论文英译汉
论文
科技英语英译汉
学院：大数据与信息工程学院
专业名称：集成电路工程
姓名：
学号：
2014年12 月
一种在3D-IC TSV（硅通孔）中新的分段等效电路建模方法
摘要
本文提出了一种新的TSV技术中分段等效电路的建模方法，它是3D-IC的关键技术。首先提取出TSV的电气参数，接着将它用来完成单TSV和双TSV结构的等效电路。分段建模方法是通过将TSV结构分为三部分来实现的，即顶部，中部和底部的硅通孔结构。中间部分的电气参数是通过解析公式得到的，而顶部和底部的电气参数是通过更加精确的3D场解得到的。通过这种新方法得到的TSV的等效电路与一般方法相比更为准确。等效电路模型的S 参数的仿真结果与HFSS的仿真结果得到了很好的匹配，然而它的仿真时间却大为缩短，并且仿真结果表明，该模型可以准确反映出TSV的传输特性。
关键词：3d-ic；TSV；等效电路；分段建模方法
一、介绍
TSV（硅通孔）是三维集成电路为了实现芯片堆叠互联的解决方案来而发展起来的一种新技术。建立等效电路并且研究TSV的特性是非常重要的。TSV建模的探究将有助于分布参数、传输特性，以及TSV结构的其他电学特性的研究，从而为3D-IC的研究奠定基础。
TSV目前的研究主要集中在以下几个方面：一是TSV结构的建模与分析；二是TSV结构的耦合效应；三是TSV不同参数对TSV电特性的影响。文[ 1 ]基于TSV结构进行了详细的研究，并且描述了TSV结构的等效建模方法。在文[ 2 ]中，针对不同的TSV分布形式（圆锥和直立型），提出了计算寄生电阻和寄生电感的闭式表达式，该公式和数值计算方法的计算结果比较表明，该公式在低频时更准确，而在高频时，由于集肤效应引起的误差会增大。文献[3-4]重点研究了耦合效应，对TSVs间的互耦合和TSV上的噪声耦合都进行了分析。文[ 5 ]提出了TSV电容耦合效应的一种快速分析模型。文[ 6 ]研究了不同大小的排除区（KOZ）对TSV电气性能的影响。
本文主要研究了TSV的建模方法。建模中使用的TSV的电气参数是通过解析计算公式和3D场解得到的，然后参数用于完成单TSV结构和双TSV结构的等效电路。此外，在之前研究的基础上，提出了分段建模方法。分段建模方法是通过把TSV结构分成三部分实现的，即顶部，中部和底部的孔结构。通过解析公式得到中间部分的电气参数，同时通过3D场解（Ansoft Q3D Extractor）提取得到更加精确的顶部和底部的参数，最后再将三部分连接起来。该方法用于完成单TSV结构和双TSV结构的等效电路模型。通过这种新方法得到的TSV 的等效电路与以前的方法相比更为准确。分段建模过程比较简单，并且可以从等效电路模型直接得到TSV的电气结构。S参数的仿真结果与HFSS的仿真结果得到了很好的匹配，然而它的仿真时间却更短（小于一秒），并且仿真结果表明，该模型可以准确反映出TSV的传输特性。
二、 TSV的等效电路模型
A. 单TSV模型
使用HFSS建立TSV结构的3D模型，并且在1～20GHz范围内实现了模型的仿真分析。S 参数曲线是由仿真得到的，而仿真结果又被用于等效电路模型在ADS中的验证。模型如图1所示。模型中使用的参数如下所示：TSV的直径为10um，高度为100um，硅基片尺寸为100μm×100μm×100μm，二氧化硅薄膜的厚度为1um。TSV的材料是铜。
图1 单TSV结构
在等效电路模型中，TSV结构的RLC参数公式如文献[ 7 ]中所示。
式中，Rtsv，Ctsv和Ltsv分别是TSV的等效电阻，电容和电感；h，r，t和p分别是TSV的高度，半径，氧化层厚度和TSVs之间的间距。
等效电路模型中使用的硅衬底上的RC参数公式如下所示：
式中，Rsi和Csi分别是硅衬底的等效电阻和电容，a，b和h分别是硅衬底的长度，高度和宽度。
该TSV结构等效为TSV的电阻和电感，并且通过和二氧化硅绝缘层形成的电容耦合到硅衬底上。而硅衬底本身等效为电阻和电容。该等效电路模型是根据参数的计算值建立的，等效电路如图2所示。
图2 单TSV的等效电路
等效电路在1-20GHz范围内进行了仿真分析。通过仿真获得的S(2，1)参数曲线如图3所示。
图3 单TSV等效电路的S(2，1)参数曲线
B. 双TSV模型。
双TSVs结构的3D模型首先在HFSS中建模，模型的仿真分析也是在1-20GHz范围内进行的。该模型如图4所示。
图4 双TSV结构
硅衬底的尺寸为100μm×200um×100um，而建模中使用的其他参数与单TSV情况是相同的。
双TSVs是通过一根导线连接起来的，而导线本身在等效电路中等效为电阻和电感。等效结构的其他部分与单TSV结构是一样的。等效电路如图5所示。
图5 双TSV的等效电路
等效电路在1-20GHz范围内进行了仿真分析。通过仿真获得的S(2，1)参数曲线如图6所示。
图6 双TSV等效电路的S(2，1)参数曲线
数据显示，等效电路的仿真结果与HFSS的仿真结果得到了很好的匹配。然而，等效电路模型是一种简单的结构，它的仿真时间还不到1s，对于TSV结构值电气特性的快速分析来说，这已经是一个很好的结果了。
三、TSV的分段模型
解析公式对于复杂结构具有一定的局限性，并且不能准确反映出各参数值。于是我们提出了TSV分段建模方法，并且使用3D软件Q3D提取出了用于修正TSV模型的参数。TSV分段建模可以更准确地反映TSV的电气结构，并且可以更恰当的模拟出TSV结构。TSV建模的分段结构如图7所示。图中，整个TSV结构分成三部分，图中标注为第一部分为，第二部分和第三部分。第二部分占TSV结构的1 / 2，而第一部分和第三部分各占TSV结构的1 / 4。第一部分的电气参数仍然是由解析公式提取出来的，因为这部分的结构简单，形状没有变化，而第二部分和第三部分的参数是通过更加精确的3D场解得到的。由于这两部分的TSV结构
发生了变化，解析公式不够准确，因此用3D场解提取出等效参数，用以修正之前的模型。最后，等效电路的三个部分级联起来，形成新的TSV分段等效电路模型。
图7 TSV的分段结构
A.单TSV分段建模
分段建模方法首先用于单TSV结构的建模。等效电路如图8所示。
图8 单TSV结构的分段等效电路
等效电路在1-20GHz范围内进行了仿真分析。通过仿真获得的S(2，1)参数曲线如图9所示。
图9 单TSV分段等效电路的S(2，1)参数曲线
B.双TSVs的分段建模
双TSV的分段方法与单TSV的情况一致。等效电路如图10所示。
图10 双TSV结构的分段等效电路
等效电路也是在1-20GHz范围内进行了仿真分析。通过仿真获得的S(2，1)参数曲线如图11所示。
图11 双TSV分段等效电路的S(2，1)参数曲线
从以上两种建模方法的对比可以看出，当使用分段方法时，ADS的仿真结果与HFSS仿真结果可以得到更好的匹配。采用分段建模方法的等效电路模型更为准确，并且有更好的传输特性。以上所有比较表明，通过分段方法改进后，得到的参数更为准确，这样就修正了模型的不足，并进一步优化了TSV结构的建模。
