语法1 名词与代词

第一节：名词与代词

1.名词的种类

专有名词：特指人或事物的名称，首字母需要大写，包括人名，地名，书名，月份，星

期，组织机构名称等。

如：Barack Obama 奥巴马September 九月

Europe 欧洲the United Nations 联合国

Wednesday 星期三

普通名词：泛指一类人或事物的共有名称。普通名词又分为四种：个体名词，集体名词，物质名词和抽象名词。

（1）个体名词：表示单个人或事物。

Child 孩子teacher 老师school 学校

Company 公司street 街道city 城市

（2）集体名词：表示多个人或事物的总称

Crew 全体人员police 警察people 人们

Youth 青年人furniture 家居cattle 牛

（3）物质名词：表示物质的名称，包括表示材料、液体、气体、食物、饮料等名词Gold 金子ink 墨水wind 风

Sugar 糖sand 沙子food 食品

（4）抽象名词：表示抽象概念的名称，包括表示性质、状态、情感等的名词Progress 进步happiness 幸福kindness 善良

Knowledge 知识anger 愤怒hatred 仇恨

2.名词的数：即可数名词和不可数名词

1）可数名词：有单数和复数之分；名词复数的构成方法有规则和不规则变化

a.规则变化

①绝大数的名词复数是在名词后直接加s

Map ------ book----- grade ------

Play------ face----- house-----

②以字母s, sh, ch, x 结尾和以辅音字母+o 结尾的名词变复数时加—es

Bus----- dish--- inch----

Box---- hero--- tomato---

Potato--- volcano- ---

③以字母f或fe 结尾的名词变成复数形式时，要把f或fe 改为v ,再加—es

Life---- leaf---- half------

Knife----- shelf ----- handkerchief---

PS: belief----- gulf----- roof----

Safe----

④以辅音字母+y 结尾的名词变成复数形式时，要把y 改成i, 再加-es

Story--- baby--- country-----

b.不规则变化

①改变单数名词中的元音字母

Man-- foot--- woman---

Tooth--- goose---

②单,复数形式相同

Sheep dear

③特殊形式

Child--- ox---- mouse---

Phenomenon---- datum--- criterion---

④表示“某国”人的名词单数、复数形式因习惯而各异

A.单复数形式相同

a Chinese -----two Chinese a Japanese---two Japanese

B.词尾加-s

Russian German

C.变man为men

An Englishman-----two Englishmen a Dutchman----two Dutchmen

(3)复合名词的复数形式

①写成一个词且不含连字符者，通常在第二部分加复数词尾。

Bathroom---

Blackboard---

②分开写，中间没有连字符，通常在第二部分加复数词尾，但第一部分为man或woman 时，两部分皆变复数。

Girl friend--- woman doctor---

③含连字符者，若其中有名词，则在主体名词后加复数词尾；若其中无名词，则在整个词尾加复数

Looker-on------

Sister-in-low------

Grown-up-----

Go between-----

2）不可数名词：一般只有单数，主要指物质名词和抽象名词，但在具体情况下也可以用复数。

①有些原本不可数的物质名词在表示不同类别时，可用复数。

Fruit----

Tea----

②有些名词的单，复数形式分别表示不同意义。

Sand----

Water----

Green----

Snow---

Iron---

③抽象名词的复数形式表示其他意义。

Time----

Work----

Spirit----

⑤有名词一般用单数，但有时也可用复数，表示特别的意义。

The West Indies the Wangs

3.名词的格

名词有主格、宾格和所有格三种形式，分别做句子的主语、动词或介词的宾语和表示所有关系。名词中表示所有或所属关系的形式叫名词所有格，根据词形变化分为-s 属格、of 属格和双重属格三种。

1）--’s

(1)- -’s 属格的构成

①通常在名词后直接加--’s。

the teacher’s house

the people’s deeds

②以-s 或-es 结尾的复数名词的所有格只在名词后面加“’”。

The doctor s’ office

The masses’ advice

③如果专有名词以-s 结尾，其中所有格一般只加“’”, 但有时也可以加”-‘s”.

