英语语法层次
Chapter two Introduction-Grammatical Hierarchy
语言（Language）是社会交际的工具，是音义结合的词汇和语法的体系。语法（Grammar）是语言的组织规律Grammar is the structural system of a language.，它赋予语言以结构系统，而词汇（vocabulary）则是语言的建筑材料，它通过语法而赋予语言以意义内容。
The grammar of English is organized into five ranks:
1.the sentence（句子）, the clause（分句）, the phrase（词组）, the word（词）and the morpheme（词素）.
英语的语法结构具有层次性，分为五个不同的层次。
2. Each rank is composed of one or more than one grammatical unit of the immediate lower unit.
每一层由一个或一个以上的低层次的语法结构组成。
3.A full sentence can generally be segmented rank by rank down to its smallest constituents---the morphemes.
句子能够一层一层地切分到它的最小组成单位----词素。
●词素Morpheme
The morpheme is the minimum or smallest grammatical unit, also the smallest meaningful element of speech.
词素是最小的语法单位，也是最小的语义单位。
Morphemes fall into two categories: free morphemes (自由词素) and bound morphemes (粘附词素).
1、Free morphemes(自由词素): a free morpheme has a complete meaning and can stand by itself as a simple
word.
自由词素指本身具有完整意义并能作为“简单词”而单独使用的词素。
e.g. kind father boy girl desk teacher
自由词素可以充当词根（root）加上词缀（Affix）构成派生词（Derivative）。
Kind ：Kindness, unkind, kindly
Friend: friendly, friendship, friendless, unfriendliness
2、Bound morphemes（粘附词素）
bound morphemes are mostly affixes. They are also meaningful, but the meaning is not complete in itself unless it is attached to some other form. Therefore, a bound morpheme cannot stand by itself: it only exists as an inflectional(曲折变化的) or derivational(派生的) affix.
粘附词素指本身没有完整意义，不能单独使用，而必须粘附在自由词素或其他形式上才能表示出意义的词素。粘附词素的主要功能是在构词上充当词缀（Affix）,即曲折词缀（Inflectional Affix）和派生词缀（Derivational Affix）.
曲折词缀包括名词复数标记-s/-es ,名词属格标记-`s;第三人称动词单数现在时标记-s/-es,动词过去时标记-ed;动词-ed分词和-ing分词的标记-ed,-ing; 形容词和副词比较级和最高级的标记-er,-est等。
派生词缀分为前缀（Prefix）和后缀（Suffix）。
●词（word）
词是比词素高一级的语法单位，要一个或一个以上的词素构成。
分类：
根据构词法分类：简单词、派生词、复合词
简单词（Simple word）,又叫“单词素词”（Morpheme Word）,由单一自由词素构成，多半是一些短小的词。Eg: at by in far near make desk等。
派生词（Derivative）是由词根加派生词缀构成。词根是派生词的基础，同一词根加不同词缀可表示不同的意义或不同的词性。
复合词（Compound word）通常由两个或两个以上自由词素构成，主要有复合名词（deadline, handbook）；
复合形容词(world-famous, bloodthirsty, bitter-sweet) ；复合动词(nickname, outline, mass-produce)；复合副词(nevertheless, moreover) ；复合代词(another, something, anybody) ；复合连词(whenever, wherever)；
复合介词（alongside, outside, throughout.
根据语法功能，分为封闭词类(closed class)和开放词类（Open Class）
封闭词类指所有的功能词（Function Word）。没有完整的词汇意义，但有语法意义，数目有限，比较稳定。包括：
介词（Preposition）、代词（Pronoun）、限定词（Determiner）、连词（Conjunction）、助动词（Auxiliary）开放词类指各种实义词（Content Word）。这一类词是随着社会、经济、文化的发展而不断丰富和发展的。包括：
名词（Noun）、形容词（Adjective）、副词（Adverb）、主动词（Main Verb）,
还有基数词（Cardinal Numeral）,序数词（Ordinal Numeral）,感叹词（Interjection）是介乎“封闭”与“开放”之间的词类。
词组（Phrase）
词组（Phrase）是由一个或一个以上的词构成的语法单位。词组是按照一定语法规则围绕一定中心词（Head或Headword）结合起来的一组词。中心词所属词类决定着词组内部的结合方式，也决定着词组的类别。如名词词组（Noun Phrase），动词词组（V erb Phrase）,形容词词组（Adjective Phrase），副词词组（Adverb Phrase），介词词组（Prepositional Phrase ）
1.名词词组
名词词组是以名词为中心词构成，也可能带有限定词及其他修饰语。结构形式如下：
（限定词）+（前置修饰语）+名词+（后置修饰语）
Eg. All the college students
His new book on Grammar
The athor`s new novel that will soon come out
2.动词词组
动词词组是以主动词（Main Verb）为中心词的词组。动词词组可能只包括一个主动词或者主动词修饰语，这叫做“简单动词词组”（simple Verb Phrase）
E.g. Tom arrived last night.