四、结论
本文提出了TSV的一种新的分段等效电路建模方法，它是3D IC的关键技术。分段方法被用于完成单TSV结构和双TSV结构的等效电路。S参数的仿真结果与HFSS的仿真结果得到了很好的吻合，这表明了该建模方法的正确性。
此外，分段建模方法还具有以下优点：
1. 建模过程简单；
2. 求解速度快。所有等效电路模型在ADS中的运算时间小于1s；
3. 模型具有较高的精度。采用该方法的S参数仿真结果与HFSS的仿真结果相吻合。
参考文献
原文：
This paper proposed a novel segmented equivalent circuit modeling method of TSV, which is the key technology of 3D-IC. The electrical parameters of TSV are extracted firstly and then used to finish the equivalent circuit of single TSV and double TSVs structure. The segmented modeling method is realized by segmenting the TSV structure into three parts, namely the top, middle and bottom of the TSV structure. The electrical parameters of the middle part are obtained by analytical formulas, while the parameters of the top and bottom parts are obtained by 3D field solver more accurately. The equivalent circuit of TSV got by this novel method is more accurate compared with the general method. The simulation results of S parameter of the equivalent circuit model are matched well with the simulation results of HFSS while the simulation time is much shorter, and the simulation results show that the equivalent model can reflect the transmission characteristics of TSV accurately.
Keywords-3D-IC; TSV; equivalent circuit; segmented modeling method
I. INTRODUCTION
TSV (through silicon via) is a new technique for the solution of three-dimensional integrated circuit to realize the interconnection of chip stack. It is important to establish the equivalent circuit and study the characteristics of TSV. The research of TSV modeling will contribute to the study of parameters distribution,transmission properties, and other electrical effects of TSV structure, thus lays the foundation for the study of the 3D-IC.
The present study on TSV mainly focuses on the following aspects: one is the modeling and analysis of the structure of TSV; two is the coupling effect of TSV structure; three is the influence of the different parameters of TSV on the electrical characteristics of TSV. Paper [1] conducts a detailed study based on TSV structure, and the equivalent modeling method of TSV structure is described. In [2], closed form expression for calculating the parasitic resistance and inductance is proposed aimed at different distribution forms of TSV(conical and erect type), the comparison between the calculation results of the formula and numerical method shows that the proposed formula is more accurate in low frequency, while the error increases in high frequency due to the skin effect. Papers [3-4] focus on the study of coupling effect. The mutual coupling between TSVs and the noise coupling on TSV are both analyzed. Paper [5] proposes a rapid analysis model for capacitive coupling in TSV. Paper [6] studies the influence of different size of keep-out-zone (KOZ)on the electrical properties of TSV.
