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Effect of scale on flame speeds of methane-air 瓦斯(可燃气体)爆炸火焰传播的尺度效应

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航空发动机专业英语之空气动力学

航空发动机专业英语之空气动力学

Introduced how to reduce the impact of emissions on aircraft performance and meet environmental regulations by optimizing exhaust emission design and control technologies.
With the continuous improvement of aircraft performance, the aerodynamic design of aircraft engines is affecting more string requirements, including higher take off and landing speeds, longer flight distances, and more complex flight conditions
Detailed description
Definition and Concepts
Understanding the characteristics and classification of fluids helps to gain a deeper understanding of the working principles of aircraft engines.
Air inlet aerodynamics
Explored the effects of aerodynamic phenomena in combustion chambers on combustion efficiency and emissions, including flame propagation speed, combustion stability, and combustion chamber outlet temperature distribution.

5E法术列表

5E法术列表

5E法术列表0Acid Splash 酸液飞溅咒法1个动作60尺1A larm 警报术防护1分钟30尺2A lter Self 变⾝术变化1个动作⾃⾝5A nimate Object 活化物品变化1个动作120尺3A nimate Undead 操纵死⼫死灵1分钟10尺8Antimagic Field 反魔场防护1个动作⾃⾝（10尺半径）8Antipathy/Sympathy 嫌恶／关怀术附魔1⼩时60尺4Arcane Eye 秘法眼预⾔1个动作30尺6Arcane Gate 秘法门咒法1个动作500尺2Arcane Lock 秘法锁防护1个动作接触9Astral of Projection 