英语词汇学五、六章
Chapter 5 Word Meaning
本章为难点和重点
学习目标：
了解“意义”的不同含义，词义的理据；弄懂几种常见的意义类型。
考核要求：本章的三大要点
1. “意义”的意义
领会弄懂：所指、概念、语义de 内涵及其区别。
2. 词义的理据：
记忆：拟声理据、形态理据、语义理据、词源理据
领会：词义的理据与“conventional”之间的关系。
3. 词义的类别
领会和运用：语法意义、词汇意义、概念意义、关联意义、内含意义、文体意义、搭配意义
5.1 The meaning of …meaning? P81
In linguistics, semantics is generally considered to be the study of meaning in language.
词汇学中研究的意义的是词汇的意义Lexical meaning:
Reference (referent) ：~ is the relation between language and the world.
Concept：definition, difference from reference
Sense: definition
Words do not have meaning before they acquire reference.
Reference and referent (所指物): Only when a connection is established between the linguistic sign ——the word, and a referent does the sign have meaning.
只有当语言符号与其所指物之间建立起关系时，该语符才有了意义。
…By means of reference, a speaker indicates which things in the world are being talked about?
(Hurford & Heasley 1983: 25).
A referent: an object, a phenomenon, a person, etc.
The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional. This is the
result of generalization and abstraction.
人类的概括化和抽象导致了事物和指称某事物的语言符号之间的任意性和约定俗成性关系。
The same thing (referent) can have different referring expressions.
同一事物可以有许多不同的语言表达式（不同的语言、同一种语言）
In specific contexts, reference can refer to something specific.
在没有特定语境时，指称指的是笼统的概念，即泛指（general）。但在特定语境中，指称可以指具
体的事物，即特指（specific）。
Examples:
These are Persian cats.
This is Wangwang. It is my son?s dog. The dog named …行善?.
This animal is a cat.
S/he is a cat.
思考题：
Does every word have reference?
Idea, fear, love, probable, enthusiasm, encouragement
5.1.2 Concept概念
Meaning is usually used in the sense of …concept?. They are closely related but not identical. 意义
通常指的是概念。两者紧密联系而又不同。
They are both related to referents, both are notions of the words, but belong to different categories.
两者都与指称物相关，都是词的内容，但却属于不同的范畴。
Concept is beyond language. It is the result of human cognition of the objective world in human mind. 概念在语言之外。它是人类对客观世界的事物认知的结果。
concept (human cognition in mind)
Word referent (objects)
比如，the relation between the word …tree? and the actual plant.
There is no direct link between word and referent (language and the world), the link is via human
concept in our minds.
词与指称物之间没有直接联系，联系是通过人类大脑中对客观事物形成的概念建立起来的。
A concept can be expressed in many different ways.
Dialects of the same language, such as Shanghainese, Cantonese, Putong Hua上海话、广东话
Different languages could express the same concept. For example, in different cultures, there
are different words for the concept of …snow?.
…snow, flake, grue (Scotland), 雪xue；うき?
Shu (树), tree, き（ki:）
5.1.3 Sense 语言的内部意义
Sense denotes the relationship inside the language. 语言内部的关系。
The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other
expressions in the language.
词的Sense就是该词在语言中与其它表达方式，比如词之间的语义关系。
Sense and reference
They refer to two related aspects of meaning.
Sense relates to the complex system of relations that hold between the linguistic elements themselves (mostly words); it is concerned with intra-linguistic relations.
Sense与语言成分（词汇）之间的复杂的关系系统有关；它研究的是语言内部关系。
Hence, sense relations is an important part of language studies (详见chapter 6).
Reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements (words, sentences, etc.) and
the non-linguistic world of experience.
Reference研究的是语言成分与非语言的世界经验之间的关系。
Some linguists suggest that we have two kinds of semantics, one that deals with semantic structure and the other that deals with meaning in terms of our experience outside language. In other words, one is intra-linguistic, which we call sense or sense relations; the other relates to non-linguistic
entities, which we call reference.
5.2 Motivation理据：现代语言学的一个基本概念。
什么是理据？理据有哪些主要类型？
Motivation explains the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.