This paper mainly studies the modeling method of TSV. The electrical parameters of TSV that used in the modeling are obtained by analytical formulas and 3Dfield solver. The parameters are then used to finish the equivalent circuit of single TSV structure and two TSVs structure. Moreover, the segmented modeling method is proposed on the basis of the previous research. The segmented modeling
method is realized by segmenting the structure of TSV into three parts,namely the top, middle and bottom of the TSV structure. The electrical parameters of the middle part are still obtained through analytical formulas, while the parameters of the top and bottom parts are obtained by 3D field solvers-Ansoft Q3D Extractor-more accurately.The three parts are connected finally. This method is used to finish the equivalent circuit modeling of single TSV structure and two TSVs structure. The equivalent circuit of TSV got by this novel method is more accurate compared with the former method. The segmented modeling process is simple and the electrical structure of TSV is responded straightforwardly from the equivalent circuit model.The results of S parameter are matched with the simulation results of HFSS while the simulation time is much shorter with less than 1s, and the simulation results show that the equivalent model can reflect the transmission characteristics of TSV accurately.
II. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODELING OF TSV
A.Modeling of Single TSV
The 3D model of TSV structure is modeled in HFSS, and the model simulation analysis is carried out in 1-20GHz. S parameter curves are obtained by simulation and the simulation results is used for the verification of the equivalent circuit model in ADS.The model is shown in Fig. 1. Here shows the parameters used in the modeling: the diameter of TSV is 10um, height is 100um, and the size of silicon medium is 100um ×100um ×100um, the thickness of silicon dioxide is 1um. The material of TSV is Copper.
The formulas for RLC parameters of TSV structure used in the equivalent circuit modeling are shown as follows [7]:
Where Rtsv, Ctsv and Ltsv are the equivalent resistor,capacitor and inductor of TSV, respectively, and h, r, t and p are height, radius of the TSV, oxide thickness and the pitch between TSVs, respectively.
The formulas for RC parameters of silicon substrate used in the equivalent circuit modeling are shown as follows:
Where Rsi and Csi are the equivalent resistance and capacitance of the silicon substrate, respectively, and a,b and h are the length, height and width of silicon substrate, respectively.
The TSV structure is equivalent to the resistance and inductance of TSV, and coupled to silicon substrate through the capacitance generated from the insulating layer-silicon dioxide. The silicon substrate is equivalent to the resistance and capacitance itself. The equivalent circuit is modeled according to the calculated value of the parameters. The equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 2.
The equivalent circuit was analyzed by 1-20GHz simulation.The S(2,1)parameter curve achieved from the simulation is shown in Fig.3.
B. Modeling of Double TSVs
The 3D model of double TSVs structure is firstly modeled in HFSS, and the model simulation analysis is also carried out in 1-20GHz. The model is shown in
Fig. 4.
The size of the silicon substrate is 100um ×200um×100um, and the other parameters used in the modeling are the same with the situation of single TSV.
The double TSVs are connected through a transmission line, and the transmission line is modeled as the resistance and inductance of itself in the equivalent circuit.The others in the equivalent structure are the same with single TSV.The equivalent circuit is shown in Fig.5.
The equivalent circuit was analyzed by 1-20GHz simulation. The S (2, 1) parameter curve achieved from the simulation is shown in Fig. 6.
The figures show that the simulation results of the equivalent circuit are match with the simulation results of HFSS. However, the equivalent circuit modeling is of simple structure, and the simulation time is within 1s,which has a good value for the rapid analysis of electrical characteristics of the TSV structure.
III. SEGMENTED MODELING OF TSV
The analytic formulas have limitations for complex structures, and can not reflect the values of the parameters accurately. The segmented modeling method of TSV is proposed and the 3D software Q3Dis used to finish the extraction of parameters for modifying the TSV model. The segmented modeling of TSV can reflect the electrical structure of TSV more accurately and is more appropriate to simulate the TSV structure. The segmented structure for TSV modeling is shown in Fig. 7. As shown in the figure, the whole TSV structure is segmented into three parts, marked as Part1,Part2 and Part3 in the figure. The Part2 occupies 1/2 of the TSV structure, while Part1 and Part3 both occupy1/4 of the TSV structure. The electrical parameters of part 1 are still obtained by analytical formulas since this part has simple structure and has no change in shape, while the parameters of Part2 and Part3 are obtained by 3D field solvers more accurately. The analytic formulas are not accurate enough for these two parts of the TSV structure are changed, so the 3D field solvers is used for the extraction of the equivalent parameters to modify the previous model. Finally, the three parts of the equivalent circuit are cascaded, came into been the new segmented equivalent circuit model of TSV.
A. Segmented Modeling of Single TSV
The segmented modeling method is used for the modeling of single TSV structure firstly. The equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 8.
The modeled equivalent circuit was analyzed by 1-20GHz simulation.The S(2,1)parameter curve achieved from the simulation is shown in Fig.9.
B. Segmented Modeling of Double TSVs
The segmented method of double TSVs is consistent with the situation of single TSV. The equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 10.
The modeled equivalent circuit was also analyzed by 1-20GHz simulation.The S(2,1)parameter curve achieved from the simulation is shown in Fig.11.
It can be seen from the contrast of the above two kinds of modeling methods,that the simulation results of ADS are more matching with the simulation results of HFSS when use the segmented method.The equivalent circuit model using segmented modeling method is more accurate,and the model has better performance in transmission characteristics.All above comparison shows that the
parameters are more accurate when modified by the segmented method,which corrected the deficiencies of the model, and optimize the structure of TSV modeling further.
IV. CONCLUSION
This paper proposed a novel segmented equivalent circuit modeling method of TSV, which is the key technology of 3D IC. The segmented method is used to finish the equivalent circuit of single TSV structure and double TSVs structure. The simulation results of Sparameter are matched well with the simulation results of HFSS, which shows the accuracy of the modeling method.