They finally made it.
动词词组也可以由一个或一个以上的助动词加主动词构成，这叫做“复杂动词词组”（Complex Verb Phrase）。复杂动词词组也可以带有修饰语。
It is getting dark.
You must keep your promise.
The children might have been playing in the garden.
动词词组按照动词形式又可分为“限定动词词组”（Finite Verb Phrase）和“非限定动词词组”（Non-finite Verb Phrase）.
动词词组的第一个词如果在形式上带有“时”（tense）的标记（有时还受主语的“人称”（person）和“数”（number）的制约），这便是限定动词词组。
动词词组的第一个如果是一种不变的动词形式，即没有“时”的标记（也不受主语的“人称”和“数”的制约），这便是非限定动词词组。
We went there to see a film.
Having seen the film, we had a discussion.
Painted by a famous artist, the portrait is invaluable.
3.形容词词组
形容词词组是以形容词为中心词的词组。形容词词组可以只包括一个形容词，也可以是“修饰语+形容词”或者是“形容词+补足成分”，这种结构如下：
（修饰语）+形容词+（后置修饰语/补足成分）
It is fine today.
You are not careful enough.
That work is too difficult for that child.
The weather is too hot to be enjoyable.
4.副词词组
副词词组是以副词为中心词的词组。副词词组的结构如下：
（修饰语）+副词+（后置修饰语）
He spoke loudly and clearly.
Be a man, Don’t act so lowly.
He lives farthest from the station.
5.介词词组
介词词组是以介词为中心词的词组。介词词组不可能只包括一个中心词，介词之后必须跟有补足成分（又加“介词宾语”）。介词词组之前有时还可带有修饰语。结构如下：
（修饰语）+介词+补足成分
Do you think you can borrow some money from your friend?
We are collecting money for the benefit of some orphans.
That short story is based upon an incident in the author’s life.
分句
分句是建立在一个或一个以上词组基础上的语法单位。从逻辑意义上看，分句又是“主语+谓语”的语法构造，因而具有一种描述性。“分句是词组的序列”，即一个或一个以上的词组在一定上下文中构成一种带有描述性的“主语+谓语”的语法构造。
1.独立分句和从属分句
独立分句（independent clause）指不依附于其他结构而独立存在的分句。
从属分句（Dependent/ Subordinate Clause）指从属于其他结构的分句。
He knows everything about it. (独立分句)
I don’t think he knows everything about it. (从属分句)
His new book will soon come out. It is on grammar. (独立分句)
His new book that will soon come out is on grammar. (从属分句)
2.简单分句和复杂分句
简单分句（simple clause）指仅包括一个主谓结构的分句。单独出现的简单分句也就是“简单句”。
复杂分句（complex clause ）指带有其他主谓结构作为分句成分的分句；一个单独出现的复杂分句也就是“复杂句”（complex sentence）
It is not true. (独立简单分句/简单句)
What you said is not true.（独立复杂分句/复杂句）
He said that it was not true.（从属简单分句）
He complained that what you said was not true.（从属复杂从句）
3.主句和从句
主句（Main Clause）是相对于从句（Subordinate Clause）.
从句即从属分句，可以直接从属于另一分句，作为分句成分，也可以从属于一个词组，作为词组的一部分。
带有从属分句作为自己成分的分句便是主句，充当主句的一个成分的分句便是从句。
主句和从句的关系是相对的：在一个复杂结构中是主句的，在另一复杂结构中则又可能是从句。
4.限定分句、非限定分句、无动词分句
以限定动词词作谓语动词的分句叫做限定分句（Finite Clause）.
以非限定动词词组（即动词不定式，-ing分词，-ed分词）作谓语动词的分句叫做非限定分句（Non-finite Clause）
I signed the paper to get the license.