理据解释的是语言符号及其意义之间的关系。
Could you explain why do the words …dog?, …水，山，月, なべ，锅? refer to different objects in the
world?
两种主要分歧、两种观点：像似派、任意派。
Since the relation between word-form and meaning is arbitrary and _____, most words are
non-motivated.
识记四种主要理据：
拟声onomatopoeic ~
词形理据morphological ~：
语义理据semantic ~
词源理据etymological ~
理解四种理据的定义，记住几种例子。
词形理据
The meanings of compounds and derived words are the sum total of the morphemes combined. One can figure out the meaning of the word by the meanings of the morphemes, such as prefixes,
suffixes.
e.g. autobiography
Not all compounds have the combination of separate parts as their meanings.
e.g. Black market,
语义理据
Refers to the mental association suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.
The mouth of a river,
The teeth of a saw
The tongue of a shoe
The foot of a mountain
汉语的…山腰、山脚、山顶、山脊?
e.g. metaphor,
metonymy
synecdoche (meronymy): sail- ship, arm-body
Life is a short summer
All the world is a stage (Shakespeare)
词源学理据
The meanings of many words often relate directly to their origins.
Examples, Pen-feather, laconic
5.3 意义的类型Types of meaning
语法意义与词汇意义grammatical vs. lexical meaning
概念意义与联想意义conceptual vs. associative meaning
Grammatical meaning
refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their
inflectional forms (walk, walks, walked, walking).
Grammatical meaning is contextually important. That is, when a particular word is written or spoken
in a certain sentence.
e.g. Dogs like bones
Different lexical items may have the same grammatical meaning. All nouns have plural meaning.
The same word may have different grammatical meanings, as (walk, walks, walked, walking).
Could you answer this question?
Discuss functional words and content words in terms of lexical and grammatical meanings.
Functional words have strong grammatical meaning while lexical words have both meanings.
What is the relation between lexical meaning and grammatical meaning?
Lexical meaning has two components:
conceptual meaning and associative meaning.
概念意义是词典给出的意义，是词汇意义的核心。
特点是：常见、相对稳定，人人都明白的意义。
联想意义is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.
特点：open-ended, indeterminate
subject to the influence of culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background,
education, etc.
e.g.
联想意义的四类类型（Leech 1981）
connotative meaning
Associative stylistic meaning
Meaning affective meaning
Collocative meaning
Connotative meaning (tradintionally called connotations): In contrast to denotative meaning, connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning.
内涵意义不是词义的基本组成部分，而是出现在语言使用者的头脑中的联想。
~ 是不稳定的，因文化而已，因个人阅历而异。
Stylistic meaning
Affective meaning
Collocative meaning
Review
Exercises
Chapter 6 Sense Relations And Semantic
Fields
本章为难点和重点
学习目标：
弄清词与词之间的几种主要的语义关系，它们的概念、特点，能运用。
考核要求：本章共有六节
1. 多义关系
记忆：多义关系的概念。两种研究方法。
领会：词义的辐射型发展和连锁型发展。
2. 同形同音异义关系
记忆：完全同形同音词、同形词、同音词的定义及其来源。
领会：同形同音异义词与多义词之间的区别。同形同音异义词的修辞特色。
3. 同义关系
识记：定义、来源、类别。
运用：能辨析并正确使用同义词。
4. 反义关系
识记：矛盾同义词、对立同义词、关系反义词的概念。
领会：三类反义词的特点和区别。
运用：
5. 上下义关系
识记：上下义词的概念、相互关系。
运用：运用上下义词解释词义、提高修辞效果。
6. 语义场
识记：语义场的概念
领会：语义场的作用。
Words cannot be defined independently of other words that are (semantically) related to them and delimit their sense. From a semantic point of view, the lexical structure of a language——the structure of its vocabulary——can be regarded as a network of sense-relations: it is like a web in which each strand is one such relation and each knot in the web is a different lexeme.
To see a world in a grain of sand,
And a heaven in a wild flower,
Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
And eternity in an hour.