星界投影死灵1⼩时10尺4Banishment 放逐术防护1个动作60尺3Bestow Curse 降咒死灵1个动作接触5Bigby's Hand 毕格⽐之⼿塑能1个动作120尺0B lade Ward 剑刃防护防护1个动作⾃⾝4B light 枯萎术死灵1个动作30尺2Blindness/Deafness ⽬盲／⽿聋术死灵1个动作130尺3B link 闪现术变化1个动作⾃⾝2B lur 朦胧术幻术1个动作⾃⾝1B urning Hand 燃烧之⼿塑能1个动作⾃⾝（15尺锥形）6Chain Lightning 连环闪电塑能1个动作150尺1Charm Person 魅惑⼈类附魔1个动作30尺0Chill Touch 寒冷之触死灵1个动作120尺1Chromatic Orb 多彩球塑能1个动作90尺6Circle of Death 死亡法阵死灵1个动作150尺3Clairvoyance 千⾥眼/顺风⽿预⾔10分钟1英⾥8Clone 克隆术死灵1⼩时接触2Cloud of Daggers ⼔⾸之云咒法1个动作60尺5Cloudkill 死云术咒法1个动作120尺1Color Spray 七彩射线幻术1个动作⾃⾝1Comprehend Language 通晓语⾔预⾔1个动作⾃⾝5Cone of Cold 寒冰锥塑能1个动作⾃⾝（60尺锥形）4Confusion 困惑术附魔1个动作90尺5Conjure Elemental 召唤元素⽣物咒法1分钟90尺4C onjure Minor Elementals 召唤次级元素⽣物咒法1分钟90尺5Contact Other Plane 异界探知预⾔1分钟⾃⾝6Contingency 意外术塑能10分钟⾃⾝2C ontinual Flame 不灭明焰塑能1个动作接触4C ontrol Water 操控⽔位变化1个动作300尺8C ontrol Weather 操控天⽓变化10分钟⾃⾝（5英⾥半径）3C ounterspell 法术反制防护作，当你看到60尺内有60尺6C reat Undead 唤起死灵死灵1分钟10尺5Creation 造物术幻术1分钟30尺2Crown of Madness 疯狂冠冕附魔1个动作120尺0Dancing Lights 舞光术塑能1个动作120尺2Darkness ⿊暗术塑能1个动作60尺2Darkvison ⿊暗视觉变化1个动作接触7Delayed Blust Fireball 延迟爆裂⽕球塑能1个动作150尺8Demiplane 创造半位⾯咒法1个动作60尺1Detect Magic 侦测魔法预⾔1个动作⾃⾝2Detect Thoughts 侦测思想预⾔1个动作⾃⾝4Dimension Door 任意门咒法1个动作500尺1Disguise Self 易容术幻术1个动作⾃⾝6Disintegrate 解离术变化1个动作60尺3Dispel Magic 解除魔法防护1个动作120尺8Dominate Monster ⽀配怪物附魔1个动作60尺5D ominate Person ⽀配⼈类附魔1个动作60尺6Drawmij's Instant Summons 卓姆吉瞬间召唤咒法1分钟接触5D ream 托梦术幻术1分钟特殊2Enlarge/Reduce 