的表达方式，力求语言风格也和原文一致。意译：指着眼于表达原句的意思，在忠于愿意的前提下，灵活翻译原文的词语，灵活处理原文的句子结构。） 2、提问: 文言文翻译的“六字决”? ①对：一般指把原名中的文言单音词对译为现代汉语的双音或多音词。 ②换：有些词语意义已经发展，用法已经变化，语法已经不用，在译文中， 应换这些古语为今语。 ③留：人名、地名、年号、国号、庙号、谥号、书名、物名都保留不译；与 现代汉语表达一致的词语可保留。 ④删：一些没有实在意义的虚词，如表敬副词、发语词、部分结构助词等，同义复用的实词或虚词中的一个和偏义复词中陪衬的词应删去。 ⑤补：省略的部分；词语活用相应的部分；代词所指的内容；使上下文衔接连贯的内容等。 ⑥调：把文言文中倒装的句子成分调整过来，使之符合现代汉语的语法习惯。前四种方法是用于解词，后二种方法是用于调整文言文特殊句式造成的语序不合现代规范现象。 二．文言句子翻译题的解题步骤： （一）总体分五步： 第一步： 第二步： 第三步： 第四步
第五步： （二）分步解析： 第一步： 通读语句、整体理解 这一步其实是很重要的，告诉学生，翻译的第一步要从整体理解句意入手，不要一拿到题目就一个字一个字的去抠，会出现前后不照应、句意不通顺等毛病，而且也这样容易走入死胡同。初次读句，只要理解句子的大意就行，这为下面推断词义打下基础。 第二步： 找得分点、发现“生词” 这一步是关键，因为挑出来让学生翻译的句子，一定有几个得分点，突破这些点是解题成功的关键。另外，每一位学生由于情况不同，在这些句子中总有几个字是他们一时难以断定词义甚至根本不知词义的“生词”。在这一步中，要让学生用笔把这些字圈出来，然后逐个解决。具体解释词语时，可以给学生提供下面的方法： 第三步：理清句式、调整语序 有很多情况下，因为没有看出句子中所隐藏的特殊句式，导致很多学生翻出来的句子很乱，不合现代文的句子规范。所以，翻译句子一定要把语序理顺。告诉学生，要掌握以下几种文言文特殊句式： 第四步：草拟底稿、连词成句 这一步可以在草稿纸（考试时可以在试卷上）上先大致草拟一下答案，结合上面几步连词成句。 第五步： 调整至答卷 这最后一步即把第四步的草稿再作调整，然后誊写到答卷上，这样既可以保证答案的思路清晰，又可以保持卷面清洁。 总结规律：①做翻译题的时候，应该有踩点得分的意识，要洞悉命题者关键想考查你哪些地方。要抓住翻译的两个关键点：一是关键词，二是特殊句。
商务英语翻译之数字翻译
数字翻译法 （一）表示“不多不少”、“恰恰正好”（二）表示“大约”、“不确定” （三）表示“高于”、“多于” （四）表示“少于”、“差一些”、“不到”等（五）形容数目、数量多时的翻译 （六）形容数目、数量少时的翻译 （七）倍数的翻译 （八）大数字的翻译
The wire measures exactly twenty meters. The machine worked for ten whole days. The plane takes off at 8o’clock sharp. 这条导线刚好20米长。 这台机器整整运转了10天时间。这架飞机8点整起飞。He earns a cool half million dollars a year. 他一年收入整整50万美元。 Professor Johnson finished the experiment in twenty- four hours flat. 约翰逊教授完成这一实验正好用了24小时。 （一）表示“不多不少”、“恰恰正好”、“整整”： exactly ，flat ，just ，sharp ，whole ，cool 等The T-shirt cost just 10 dollars. 买这个T 恤衫正好花了10美元。
It is nearly / toward (s)4 o’clock. It is somewhere about 4o’clock .The price of this new machine is on the border of/in the neighborhood of a thousand dollars. 现在将近四点了。现在四点左右。 这台新机器的价格约1000美元。The book will only cost 15 dollars or so. 这本书只要十五美元左右。 About /Some /Around /Round twenty passengers were killed in the road accident.这次交通事故中约有二十名旅客死亡。 （二）表示“大约”、“不确定”：about ，some ，around ， round ，nearly ，towards ，somewhere about ，estimated ， approximately ，on the border of ，close to ，or so 等
英语翻译练习上课讲义
英语翻译练习
1. 我写此信的目的是向你解释我上次缺课的原因。 I’m writing to explain to you the reason why I was absent from your lecture last time. 2. 首先，我们要对网络持有有正确的态度。 First of all /Firstly/ To begin with/First/In the first place/Initially, we should take a proper attitude to/towards the Internet. 3. 如图所示，每周上网15个小时的中学生占了 60%。 As is shown in the graph/ As the graph shows, those who surf the net over 15 hours account for /make up/ 60 percent of all students. 4.另外，我口语流利，可以和外国朋友自由交流。 Besides/ In addition, I can speak fluent English and communicate with foreigners easily. 5. 大家普遍认为网络在信息社会越来越重要。 It’s generally accepted that the Internet is playing an increasingly important part/role in our information society. 6. 网络能提供国内外各种各样的信息，这有助于我们更好地了解世界。 The internet can provide all kinds of latest information both at home and abroad, which helps us understand the world better. 7. 学校应该开放图书馆、实验室，方便学生使用这些资源。 