——W. Blake (1757~1827)
W. Blake：British poet and printer (版画家)，善于用歌谣体(ballad style) 和无韵体(rhymeless style) to express his ideals and his life. His work enjoys a peculiar style.
一沙一世界
芥子纳须弥
polysemy
Sense relations homonymy
synonymy
antonymy
hyponymy
6.1 Polysemy
记忆：多义关系的概念。两种研究方法。
In the course of development, the same word has to be used to express more meanings, bring
about polysemy.
l Two approaches to polysemy
Diachronic approach:
From this perspective, ~ is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic
structure of one and same word.
原始意义与派生意义
The first meaning of a word is the primary meaning.
With the advance of time and language evolution, words took on more and more meanings, which
are called derived meaning.
Synchronic approach共时研究P97
从历时角度来说，一词多义是同一个词在某一特定的历史时期，比如现代英语中的各种不同的意义。因此，词的基本意义就是词义的核心意义central meaning，这个意义称为中心意义。其他的派生意义相比
之下则是次要意义secondary meanings。
比如，gay的语义在现代英语中的意义。
领会：词义的辐射型发展和连锁型发展。
l 从单义monosemy向多义polysemy发展的两种过程/方式Two processes of development
1. Radiation辐射模式
Radiation is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays.
The meanings are independent of one another, but can all be traced back to the central meaning.
在辐射模式中，每一种派生意义都与中心意义直接联系。
2. Concatenation链条模式
Is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning (Rayevskaya 1957).
In concatenation, each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains.
l Relation between radiation and concatenation
~ and ~ are closely related, being different stages of the development leading to polysemy.
Generally, radiation precedes concatenation. In most cases, they complement each other.
6.2 Homonymy (homonym同音同形异义词)
记忆：完全同形同音词、同形词、同音词的定义及其来源。
定义：Homonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.
l Types of homonyms
l Origins of homonyms
l Differentiation of homonyms from polysemants
l Rhetorical features of homonyms
领会：同形同音异义词与多义词之间的区别。同形同音异义词的修辞特色。
6.2.1 Types of homonyms
a. Perfect homonyms：
b. Homographs (仅仅同形，但是异音异义的词)
c. Homophones （仅仅同音，但异义异形的词）
6.2.2 Origins of homonyms
a. Change in sound and spelling:
Diachronic changes in sound and spelling over time made some words identical in modern English.
b. Borrowing:
Many borrowed words coincide in sound and spelling with native words or other borrowed words
from other cultures.
c. Shortening:
Many shortened words happened to be identical with other words in spelling or sound. ad/ add;
6.2.3 Differentiation of homonyms from polysemants
The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings. 根本区别在于，前者指的是完全不同的词，而后者是同一个
词有多种意义。
两个重要的判断标准：
One is to see their etymology. 前者来源于不同的词，而后者来源于同一个词，只是在发展过程中获
得了不同的意义。
Two, the relatedness of meaning (semantic relatedness). 语义关联度。多义词的各种意义互相关联并且与核心意义都有或多或少的联系。而各不相同的homonyms的意义彼此之间互不关联。
另外，在词典中，多义词所有的意义都列在同一个词条（headword）下面；而homonyms却列在不
同的词条下面。
6.2.4 Rhetorical features of homonyms
常被用作puns双关语（一语双关）来达到幽默、讽刺或滑稽的效果。
如，pray/ prey;
long time no see/long time no sea
1. There once was a very large lady in our town. She wore a dress size 16. I knew her when she was young, but she had a much smaller size. Why do you think she is now wearing a size 16? I guess
she just 8 + 8 (ate and ate).
2. I hear this new cemetry is very popular. People are just dying to get in.
3. homophones:
Once upon a time, somewhere in Europe, a family with three sons lived on a farm. As the farm was too small to support all of them, and the parents were not yet re to retire, the sons decided to emigrate to South America, where they bought a ranch and raised beef cattle.
Question: So what did they call their ranch?
Answer: They called it "Focus", because that's where the sun's rays meet (sons raisemeat).
