关于工业自动化的外文翻译
第五章利用运算放大器的模拟信号处理
本章将介绍对于机电一体化系统中联系各模拟组成部分十分重要的运算放大器电路。
本章学习目的
通过本章内容的阅读、讨论、研究和运用，要求达到以下目标：
1. 了解线性放大器的输入/输出特性。
2. 了解在电路分析中如何利用理想运算放大器的模型。
3. 能设计倒相放大器、同相放大器、加法器、差分放大器、仪表放
大器、积分器、微分器和采样/保持放大器。
4. 了解“真实”运算放大器的特性以及局限性。
5.1概述
由于几乎所有机电一体化系统和测量中都存在电路，所以工程师们对电信号的采集和处理有基本的了解是必不可少的。这些电信号通常来自将物理量（如温度、应变、位移、流速）变换为电流或电压（一般为电压）的传感器。传感器输出通常称为模拟信号，它是连续且随时间变化的信号。
来自传感器的信号通常没有我们希望的形式，而可能以下列形式出现：
.信号非常弱，其数值通常属于毫伏范围；
.背景过于“嘈杂”，通常是由电磁干扰引起的；
.通常包含由不良传感器设计或安装引起的错误信息；
.通常含有由传感器和仪表设计引起的直流偏置。
这些问题中的大部分能加以校正，需要的信号可以通过适当的模拟信号处理提取。最简单且最常用的信号处理形式是放大，在此，电压信号的幅度被放大。其他信号处理形式包括信号反相、微分、积分、相加、相减和比较。
模拟信号完全不同于呈离散且只采用有限个数状态或数值的数字信号。由于计算几何微处理器要求数字信号，故涉及计算机测量控制的任何应用都要求进行模数（A/D）转换。本章将介绍模拟信号处理的基本原理，其中包括信号处理电路的设计和分析。运算放大器是一种在许多信号处理电路中用作基本组成部件的集成电路。第六章将重点讨论数字电路，第八章将讨论把模拟信号转换成可以用数字装置，如计算机进行处理的模式。
5.2放大器
人们已经花费了大量的精力研究与讨论放大器，所以我们不能指望重用几页纸就能说清楚这个问题。这里，我们将考察放大器的突出特点，并确定如何能用集成电路来设计放大器。
在理想情况下，放大器只提高幅度而不影响不同分量的相位关系。当选择或设计放大器时候，我们必须考虑尺寸、成本、功耗、输入阻抗、输出阻抗、增益和带宽。实际尺寸取决于制作放大器使用的元件。在20世纪60年代以前，真空管放大器很普遍，但它们是大功
率耗散装置，热耗散很显著。便携式放大器既大又重，需要频繁更换
电池。自固态技术出现以来，依靠载流子通过固态半导体材料的固态
技术已经取代了由庞大的真空管包围住低压气体使电子流动的真空
管技术。目前，固态晶体管和集成电路已显著的改变了放大器的设计，
得到微小型冷态工作的放大器。它们是功耗相当小的装置，很容易制
成带可更换电池的便携式放大器。
通常，我们将放大器模拟成一个二端口器件，输入输出电压均
以地位参考，如图5.1所示。放大器的增益又被定义为输出电压幅度
与输入电压幅度之比，即
Vin Vout A V /=
正常情况下，我们希望放大器呈幅度线性，在此，增益对所有频率
为常数。然而，放大器可能被有意识的设计或只对某些频率起放大作
用，形成滤波效应。在这种情况下，输出特性受放大器的带宽和相关
截止频率的控制。
放大器的输入阻抗（in Z ）和输出阻抗（out Z ）由测量各自的电压与
电流之比求出： in in in I V Z /=
out out out I V Z /=
对于下一节所述的运算放大器，in Z 大于100千欧，out Z 为几欧或更
小。
5.3运算放大器
运算放大器是一种由许多内部晶体管、电阻器和电容器组成的低成本通用集成电路。它可以与外部分立部件结合，形成各种各样的信号处理电路。运算放大器是下列电力路的基本组成部件：
.放大器
.积分器
.加法器
.微分器
.比较器
.A/D和D/A转换器
.有源滤波器
.取样/保持放大器
在下面几节中，我们将介绍其中的大部分应用。运算放大器因其能完成许多不同运算而得名。
5.4运算放大器的理想模型
图5.2示出理想运算放大器的电路符号和接线端名称。理想运算放大器是假定具有无限大增益的差动输入、单一输出的放大器。符号∞有时在电路图中用来表示无限大增益并假定这是理想运算放大器。电压全都以公共地为参考。运算放大器是需要连接外部电源（±15V）的有源器件。外部电源一般都未在电路图上标示出来。由于运算放大器是有源器件，故输出电压和电流可能大于加到反相端和同相端得值。
如图5.3所示，运算放大器通常包括从输出到负（反相）输入端的反馈。这种所谓闭环结构形成放大器的稳定和对增益的控制。当运算放大器电路没有反馈时候，称作运算放大器具有开环结构。这种结构因无限大的增益而导致显著的不稳定性，因而很少采用。在下面几节介绍的例子中，反馈的效用将变得十分明显。
图5.4示出可能有助于分析包含运算放大器的电路的理想模型。这个模型以描述理想运算放大器的下列假定作为依据。
（1） 两个输入端具有无限大的阻抗，因此没有从输入电路汲取
电流。因而，0==-+I I （5.4）
（2） 具有无限大的增益。结果，输入电压之差必须为0，否则
输出将是无限大。在图5.4中，这一点由将两个输入端短路来表示。因此，-+=V V （5.5）
即使在两个输入端之间表示成短路，我们仍假定电流不可能流过这个短路。
（3） 它具有零输出阻抗。因此，输出电压不取决于输出电流。 应当指出，out V ，+V 和-V 全都以公共地为参考。此外，为了获取稳
定的线性特性，输出与反相输入之间必须有反馈。
这些假定和模型可能显得不合逻辑和混乱，但当用在包含负反馈的电路中时，却可以提供与真实运算放大器性能的极好近似。借助这个
理想的模型，我们只需用基尔霍夫定律和欧姆定律对运算放大电路进行全面的分析。
5.5倒相放大器
倒相放大器由将两个外部电阻器连接到运算放大器上。如图5.7。正如名称所包含的意思，这个电路将输入电压倒相并进行放大。注意,电阻器F R 形成反馈环，这个反馈环总是转到运算放大器的反相输入
端，因而意味着为负反馈。
现在，我们用基尔霍夫定律和欧姆定律对这个电路进行分析。首先，我们用图5.8中虚线框内所示的运算放大器的理想模型代替运算放大器。在节点C 处应用基尔霍夫电流定律，并利用假定1，即没有电流流入运算放大器的输入端 out in i i -= （5.6）
此外，由于两个输入端在理想型中假定为短路，所以C 实际上处于地电位，即 0=c V （5.7）
由于电阻器R 两端的电压是 in in V V V c =-，故有，R i V in in = （5.8）
又由于电阻器F R 两端电压是 out out V Vc V =-，故有，F out out R i V =(5.9) 将式子（5.6）代入式子（5.9），得F in out R i V -= （5.10）
将式子（5.10）除以式子（5.8）,便得出输入/输出的关系： /R R /V V F in out -= （5.11）
因此，放大器的电压增益仅由外接电阻
R和R决定且总是负值。这
F
个电路称为倒相放大器的原因是它使输入信号的极性颠倒。这便导致对周期信号180°相移。例如，若将图5.9中所示的方波与增益为-2的倒相放大器相连，则输出电压out
V被倒相并经放大，得到与输入由180°相移的幅度更大的信号。
5.6同相放大器
图5.10中所示的同相放大器