Burns’ poems 或Burns’s poems

Charles’ house 或Charles’s house

2) –‘s 属格的用法

①用于表示有生命的东西的名词之后，构成所有格

Her family’s price

Jenny and Helen’s room

②表示“店铺”, “某人家”的名词所有格后面，一般省掉修饰的名词

The tailor’s 裁缝铺the barber’s l理发店

③有些指时间，距离，国家，城镇的无生命的名词也可以加-‘s 表示所有格

today’ s newspaper

the city’s history

a mile ‘s distance

2) of 属格

（1）表示无生命东西的名词一般与of 构成介词短语表示所有关系

The cover of the book

The workshops of the plant

The moral of the story

(2) 某些有生命的东西也可以用of 短语表示所有格，主要用于以下情况：

①名词较长时用of 短语表示所有格

the achievement of her father, Dr. Smith

②修饰名词的定语较长，或属格的名词后有修饰语时，用of 短语表示所有格。

Do you know the name of the teacher standing over there?

3) 双重属格“of 短语+ 所有格

在表示所属物的名词前有冠词，数词，不定代词或指示代词(a, two, some, a few, this, that, these, those等)

A friend of Jone’s

Some inventions of Edison,s

4.名词的语法功能

名同可在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾(主)语补足语等成分。（1）名词作主语

The book is very interesting.

（2）名词作表宾语

Your real friends and life can give you suggestions openly.

(3) 名词作表语

Hope is life and life is hope.

(4) 名词做定语

Life education is the basis for success in the knowledge society.

(5) 名词做补语

Education is hard work, but it can be made interesting work.

5.名词与介词的搭配

（1）名词+between

analogy between balance between

difference between link between

（2）名词+for

Admiration for ambition for

Consideration for charge for

Need for occasion for

Outlook for passion for

Reason for substation for

Sympathy for wish for

（3）名词+in

Advance in belief in

Confidence in degree in

Expert in increase in

Proficiency in success in

（4）名词+on

action on attack on

Authority on comment on

dependence on discussion on

Effect on emphasis on

Impact on impression on

Influence on lecture on

Judgment on mercy on

Operation on pressure on

Stress on tax on

（5）名词+over

Advantage over agreement over

Control over cover over

（6）名词+ with

Accordance with

Combination with

Connection with

Encounter with

Association with

Contact with

compromise with

marriage with

（7）名词+to

access to adjustment to

answer to application to

approach to attention to

attitude to coach to contribution to clue to

exposure to claim to

index to damage to

introduction to guide to

limit to indifference to

objection to preface to

ratio to reaction to

resistance to response to

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语法填空专项训练---代词

语法填空专项训练---代词代词在连续两年的广东高考语法填空中都有两个小题，占语法填空的五分之一。可见，代词在所有语法项目中占分的比例最大，是语法填空的重要内容。主要考点有：考点1：人称代词人称代词的主格在句中作主语，宾格在句中作动词或介词的宾语。考点2：物主代词形容词性物主代词只能在名词前作定语，名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词＋名词”，在句中作主语、宾语、表语或与of连用作后置定语，但不能作定语。如：考点3：反身代词反身代词在句中可以作enjoy, teach, hurt, buy, introduce等动词和by, for, to等介词的宾语，还可以作主语或宾语的同位语，可译作“亲自，本人”，但不能作主语。考点4：指示代词指示词有this, that, these, those, such等。注意以

下4点： (1) this, these是时间或空间上的“近指”，可与here连用；that, those是时间或空间上的“远指”，可与there连用。 (2) 指上文提到的事一般用that，有时也用this，指下文的事只能用this。 (3) 打电话时，用this来介绍自己，用that来问对方，不用I或you。 (4) this和that还可表示程度，意为“如此，那么”，相当于so，作状语。考点5：疑问代词疑问代词有what, which, who, whom, whose等。用法要点如下： (1)what除可用来询问人的身份外，一般指物；which可指人也可指物；who, whom, whose一般指人。 (2)有一定范围时，用which，意为“(其中的)哪一个”，可接表范围的of短语；没有一定的范围时，用what，意为“什么”，不能接of短语。考点6：表示两者或多者的不定代词都都不(一个也不) 任一两者both n either either

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语法填空专项练习三代词

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初中英语语法知识—代词的专项训练及答案

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