9正反表达法

每种语言都有表达否定和肯定的概念，但由于不同语言反映的民族文化和思维方式不同，表达同一概念时采用的方式就各不相同。

由于英语和汉语的表达习惯不同，翻译时要时常进行正说反译或反说正译的相互转换。

其目的主要有三个：

1.明确语义。

2.加强修辞。

3.符合汉语习惯。

1．否定的翻译

1）全部否定

否定词：no, none, not, never, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neither…nor…

A.Nowadays it is not difficult to go abroad.

现在出国不难。

B.The boy was nowhere to be found.

到处都找不到那个男孩。

2）部分否定

不定代词All, both, every, each, 副词often, always 和否定词连用时，表示部分否定。译为：“不都是”，“并非都”，“不全是”等。

A.All the novelist’s detective cases, however, were not successful.

但是，那位小说家的侦探案例并非都那么成功。

B.Both the instruments are not precision ones.

这两台仪器并非都是精密的。

All that glisters is not gold.

3) 双重否定

两个否定词并用，否定同一个单词，汉译时可译成肯定句。

There is not any advantage without disadvantage.

有一利必有一弊。

This is no other than zinc.

这就是锌。

有时形式否定的句子也可以译成汉语的双重否定来强调其肯定的意义。

He cannot but agree.

他不得不同意。

There is no story without coincidence.

无巧不成书。

2. 反话正说

1）英语句子形式上是否定的，意义上却是肯定的。

①明确语义。I won’t keep you waiting long.我一会儿就回来。

②加强修辞。Isn’t it funny!

真逗！

③符合汉语习惯。

“You will try to tide me over, won’t you?” “Won’t I!”

“你会帮我渡过难关的，是吗？”“当然！”

Nothing is more important than the project.

这个项目最重要。

They expect nothing more than a peaceful life.

他们只是期待平静的生活。

It was not until 1870s that he added copper rivets which have long since become a company trademark.

直到19世纪70年代，他才往裤子上加了铜铆钉，长期以来，铜铆钉就成了公司的标志。

Yesterday I gave an unprepared speech before a big audience.

昨天我在大庭广众面前即席发言。

They never work without helping each other.

2）nothing

Multiply 6 by nothing, and the result is nothing.

6乘以0等于0。

3) “cannot be too+ adj”译为“怎么也不过分”、“越…越好”.

This point cannot be overemphasized.

这一点应该特别强调。

3.正话反说一些结构、短语、词汇本身并无否定的意思，但是和别的词搭配在

一起，就表示否定。

①明确语义。

Keep in lane!

请勿换道！严禁换道！

②加强修辞。That’s a thing that might happen to an yone.

这种事谁也难免。

③符合汉语习惯。He’s still in bed.

他还没起床。

④有些动词refuse, wonder, fail，deny, avoid, cease, hate, ignore可译为汉语否

定词。

The drain just refused to work.

排水管就是不排水。

I lack words with which to express my thanks to you.

没有言语来表达我的谢意。

Ignorance of the law excuses no one.

不知法律并不能免罪。

His absence of mind during driving nearly caused an accident.

他驾车时心不在焉，差点出事。

讨论题

He runs to avoid doing anything else, to dodge a decision about how to lead his life or a realization that his life is leading nowhere.

他跑步是为了避而不做别的事情，不对生活做出决定，不去感受自己生活碌碌无为。

⑤有些介词如above, beyond, out of, 形容词last, short of, far from, 连词

before在某些句子的上下文中有否定含义，也可译成汉语的否定词。

I knew her before I ever met your mother.

我没遇见你妈妈之前就认识她了。

It is beyond my power to promote you.

我无权提拔你。

Her behavior was above reproach.

她的所作所为无可指责。

She considers her husband beneath her.