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农业产业化外文翻译文献
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景德镇陶瓷学院 毕业设计(论文)有关外文翻 译 院系：机械电子工程学院 专业：自动化 姓名：肖骞 学号： 201010320116 指导教师：万军 完成时间： 2014.5.8 说明
1、将与课题有关的专业外文翻译成中文是毕业设计（论文）中的一个不可缺少的环节。此环节是培养学生阅读专业外文和检验学生专业外文阅读能力的一个重要环节。通过此环节进一步提高学生阅读专业外文的能力以及使用外文资料为毕业设计服务，并为今后科研工作打下扎实的基础。 2、要求学生查阅与课题相关的外文文献3篇以上作为课题参考文献，并将其中1篇（不少于3000字）的外文翻译成中文。中文的排版按后面格式进行填写。外文内容是否与课题有关由指导教师把关，外文原文附在后面。 3、指导教师应将此外文翻译格式文件电子版拷给所指导的学生，统一按照此排版格式进行填写，完成后打印出来。 4、请将封面、译文与外文原文装订成册。 5、此环节在开题后毕业设计完成前完成。 6、指导教师应从查阅的外文文献与课题紧密相关性、翻译的准确性、是否通顺以及格式是否规范等方面去进行评价。 指导教师评语： 签名： 年月日
TMS320LF2407, TMS320LF2406, TMS320LF2402 TMS320LC2406, TMS320LC2404, MS320LC2402 DSP CONTROLLERS The TMS320LF240x and TMS320LC240x devices, new members of the ‘24x family of digital signal processor (DSP) controllers, are part of the C2000 platform of fixed-point DSPs. The ‘240x devices offer the enhanced TMS320 architectural design of the ‘C2xx core CPU for low-cost, low-power, high-performance processing capabilities. Several advanced peripherals, optimized for digital motor and motion control applications, have been integrated to provide a true single chip DSP controller. While code-compatible with the existing ‘24x DSP controller devices, the ‘240x offers increased processing performance (30 MIPS) and a higher level of peripheral integration. See the TMS320x240x device summary section for device-specific features. The ‘240x family offers an array of memory sizes and different peripherals tailored to meet the specific price/performance points required by various applications. Flash-based devices of up to 32K words offer a reprogrammable solution useful for: ◆Applications requiring field programmability upgrades. ◆Development and initial prototyping of applications that migrate to ROM-based devices. Flash devices and corresponding ROM devices are fully pin-to-pin compatible. Note that flash-based devices contain a 256-word boot ROM to facilitate in-circuit programming. All ‘240x devices offer at least one event manager module which has been optimized for digital motor control and power conversion applications. Capabilities of this module include centered- and/or edge-aligned PWM generation, programmable deadband to prevent shoot-through faults, and synchronized analog-to-digital conversion. Devices with dual event managers enable multiple motor and/or converter
电气自动化专业毕业论文英文翻译
电厂蒸汽动力的基础和使用 1.1 为何需要了解蒸汽 对于目前为止最大的发电工业部门来说, 蒸汽动力是最为基础性的。 若没有蒸汽动力, 社会的样子将会变得和现在大为不同。我们将不得已的去依靠水力发电厂、风车、电池、太阳能蓄电池和燃料电池,这些方法只能为我们平日用电提供很小的一部分。 蒸汽是很重要的,产生和使用蒸汽的安全与效率取决于怎样控制和应用仪表,在术语中通常被简写成C&I(控制和仪表 。此书旨在在发电厂的工程规程和电子学、仪器仪表以 及控制工程之间架设一座桥梁。 作为开篇,我将在本章大体描述由水到蒸汽的形态变化,然后将叙述蒸汽产生和使用的基本原则的概述。这看似简单的课题实际上却极为复杂。这里, 我们有必要做一个概述:这本书不是内容详尽的论文,有的时候甚至会掩盖一些细节, 而这些细节将会使热力学家 和燃烧物理学家都为之一震。但我们应该了解,这本书的目的是为了使控制仪表工程师充 分理解这一课题,从而可以安全的处理实用控制系统设计、运作、维护等方面的问题。1.2沸腾:水到蒸汽的状态变化 当水被加热时,其温度变化能通过某种途径被察觉(例如用温度计 。通过这种方式 得到的热量因为在某时水开始沸腾时其效果可被察觉,因而被称为感热。 然而,我们还需要更深的了解。“沸腾”究竟是什么含义?在深入了解之前,我们必须考虑到物质的三种状态:固态,液态,气态。 (当气体中的原子被电离时所产生的等离子气体经常被认为是物质的第四种状态, 但在实际应用中, 只需考虑以上三种状态固态,