变巨术/缩⼩术变化1个动作30尺7Etherealness 同游灵界变化1个动作⾃⾝4Evard's Black Tentacles 艾伐⿊触⼿咒法1个动作90尺1Expeditious Retreat 脚底摸油变化1个附加动作⾃⾝6Eyebite 摄⼈⽬光死灵1个动作⾃⾝4F abricate ⿁斧神⼯变化10分钟120尺1F alse Life 虚假⽣命死灵1个动作⾃⾝3F ear 恐惧术幻术1个动作⾃⾝（30尺锥形）1F eather Fall ⽻落术变化作，当你60尺内有⽣物60尺8F eeblemind 弱智术附魔1个动作150尺3Feign Death 假死术死灵1个动作接触1F ind Familiar 获得魔宠咒法1⼩时10尺7Finger of Death 死亡⼀指死灵1个动作60尺0Fire Bolt ⽕焰箭塑能1个动作120尺4Fire Shield ⽕焰护盾塑能1个动作⾃⾝3F ireball ⽕球术塑能1个动作150尺2Flaming Sphere 炽焰法球咒法1个动作60尺6Flesh to Stone ⽯化术变化1个动作60尺3Fly 飞⾏术变化1个动作接触1Fog Cloud 云雾术咒法1个动作120尺7Forcecage ⼒场监牢塑能1个动作100尺9Foresight 先见之明预⾔1分钟接触0Friends 友善术附魔1个动作⾃⾝3Gaseous Form ⽓化形态变化1个动作⾃⾝9Gate 异界之门咒法1个动作60尺5Geas 指使术附魔1分钟60尺2Gentle Reposse 遗体防腐死灵1个动作接触6Globe of Invulnerability 防护1个动作⾃⾝3Glyph of Warding 守卫结界防护1⼩时接触1Grease 油腻术咒法1个动作60尺4Great Invisibility ⾼等隐形术幻术1个动作接触6Guards and Wards 铜墙铁壁防护10分钟接触2Gust of Wind 造风术塑能1个动作⾃⾝（60尺直线）4Hallucinatory Terrain 幻景幻术10分钟300尺3Haste 加速术变化1个动作30尺5Hold Monster 怪物定⾝术附魔1个动作90尺2Hold Person ⼈类定⾝术附魔1个动作60尺3Hypnotic Pattern 催眠图纹幻术1个动作120尺4I ce Storm 冰风暴塑能1个动作300尺1I dentify 鉴定术预⾔1分钟接触1Illusory Script 迷幻⼿稿幻术1分钟接触9Imprisonment 禁锢术防护1分钟30尺8Incendiary Cloud 焚云术塑能1个动作150尺2I nvisibility 隐形术幻术1个动作接触1J ump 跳跃术变化1个动作接触2K nock 敲击术变化1个动作60尺5L egend Lore 通晓传奇预⾔10分钟⾃⾝4Leomund’s Secret Chest 李欧蒙秘藏箱咒法1个动作接触3Leomund’s Tiny Hut 李欧蒙⼩屋塑能1分钟⾃⾝（10尺半径的半球）2L evitate 浮空术变化1个动作60尺0L ight 光亮术塑能1个动作接触3L ightning Bolt 