她觉得丈夫配不上她。

正反表达法

第三章，第六节正反，反正表达法英汉中都有从正面或反面来表达一种概念的现象。英语中有些从正面表达的词，译文中可从反面来表达，、。反面表达的句子词等又可以在译文中用正面来表达。 1）Excuse me 2）“Don’t stop working.” He said. 3) He knew he was mortally ill. 他知道他得了不治之症。 4）Without reasoning one is apt to be beyond control. 没有理智容易变成不受约束。 5) 他是外乡人。He is a stranger here. He is not a native. 6) 黄鼠狼给鸡拜年，不怀好心。The weasel goes to pay respects to the hen not with the best of intentions. The weasel pays a courtesy visit to the hen with evil intent. 7) 他的解释不能让人满意。His explanation is far from satisfactory. 8) 到目前为止，联合国辜负了世界人民所寄予的希望。 The United Nations has not，so far，justified the hopes which the people of the world place in it。一．原文从正面表达，译文从反面表达。动词：1）When can we take off？If the weather holds a couple of days。什么时候起飞？要是天气三两天内保持不变，就可以。 Such a chance was denied me。我没有得到这样一个机会。副词：We may safely say so。我们这样说万无一失。 The subversion attempts proved predictably futile。不出所料，颠覆活动证明毫无结果。形容词：It would be most disastrous if even a rumor of it were given out。甚至有一点风声泄漏出去，结果就不堪设想。 The explanation is pretty thin。这个解释相当的不充实。 His refusal is not final。他的拒绝不是不可改变的。 Her husband hates to see her stony face. 她丈夫不愿意见到她那张毫无表情的脸。介词：This problem is above me。这问题我不懂。或这问题我解决不了。 It was beyond his power to sign such a contract。他无权签订这种合同。 I do think that it is beyond his power to fulfill the task. 我的确认为要完成这项任务是他力所不及的。短语：Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity。双方认为，那和平建议是一个他们可以接受而不失体面的建议。 We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust。我们相信，年青一代将不会辜负我们的信任。 You should seize the opportune moment to put in a good word for me。他应不失时机的为我说说情。句子：He was 75，but he carried his years lightly。他75岁了，可是并不显老。 The decision has to come. 决定还没有做出。 As a place to live, it left much to be desired. As a secret training base for a revolutionary new plane, it was an excellent site, its remoteness effectively masking its activity. 作为居住的地方, 这里有许多不足之处。但作为完全新型飞机秘密训练基地却是非常理想的. 它地处边陲,,人们不易了解其中的活动。

正反译法

Review 1.The last person to be speaking about terrorism is the representative of country A. 最没有资格谈论恐怖主义问题的人就是A国的代表。 2.What, if any, effect do you feel the imports of Canadian gas will have on the American producer? 你觉得进口加拿大的天然气对美国生产者可能产生什么影响吗？ 3.他是一位中国现代优秀作家 He is an outstanding contemporary Chinese writer. [误译分析] 【原文】 The roofs loomed in front of them with starting clarity. 暗礁在他们面前令人吃惊地清楚，时隐时现。【改译】暗礁在他们面前隐隐呈现，看得越清楚就越感到毛骨悚然英语句子经常使用连词、关系代词、关系副词、短语中又包括介词短语、动名词短语、分词短语、不定式短语等，汉语如果照译，读者可能不知所云。按照汉语习惯，可将这些英语特有的结构转译为短句。例如： 1.The idea of a fish being able to generate electricity strong enough to light small bulbs, even to run an electric motor, is almost unbelievable. 鱼能发电，其强度足以点亮小灯泡，甚至能开动马达，这简直是令人难以置信的。 2.Flooded with calls, the company is maximizing profits by handling in-city runs. 要车的人太多了，公司便只接来往于市区的生意，这样好多多赚钱。【翻译技巧】转句译法 Conversion of words or phrases into sentences 有些词和各种短语所含的语义是相当的丰富，但是单靠换序、转性等方法还是不能表达原文的真实含义，而要把原文的内容连词形式一起翻译成汉语几乎不可能的，因此，不得不把这些词、词组转译成句子，称为转句译法。 1.Pressure of work has somewhat delayed my answer. 由于工作很忙，答复稍迟了一些。（主语转句） 2.Another hour’s ride will bring us to the village.