In addition, the segmented modeling method also has the following advantages:
1.The modeling process is simple;
2.The solving speed is fast. The computing time of all the equivalent circuit models in ADS is
less than 1s;
3.The models are of high accuracy. The simulation results of S parameters by using
this method are well matched with the simulation results of HFSS.
浅谈商务英语的特点及英译汉翻译技巧-商务英语专业毕业论文
浅谈商务英语的特点及英译汉翻译技巧 目录 中文摘要 (1) 英文摘要 (2) 提纲 (3) 正文 (4) 参考文献 (8)
浅谈商务英语的特点及英译汉翻译技巧 摘要：随着世界经济一体化的不断深化和扩展，国际商务活动日益频繁，商务英语的作用也变得日益显著，本文以商务英语作为实用英语语言工具的角度，对其显著的特点以及对应的英译汉翻译技巧进行简要分析，这有助于人们更好地学习商务英语，更好地进行商务沟通，取得国际经济贸易的成功。 关键词:商务英语；特点；英译汉；翻译技巧
On the Study of the Characteristic of Business English and Its E-C Translation Skills Abstract:As the world continues to deepen economic integration and expansion of international business having become increasingly frequent, the role of Business English is becoming increasingly significant, the paper business English as a practical tool for English language point of view.Its significant features, as well as the English translation of the corresponding Chinese translation skills to carry out a brief analysis, which helps business people to learn better English, better for business communication, international economic and trade success. Key words: business English; features; English-Chinese translation; translation skills
高级英语第二册段落翻译
《高级英语》段落翻译（英译汉）及参考答案 01 But what is strange about these people is their invisibility. For several weeks, always at about the same time of day, the file of old women had hobbled past the house with their firewood, and though they had registered themselves on my eyeballs I cannot truly say that I had seen them. Firewood was passing -- that was how I saw it. It was only that one day I happened to be walking behind them, and the curious up-and-down motion of a load of wood drew my attention to the human being beneath it. Then for the first time I noticed the poor old earth-coloured bodies, bodies reduced to bones and leathery skin, bent double under the crushing weight. 然而这些人的真正奇特之处还在于他们的隐身的特性。一连几个星期，每天几乎在同一时候总有一队老妪扛着柴草从我房前蹒跚走过。虽然他们的身影以映入我的眼帘，但老实说，我并不曾看见她们。我所看见的是一捆捆的柴草从屋外掠过。直到有一天我碰巧走在她们身后时，堆柴草奇异的起伏动作才使我注意到原来下面有人。这才第一次看见那些与泥土同色的可怜老妪的躯体——枯瘦的只剩下皮包骨头、被沉重的负荷压得弯腰驼背的躯体。 02．This kind of thing makes one's blood boil, whereas-- on the whole -- the plight of the human beings does not. I am not commenting, merely pointing to a fact. People with brown skins are next door to invisible. Anyone can be sorry for the donkey with its galled back, but it is generally owing to some kind of accident if one even notices the old woman under her load of sticks. 这样的事令人气愤，相反地-----总的来说----人的困境却没有引起同样的反响。我不是在发表议论，我仅仅是说明一个事实。褐种人近于无形。谁都会同情一只磨伤脊梁的驴子。但往往要有某种偶然因素，一个人甚至才会注意到压在柴禾下面的老妪。 03. When you walk through a town like this -- two hundred thousand inhabitants of whom at least twenty thousand own literally nothing except the rags they stand up in-- when you see how the people live, and still more how easily they die, it is always difficult to believe that you are walking among human beings. All colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact. The people have brown faces--besides, there are so many of them! Are they really the same flesh as your self? Do they even have names? Or are they merely a kind of undifferentiated brown stuff, about as individual as bees or coral insects? They rise out of the earth，they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard and nobody notices that they are gone. And even the graves themselves soon fade back into the soil. 当你穿行也这样的城镇——其居民20万中至少有2万是除开一身聊以蔽体的破衣烂衫之外完全一无所有——当你看到那些人是如何生活，又如何动辄死亡时，你永远难以相信自己是行走在人类之中。实际上，这是所有的殖民帝国赖以建立的基础。这里的人都有一张褐色的脸，而且，人数如此之多！他们真的和你意义同属人类吗？难道他们也会有名有姓吗？也许他们只是像彼此之间难以区分的蜜蜂 或珊瑚虫一样的东西。他们从泥土里长出来，受苦受累，忍饥挨饿过上几年，然后有被埋在那一个个无名的小坟丘里。谁也不会注意到他们的离去。就是那些小坟丘本身也过不了很久便会变成平地。
论文中英文翻译