物质由分子通过分子间的吸引力紧紧地靠在一起。当物质吸收热量,分子的能量升级并且 使得分子之间的间隙增大。当越来越多的能量被吸收,这种效果就会加剧,粒子之间相互脱离。这种由固态到液态的状态变化通常被称之为熔化。 当液体吸收了更多的热量时,一些分子获得了足够多的能量而从表面脱离,这个过程 被称为蒸发(凭此洒在地面的水会逐渐的消失在蒸发的过程中,一些分子是在相当低的 温度下脱离的,然而随着温度的上升,分子更加迅速的脱离,并且在某一温度上液体内部 变得非常剧烈,大量的气泡向液体表面升起。在这时我们称液体开始沸腾。这个过程是变为蒸汽的过程,也就是液体处于汽化状态。 让我们试想大量的水装在一个敞开的容器内。液体表面的空气对液体施加了一定的压 力,随着液体温度的上升,便会有足够的能量使得表面的分子挣脱出去,水这时开始改变 自身的状态,变成蒸汽。在此条件下获得更多的热量将不会引起温度上的明显变化。所增 加的能量只是被用来改变液体的状态。它的效用不能用温度计测量出来,但是它仍然发生 着。正因为如此,它被称为是潜在的,而不是可认知的热量。使这一现象发生的温度被称为是沸点。在常温常压下,水的沸点为100摄氏度。 如果液体表面的压力上升, 需要更多的能量才可以使得水变为蒸汽的状态。 换句话说, 必须使得温度更高才可以使它沸腾。总而言之,如果大气压力比正常值升高百分之十,水必须被加热到一百零二度才可以使之沸腾。
美国农业合作社与农业产业化外文文献翻译中英文
美国农业合作社与农业产业化外文文献翻译中英文最新 （节选重点翻译） 英文 Managing uncertainty and expectations: The strategic response of U.S. agricultural cooperatives to agricultural industrialization Julie Hogeland Abstract The 20th century industrialization of agriculture confronted U.S. agricultural cooperatives with responding to an event they neither initiated nor drove. Agrarian-influenced cooperatives used two metaphors, “serfdom” and “cooperatives are like a family” to manage uncertainty and influence producer expectations by predicting industrialization's eventual outcome and cooperatives’ producer driven compensation. The serfdom metaphor alluded to industrialization's potential to either bypass family farmers, the cornerstone of the economy according to agrarian ideology, or to transform them into the equivalent of piece-wage labor as contract growers. The “family” metaphor reflects how cooperatives personalized the connection between cooperative and farmer-member to position themselves as the exact opposite of serfdom. Hypotheses advanced by Roessl (2005) and Goel (2013) suggest that intrinsic characteristics of family businesses such as a resistance to change and operating according to a myth of unlimited choice and
模具设计与制造外文翻译
The mold designing and manufacturing The mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country, the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manufacturing industry. China although very already starts to make the mold and the use mold, but long-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80's later periods, the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the development speedway. Recent years, not only the state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the three investments enterprise, the villages and towns (individual) the mold enterprise's development also rapid quietly. Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compares with the demand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap concentrates precisely to, large-scale, is complex, the long life mold domain. As a result of in aspect and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to import the mold every year . The Chinese mold industry must continue to sharpen the productivity, from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and the state-of-art enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the enterprise structure to the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the upscale mold development, to the import