翻译的正反译法

一．一．用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜体动词： 1. 1.The ache that had persisted in his chest had turned to severe pain. 2. 2.“If we lose our lives, then you’ll lose yours!” she said with a laugh. 3. 3.If he had kept his temper, the negotiation would probably have been a success. 4. 4.The two teams tied. 二．二．用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜形容词： 1. 1.Appearances are deceptive. 2. 2.The teacher found some of the pupils absent. 3. 3.Her face had a strange, lost look. 4. 4.I’m terribly sorry to have given you such a lot of trouble. 三．三．用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜前置词： 1. 1.But that’s very extraordinary. It seems against nature. 2. 2.Never mind, we can manage without help. 3. 3.His answer is beside the mark. 4. 4.Under fifty people were there. 四．四．用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜体名词： 1. 1.Her abstraction was not because of the tea party. 2. 2.He did not want to hurt her, but an itch to dominate push him on to say… 3. 3.Silence reigned all over for a while. 五．五．用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜体副词： 1. 1.He said idly,“Well, what does it matter?” 2. 2.They resumed their seats moodily. 3. 3.She always seemed too busy in the house. 4. 4.Slowly he pulled the letter out of the envelope, and unfolded it. 六．六．用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜体连接词： 1. 1.The stranger had already gone before he hurried to the hotel. 2. 2.She couldn’t sit still till her native country was free. 3. 3.They would rather have the blue one than the green one. 4. 4.You will fail unless you work harder. 七．七．用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜体短语： 1. 1.You should seize the opportune moment to put in a word for me. 2. 2.The news of the assassination of President Lincoln spread like wild fire. 3. 3.The pioneers made light of difficulties and dangers. 4. 4.Miss Firelie kept to her room all day. 八．八．用反面表达法处理下列各句中的斜体从句或句子： 1. 1.As was expected, the enemy walked right into the trap. 2. 2.It had been six or seven hours since I had had anything to eat, drink or smoke. 3. 3.Mr. Will was a short and skinny white man with dark hair and gray eyes, a smile that seemed to be frozen on his face and everybody knew it was anything else but a genuine smile. 九. 试译下列各句，用正面表达法处理斜体部分： 1. For him the wheel of slumber was wont to turn noiseless and slick and swift. 2. Generally she accepted the family life in all its crowded inadequacy. 3. Jim was no end upset because he couldn’t go swimming. 4. Sir Percival’s spies were not going to lose sight of me.

正反反正表达法.doc

正反、反正表达法（Affirmative to negative & vice versa）1.Full negatives nothing, nobody, nowhere, no, not, none, never, neither, nor, etc. 2.Absolute negatives not at all, by no means, in no way, nothing short of, etc. 3.Words with negative affixes de- dis- im- in- un- -less ir- il- etc. 4.Semi-negatives Hardly, scarcely, seldom, barely, few, little, etc. 5.Words with negative implication fail, without, beyond, unless, lest, ignorant of, refrain, refuse, neglect, rather than, except, etc. 6.It is a long lane that has no turning. 7.As for the time of the attack, Hitler told his reluctant generals, “The start cannot take place too early. It is to take place in all circumstances (if at all possible) this autumn. 8.It is an ill wind that blows nobody good. 9.It is a wise man that makes no mistakes. 10.You can’t be too careful in crossing the road. 11.You can’t attach too much importance to the matter. 12.We can’t be too faithful to our duty. 13.“Hush!” said the gentleman who had spoken first. 14.This was too much for Ruth. 15.It’s a great pity that we ever had the things at all,” he said peevishly. 16.There is a notice on the power line port, “Danger! Keep out!” 17.Wet Paint! No smoking! Don’t disturb! Commit no nuisance! Quiet, please! 18.Your letter of April 18 has come to hand but the enclosure is wanting. 19.For months she had been existing without sufficient food. 20.Miss Ingram was a mark beneath jealousy; she was too inferior to excite the feeling. 21.Not that it can be disputed the light toil r equisite to cultivate a moderately-sized garden imparts such zest to kitchen vegetables as is never found in those of the market gardener. 22.This reproach of my dependence had become a vague sing-song in my ear, very painful and crushing, but only half-intelligible. 23.They have lost their fear and anger. 24.His papers would be disarranged on the desk and his pipe s would be lying around. 25.She stood still, trying vainly to answer the battery of questions the teacher raised. 26.She always wore neutral expression when she was alone. 27.I’d choose sherry before wine. 28.In marrying this girl he married a bit more than he could chew.

翻译技巧英语笔译技法——正反译法

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SSD590C直流调速器正点转及正反点动详细设置方法

SSD590C直流调速器正点转及正反点动详细设置方法 SSD590C直流调速器正点转及正反点动详细设置方法正反转点动的实现方法(开关量端子组态): 在SSD590C直流调速器的SYSTEM(系统) 菜单找到 CONFIGURE I/O(参数组态)，进入后,将CONFIGURE ENABLE (组态使能)菜单由DISABLE改成ENABLE,再进行如下的操作: 1.在菜单CONFIGURE I/O下,找到DIGITAL INPUTS(开关量输入),按M键进入后,找到DIGIN 1 (C6),将C6的目的标记（DESTINATION TAG)改成228。 2.当C4处于高电平的时候是正转，当C4 C6同时处于高电平的时候是反转。正转反转的速率调整如下：设定参数（SETUP PARAMETERS)菜单中找到JOG/SLACK (点动/放松），按M键进入,在此菜单下找到JOG SPEED 1 和JOG SPEED 2就可以更改正反点动的速率，系统出厂值为正负5%。最后退出保存参数。参数保存：按M键直到出现DIAGNOSTS(诊断)后，按向上的键头找到PARAMETER SAVE ,按M进入，然后按向上键头，参数自动保存。按E键一直退到底。正反转调速实现方法(开关量端子组态)：在SSD590C直流调速器的SYSTEM(系统) 菜单找到 CONFIGURE I/O(参数组态)，进入后,将CONFIGURE ENABLE (组态使能)菜单由DISABLE改成ENABLE,再进行如下的操作: 1.在此菜单下(CONFIGURE I/O)找到ANALOG INPUTS,在这个菜单下找到ANIN 3(A4),将A4的目的标记（DESTINATION TAG)改成309（原来是5）。

