小额贷款公司信用风险研究外文文献翻译

文献出处:Dietrich A. The Research of Small loan Company Credit Risk [J]. Small Business Economics, 2015, 8(4): 481-494.

原文

The Research of Small loan Company Credit Risk

Dietrich A.

Abstract

Microfinance is pointing to the tiny enterprises or individual enterprises provide credit service, small loans basic characteristics for the process simple, amount of small, unsecured, etc.The emergence of small loan companies before fill in the blank of traditional financial institutions, to ensure the development of small and medium-sized enterprises and individual enterprises need. However, due to the particularity of micro-credit Company itself exists, there are many deep level problems to be solved. Such as capital source, interest rate limits, etc., especially the credit risk control problem. Credit risk is the main risk facing microfinance institutions. Quality was monopolized by the original financial institutions, loan to customers rely mainly on credit personnel subjective judgments, the weakness of the service object group, partly due to the scarcity of high-quality professionals, in the specific operation and operation on the face of the numerous credit risk. Microfinance is a small loan company's core business, loan assets are an integral part of its assets, loan income is the main income, and credit risk will lead to microfinance institutions to produce a large amount of bad debts will not be repaid, will seriously affect the quality of credit assets. Previous management, risk management is equivalent to afterwards that the understanding for the loan risks management of collection, the processing of bad loans, etc.Practice has proved that this approach will only increase operating costs, and late is no guarantee of the company's asset quality. Risk control is the key to identify risk, credit risk is the main source of customers, choose good customer credit conditions at the time the loan is helpful to reduce the probability of credit risk. Therefore, we should from the source to control risk, when choosing loan customers, carefully screening customers, for customers to make the right evaluation. Key words: small loans; Credit risk; Prevention mechanism;

1 Introduction

The rise of small loan companies, making the private capital to enter the small loan companies, great convenience is provided for the small and medium-sized enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households.Microcredit in absorbing private capital at the same time, broaden the financing channels. As a legitimate financial intermediation, enriched the organization form of the financial system. It also makes a lot of in the "underground" sunlight to folk financing mechanism; standardize the order of the financial market financing. Small Loan Company’s gradual development, make it’s become important force in the future diversified financial market.

Small Loan Company since its establishment, has been for many small and medium-sized enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households offers a wide range of financial support, guarantee the good operation of the economy. However, small loans company also has a lot of problems. First of all, according to the small loan companies operating conditions, the management mode for the "credit not only to save”. Can’t absorb deposits, which are also the biggest different microfinance companies and Banks. So its sources of funding are mostly shareholder investment and bank lending. This leads to the size of its capital is limited by great, when it comes to an amount loan amount, small loan company's business is difficult to maintain. Second, the small loan company's clients are difficult to loan from the bank's clients, in this high quality customer was monopolized by the traditional financial institutions, small loans company greatly increase the credit risk. Because we can not from the credit status of customer credit systems, company surveys every loan applicants need to spend a lot of time and energy. Finally, small loan company's products are mostly unsecured, completely by customer credit loans, which accelerate the speed and efficiency of the loan, but at the same time, the company's capital safety not guaranteed, when customer default, can calculate the loss of the company. These weaknesses can require small loan companies from the source to control risk, makes every effort to do it by reducing the credit risk to the minimum.

In the process of field research, small loan companies do better on the credit risk

control, but also the above problems. Therefore, combined with the characteristics of small loan companies, a set of accord with the actual situation of the simple and easy to use credit evaluation system, through analyzing the characteristics of the default customer, for new loan customer default probability for effective judgment, control and reduce the risk of credit business is the main problems of small loan companies are facing at present stage.

2 The necessity of research on the

Based on the principle of small loans and related theory, under the guidance of conduct empirical study of Microfinance Company, through analysis of the situation, credit risk has the following practical significance:

2.1 Promote microfinance company better risk control

Existing micro credit company risk control relies mainly on the subjective judgment of executives and the loan officer, lack of professional assessment of risk and risk management system, the risk is the intrinsic attributes of financial activities. For microfinance companies the special financial institutions, can effectively control and manage risk, related to the sustainable development of small loan companies can. Small Loan Company’s ultimate goal is profit, improve risk management, and help to reduce non-performing loans, to ensure the safety of the assets of the company, so as to realize the sustainable development of small loan companies.

2.2 To perfect the existing financial system of risk control

Traditional financial institutions attach great importance to risk control, the state-owned commercial bank's risk management and internal control are better, on the basis of legal, effective and prudent, set up a specialist team of risk assessment methods. Such as 0, the agricultural bank of China credit rating for business customers, eventually will be divided into enterprise credit grade AAA, AA, A, B, C five grades, China construction bank efficacy coefficient method is used to determine the score, to measure the customer credit risk size, as according to the judgment of borrowers credit risk condition, and issuing different credit lines to different customers.

3 Small loans company credit risk

Microfinance company time is not long, data is not complete, so dedicated to small loans of credit risk assessment model is less, because small loans business and loan business of commercial Banks and other financial institutions to traditional similar, so we can draw on the experience of credit risk assessment model of commercial Banks. In the context of index selection, developing countries believe that the most predictive power of microfinance credit risk assessment indicators are: customer own characteristics: age, gender, number of family members, etc;Family or corporate financial data; Loan characteristics and the status of the default in the past. Schreiner (2004) also think that risk is associated with the characteristics of lending institutions, such as the loan officer's experience and branch loan situation. n addition, policy changes, seasonal factors will have an effect to the default. In terms of developed countries, the evaluation index and the developing countries, James Copes take said (2007) through the questionnaire results showed that age, gender, household assets and labor quantity is the determinant of small loans to repay. Italian commercial Banks selected the explanatory power of higher indicators are: personal characteristics: the borrower characteristics and borrowing record; Business features: inventory, number of employees, revenue expenditure, etc; Other features: real estate properties, the current address live time, etc.

3.1 Small loans company credit risk definition

Credit Risk (Credit Risk), also known as default Risk, refers to the borrower fails to carry out obligations in the contract within the prescribed time, the possibility of economic loss caused by small loans company. Specifically, the borrower may change because of its environment and cause credit conditions are poor and cannot afford the rest of the loan repayment, or false application materials when apply for a loan, get loans from microfinance company after not getting paid on time. The above conditions will lead to small loans company actual earnings deviating from the expected return, serious when still can cause company losses, credit risk has always been a traditional financial institutions risk, is also the main risk. According to the study, carries on the comparison to all kinds of risks, credit risk has the highest proportion, is considered to be all the factors which lead to debt repayment, the

biggest. This makes the credit risk control important. Small Loan Company profits from customers, but the company the biggest risk comes from the customer. From the causes of credit risk, mainly including: to understand the borrower's information is not complete, no accurate judgment to the borrower's credit status, colluding with collusion between the loan officer and the borrower, the loan examination and approval is not strict, a lack of understanding of customer credit situation, accredit risk arises from the whole process of lending, any mistakes will cause credit risk.

3.2 Small loans company forms of credit risk

Micro-credit companies are facing the credit risk is the main form of borrower default, delinquent loans, resulting in the delinquent loans, bad debt loss and etching order to prevent and reduce the possibility of loss, make. To minimize the loss, it is necessary for us to study on specialized default. Default refers to the borrowers did not follow the stipulations of the contract, within the prescribed time limit; pay off the loan, thus making the loan payments or delinquent loans. Different microfinance firm definition of default is not the same, if some agency interpret default loans for any overdue payment loans (American education to promote small business network, SEEP), also some think a loan is a loan default or delay paying behavior refers to the returned overdue loans. Specific how long overdue is recorded as the default; in practice of microfinance company is diverse.

4 Prevention mechanism to reduce the credit risk

Through analysis, we believe that the individual situation, operation stability, loan borrowers credit records and other factors associated with small loans company customer credit risk, through the empirical study of small loan companies, we also found that good credit score model can help the loan officer found good potential defaulters, in view of the above situation, we put forward the following countermeasures.

4.1 Starting from the customer, the establishment of customer resource files

From the article analysis shows that any risk assessment model is the basis of data collection, the role of the model is to extract important information from a large number of customer information, and according to the customer's payment to

customer classification, and data collection is in accordance with the information provided by the customer. Make full use of by the customer, the information provided by the customer bank running water, such as accounts receivable bills for the record, and is an important factor analysis customers repay ability. Establish the borrower repayment ability analysis system, through to the borrower can bear the liabilities of the biggest limit the ability of analysis, control the loan amount and duration of the borrowers, in helping borrowers through financing difficulty, development business at the same time, reduce the loan funds transferred or misappropriate possibility, greatly reduce the occurrence of bad loans.

4. 2 Establish and constantly improve microfinance credit reporting database

Based on field research shows, small loan companies, now of small loan companies can only rely on the loan officer to spend a lot of time and energy to investigate the credit status of customers. As a result of the existence of moral hazard and adverse selection, there is a big risk of small loans to the company's business, if small loan companies can enter the credit reporting system for customer's credit standing, you can quickly understand the customer's information, speed up the lending, at the same time, saving manpower and financial resources, reduce the cost of operation.

4. 3 Choose reasonable and scientific credit evaluation model

Field survey found in small loan companies, petty loan company's risk management department is research and development of "score CARDS", the so-called "score card", is to report according to the customer manager of customer's basic situation, through certain technical means, the overall customer risk scores. The customer the higher the score, the more performance rate, the lower the score, the more possible risk of default. At present this technology for unsecured customers only, because this part of the customer is the biggest customer base, and because there is no collateral, so the risk is bigger. Unsecured customer loan program is relatively simple, the use of "score CARDS", can quickly determine the client's credit standing, making lending more convenient.