An Analysis of Cooperative Principles and Humorous Effects in Friend s 合作原则的分析和在朋友的幽默效应 Humor is a very intriguing and fascinating phenomenon of human society, which is multidimensional, complex and all pervasive. Therefore, many scholars and experts at all times and in all over the world have done profound research on humor. 幽默是人类社会的一个非常有趣和引人入胜的现象，这是多方面的，复杂和无孔不入的。所以，在任何时候，在世界各地的许多学者和专家总是对幽默进行深入的研究。 The significant functions of humor have aroused the interest of many scholars. About 2,000 years ago, people began the research on humor. However, the study of humor is not a simple task for the reason that it is an interdisciplinary science drawing upon a wide range of academic disciplines including biology, psychology, sociology, philosophy, geography, history, linguistics, literature, education, family science, and film studies and so on. Moreover, there are different reasons and purposes for humor. One may wish to be sociable, cope better, seem clever, solve problems, make a critical point, enhance therapy, or express something one could not otherwise express by means of humor. 显著幽默的功能已引起许多学者的兴趣。大约在2000年前，人们对幽默开始研究，然而，这项幽默的研究不是一个简单的任务，理由是它是一个跨学科的科学绘图在各种各样的学科，包括生物学、心理学、社会学、哲学、地理、历史、语言、文学、教育、家庭科学和电影研究等。此外，幽默有不同的原因和目的，人们可能希望有点大男子主义，随机应变，似乎是聪明，解决问题，使一个临界点，加强治疗，或表达的东西不能以其他方式表达幽默的方式。 Within the 20th century, linguistics has developed greatly in almost every area of the discipline from sounds, words and sentences to meaning and texts. Meanwhile, linguistic studies on humor have also extended considerably to social, cultural, and pragmatic concerns. One of the most noticeable achievements in linguistics over the
英汉翻译学期论文
英汉翻译学期论文 国际商务中信用证翻译特点及策略学期论文题目: __ 指导教师： 学号： 姓名： 外国语学院（部）英语专业2012 届 2012年4月16日
Translation Characteristics and Strategies of Letters of Credit in international Business By Submitted to School of Foreign Languages in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Term Paper For English-Chinese Translation at Under the Supervision of
Translation Characteristics and Strategies of Letters of Credit in international Business ABSTRACT Payment in international trade is crucial for both the seller and the buyer. With the development of international trade, Letters of Credit payment gradually came into being as banks and financial institutions were involved in international trade settlement. With the help of this method of payment, the payment responsibility of the importer is transferred to bank to ensure the safety, as a result, the rapid payment is received by the seller, and meanwhile, the regular shipping documents are given to the buyer conveniently. Therefore, with the benefit of Letters of Credit, the distrust contradiction between the seller and the buyer is solved to a certain extent. Nowadays, payment by Letters of Credit has become the widely adopted method. Letters of Credit English for specific purposes has its own unique vocabulary features. This paper summarizes characteristics of its translation from the credit classification, use of the process, and starting letter words in English, and explores the English translation strategy. It is divided into three chapters: The first chapter probes into the definition of the Letter of Credit, its classification and its use process in international trade; the second describes the characteristics and common errors of the credit translation; The last one is the focus of this article, discussing Letters of Credit translation strategy based on these two chapters, from the perspective of the translation Communicative Theory, Skopos Theory, Functional Equivalence etc. Keywords: Letters of Credit Translation; characteristics; strategies; Functional Theory
英译汉段落翻译1
Paradox of Our Times We have bigger houses and smaller families; more conveniences, but less time; we have more degrees, but less common sense; more knowledge, but less judgment; more experts, but more problems; more medicine, but less wellness. We have multiplied our possessions, but reduced our values. We talk too much, love too little and lie too often. We’ve learned how to make a living, but not a life; we’ve added years to life, not life to years. We have taller buildings, but shorter tempers; wider freeways, but narrow viewpoints. We spend more, but have less; we buy more, but enjoy it less. We’ve been all the way to the moon and back, but have trouble crossing the street to meet the new neighbor. We’ve conquered outer space, but not inner space. We’ve split the atom, but not our prejudice; we write more, but learn less; plan more, but accomplish less. We’ve learned to rush, but not to wait; we have higher incomes, but lower morals. We build more computers to hold more information, to produce more copies, but have less communication. We are long on quantity, but short on quality. These are the times of fast foods and slow digestion; tall men and short character; steep profits and shallow relationship. More leisure and less fun; more kinds of food, but less nutrition; two incomes but more divorce; fancier houses, but broken homes.