常用十大翻译技巧之五：正反译法

译国译民专心翻译做到极致常用十大翻译技巧之五：正反译法正译法和反译法：这两种方法通常用于汉译英，偶尔也用于英译汉。所谓正译，是指把句子按照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成英语。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果，但反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯。因此比较地道。如：（1）在美国，人人都能买到枪。 In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. (正译) In the United States, guns are available to everyone. (反译) （2）你可以从因特网上获得这一信息。 You can obtain this information on the Internet. （正译） This information is accessible/available on the Internet. （反译）（3）他突然想到了一个新主意。 Suddenly he had a new idea. (正译) He suddenly thought out a new idea. (正译) A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him. （反译）（4）他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。 He still could not understand me. (正译) Still he failed to understand me. (反译) （5）无论如何，她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。 She can hardly be rated as a bright student. (正译) She is anything but a bright student. (反译) （6） Please withholdthe document for the time being. 请暂时扣下这份文件。（正译）请暂时不要发这份文件。（反译）

正反、反正表达法(一)

正反、反正表达法这里所谓正面和反面表达法主要是指在英语里是否用no not或带有de-, dis-, im-, in-, un-, -less等等词缀的词。在汉语里是否用不非无没有未否等字。至于英语中的give和take, refuse和accept，以及汉语里的给和受，拒绝和接受，则都应该算是正面字眼。另外，有些英语词如dismiss 虽然也用了这类表达反面意思的词头，但因去掉词头的动词并没有与原词相反的意思，所以也不能算作是反面表达的词汇。英语中还有不少词，翻译时，有时似乎是从正面和反面都行得通，如correct既可以解释为正确，又可以解释为没有毛病。译者应该根据上下文选用一种更确切地表达原文意思和内容的说法。一、英语从正面表达，译文从反面表达 The first bombs missed the target 动词第一批炸弹没有击中目标 Such a chance was denied me. 我没有得到这样一个机会 The subversion attempts proved predictably futile. 副词不出所料，颠覆活动证明毫无效果 The explanation is pretty thin.形容词这个解释是相当不充分的 It was beyond his power to sign such a contract. 前置词他无权签订这种合同 The guerrillas would fight to death before they surrendered. 连接词游击队员宁可战斗到死也绝不投降 Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity.短语双方认为，那和平建议是一个他们可以接受而不失体面的建议 If it worked once, it can work twice句子一次得手，再次不愁 He was 75, but he carries his years lightly. 他七十五岁了，可是并不显老二、英语从反面表达，译文从正面表达 The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanations. 动词虽经他一再解释，疑团仍然存在。 He carelessly glanced through the note and got away. 副词他马马虎虎地看了看那张便条就走了。 He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious. 形容词他这个人优柔寡断，而且总反复无常。 He manifested a strong dislike for his father`s business. 名词他对他父亲的行业表示强烈的厌恶情绪 Do not lose time in posting this letter. 动词赶快把这封信寄出去 The significance of these incidents was not lost on us. 句子这些事件引起了我们的重视

英汉翻译法7——正反译法

?在翻译时，对于中国学生来说，某些否定句犹如陷阱，稍有不慎，就会掉入其中。鉴于此，我们在翻译某些含有否定意义的句子时，应当把握两点：一、英语里有些从正面表达的词或句子，译文可从反面来表达，即正说反译法；二、英语里有些从反面表达的词或句子，译文可从正面来表达，即反说正译法。例如： ?1) Only five customers remained in the bar. ?酒吧间只有五个顾客还没走。 ?(原文从正面表达，译文从反面表达。如译成“还留着”，或“还呆在那里”，则不如“还没有走”更符合汉语习惯。) ?2）Anyone wants to get out? Over my dead body! ?只要我活着，谁也别想出去。（the original English sentence implies “nobody can get out unless you kill me）. ?3) Mother said Father would come soon, but Mary knew better. ?妈妈说爸爸很快就会来了，玛丽知道不会。（“know better” implies that Mary thoug ht differently or disagreed with Mother, it means “think otherwise”） ?5) A radar screen is not unlike a television. ?雷达荧光屏跟电视荧光屏一样。 ?(如译成“雷达荧光屏不是不象电视荧光屏一样”则不符合汉语习惯。) ?我们可以看到，正面译不顺，不妨从反面译；反面译不顺，不妨从正面译，因为同一个概念，一个民族正面说，认为是合乎表达习惯的，而另一个民族则认为反着说才顺嘴。 ?下面从正说反译和反说正译这两个方面来探讨英语否定结构汉译的一般原则 ?一、正说反译法（Affirmative in English, but Negative in Chinese） ?英语中的含蓄否定词或含蓄否定短语一般都要译成汉语的否定词组。下面按词性列举它们的翻译方法。 ?1.名词 ?1) There was a complete absence of information on the oil deposit in that area. ?关于该地区的石油储藏情况，人们毫无所知。 ?(absence可译为“不在”、“毫无”、“不在……时间”等。) ?2) Her child was in a terrible state of neglect. ?她的孩子简直没人管。 ?(neglect可译为“不留心”，“没人管”。) ?3) All international disputes must be settled through negotiations and the avoidance of any armed conflicts. ?一切国际争端应通过谈判而不是武装冲突来解决。 ?(avoidance 可译为“不采取”。) ?作为名词用的含蓄否定词还有：defiance (不顾，无视)，denial (否认，否定)，exclusion (排除)，anything but (根本不，决不)，lack (无，缺乏)，failure (不成功，不足，不履行)，refusal ( 不愿，不允许)，loss (失去)等。

9 正反翻译法

正反翻译法 B 练习一（1）If the weather holds a couple of days, the team of the explorers will set off. 假如天气三两天里保持不变，探险队就出发。 (2) The Foreign Minister doubted the desirability of a negotiation to be held at this time. 外交部长认为此时举行谈判并无必要。 (3) John dived into the water fully clothed and rescued the old lady. 约翰没有脱衣服就跳入水中并救出了那个老太太。 (4) The soldiers would rather fight to death before they surrendered. 战士们宁愿战斗到死而决不投降。 (5) While trade is good, money is very tight at present. 尽管生意不错，但目前资金仍然十分紧张。 (6) The rocket traveling in space is free from the earth’s gravity. 在太空飞行的火箭不受地球引力的控制。 (7) In the event of any contingencies beyond our control, we shall not be held responsible for the late delivery of the goods. 如果发生我们无法控制的意外事故，我方对迟交货物不负责任。 (8) Cowards die many times before their death; the valiant never taste of death but once. 怕死鬼还没死就死了许多次，而勇敢者只死一回。 (9) In the absence of a settlement through negotiation, the case under dispute can be submitted to arbitration. 如通过谈判找不到解决办法，争执之事可提交仲裁。 (10) While he liked her work, he pointed out areas where improvement was possible. 尽管他喜欢她的作品，但还是指出了其不足之处。练习二 (1)Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午，学生全都要交论文。 (2) We are not completely satisfied with your manner of doing business. 贵方做生意的态度有待改进。 (3) After the ship unloads at the dock, the goods will go to the container freight station. 船在码头卸货后，货物将送往集装箱货运站。 (4) The doubt was still unsolved after her repeated explanations. 虽经她一再解释，疑团仍然存在。 (5) Their undisguised effort to persecute the leaders of opposition party met with nationwide condemnation. 他们对反对党人露骨的迫害行径受到全国各地的谴责。 (6) There is nothing like jogging as a means of exercise. 慢跑是锻炼身体最好的办法。 (7) The system of gas supply in the town leaves nothing to be desired. 这个城镇的煤气供应系统十分完善。 (8) Suddenly he heard a sound behind him, and realized he was not alone in the garage. 他突然听见背后有声响，便立刻意识到车库里还有别人。

正反、反正表达法(翻译技巧)