Renee bought a book to read on the plane.
The man, wearing such dark glasses, obviously could not see clearly.
Leaving the room, he tripped over the mat.
句子
句子是最高一级的语法单位，也是人们表达思想进行交际的基本语言单位。句子建筑在分句基础上，它可以包括一个或一个以上的分句。
1.完全句和不完全句
完全句（Full sentence）指包括至少一个完整的主谓结构的句子。
不完全句(Minor sentence)指不具备完整主谓结构的句子。不完全句有的仅是一些省略句。
A: When did he arrive?
B: Last night.
A: Who called this morning?
B: Mr. Jones.
No smoking! No parking! Fire! Help!
2.简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句
完全句，按其结构形式，分为简单句（simple sentence），并列句（compound sentence）、复杂句（Complex Sentence）和并列复杂句（Compound-complex sentence）
简单句指只包含一个主谓结构而且各个成分均由词组构成的句子。
The students have made better grades in the past few weeks.
The boy can stay in the room only for a few minutes.
如果构成分句成分的词组本身带有从属分句，那么这个句子仍然是简单句。
The students I teach have made better grades in the past few weeks.
但若某个句子成分直接由从属分句表示，那么这种句子便不是简单句而是复杂句。
The students would have made better grades if they had studied hard.
The boy can stay in the room so long as he keeps quiet.
What he said is not true.
I didn`t understand what he meant.
两个或两个以上的简单句由并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来便构成并列句。
Miss. Lindstorm came to the party, but Mr. and Mrs. Sherman did not.
Most of us were in the hall, the doors had been closed, and the latecomers had to wait outside.
一个并列句，如果包含一个或一个以上的复杂句作为并列成分，这便是并列复杂句。
They watched television and enjoyed themselves immensely, but we couldn`t see the program because out television was broken.
It would be dark before he could reach the village, and he heaved a heavy sigh when he thought of encountering the terrors of Dame Van Winkle. -----W. Irving.
英语语法专项训练----特殊句式
英语语法专项训练特殊句式1 1.---I have some big news for you. You’ve been accepted as a member of our club. --- That’s great! A. Have I? B. Pardon? C. Congratulation! D. Good idea! 2. You didn’t use to like him much when we were at school, ? A. were we B. weren’t we C. did you D. didn’t you 3. Not only _____ interested in football but _____beginning to show an interest in it. A. the teacher himself is; all his students are B. the teacher himself is; are all his students C. is the teacher himself; are all his students D. is the teacher himself; all his students are 4. It was announced that only when the fire was under control to return to their homes. A. the residents would be permitted B. had the residents been permitted C. would the residents be permitted D. the residents had been permitted 5. Bill wasn’t happy about the delay of the report by Jason, and . A. I was neither B. neither was I C. I was either D. either was I 6. I have been living in the United States for twenty years, but seldom so lonely as now. A. have I felt B. I had felt C. I have felt D. had I felt 7. ---My room gets very cold at night. --- . A. So is mine B. So mine is C. So does mine D. So mine does 8. If Joe’s wife won’t go to the party, . A. he will either B. neither will he C. he neither will D. either he will 9. Little that we were watching his every move, so he seemed to be going his own way in this business. A. he realized B. he didn’t realize C. didn’t he realize D. did he realize 10. So difficult it to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice. A. I did find B. did I find C. I have found D. have I found 11. ---Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday? ---Yes. , I’m going to visit some homes for the old in the city. A. If ever B. If busy C. If anything D. If possible 12. ---Who should be responsible for the accident? ---The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order . A. as told B. as are told C. as telling D. as they told 13. Only then____ how much damage had been caused. A. had she realized B. she realized C. did she realize D. she had realized 14. We all know that, , the situation will get worse. A. not if dealt carefully with B. if not carefully dealt with C. if dealt not carefully