英汉互译论文2
英语2班方佩112214101232 公示语汉英翻译中的Chinglish现象及对策 [摘要]中西方语言差异和习俗文化、思维方式差异造成了公示语言翻译中Chinglish的现象, 克服或减少这种现象, 必须提高译者的综合素质,尤其是语言素质, 了解西方的文化背景、思维方式和语言习惯, 使译文更准确、更地道。 [关键词]公示语;翻译;Chinglish;对策 公示语指的是街头路牌、商店招牌、宣传语、警示语、旅游简介等,广泛应用于我们生活的方方面面。随着中国经济的高速发展,中国与世界各国的交流不断增多,全国各地公共场所的汉英双语标识及提示语也越来越多,但Chinglish现象也层出不穷,比比皆是。不规范、不正确的翻译不但影响到国外友人在中国的吃、穿、住、用、行等,甚至还关系到城市的精神面貌和整体形象,进而影响到我国的国际形象。近年来在众多语言学、翻译学专家的呼吁声中,公示语翻译研究逐渐成为翻译界关注的热点。 一、公示语翻译中Chinglish产生的原因及表现 1.重复和累赘 汉语和英语对名词、动词、形容词和副词的用法不同, 所以, 对重复强调的用法也不一样。汉语中经常出现重复使用名词的现象,而英语则较多地用代词、短语或省略来表达。 2.片面强调忠实 现行的翻译标准包括忠实与通顺,有些译者片面理解忠实的含义, 以为忠实就是形式上的相似, 因此,在词语与句法结构的选择上没有摆脱中国味。例如:在我们的周围, 随处可以看到小心碰头、小心地滑等公示语, 有人按照字面意思翻译为Take care of your head, Take care of your foot。这种翻译必然会使外国人来中国有一些紧张感。其实, 此公示语可以翻译为Be careful,则更符合译语读者的表达习惯。 3.语言习惯的差异 在汉译英过程中,译者往往忽略汉英两种语言中词语的固定搭配和习惯表述,从而导致中式英语的产生。例如:小心地滑,翻译成Don’t Fall Down。本来想体现人际间的关心,但翻译后却带有命令的语气, 没有达到交际目的。正确的用法是Watch Your Step或Slippery!。 4.没有吃透原文 经验不够丰富的译者比较容易犯的一个毛病就是在没有透彻理解原文的情况下过于机械地、字对字地翻译, 这样死译的后果只会是误译。试看以下5个误译的例子:1.小心碰
精编新CET6段落翻译(汉译英)练习及答案
精编新CET6段落翻译（汉译英）练习题 每日一练，快速提高英语水平！ 第1篇 练习时间：年月日耗时：分 污染已成为问题，因为在当今人口越来越多，社会越来越工业化的世界上，人类正在污染他们居住的环境。许多科学家认为人类最大的错误是把发展和进步等同起来。现在人们以怀疑的态度看待“发展性”的产业，因为它们的副作用会破坏环境，破坏各种生命之间的关系。人口的增长导致对世界上有限的空气、水和土地的需求不断增长。伴随着人口增长的是越来越多的人渴望更高的生活水平。于是对电、水和商品的更大需求必然造成有更多的废物要处理。这个问题已经引起人们对生物及其环境的日益关注。许多人认为，人类没有尽快地解决这一问题，却只顾谋求私利，以致于到了无可挽救的地步以后才充分认识到这种兵贵神速。 第2篇 练习时间：年月日耗时：分 人们对智力所指的有那些不同表现看法比较一致，而对这些表现如何进行解释和分类，意见就不那么一致了。但人们一般认为智力高的人在处理问题时能抓住要点，善于区分，能进行逻辑推理，和利用语言和数学符号。智力测试只能很粗地衡量孩子的学习能力，尤其是学习学校要求的东西的能力。智力测试并不能衡量一个人的个性，社会适应力，耐力性，劳动技能，或艺术才能。人们不认为能做到这些，当初也不是为这些目的设计的。批评智力测试不能做到这一些，就如同批评温度计不能测风速一样。既然对智力的评估是相对而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对像进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公正的”比较。 第3篇 练习时间：年月日耗时：分 目前全国有39所大学开设地理学位课程，但我从未看到广告上有招聘地理专业的大学毕业生的好工作。或是不是只有我一个人怀疑他们将回到学校教另一批学生的地理，而这些学生将来又去教更多的学生的地理？现在只有10所大学开设航天工程学位课程，考虑到飞机制造业一直在裁员的速度，还是这样做好。另一方面，由于缺少医生，全国的医院急诊室不得不纷纷关门。为什么？因为大学的医学院只能为申请攻读学位的一半人提供名额。对我说，来，时机已经成熟，就业部和教育部应当和名大学携手起来，改革我们的教育制度，使之更珍惜地使用学校的人才资源，学生的刻苦勤奋精神。而现在这些人才和努力都浪费在无人感兴趣的文凭和学位上。 第4篇 练习时间：年月日耗时：分 在竞争的法则下，上万人的雇主不得不实行一些最严厉的节约措施，其中节约给工人报酬的那部分占很大一部分。社会为这个法则付出的代价如同为低廉的舒适条件和奢侈品付出的代价一样是巨大的。但带来的好处超过了代价，因为正是这个法则，我们才有了了不起的物质进步，其结果是生活水平的提高。但是，不管这个法则是好是坏，我们无法回避，对任何建议替代它的新东西，其作用我们是不敢肯定的，虽然这个法则有时对个人来说可能很残
英译汉论文翻译
英 译 汉 论 文 翻 译 专业班级：机制0804 姓名：孟祥宇 学号：03 指导老师：郭宝良
粘滑振动的振动模式 Jaeyoung Kang, Charles M.Krousgrill, FarshidSadeghi A：美国普渡大学西拉法叶校区，机械工程学院，普渡大学585购物中心，编号47907 – 2088 B：机械和汽车工程,大学工程,国立公州大学,Cheonan-Si 韩国 文章信息 历史条: 2008年8月10收到文件。 2009年5月1日收到修订后的形式。 2009年5月14日文件被公认。 关键词: 粘滑 摩擦耦合量子谐振子 耦合模式 振荡模式 文摘 本文通过摩擦的非线性的平滑的曲线研究了粘滑振荡离散系统的能量来源。通过数值的时间，整合和分析的方法研究了粘滑的一个单自由度的模型的极限环振荡。相同的方法也可应用到模型的摩擦振