正反、反正表达法（翻译技巧） Negation在语法与翻译两个不同学科中含义不尽相同。Negation 作为一种翻译技巧，它主要指在翻译实践中，为了使译文忠实而合乎语言习惯地传达原文的意思，有时必须把原文中的肯定说法变成译文中的否定说法，或把原文中的否定说法变成译文中的肯定说法。因此，翻译技巧中的Negation译成“正说反译、反说正译法”是比较合适的。而语法中的Negation则译成“否定”，因为它是指下面四种语言现象：1.Full negative(完全否定)；2. Absolute negative（绝对否定）；3. Semi negative(部分否定) ;4. Words, or phrases, with negative implication（含否定意义的词或短语）。前两种否定，除少数情况外，英语汉语中差别不大；而后两者否定，在英汉两种语言的运用中则差别较大，需要特别注意。从下面的例句中，可以体会“正说反译，反说正译”在翻译中使用的一些情况。 1.I don’t think Tom is correct. 我认为汤姆不对。（不译成：我不认为汤姆是不对的） 2.我想小李明天不会来了。 I don’t think Xiao Li will come tomorrow. （不译成：I think Xiao Li won’t come tomorrow.） 3. A: Are you not going tomorrow? B. No, I’m not going. 甲：你明天不去吗？

乙：是的，我不去。 4. ①Africa is not kicking out Western Imperialism ②in order to invite other new masters. ①非洲踢出西方帝国主义②并不是为了请进其他新的主子。（假如不运用“正说反译，反说正译”这一技巧，译文就会成为：“非洲不踢出西方帝国主义为了请进其它新的主子。”其义则大相径庭。） 5. The world today is far from peaceful. 今天的世界还很不安宁。（far from是一个形式上肯定而含有否定意义的短语或词组，所以要“正说反译”。） 6.我们的人民解放军无愧于伟大的人民军队的称号。 Our PLA is worthy of being called a great army of the people. 7. 他尽力克服技术资料的不足。 He tries his best to overcome the lack of technical data. 8. 窗户打不开。 The window refuses to open. 9. 昨天他没准时到校。

正反译与反正译

正反译与反正译由于国家、历史、地理、社会文化背景、风俗和生活习惯的不同，汉英两种语言在表达正说和反说时有很大差异，尤其英语在否定意义的表达上更为复杂，有时形式否定而实质肯定，或形式肯定而实质否定。因此在这两种语言互译时，原文中正说的句子可能不得不处理成反说，或是用反说表达更为合适。反之亦然。翻译中，这种把正说处理成反说、把反说处理成正说的译法，就称为正反译法。正反译法是翻译技巧中的一个重要方法，属于引申和修辞范围。笼统地说，英语句子中含有“never”、“no”、“not”、“un-”、“im-”、“in-”、“ir-”、“-less”等否定词以及否定前缀或后缀的单词，以及汉语句子中含有“不”、“没”、“无”、“未”、“甭”、“别”、“休”、“莫”、“非”、“勿”、“毋”等否定词的即为反说，不含有这些否定词的即为正说。但实际操作时，正说和反说的界限又变得极为模糊，例如“correct”可以翻译成“正确”（正说），也可以翻译成“没有毛病”（反说）。因此，译文要采用正说还是反说，就要看译文语言的惯用表达和上下文的语气语态了。在正反译法中，英译汉正转反（正说反译法）和汉译英反转正（反说正译法）是最为重要的两种正反译法。 PART I.英译汉正转反英语中有些否定概念是通过含有否定意义或近似否定意义的词来表达的，虽然形式是肯定的，但这类词大多是某些肯定词所引申或变化出来的反义词，或经过长期历史演变而引申出其他否定词义，即所谓的“含蓄否定词”或“暗指否定词”，这类词在译成汉语时，需要变成汉语的否定词组，必要时还需要作词类转换。 1.?名词 —?? 含蓄否定名词主要有：shortness / shortage（不够; 不足）、lack（缺乏; 没有）、absence（不在）、failure（未能; 不成功）、defiance（不顾; 无视）、denial（否认; 否定）、exclusion（排除）、freedom（不; 免除）、refusal（不愿; 不允许）、loss（失去）等。如；（1）Shortness of time has required the omission of some states. 由于时间不够，没能访问那些国家。 (2) Behave yourself during my absence. 我不在时要规矩点。 (3) We were perplexed by his failure to answer the letter. 他何以不回信，我们大惑不解。 2.?动词或动词短语 —?? 英语中常见的含蓄否定动词包括：refuse（不愿; 不肯; 无法）、lack（缺乏; 没有）、defy（不服从; 不遵守; 不让）、forbid（不许）、stop（不准; 别）、ignore（不理; 不肯考虑; 无视; 不顾）、hate（不愿意）、miss（没听清楚; 没赶上）等。