The school library, labs and computer rooms should be opened, so that the students can have easy access to the resources. 8. 一旦人迷上了一种爱好，其兴趣会持续一生。可见培养良好的兴趣是多么重要！ Once one really becomes absorbed in a hobby, his or her interest may last a life time. So developing good hobbies is of vital importance. 9. 众所周知，如今适应社会是一项基本技能。 It’s known to us all that adapting to society is a basic social skill nowadays. As is known to us all, adapting --- 10. 根据最新的调查，中学生每周上网的时间达到了15个小时。 According to a recent survey, middle-school students spend up to 15 hours a week on the net. 11.希望感兴趣的同学能积极参与这项活动。 Those who are interested in the activity are expected to take an active part in it. 12. 我不仅能当导游，还能当翻译。我一定能成为一个出色的志愿者。 I can not only act as a guide, but also as an interpreter. I’m sure I can be an excellent volunteer. 13. 除了这些传统的活动外，还有旅游、访友等其他活动。 In addition to/Besides/Apart from these traditional activities, we have wider choices, such as travelling and visiting our relatives. 14. 我认为每个学生都申请清华、北大是不明智的。因为这两所名校每年录取的学生有限。 I don’t think it (is) wise for every student to apply for Tsinghua University and Beijing University because the number of students (who are) admitted to the two famous universities is limited every year. 15.然而，大多数学生反对网上交友。 However, the majority of the students are against the idea of making friends online.
翻译资料
False friend 绿豆green bean mung bean 方便面convenience noodles instant noodles 隐形眼镜invisible glasses contact lens 早恋early love puppy love 机械对应 干货dry goods dried goods 油性皮肤oil skin oily skin 没有考虑具体搭配 假花false flower artificial flower 假唱false singing lip-synch 番茄酱tomato sauce ketchup 食言eat one's word break a promise 农民peasant 个人主义individualism 五行 金、木、水、火、土 The Five Elements (metal,wood,water,fire and earth, held by the ancients to compose the physical universe and later used in traditional Chinese medicine to explain various physiological and pathological phenomena) 气功qigong 功夫Kong fu 太极Tai chi 风水Feng shui 阴阳Yin-yang 饺子jiaozi 荔枝litchi乌龙茶oolong 皮蛋Preserved egg 元宵Sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour 粽子A pyramid-shaped dumpling made of glutinous rice wrapped in bamboo or reed leaves. 盲流Jobless migrants 拔火罐Cupping 拜堂perform the marriage ceremony 易经Book of change号脉Feel the pulse京剧Beijing Opera龙舟Dragon boat 春节Spring Festival 春卷Spring roll 八宝莲子粥Eight-treasure Lotus Seed Porridge 文化大革命Cultural Revolution 毛泽东思想Mao Tse-tung thought 围棋Weiqi—a game played with black and white pieces on a board of 361 crosses 兔死狐悲 Literal trans: Foxes will grieve at the death of the hare Liberal trans: All things are sorry for their own kind 调虎离山 To lure the tiger out of the hills To lure the enemy from his base “我中了他的调虎离山计啦” I’ve fallen for his luring the tiger out of the hills scheme. 引狼入室 Literal: To bring the wolves into the house Liberal: to invite disasters 走马观花 To ride out on horseback to enjoy flowers To gain a superficial understanding through cursory obvservation 调查有两种方法，一种是走马观花，一种是下马看花。
翻译课讲义(5)