荡器耦合中。特别是,我们不难发现的稳态响应的耦合。根据两种模式的频率间隔，振荡器可分为两种不同形式的(合并振荡模式和分离振荡模式)振荡。稳态响应的振荡模式取决于系统参数，如谐因素，能源的速度，正常的接触载荷。 1、介绍 摩擦产生的振动将对各种应用系统产生严重的问题,如从事摩擦的刹车、离合器、机床等。由于摩擦而经常进行自我维持的不稳定的振动。这样的自激振荡在文献[1]中进行了广泛的研究 ,在那里的研究中使用了摩擦所致的振动的离散模型。 一个弹簧-块单自由度模型解释了粘滑振荡[2-5]的行为。在该模型中,不稳定摩擦振动导致了极限环的形成。[2]采用了指数和多项式函数，并使用摩擦速度曲线研究了导致极限环振荡的条件。类似的，粘滑振荡所提供的不连续摩擦模型控制方程，在设定静态和动态两个不同的摩擦机理[3]、[4]中，使用了不同的摩擦模型如平滑和交换的方法。平稳的摩擦曲线平滑方法取代连续系统，并允许一个解决一个单一的光滑微分方程。相比之下,交换方法评估了不同组方程的防滑和过渡模式。考虑到定性方式,Denny [5],使用了一个光滑摩擦曲线的平滑法很好地使系统行为从不连续阶段过渡到连续的滑动阶段。然而,单自由度只有在摩擦所致的适当振荡中不与其耦合。
英语专业翻译类论文参考文献
参考文献 一、翻译理论与实践相关书目 谢天振主编. 《当代国外翻译理论导读》. 天津：南开大学出版社，2008. Jeremy Munday. 《翻译学导论——理论与实践》Introducing Translation Studies---Theories and Applications. 李德凤等译. 北京：商务印书馆，2007. 包惠南、包昂. 《中国文化与汉英翻译》. 北京：外文出版社, 2004. 包惠南. 《文化语境与语言翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 2001. 毕继万. 《世界文化史故事大系——英国卷》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2003. 蔡基刚. 《英汉汉英段落翻译与实践》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英汉写作对比研究》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英语写作与抽象名词表达》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2003. 曹雪芹、高鄂. 《红楼梦》. 陈定安. 《英汉比较与翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1991. 陈福康. 《中国译学理论史稿》（修订本）. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2000. 陈生保. 《英汉翻译津指》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 陈廷祐. 《英文汉译技巧》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2001. 陈望道. 《修辞学发凡》. 上海：上海教育出版社, 1979. 陈文伯. 《英汉翻译技法与练习》. 北京：世界知识出版社. 1998. 陈中绳、吴娟. 《英汉新词新义佳译》. 上海：上海翻译出版公司. 1990. 陈忠诚. 《词语翻译丛谈》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1983. 程希岚. 《修辞学新编》. 吉林：吉林人民出版社, 1984. 程镇球. 《翻译论文集》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2002. 程镇球. 《翻译问题探索》. 北京：商务印书馆, 1980. 崔刚. 《广告英语》. 北京：北京理工大学出版社, 1993. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译技巧》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1990. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译讲评》. 北京：对外贸易教育出版社. 1989. 邓炎昌、刘润清. 《语言与文化——英汉语言文化对比》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1989. 丁树德. 《英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导》. 天津：天津大学出版社, 1996. 杜承南等，《中国当代翻译百论》. 重庆：重庆大学出版社, 1994. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集（1894-1948）》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集（1949-1983）》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. . 范勇主编. 《新编汉英翻译教程》. 天津：南开大学出版社. 2006. 方梦之、马秉义（编选）. 《汉译英实践与技巧》. 北京：旅游教育出版社. 1996. 方梦之. 《英语汉译实践与技巧》. 天津：天津科技翻译出版公司. 1994. 方梦之主编. 《译学辞典》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2004. 冯翠华. 《英语修辞大全》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1995. 冯庆华. 《文体与翻译》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2002. 冯庆华主编. 《文体翻译论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2002. 冯胜利. 《汉语的韵律、词法与句法》. 北京：北京大学出版社, 1997. 冯志杰. 《汉英科技翻译指要》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 耿占春. 《隐喻》. 北京：东方出版社, 1993.