6.3 Synonymy
识记：定义、来源、类别。
运用：能辨析并正确使用同义词。
大量的同义词——英语词汇的突出特征。
l Definition of synonyms
l Types of synonyms
l Sources of synonyms
l Discrimination of synonyms
6.3.1 Definition of synonyms
Synonyms can be defined as words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly
the same in meaning.
l Even synonyms of the same group have different shades of meaning.
l Synonyms have stylistic appropriateness and affective values.
A better definition of synonyms:
one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning. In other words, synonyms share a likeness in denotation as well as in part of speech.
6.3.2 Types of synonyms
Two major types
a. absolute synonyms (complete synonyms): 绝对同义词
words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects, including grammatical and lexical meaning,
conceptual and associative meaning.
Absolute synonyms are restricted to highly specialized vocabulary.
b. relative synonyms (near synonyms) 近义词
similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different
degrees of a given quality. Change/ alter/ vary
6.3.3 Sources of synonyms
a. Borrowing: room－chamber
b. Dialects and regional English
c. Figurative and euphemistic use of words
d. Coincidence with idiomatic expressions
Win: gain the upper hand
6.3.4 Discrimination of synonyms
Three areas 同义词之间的区别在下列三个方面:
a. difference in denotation
range and intensity of meaning意义的范围宽窄与强度不同。
b. difference in connotation
l connotation refers to the stylistic and emotive colouring of words. 文体与感情色彩不同。外来语borrowings更适用于正式的和专业性文字。
l affective values: appreciative / derogatory; positive/ negative
c. difference in application
applied in different sentence structures or collocations.
6.4 Antonymy
识记：矛盾反义词、对立反义词、关系反义词的概念。
领会：三类反义词的特点和区别。
学会运用。
~ is concerned with semantic opposition.
Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.
l Types of antonyms
l Characteristics of antonyms
l Use of antonyms
6.4.1 Types of antonyms
Three major types of antonyms
a. contradictory terms: truly opposite in meaning. The assertion of one is the denial of the other.
dead/ alive
b. Contrary terms
c. Relative terms
6.4.2 Characteristics of antonyms
a. Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition.
b. A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.
c. Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion.
d. Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own
corresponding opposite.
6.4.3 Use of antonyms
a. Antonyms have various practical uses and have long proved helpful and valuable in defining
the meanings of words.
b. Antonyms are useful in enabling us to express economically the opposite of a particular
thought, often for the sake of contrast.
c. Antonyms are often used to form antithesis to achieve emphasis by putting contrasting ideas
together. Proverbs and sayings.
英语词汇学考试重点整理
Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]
Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.
英语词汇学及答案
英语词汇学 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers .Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket（30％） 1. Degradation can be illustrated by the following example[ ] A. lewd → ignorant B. silly → foolish C. last → pleasure D. knave → boy 2. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of: [ ] A. humour B. sarcasm C. ridicule D. all the above 3. The four major modes of semantic change are _____. [ ] A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation B. extension, generalization, elevation and degradation C. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation 4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____. [ ] A. synecdoche B. metonymy C. substitution D. metaphor 5. Idioms adjectival in nature function as _____. [ ] A. adjectives B. attributes C. modifiers D. words 6. Grammatical context refers to _____ in which a word is used. [ ] A. vocabulary B. grammar C. semantic pattern D. syntactic structure 7. In the idiom 'in good feather', we change 'good' into 'high, full' without changing meaning. This change of constituent is known as _____ . [ ] A. addition B. replacement C. position-shifting D. variation 8. The word "laconic" is _____. [ ] A. onomatopoeically motivated B. morphologically motivated C. semantically motivated D. etymologically motivated 9. CCELD is distinctive for its _____. [ ] A. clear grammar codes B. language notes
修订版《语言学纲要》第五章语义和语用答案
修订版《语言学纲要》第五章语义和语用答案 第五章语义和语用 一、名词解释 基本词汇——基本词汇就是人们自古至今常用的，用来表达日常事物现象的，并成为构成新词基础的那一部分词。基本词汇里的词是语言词汇的核心。 多义词——一个词有多个意义，它们概括反映相互有联系的几类现实现象。如“跑”就具有“两只脚或四条腿迅速前进”、“逃走”、〈方〉“走”、“为某种事务而奔走”、“物体离开了应该在的位置”、“液体因挥发而损耗”等六项互相有联系但又各不相同的意义，是多义词。 反义词——语言中有很多意义相反的词，叫做反义词。反义词，是现实现象中矛盾的或对立的现象在语言中的反映。分相对反义词和绝对反义词两种。具有反义关系的两个词之间只需要有一个义项相对或相反就可以了。 施事——自主性动作、行为的主动发出者。 焦点——人们之所以要说话，是为了向对方传递他们所不知道的信息，也即新信息。从信息的角度看，句子中的新信息是说话者所传递信息的重点所在，是说话者认为受话者不知道因此希望受话者特别关注的部分。这就是句子的“焦点”。 情态——情态是体现“说话者对所言的主观看法”的范畴。主要表达“必然性”、“可能性”、“必要性”等方面。 语气——语气是表达“句子的言语交际作用”的范畴，指的是句子所携带的反映说话人使用句子的目的和说话人情绪的意义，包括陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹等 言语行为——人们说出的话不仅仅是人类经验的映像(句义)，也不仅仅是特定说话者对人类经验的具体认知，它还是一种社会行为。像打人、吃饭等其他社会行为一样，“说话”这种社会行为也有对行为者之外的事物(特别是受话者)或行为者自身产生某种效力的
目标，也有因行为而引发实际变化的效果。简而言之，言语交际行为本身也构成新的人类经验，与现实世界中的其他人、物、现象、事件有着“行为—效力”的关联。这些是语言在另一层次上的意义。从这一视角对语言意义的关注称为言语行为研究。 二、填空 、( 一般性 ) 、( 模糊性 )、( 全民性)是词义概括性的三个重要的表现形式。、多义词有多项意义，最初的那个意义叫(本义)，离开上下文人们就能知道的那项意义叫( 中心意义)。汉语中的“老”有“年纪大”、“经常”、“陈旧的”等意义，其中，“年纪大”是( 本义 )，其余的是(派生意义)。 三、分析题 、指出下列同义词的意义差别 父亲——爸爸语体色体不同，父亲是书面语体，爸爸是口语语体 得到——获得感情色彩不同，“得到”是中性词，，“获得”是通过努力得到好的结果，是褒义词。 眼红——嫉妒语体色体不同，嫉妒是书面语体，眼红是口语语体 秘密——绝密词义轻重不同，秘密轻，绝密重。 3、收集汉语“烹调类”单音节动词，用一组语义特征描写它们的词义。 蒸、煮、烹、煎、烤、烘、煨、炸、煸、爆 、试分析下列句子的语义结构。
(完整word版)英语词汇学复习大纲整理
1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)
英语词汇学_习题集2(含答案)
《英语词汇学》课程习题集 一、单选题 1. The word “humorousness” has _______ morphemes. A. one B. two C. three D. four 2. The word “nationalize” has _______ morphemes. A. one B. two C. three D. four 3. The word “decoding” has _______ morphemes. A. one B. two C. three D. four 4. Which of the following forms is not an allomorph of the morpheme “in-”? A. ig- B. ir- C. il- D. im- 5. Which of the following forms does not contain an allomorph of the inflectional morpheme of plurality? A. books B. pigs C. horses D. expense 6. According to ______, there is an intrinsic correspondence between sound and sense. A. naturalists B. anthropologists C. linguists D. conventionalists 7. According to ______ , there is not a logical connection between sound and sense. A. naturalists B. anthropologists C. linguists D. conventionalists 8. Most English words are _________ symbols. A. definite B. arbitrary C. infinite D. hereditary 9. From the point of view of ________, a direct connection between the symbol and its sense can be readily observed in a small group of words. A. nationalism B. anthropology C. linguistics D. motivation 10. Words motivated phonetically are called _________ words. A. onomatopoeic B. similar C. natural D. symbolic 11. In the sentence “John was asked to spy the enemy”, “spy” is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________. A. compounding B. derivation C. conversion D. acronym 12. In the sentence “John was doctored by Mr. Smith in the