with D. not if carefully dealt with 15. It was along the Mississippi River Mark Twain spent much of his childhood. A. how B. which C. that D. where 16. I just wonder that makes him so excited. A. why it does B. what he does C. how it is D. what it is 17. Depend on us, sir! Nowhere else better service. A. you will find B. will you find C. you have found D. have you found 18. ---Tom, you go and pick up Mary from the station, ? ---But, she’s already got home. A. don’t you B. do you C. will you D. shall you 19. By no means to move to a new place for away from her work place, because it isn’t convenient for her family and herself. A. Karen will agree B. will Karen agree C. Karen will disagree D. will Karen disagree 20. It was back home after the experiment. A. not until midnight did he go B. until midnight that he didn’t go C. until midnight when he didn’t go D. not until midnight that he went 21.If you can’t get in the front door, to the back door. A. go B. to go C. going D. to be going 22. It’s his voice we recognized at once although his face changed a lot. A. what B. when C. where D. that 23. ---Helen has been working at a local language school for 3 years. --- she is so familiar with the city. A. No doubt B. No wonder C. Now that D. As a result 24. rapid progress has he made that we all admire him. A. Very B. So C. Such D. Too 25. Was it in the village we used to live in the accident happened? A. where; that B. which; that C. that; where D. where; which 26. Hardly closed my eyes I began to make this fantastic dream. A. had I; when B. I had; when C. did I; than D. I did; then 27. Either you or the headmaster the prize to these gifted students at the meeting. A. is handing out B. are to hand out C. are handing out D. is to hand out 28. Three-quarters of the land here wet land, an ideal place for migrating birds. A. are B. having been C. is D. being 29. Deep in the forest , who made no contact with the outside world. A. living a couple B. were a couple living C. did a couple live D. lived a couple 30. In no case leave your position at present. A. you are able to B. will you be able to C. are you able to D. you will be able to 31. every student aware of the importance of study, they would study efficiently. A. Were B. Should C. May D. Had 32. The door opened and in . A. did he come B. came he C. he came D. did a man come 33. --- He has to finish the experiment today. He must be in the lab, ? A. mustn’t he B. won’t he C. doesn’t he D. isn’t he 34. ---They suggest the number of cars should be limited to stop air pollution. --- , the idea is not very practical. A. Sounds good as it B. As it sounds good C. As good it sounds D. Good as it sounds 35. There ought to be an exam this week, ? A. oughtn’t it B. isn’t it C. oughtn’t there D. isn’t there 36.____about wild plants that they decided to make a trip to Madagascar for further research. A. So curious the couple was B. So curious were the couple C. How curious the couple were D. The couple was such curious 37. given an English name by their English teacher. A. They each was B. They each were C. Everyone of them was D. Each of them were 38. Not until the early years of the 19th century ________what heat is. A. man did know B. man knew C. didn't man know D. did man know 39. ---Look! Here . How beautiful it is! ---Well, that’s the headmaster’s. A. coming a black car B. a black car comes C. come a black car D. comes a black car 40. ---Do you think it’s going to snow over the weekend? --- . A. I don’t believe B. I don’t believe it C. I believe not D. I believe not so
经典英语语法讲解解析