科技论文汉译英
Underwater explosion shock wave propagation law of experiment research Abstract:Using PCB138 pressure sensor of dynamite underwater explosion shock wave pressure far field measurements, underwater explosion shock wave peak pressure and decay time constant.Calculated on the basis of explosion shock wave in explosive liquid medicine of similarity constants k and a .Preliminary mastered the experiment method of underwater explosion shock wave of underwater explosion of explosive shock wave propagation law had the further understanding. Keywords:underwater explosion;the shock wave;similar to the rate 1 The introduction Underwater explosion of explosive weapon design techniques is the water, the basis of studying the damage effect of problems.Underwater explosion can be roughly divided into three stages: explosive detonation, the generation of shock wave and propagation, the formation of air bubbles, and pulse.The strong action of shock waves characterize the dynamite explosion, at close range within the scope of damage to the target plays a decisive role.Research especially cylindrical propellant explosive underwater explosion shock wave propagation rule and performance parameters of underwater explosion have important practical significance, for the water weapon warhead design and provide important reference basis for the selection of explosives. Cole systematically summarizes the research achievements of Explosion in water since world war ii, published in 1948, the classic works in the field of the Underwater Explosion.Bocksteiner by two experiments of PBXW - 115 to assess the performance of cylindrical dynamite, gives the PBXW - 115 explosive underwater explosion performance parameters and similar constant.With the other underwater explosion of explosive performance parameters comparison, suggests PBXW - 115 has is better than other explosive underwater explosion properties of explosive, a superior blast kinetic energy weapons used in the water. This article according to the experimental measurement of CB - 01 explosive liquid medicine in the explosion shock wave pressure and the time history and have underwater explosion shock wave pressure peak and decay time constant, calculated by the shock wave peak pressure and time constant, CB - 01 of explosion shock wave in explosive liquid similarity constants k and a. 2 The basic theory of underwater explosion shock wave propagation Underwater explosion shock wave propagation process has four important parameters: p m , decay time constant θ, impulse I , peak pressure and energy flow density of E.By the measured pressure time curve, peak stress and attenuation time constant, has been further impulse and energy flow density. Decay time constant is defined as θ shock wave pressure from Pm peak pressure attenuation to p m /e of the time.E is a base of natural logarithms, e = 2.72.In θ time period, the change in pressure decay exponentially ()()θ/t m e p t p -= (1) I was defined as pressure with time integral, integral limit from 0 to 5θ
专八英译汉段落翻译完整版 中英文对照
My First Job When I reached the age of twelve I left the school for ever and got my first fulltime job, as a grocer’s boy. I spent my days carrying heavy loads, but I enjoyed it. It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal, for I could never stomach speaking to my “betters” with the deference my employer thought I should assume. But the limit was reached one Tuesday — my half holiday. On my way home on that day I used to carry a large basket of provisions to the home of my emplo yer’s sister-in-law. As her house was on my way home I never objected to this. On this particular Tuesday, however, just as we were putting the shutters up, a load of smoked hams was delivered at the shop. “Wait a minute,” said the boss, and he opened the load and took out a ham, which he started to bone and string up. I waited in growing impatience to get on my way, not for one minute but for a quite a considerable time. It was nearly half-past two when the boss finished. He then came to me with the ham, put it in the basket beside me, and instructed me to deliver it to a customer who had it on order. This meant going a long way out of my road home, so I looked up and said to the boss: “Do you know I finish at two on Tuesday?” I have never seen a man look m ore astonished than he did then. “What do you mean?” he gasped. I told him I meant that I would deliver the groceries as usual, but not the ham. He looked at me as if I were some unusual kind f insect and burst into a storm of abuse. But I stood firm. He gave me up as hopeless and tried new tactics. “Go out and get another boy,” he yelled at a shop-assistant. “Are you going to deliver them or not?” the boss turned to me and asked in a threatening tone. I repeated what I had said before. “Then, out of here,” he shouted. So I got out. This was the first time I had serious trouble with an employer.
经典英文段落翻译__英译汉15篇
1.意大利著名旅行家马可。波罗曾这样叙述他印象中的杭州：“这是世界上最美妙迷人的城市，它使人觉得自己社在天堂。”在中国，也流传着这样的话：“上有天堂，下有苏杭。”杭州的名气主要在于风景如画的西湖。西湖一年四季都美不胜收，宋代著名诗人苏东坡用“淡妆浓抹总相宜”的诗句来赞誉西湖。在杭州，您可以饱览西湖的秀色，也不妨漫步街头闹市，品尝一下杭州的名菜名点，还可购上几样名特土产。 The famous Italian traveler Marco Pole was so impressed by the beauty of Hangzhou that he described it as “the mist fascinating city in the world where one feels that one is in paradise.” In China, there has been a century-old popular saying praising the city: In Heaven there is Paradise; on Earth there are Suzhou and Hangz hou.” Hangzhou’s fame lies mainly in its picturesque West Lake. As it is beautiful all the year round, the West Lake was compared by Su Dongpo, a celebrated poet of the Song Dynasty, to a beauty “who is always charming in either light or heavy makeup.” In Hangzhou, you will not only find the lake a perfect delight to the eye but also find it a joy to stroll along the busy streets, taste famous Hangzhou dishes and buy some special local products. 2.在设备制造期间，雇主的代表有权对根据合同提供的全部工程设备的材料和工艺进行检查、研究和检验，同时检查其制造进度。这一切应在工作时间内于承包商的工厂里进行。如果工程设备正在其它第三方工厂制造，承包商应为卖方代表获得他能在该工厂进行此类检查、研究和检验的许可。此类检查、研究或检验不应解除承包商在合同中的任何义务。 The Employer’s representative shall be entitled during manufacture to inspect, examine and test the materials and workmanship and check the progress of manufacture of all Plants to be supplied under the Contract. This shall take place on the Contractor’s promises during working hours. If the plant is being manufactured on other premises, the Contractor shall obtain permission for the Employer’s representative to carry out such inspection, examination and testing on those premises. 3. 雇主或项目经理提交给承包商的雇主的图纸，技术规格以及其它资料仍应为雇主的财产。除非是为了合同的需要，未经雇主同意，承包商不得使用、复制这些材料或将之传递给第三方。 承包商应对承包商的图纸中的任何错误或遗漏负责，除非他们可归因与雇主或项目经理提供的不正确的雇主图纸或其它书面资料。项目经理对承包商的图纸的批准不应解除本款规定的承包商的任何责任。 The Employe r’s drawings, specification and other information submitted by the Employer or the Project Manager to the Contractor shall remain the property of the Employer. They shall not, without the consent of the Employer, be used, copied or communicated to a third party by the Contractor unless necessary for the purposes of the Contract. The Contractor shall be responsible for any errors or omissions in the Contractor’s Drawings unless they are due to incorrect Employer’s Drawings or other written information supplied by the Employer or the Project Manager. Approval by the Project Manager of the Contractor’s