译文

小额贷款公司信用风险研究

Dietrich A.

摘要

小额信贷是指向微型企业或个体经营户提供额度较小的贷款服务，基本特征为流程简易，额度较小，无抵押等。小额贷款公司的出现填补了之前传统金融机构的空白，保障了中小企业和个体经营户的发展需要。不过，由于小额贷款公司本身存在的特殊性，有许多深层次的问题亟待解决。如资金来源，利率限制等，特别是信用风险的控制问题。信用风险是小额信贷机构面临的最主要的风险。优质客户被原有金融机构垄断、放款主要依靠信贷人员主观判断、服务对象的弱势群体性、专业高素质人员的稀缺性等原因，使其在具体运营和操作上面临诸多信用风险。小额信贷是小额贷款公司的核心业务，贷款资产是其资产的主要部分，贷款收益是其主要收入，而信用风险又将导致小额信贷机构产生大量无法收回的坏账，将严重影响信贷资产质量。以前的风险管理等同于事后管理，即把风险的管理理解为对贷款的催收、坏账的处理等。实践证明，这种方式只会加重后期的操作成本，公司的资产质量没有保障。风险控制的关键在于识别风险，信用风险的主要来源是客户，放款时选择信用状况好的客户有利于降低信用风险的发生概率。因此，我们应该从源头上把控风险，在选择放款客户时，认真筛选客户，对客户做出正确的评估。

关键字：小额贷款；信用风险；防范机制；

1 引言

小额贷款公司的兴起，使得民间资本进入了小额贷款公司，极大的为中小企业和个体工商户提供了方便。小额贷款在吸收民间资本的同时，拓宽了融资渠道。作为一个合法的金融中介，丰富了金融体系的组织形式。它也使得大量处于“地下”的民间融资机构阳光化，规范了金融市场的融资秩序。小额贷款公司的逐步发展，使其成为未来多元化金融市场中的重要力量。

小额贷款公司成立至今，己经为很多中小企业和个体工商户提供了大量的资金支持，保障了经济的良好运行。但是，小额贷款公司也存在很多问题。首先，根据小额贷款公司经营的条件，其经营模式为“只贷不存”。不能吸收存款，这

也是小额贷款公司和银行的最大不同。所以其资金来源大多是股东的出资和银行贷款。这就导致了其资金规模受到极大的限制，当放款量达到资金量时，小额贷款公司业务难以维持。其次，小额贷款公司的客户都是难于从银行贷款的客户，在这种优质客户被传统金融机构垄断的情况下，小额贷款公司的信用风险极大的提高。因为不能从征信系统获知客户的信用情况，公司调查每一个贷款申请者情况需要花大量的时间、精力。最后，小额贷款公司的产品大多都是无抵押的，完全凭客户信用贷款，这加快的放款的速度和效率，但是与此同时，公司的资金安全没有保证，当客户出现违约时，只能算政公司的损失。这些不足都要求小额贷款公司能从源头上把控风险，力求做到把信用风险降低到最小。

在实地调研过程中，小额贷款公司在信用风险控制上做的较好，但是也存在上述问题。所以，结合小额贷款公司的自身特点，建立一套符合其实际情况的简单易用的信用评估体系，通过分析违约客户的特点，对新放款客户的违约概率进行有效判断，控制和降低信贷业务风险是现阶段小额贷款公司面临的主要问题。

2 研究的必要性

本文在小额贷款原理及相关理论的指导下，对小额贷款公司进行实证研究，通过分析其信用风险情况，具有以下的实践意义：

2.1有利于促进小额贷款公司更好的风险控制

现有的小额贷款公司的风险控制主要依靠高管和信贷员的主观判断，缺乏专业的评估风险及管理风险的系统，而风险是金融活动的内在属性。对小额贷款公司这一特殊的金融机构，能否有效的控制和管理风险，关系到小额贷款公司能否可持续发展。小额贷款公司的最终目的是盈利，完善风险管理工作，有助于降低不良贷款率，保证公司的资产安全，从而实现小额贷款公司的可持续发展。

2.2有利于完善现有金融系统的风险控制

传统金融机构很重视风险控制，国有商业银行的风险管理和内部控制都较完善，在合法、有效、审慎的基础上，建立了专门的风险评估方法。如中国农业银行采用百分制，针对企业客户进行信用等级评定，最终将企业信用等级分为AAA、AA、A、B、C五个等级，中国建设银行利用功效系数法确定得分，衡量客户信用风险大小，以此为据判断贷款者的信用风险状况，并对不同的客户发放不同的贷款额度。(完整译文请到百度文库)