三天搞定英语语法 英语语法分为两个部分。一个部分是词法，即词的构成和词的使用规律。另一个部分是句法，即句子的组成和句子的使用方法。 英语语法的特点可以用三句话来表示：1、每个词都有词性；2、每句话都有动词(实意动词或系动词)；3、每句话都必须符合五个基本句型。 三句话用一句话来说，就是，标出句中每一个单词的词性，找出句中所有动词，并标出其种类和相应的句子成分。理解，掌握，运用好这句话，按照一：词性；二：动词种类；三：动词相对应的句子成分；四：从句；五：非谓语动词方法就能透彻理解英语语法体系。 词的分类 词类又叫词性，英语单词根据其在句子中的功能，可以分成十个大类。 词类词义英语名称缩写形式例词中译 noun n. student 学生 1、名词表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名 称。 2、代词主要用来代替名词。pronoun pron. you 你 3、形容词表示人或事物的性质或特征。adjective adj. happy 高兴的 4、数词表示数目或事物的顺序。numeral num. three 三 5、动词表示动作或状态。verb v. cut 砍、割 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地 6、副词修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时 间、地点、程度等。 7、冠词用在名词前,帮助说明名词。article art. a 一个 preposition prep. at 在... 8、介词表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句 子成分的关系。 9、连词用来连接词、短语或句子。conjunction conj. and 和 10、感叹词表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。interjection interj. Oh 哦 词性的分类: 修饰: 形容数冠代词名词 （red）（one）（a/the）（my）wood 1.名词 代替: 代词it 形容词the red 数词one
高中英语语法之特殊句式的结构
特殊句式的结构 1.It 结构一、强调句 强调句的基本句型是“It is/was＋被强调的部分＋that/who＋其他部分”。被强调的部分可以是主语、宾语和状语等。强调句型的使用特点主要有以下几个方面： (1)被强调的是状语或状语从句时，要用that引导从句，而不能用which，而且通常不能省略。 (2)被强调的是人时，引导词可用who，也可用that。 Was it you that/who let out the secret to her? 是你把这个秘密泄露给她的吗？ (3)被强调的不管是单数还是复数名词，主句的be动词都用单数is或was。 It was Marie Curie and her husband who discovered radium. 是居里夫人和她的丈夫发现了镭。 It is the PLA men who/that are safeguarding our country day and night. 是解放军战士日夜保卫着我们的祖国。 (4)对not...until时间状语从句进行强调时，其句型是： It is/was not until...that从句，即not和until在强调句中总是紧挨着的。注意习惯上不用not till，而且从句不能用when引导。 It was not until the last operation was finished that Bethune left the battle hospital. (5)强调句的疑问形式： When was it that he made up his mind to take this course? 他是什么时候决定选修这一门课程的？ Why is it that he doesn’t like th e book? 他为什么不喜欢这本书？ Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out? (6)强调句型与It is/was＋时间＋when从句： 在上述句型中it指时间，when引导的是时间状语从句。 注意两种句型“时间”表达方式的不同。 It was at midnight that I got back home yesterday. 昨天晚上我半夜才回到家。 It was midnight when I got here yesterday. 昨天当我到达这儿时，已是半夜了 2.but 的用法 a.anything but…一点儿也不 She was anything but mad. b.nothing but…仅仅，只 She heard nothing but the wind. c. but for….除非，要不是 But for your help, I wouldn’t have succeed. d. can’t help but do (can’t help doing…) 禁不住…
新编英语语法教程
导论———语法层次 0.1 词素 1）自由词素 2）粘附词素 0.2 词 1）简单词、派生词、符合词 2）封闭词类和开放词类 0.3 词组 1）名词词组 2）动词词组 3）形容词词组 4）副词词组 5）介词词组 0.4分句 1）独立分句和从属分句 2）简单分句和复杂分句 3）主句和从句 4）限定分句、非限定性分句、无动词分句0.5 句子 1）完全句和不完全句 2）简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句 第1讲句子结构 1.1 主谓结构和句子分析 1）主语和谓语 2）句子分析 1.2 基本句型及其转换与扩大 1）基本句型 2）基本句型的转换与扩大 第2讲主谓一致（一） 2.1指导原则 1）语法一致 2）意义一致和就近原则 2.2 以-s 结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题1）以-s结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称 2）以-s结尾的学科名称 3）以-s结尾的地理名称 4）其他以-s结尾的名词 2.3 以集体名词作主语的主谓一致问题 1) 通常作复数的集体名词 2）通常作不可数名词的集体名词 3）既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词 4）a committee of 等+复数名词
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大学英语语法大全_太经典了
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《新编英语语法教程》语法术语精编
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Lecture 1 Sentence Structure（L1）Sentence elements: S (subject) 主语V (predicate verb) 谓语动词 O (object) 宾语 C (complement) 补足语 A (Adverbial) 状语 1. Two ways of sentence analysis 1) SVO Sentence Clause NP VP NP Subject Predicate verb Object All the man have done their best. Sentence = Subject + Predicate (Predicate Verb + Object, Complement, Adverbial, etc.) ●句子由主语和谓语构成，进一步把谓语剖析为谓语动词、宾语、补语、状语等。 2) Subject + Predicate (= operator + predication) Sentence Clause Subject Predicate Operator Predication All the man have done their best. ●句子由主语和谓语构成，进一步把谓语剖析为操作词（operator）和述谓成分（predication）。 2. Basic clause types SVC, SV, SV A, SVO, SVOA, SVOC, SV oO Lecture 2 Subject-Verb Concord （L2-3） Guiding principles: Grammatical Concord Notional Concord Principle of Proximity 语法一致原则意义一致原则就近原则 Nominal clause Non-finite clause Relative clause Cleft sentence Existential clause 名词性分句非限定分句关系分句分裂句存在句Lecture 3 Noun and Noun Phrase（L4-5） 1. Classification of nouns
初中英语语法知识—名词的经典测试题含答案(3)
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英语语法详解全集
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