hospital”, “doctor” is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________. A. compounding B. derivation C. conversion D. acronym 13.In the sentence “John was asked to get into the office after a two-hour wait”, “wait”is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________. A. compounding B. derivation C. conversion D. acronym 14. In the sentence “John decided to nurse his sister himself”, “nurse” is considered an example of the word-formation process using _________. A. compounding B. derivation C. conversion D. acronym
大学英语词汇学期末考试 重点复习资料整理 权威版 后附试题
2012词汇学复习资料 The development of the English Vocabulary 1.Indo-European Language Family The Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are believed to have originated from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarity to one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern Set东部诸语族: Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语, Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族, Armenian 亚美尼亚语族and Albanian阿尔巴尼亚语族; a Western Set: 西部诸语族Celtic凯尔特语族, Italic 意大利语族, Hellenic希腊语族, Germanic日尔曼语族. All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary. Prussian普鲁士语 Lithuanian立陶宛语 Polish波兰语 Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语Czech捷克斯洛伐克语 Bulgarian保加利亚语 Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语 Russian Albanian阿尔巴尼亚 Persian波斯语 Hindi北印度语 Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Bengali孟加拉语 Romany，吉卜赛语 Armenian亚美尼亚语 Portuguese Spanish Italic意大利语族Italian Roumanian罗马尼亚语 French Indo-European Language Family Irish Celtic凯尔特语Breton Scottish Norwegian挪威语 Icelandic，冰岛语 Danish丹麦语 Germanic Swedish瑞典语 日尔曼语言English Dutch Flemish German Hellenic，古希腊语- Greek
最新英语词汇学期末复习资料资料
1、选择题（2 ×15=30） 2、填空题（2×5=10 ） 3、搭配题(1×10=10) 4、名词解释题(4×5=20) 5、问题回答(5×3=15) 6、论述题(第39题7分，第40题8分) 选择题： 1. Which of the following is an initialism ? D. UN 2. The following are all nominal suffixes EXCEPT A. –ful . 3．Both English and B. Danish belong to the Germantic branch of the Indo-European language family. 4.Affixes added to the end of words to indicate grammatik relationships are known as C. inflectional morphemes. 5.Motiation accounts for the connection between word-form and C.its meaning. 6.Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and C.homonymy. 7.Affixes attached to other morphemes to create new words are known as B .derivational affixes. 8.The semantic unity of idioms is reflected in the A.illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom as in rain cats and dogs. https://www.360docs.net/doc/7013501996.html,ually a small number of languages have been designated official languages for an organization’s activities ,for example, the UN was established with five official languages English, French, A.Spanish Russian, and Chinese.中英俄法西
英语词汇学第一章
Chapter 1 1.1 What Is a Word 词的概念：A word can be defined as a meaningful group of letters. （一个词可以被定义为一组有意义的字母） 词包含以下几点： ① a minimal free form of a language.一门语言中最小的形式 ② a sound unity.一个声音统一体 ③ a unit of meaning.一个意义单位 ④ a form that can function alone in a sentence.能在句子中起独立作用的一个形式 A word is a free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.词是一门语言中具有一定的声音，意义和句法功能的最小形式 Words can be simple and complex.词可以是简单的也可以是复杂的 1.2 Sound and Meaning 声音与意义之间的关系：This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary,and there is no logical relationship between the sound and the actual thing and idea itself .The relationship between them is conventional. 这种象征性的联系几乎总是任意的，声音与实际的事物和观念本身没有逻辑关系。他们之间的关系是约定俗成的。 1.3 Sound and Form 读音与拼写不一致的原因：①The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language. ②The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. ③Some of the differences were created by the early scribes. ①英语字母表是从罗马人那里采用的，罗马人没有一个单独的字母来代表语言中的每个 声音。 ②这些年来，发音的变化比拼写的变化更快。 ③有些差异是由早期的抄写员造成的。