and export structure improvement, center the upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the structure improvement, the multi-purpose compound mold and the compound processing and the laser technology in the mold design manufacture application, the high-speed cutting, the super finishing and polished the technology, the information direction develops . The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizational reform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-scale, precise, was complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold standard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold and the compression casting mold proportion increases; Specialized mold factory quantity and its productivity increase;
自动化外文翻译
电气工程与自动化学院 本科毕业设计专业翻译资料（中文读书报告） 学生姓名：王超杰 专业班级：自动化12-06班 学号：311208002219 2016 年 6 月11 日
原文： Design of Combustible Gas Detection system using Wireless Transmission Technology Shijiazhuang Universities of Economics, Hebei, China zkzhlp@https://www.360docs.net/doc/b19783932.html, Keywords:TGS813, AT89S52, DS18B20, nRF905, TC35i Abstract.The detection device of combustible gas are designed in the presented work,using wireless transceiver and GSM network.The system realize the wireless transmission of the gas concentration,and also can send alarm information to user’s mobile when an exception occurs. The system consists of two parts: a master and slave. The function of the slave is to collect data, process data and transffer the data to the master.The taskof the master is to receive data and display it by LED. The signal acquisition is completed by sensor TGS813 and A/D converter TLC2543. The wireless transmission is achieved through wireless transceiver nRF905. Since the accuracy of the sensor is affected by the environment,using DS18B20 to achieve temperature compensation. And with wireless communication module TC35i and GSM network platform, we can send the alarm information to user’s mobile promptly. Introduction Gas detection is widely used in petroleum, chemical, metallurgy, family, shopping malls, gas stations and other places. Currently, how to monitor the hazardous gas fast and accurately are the important issues. Although the gas detection technology is relatively mature, but most products has many shortcomings, such as single function, operating complex, bulky, expensive and low sensitivity. Wireless communication technology applied to the gas monitoring field, can resolve the problem of remote monitoring in special environment, such as high temperature, low temperature, toxic gas.and unable to wiring . In the presented work, the combustible gas detectoris fully functional (with wireless transceiver), simple, small size, low cost, and has high sensitivity. The equipment can greatly improve the system's detection capability and accuracy with temperature compensation algorithm, and also can send alarm information to the user's mobile phone promptly through the GSM network. System design The system consists of two parts as shown in Figure 1. Fig. 1 Overall system block diagram