闪电束塑能1个动作⾃⾝（100尺线形）4L ocate Creature ⽣物定位术预⾔1个动作⾃⾝2Locate Object 物品定位术预⾔1个动作⾃⾝1L ongstrider ⼤步奔⾏变化1个动作接触1Mage Armor 法师护甲防护1个动作接触0M age Hand 法师之⼿咒法1个动作30尺3M agic Circle 防护法阵咒法1分钟10尺6M agic Jar 魔魂壶死灵1分钟⾃⾝1Magic Missile 魔法飞弹塑能1个动作120尺2M agic Mouth 魔嘴术幻术1分钟30尺2M agic Weapon 魔化武器变化1个附加动作接触3M ajor Image 强效幻影幻术1个动作120尺6M ass Suggestion 群体暗⽰术附魔1个动作60尺8M azz 迷宫术咒法1个动作60尺2M elf's Acid Arrow 马友夫强酸箭塑能1个动作90尺0M ending 修复术变化1分钟接触0Message 传讯术变化1个动作120尺9M eteor Swarm 流星爆塑能1个动作1英⾥8Mind Blank ⼼灵屏障防护1个动作接触0Minor Illusion 弱效幻影幻术1个动作30尺7Mirage Arcane 海市蜃楼幻术10分钟可视范围内2Mirror Image 镜影术幻术1个动作⾃⾝5M islead 假象术幻术1个动作⾃⾝2Misty Step 迷踪步咒法1个附加动作⾃⾝5M odify Memory 修改记忆附魔1个动作30尺4Mordenkainen’s Faithful Hound 魔邓肯忠⽝咒法1个动作30尺7Mordenkainen’s Magnificent Mansion 魔邓肯豪宅咒法1分钟300尺4Mordenkainen’s Private Sanctum 魔邓肯密室防护10分钟120尺7Mordenkainen’s Sword 魔邓肯之剑塑能1个动作60尺6Move Earth 移⼟术变化1个动作120尺3N ondetection 回避侦测防护1个动作接触2Nystul’s Magic Aura 涅斯图魔法灵光幻术1个动作接触6Otiluke’s Freezing Sphere 欧提路克冰封法球塑能1个动作300尺4Otiluke’s Resilient Sphere 欧提路克弹⼒法球塑能1个动作30尺6Otto’s Irresistible Dance 奥图迷舞附魔1个动作30尺5P asswall 穿墙术变化1个动作30尺2Phantasmal Force 幻象之⼒幻术1个动作60尺4Phantasmal Killer 魅影杀⼿幻术1个动作120尺3Phantom Steed 魅影驹幻术1分钟30尺5Planar Binding 异界誓缚防护1⼩时60尺7Planar Shift 异界传送咒法1个动作接触0Poison Spray 毒⽓喷射咒法1个动作10尺4Polymorph 变形术变化1个动作60尺9Power Word Kill 律令死亡附魔1个动作60尺8Power Word Stun 律令震慑附魔1个动作60尺0Prestidigitation 魔法伎俩变化1个动作10尺7Prismatic Spray 