作业讲评： 1．I hope you won’t mind when …词序需作调整；2．When I go without you for a nice chat …单独去（独自）… 3．but you cannot take the place of other friends any more than they do yours (take your place) paraphrase: Just as they can not take the place of you, so you cannot take the place of other friends.你不能代替我其他朋友，正如他们也不能代替你一样。 同样句型举例： I'm never more aware of the limitations of language than when I try to describe beauty. Language can create its own loveliness, of course, but it cannot deliver to us the radiance we apprehend in the world, any more than a photograph can capture the stunning swiftness of a hawk or the withering power of a supernova. 直到用语言描绘美，我才深感语言的贫乏与无奈。当然，语言也可以创造自己的美。但世界上我们所感受到的美是不可言传的，正如相片无法捕捉到雄鹰那令人惊叹的敏捷或超新星发出的巨大力量一样。 4．just as I do yours =just as I need your care, encouragement and sobering criticism
英语翻译讲义
第八节正反译法 一英语为肯定式，汉语译作否定式 1. The first bombs missed the target. 2. Predictably, it was Mike who released the secret to Mary. 3. The explanation is pretty thin. 4. It was beyon d his ability to undertake this task. 5. Time is what we want most, but what, alas, many use worst. 6. The general would rather fight to death before he surrendered. 7. Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity. 8. Don’t lose time in cleaning this machine. 9. I dropped medicine and took up physics． 10. He failed to set a good example for his kids. 二英语为否定式，汉语译作肯定式 1. He manifested a strong dislike for his father’s business. 2. He was an indecisive sort of person. 3. The examination left no doubt that the patient had died of cancer. 4. Don’t lose the opportunities to practice English. 5. Some people can eat what they like and get no fatter． 6. The washroom is at the next corner，you can't miss it． 三同一词语，既可译作肯定式，又可译作否定式 1. The machine is far from being complicated. 2. She is anything but a bright student. 3. The square is no distance at all. 翻译实践: 1. She was at a loss to know what to do.
英语翻译学习资料(含中英文解释)
例1.Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be, rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence and manipulating（操纵） others . They are aware that there is a difference between being loved and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask. 1.dedicate to 把时间，精力用于 2.pretence 虚伪，虚假 6 ．1 斤斤于字比句次，措辞生硬 例2.Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the extent to which manners and habits are conditioned by others. My table manners are atrocious( 丑恶)—in this respect I've slipped back hundreds of years in fact, I have no manners whatsoever（完全，全然）. If I feel like it, I eat with my fingers, or out of a can, or standing up —in other words, whichever is easiest. 孤独是很好的实验室，正好适合观察一个人的举止和习惯在多大程度上受人制约。如今我吃东西的举止十分粗野；这方面一放松就倒退了几百年，实在是一点礼貌也没有。我高兴就用手抓来吃，（eat out of a can）开个罐头端着吃，站着吃；反正怎么省事就怎么吃。 3.Whatsoever 完全，全然 1.Be conditioned by 受……制约 2.Atrocious 丑恶 6 ．2 结构松散，表达过于口语化 例3．有一次，在拥挤的车厢门口，我听见一位男乘客客客气气地问他前面的一位女乘客：“您下车吗？”女乘客没理他。“您下车吗？”他又问了一遍。女乘客还是没理他。他耐不住了，放大声问：“下车吗？”，那女乘客依然没反应。“你是聋子，还是哑巴？”他急了，捅了一下那女乘客，也引起了车厢里的人都往这里看。女乘客这时也急了，瞪起一双眼睛，回手给了男乘客一拳。（庄绎传，英汉翻译教程，1999 ：练习 3 ） 译文1：Once at the crowded door of the bus, I heard a man passenger asked politely a woman passenger before him: “Are you getting off?” The woman made no