现代英语词汇学(课后总结中文)
现代英语词汇学(课后总结中文)
第一章 一个词可以被定义为一个基本单位的言论和作为一个最低的自由形式。它是一个统一的声音和意义，帽子能够执行一个给定的句法功能，所有的话在一个语言的共同组成的词汇。英语的历史发展表明，英语是一个沉重的借用者，它采用了几乎所有已知语言的词汇，尤其是拉丁语、法语和希腊语。第一次世界大战的英语词汇?拉里扩大的速度比以前快后渣土。对了一天英语词汇快速增长的根本原因是科学技术进步的标志，社会经济、政治和文化的变化?宝在英语母语国家的发生，和其他国家的语言和文化的强烈影响， 由于在历史发展过程中出现大规模借贷，英语词汇极其丰富和异质。词汇量从旧英语的50000个增加到了60000个，增加到了世界上最大的一百万个单词。 尽管外来词在本土词汇上占优势，但后者却是英语词汇中最熟悉、最有用的部分。前者增加了灵活性和语言资源?丰满。 英语词汇包含不同种类的词汇。可根据不同的?租金标准分类。词汇可以根据其来源分类为母语反借词。通过使用水平，词可以分为普通（或流行〉词文学的话口语词、俚语和术语。一个词的状态不是固定不变的，而是不断变化的。技术术语可能会很流行，而流行词可以用作专门术语。一些俚语也成为常用词或俗语词可以分为实
词和虚词前有独立的词汇意义，后者，在大多数情况下，没有词汇本身的含义，作为语法信号显示内容之间的连接词。虚词比内容词少得多，但使用频率更高。 第二章 词是由语素构成的，语素是英语最有意义的单位，既有音也有义。一位是任何一个рЬешеMOR的变体形式。 语素111ay被归类为自由或束缚，自由语素是一个可以成为一个独立的COM?完整的话语，而粘着语素不能单独存在；它必须出现至少一个其他语素自由或束缚。 语素可以分为根和根进行affixies，在а?ягогс?意义的重要组成部分，根可以免费或黏着语素 自由根可以独立成为单词，并为语言的形成提供基础。在现代英语中，词根虽然不能用词来表示，也不能用词来构成新词。 词缀是粘着语素。因为它们只在添加到其他语素时才使用。?词缀分类分为屈折词缀和派生词缀，前者涉及到语法，派生词缀分为前缀和就够了，这是重新?相关词形成的根，前缀和后缀的圆弧和单词构成的积木，对语素水平的话可以Ъб分为简单，复杂的复合词，根据数量和他们的COM?构成语素的类型。 语素是重要的。该房屋亲?过程因为两最核心的产出性词汇- lormation过程、复合和词缀，
自考英语词汇学复习大纲自己整理
11 C h a p t e r 1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （he definition of a word comprises the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional. A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 p ol ysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 semantic-loans 借义词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点
英语词汇学第五章复习资料
第五章 词汇： reference n.所指 Concept n.概念 identical adj. 同一的；完全相同的 Motivation 理据 Onomatopoeic 拟声的 echoic 拟声的 morphological 形态的 opaque adj. 不透明的；不传热的；迟钝的 literal adj. 文字的；逐字的；无夸张的 figurative 形态的 associations 联想 Etymological 词源 monogamous 单配的 constant adj. 不变的 indeterminate 不确定的 archaic 旧的 Interjections 感叹词 overlaps n. 重叠部分 revealed v. 透露 要点： 一. 1.Reference –the relationship between language and the world.(cat,"she""annimal"ect.) ｛The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is a rbitrary and conventional. This connection is the result of generalization and abstraction. Although reference is abstract，yet with the help of context， it can refer to something specific. ｝
2.Concept–which beyond language, is the result of human cognition,reflecting the objective world in the human mind. It isn’t affected by language. Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical. Meaning belongs to language，so is restricted to language use. A concept can have as many referring expressions as there are language in the world. 3.Sense – (the meaning of meaning.) denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense. The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language. It is also abstraction. 二.Motivation-accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its mean ing. English does have words whose meanings can be explained to a certain extent. Most words are non-motivated. The connection of the sign and meaning dose not have a logical explanation. 1.Onomatopoeic Motivation – the words whose sounds suggest their meaning. （Indicate the relationship between sound and meaning）. Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning. These words we created by imitating the natural sounds or noises. (For example，bang，ping-pang，crow by cocks，etc. ) Such echoic words are also conventional for the sounds we say in English may not be the same in other language.