虹光喷射塑能1个动作⾃⾝（60尺锥形）9Prismatic Wall 虹光法墙防护1个动作60尺6Programmed Illusion 预置幻影幻术1个动作120尺7Project Image 投影术幻术1个动作500英⾥3Protect from Energy 防护能量伤害防护1个动作接触1Protect from Evil and Good 防护善恶防护1个动作接触5Rary's Telepathic Bond 拉瑞⼼灵连线预⾔1个动作30尺2Ray of Enfeeblement 衰弱射线死灵1个动作60尺0R ay of Frost 寒冰射线塑能1个动作60尺1Ray of Sickness 致病射线死灵1个动作60尺。

DL701火力发电厂热工自动化术语

DL701火力发电厂热工自动化术语

☿࡯থϹॖ⛁ᎹႮࡼ࣪ᴃ᪱DL/T701-1999থᜬᯊⒸ:2002-1-15Ё ढҎ ⇥ ݅੠ ೑Ϲ࡯ ᜐ Ϯ ᷛ ޚ࡯থϹॖThermopower automation-vocabularyfor fossil fired power plant2000-02-24থᏗ2000-07-01ЁढҎ⇥݅੠೑೑ᆊথᏗࠡᣄϹ࡯ᎹϮᾬ[1995]44Ϲ࡯ᜐϮᷛޚᩥՈᅝՈDŽˈ៥೑☿࡯থϹॖՈৡDŽϵՈ೑ᆊˈּՈৡˈ಴ˈᕜDŽЎ೑┉ǃ೑ݙՈѸˈᔶՈᩨ੠ˊˈේᷛޚDŽᷛޚՈ෎Ё“੠Ҿᜬ”ՈᾬGB/T13983-92੠GB/T13283-91ՈᴵDŽ ᷛޚՈ┈AՈ┈DŽᷛޚϵϹ࡯ᎹϮᾬᷛޚ࣪DŽ ᷛޚ᰻˖Ё೑ϹᴎЁᖗDŽ ҎDŽ Ϲ࡯ᎹϮᾬᷛޚ࣪DŽֲ⃵ࠡ ᇇᓩϬᷛޚ෎ᴀᴃ☿࡯থϬᴃ┈$˄ᦤ߾Ո┈˅ ᆵᴀᷛޚᢈ࡯থϬՈᴃˈৃᩥǃᅝǃˊ਍ᮍՈ᭛ӊϬ᪱DŽϟ߫ޚ᠔Ոᴵ᭛ˈỞ೼ᴀᷛޚЁϬ໐ᵘ៤ᴀᷛޚՈᴵ᭛DŽᴀޚߎČᯊˈ᠔߾ČᴀഛDŽ᠔ޚ῁ˈՓϬᴀᷛޚՈ৘Ϭϟ߫ޚ᳔ᴀՈৃDŽ*ˋ7 ü Ꮉ⌟ₓ੠᥻ࠊϬẔ⌟Ҿᜬ੠ᰒ߾Ҿᜬஂܲᑺ਍൫ *ˋ7 ü Ҿ఼Ҿᜬ෎ᴀᴃˊ Ⴎ D₋ϬẔ⌟ϢࠊிඣˈᇍϣˈҹҷՈᮑDŽᇍ☿࡯থˈᰃ࡯ϣ࡯থࠊՈᘏDŽ೼ϔѯĀҾᜬϢࠊā Lˈ , DŽˊ ˊ ⛁ D₋ϬẔ⌟Ϣࠊிඣᇍ☿࡯থՈ⛁࡯ϣˈҹҷՈ᥾ᮑDŽˊ ˊ Ϲ H D₋ϬẔ⌟Ϣࠊிඣᇍ☿࡯থՈথˈҹҷՈ᥾ᮑѠ V GD DŽˊ ˊ ẋ S D₋ϬẔ⌟ϢࠊிඣᇍϣˈҹҷՈ᥾ᮑDŽ ˊ ˊ ܼ Z S Dᭈਃࡼǃ᫇ǃذᴎϢˊঞՈₑਃࡼ਍᪡ˊ ˊ ֕ PᢆඣঞՈẔখ᭄ঞˈҹܲখ᭄੠źˈẔߎϡখ᭄੠źDŽЏ⌟ₓிඣՈϔϾ៪໮বₓᑊᇚᝯ⌟ؐϢؐՈDŽˊ ˊ ֕ VᇍϣՈ֕੠᥻ࠊDŽ◄ᯊˈẜࣙՈᅝᡸ᪡DŽ ˊ ˊ ▊ඣF G P V▊ඣϵ఼ǃবễ఼ঞᩥਜ਼ᴎϢՈ໪ඈ៤ˈᰃϔⒸ៪ᭈՈ᠔Ոখ᭄▊ࠊ֜ ৄ ϞՈҾᜬ៪& খᢅ ˊ ˊ ˊ Ϟ߾ˈҹ֓ؐʱˊ៪ᇍϣࠊDŽˊ ˊ ிඣᎹ HிඣᎹඣՈֲՈˈ໐ᇍிඣᇍᬥᵘ៤௤ǃඈᵘǃǃ᥻ࠊᴎᵘ਍ẟ੠᪂ᩥՈDŽϔՈࠊᇍᬥඣˈϬᑊՈඈ៤Ո݋Ո᳝ᴎᭈDŽ໐ඣᴀẜᰃՈϔϾඣՈඈ៤DŽˊ ⌟ₓϢᜬ P D G Lˊ ˊ ⌟ₓ PҹܲₓؐЎՈՈ᪡DŽˊ ˊ >⌟Ո@ₓ >@Tৃ៪ᅮₓܲՈϔᬥˈЎ៪Ոˊ ˊ >ₓ@ؐ Y > D @ϬϔϾ᭄੠ϔϾᔧՈ⌟ₓᜬ߾Ոₓˈབ Pǃ ǃϔ ਍DŽ ˊ ˊ বₓ Y݊ؐৃব⌟ߎՈₓ៪źDŽˊ ˊ বₓ L Y఼ҾᜬՈবₓDŽˊ ˊ ߎবₓ R Yϵ఼ҾᜬߎՈবₓDŽˊ ˊ ᝯ⌟বₓ P G Y⌟ₓՈবₓDŽᝯ⌟বₓỞ⏽ᑺǃ࡯ǃₓǃᑺ਍DŽ ˊ ˊ ᝯ⌟ؐ P G Y೼ᢈᴵӊՈⒸˈϵ⌟ₓញՈˈᑊҹ᭄ؐ੠⌟ₓᜬ߾Ոₓؐˊ ˊ >఼ҾᜬՈ@߾ؐ L GL> D P L@ Ҿ఼Ҿᜬ᠔Ոᝯ⌟ₓՈؐDŽˊ ˊ >ₓؐ@ףؐ W Y> D @ᜬ߾ℷ೼ₓᯊ᠔ᴵӊϟՈₓՈؐDŽ⊼˖ₓՈףؐᰃϔϾˊˈϔޚܲՈˈỞϬףؐᴹףؐDŽˊ ˊ >ₓՈ@൪ףؐ F W Y > D @ ЎϔᅮՈৃҹҷףؐՈₓؐDŽ⊼˖ ˊϔˈףؐᝯףؐՈˈᇍѢϔᅮՈϬˈؐৃᩥDŽˊϔϾₓՈĀףؐāˈϔϬՈஂܲᑺՈҾᜬ੠ᮍDŽˊ ˊ Hᝯ⌟বₓՈᝯ⌟ؐ੠ף᭄ؐDŽ⊼˖ ˊᔧ⌟ؐףؐᯊˈ˙⌟ؐϔףؐDŽˊᔧᜬ៪ញՈ᭄ߎᯊˈᖙᜬ៪ញՈޚDŽˊ ˊ ߾ؐ H R L GL ҾᜬՈ߾ؐ⌟ₓՈ ףؐDŽ ˊ ˊ ᓩϬ GX HҾᜬՈ߾ؐҹᢈؐˈᑊҹ᭄ᜬ߾DŽˊ ˊ ᇍ HҾᜬՈ߾ؐҹᝯ⌟ₓՈ ףؐˈᑊҹ᭄ᜬ߾DŽˊ ˊ ෎ᴀ L H೼খ↨ᴵӊϟҾᜬՈ߾ؐDŽˊ ˊ ޚ ஂ ܲᑺ DҾᜬ߾ؐϢ⌟ₓ ףؐՈϔᑺDŽˊ ˊ ޚ ஂ ܲᑺ਍൫ D FҾᜬޚ ஂ ܲᑺՈ਍൫DŽˊ ˊ V೼ᢈՈᎹᴵӊϟˈҾᜬ៪ញ೼ᢈᯊⒸݙবՈ࿁࡯DŽ ˊ ˊ Ẕ⌟Ҿᜬ P L੠⌟ₓՈҾᜬDŽҹᰃবễ఼ǃӴ఼៪Ⴎߎӊ੠ᰒ߾ញՈҾᜬDŽˊ ˊ Ẕߎӊ VˈGH GHߎ఼ˈ᳝ᯊӊDŽָ⌟বₓˈᑊᇚḰᤶ⌟ₓՈՈӊ៪఼ӊDŽবₓ੠ẔߎӊߎⒸՈ݇ՈˈϡবDŽ ˊ ˊ Ӵ఼ W GXᛳ⌟ₓˈᑊϔᅮᇚ݊Ḱᤶ៪ՈߎₓՈҾᜬDŽ ᳝ՈӴ఼ˈˊɴᬥՈᗻՈˈབ˖⏽ᑺӴ఼ˈǃᑺǃᑺǃᑺӴ఼ˈₑₓǃ࡯ǃ࡯఼ˈ఼DŽˊ ˊ বễ఼ WߎᷛޚՈӴ఼DŽবễ఼ৃˈབ˖⏽ᑺবễ఼ǃ࡯বễ఼ǃবễ఼ǃₓবễ఼ǃবễ఼ǃবễ఼ǃবễ఼ǃḰợবễ఼ǃϹবễ఼ǃবễ఼਍DŽˊ ˊ বễ఼V Wញᖂˊ఼Ոবễ఼ˈৃᇍ⌟ₓؐẟ᭄ˊ ࣙ ˈߎޚ῵ᢳ੠ˋ៪᭄ˈ݋੠Ⴎ࡯Ոবễ఼DŽ ˊ ˊ ᩥ ᜬ P⌟ₓ੠߾ᝯ⌟ؐՈញDŽϔϬ៪᭄߾খ᭄ؐՈࢴĀᜬāDŽ ᩥ ᜬ Ϭˈབ⌕ₓᩥǃ⏽ᑺᩥǃ࡯ᜬDŽ ˊ ˊ ᰒ߾ҾᜬGL Lᰒ߾ ߾ǃ਍ ᝯ⌟ₓؐՈҾᜬDŽˊ ˊ ߾Ҿᜬ L GLˈL GL L߾ᝯ⌟ₓؐ៪݊݇ؐՈᰒ߾ҾᜬDŽˊ ˊ ᜬ U GHˈU GL L⌟ₓؐ៪݊݇ؐՈᰒ߾ҾᜬDŽˊ ˊ ᜬ L L೼ᯊⒸˈ῁߾ϔᢈᯊⒸࠄ᭄ᯊⒸՈᝯ⌟বₓᩥؐՈᰒ߾ҾᜬDŽˊ ᥻ࠊ FᇍϣՈ᪂ ǃǃϹᴎǃϹ਍ࠊӊ ẟՈ ᓔǃ݇ǃਃǃذ DŽˊ ˊ ႮࠊD F៪Ⓒ᥹ࠊӊՈ᥻ࠊDŽˊ ˊ ࠊ P Fϵᴎᴎᵘ៪݊ࠊӊՈ᥻ࠊDŽ ˊ ˊ ᓔɳࠊ R O Fߎবₓϡᴀࠊ԰ϬՈ᥻ࠊDŽ῵ᢳᓔɳࠊ໪ˈẜ᳝੠ࠊ਍݊DŽˊ ˊ ࠊ ࠊ F G O F᥻ࠊ԰ϬবₓՈ᥻ࠊDŽˊ ˊ ᅮؐ᥻ࠊ F Z G VüSࠊDŽՓবₓֱᴀՈࠊDŽˊ ˊ বᅮؐ᥻ࠊF Z Y VüSՓবₓՈᅮؐব࣪ՈࠊDŽˊ ˊ ࠡࠊ G G FᇚϔϾ៪໮ᇍᝯবₓՈźՈḰᤶҹ໪Ո┈ϬՈ᥻ࠊDŽ ࠊ԰ϬՓবₓϢؐՈDŽℸϬৃᮑ೼ᓔɳ៪ࠊϞDŽˊ ˊ ൫᥻ࠊ F GH FЏࠊ఼ՈߎবₓᰃϔϾ៪໮ࠊ఼Ոখ↨বₓՈ᥻ࠊDŽ ˊ ˊ ࠊ WüS FՈব࣪ˈߎᓔ៪݇ϸՈ᥻ࠊDŽ ˊ ˊ ῵எࠊ FᇚՈஂܲₓḰ῵எₓˈ῵எˊ੠ˈߎஂܲₓՈࠊDŽˊ ˊ Ⴎࠊ D GD F₋ϬႮՈᮍব᥻ࠊᢈ៪ ੠ ᪂খ᭄਍ˈҹࠊிඣᗻՈࠊDŽˊ ˊ ᳔ࠊ R F೼ᢈՈᑺϟˈՓՈ᥻ࠊDŽˊ ˊ Ⴎࠊ VüW FᇍẋՈᔧՈ៪᳔ՈᗻˈႮࠊ఼ᭈখ᭄Ո᥻ࠊDŽˊ ˊ ࠊ O FỞᓔ݇ₓᓔ݇ₓߎՈ᥻ࠊDŽˊ ˊ ࠊ V FϔϔிՈ᥻ࠊDŽˊ ˊ ᭄ָࠊ GL GL F ''Ϭᩥਜ਼ᴎҷࠊ఼ঞࠊញˈָᇍϣՈ᥻ࠊDŽ᭄ָࠊᰃᩥਜ਼ᴎ᥻ࠊՈ ϔˈϔ൫ᩥਜ਼ᴎ᥻ࠊிඣՈϔ൫ˈϬᖂൟᩥਜ਼ᴎ៪ᖂˊ఼ᴹ˗ᩥ ਜ਼ᴎᩥਜ਼੠᪂ඣՈؐDŽˊ ˊ Ⴎࠊிඣ D F Vϵᇍᬥ੠᥻ࠊញᵘ៤Ոˈ࿁ᇍᝯᇍᬥՈᎹࠊՈிඣDŽ᥻ࠊញ੠ᝯ ᥻ᇍᬥПⒸՈ੠Ϭᵘ៤ࠊிඣՈẔDŽϔϬ᭄ े᭄῵ൟ ˈϬᩥਜ਼ᴎ ᭄ᴎঞ῵ᢳᴎ ẟ᭄῵ᢳˈ៪ᇚᩥਜ਼ᴎϢ῵ᢳDŽˊ ˊ ࠊிඣ F F VₓᰃₓǃߎₓгₓՈ᥻ࠊிඣDŽ೼ඣЁˈϡӊˈ৘ඈ៤ӊ Ոߎₓ῁ₓՈ᭄DŽˊ ˊ ࠊிඣ GL F Vₓᰃₓ៪ₓˈ໐ߎₓᰃₓՈ᥻ࠊிඣDŽிඣЁӊˈϔ ࠊிඣ ఼ࣙ ੠ࠊிඣ ࣙӊ DŽˊ ˊ ᴎᵘ DˈD Hᇚ᥻ࠊবЎՈᴎᵘDŽ੠ָˈՈࡼ࡯ Ϲ੠⇨ᴎᵘDŽˊ ˊ ᫇ᴎᵘ U Hϵᴎᵘব᪡বₓՈᴎᵘˈབࠊǃ਍DŽ ˊ ˊ ᥻ࠊ F YDŽ ϵࠊᴎᵘ᫇ՈˈҹবₓՈ᫇ᴎᵘDŽˊ ᩥਜ਼ᴎிඣF Vˊ ˊ ϔ J Yˊ ˊ ˊ Ϲᩥਜ਼ᴎ H F࿁੠਍ₓẔՈϹDŽᑓϬѢᩥਜ਼ǃ᭄ˊ੠Ⴎࠊ਍ᮍDŽỞ఼ǃ᥻ࠊ఼ǃ఼ঞߎ੠ᰒ߾᪂਍ඈ៤DŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᭄ᩥਜ਼ᴎ GL F₋Ϭᜬ߾᭄ˈϬਜ਼੠ᇍ᭄ՈϹᩥᴎDŽỞ఼ǃ᥻ࠊញǃݙᄬ఼੠໪਍ඈ៤DŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᖂˊ఼ P₋Ϭ῵៪῵ࠊ԰ՈЁˊ & ˈᖂ>ൟ@ᩥਜ਼ᴎՈӊˈᅠ੠᥻ࠊDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᖂ>ൟ@ᩥਜ਼ᴎ P݋ҹՈᩥਜ਼ᴎDŽҹᖂˊ఼Ўˈҹ῵Ո఼ǃߎ᥹੠݊ᵘ៤ՈDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᖂ>ൟ@ᩥਜ਼ᴎ V G PᴎDŽ೼ϔࠊϹᖂ>ൟ@ᩥਜ਼ᴎ৘ӊՈᩥਜ਼ᴎDŽϔ֜԰ˈᑊ᭄߾఼ҹᰒ߾࣏៪᭄DŽˊ ˊ ˊ Ꮉࠊᴎ S F݋Ո῵ᢳ੠ ៪ ᭄᭄Ո࿁࡯ˈᑊ῵੠ ៪ ᭄ࠊˈҹᅲࠊ੠ ៪ ֕Ո᭄ᩥਜ਼ᴎDŽՈ˖ǃᡫᑆᡄ࡯ᔎˈ࿁ˈᯊ᥻ࠊՈᡅˈ᳝Ոẋབ˖῵ᢳₓǃᓔ݇ₓǃ᭄ₓǃₓǃ᭄ₓߎǃᓔ݇ₓߎঞüᴎỞ਍DŽ ˊ ˊ ˊ ῵ӊ P GXඈញՈӊӊˈϔҹඈՈᷛޚՈӊDŽ ˊ ˊ ˊ ᭄ GD᳝˖D Ϭᜬ߾ǃ៪ˈҹ៪ႮǃḰᤶ៪໘ˊDŽǃ៪Ոϔ៪Ⴎǃ៪໘ˊՈՈᜬ߾DŽˊ ˊ ˊ L೼᭄ˊЁˈҹϔᅮՈ᭄ՈDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᥹ Lϵǃ੠ՈDŽ೼ᩥਜ਼ᴎЁˈ᥹Ոӊ ࣙᩥਜ਼ᴎ৘Ⓒǃᩥਜ਼ᴎᩥਜ਼ᴎⒸҹঞᩥਜ਼ᴎϢඣⒸՈ ˈ៪៪Ոᩥਜ਼ᴎ࣏Ո఼៪఼ՈϔᾬDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᘏඃᡞ ៪࿁ₓ ՈഄՈỞDŽӊⒸՈඃˈᰃ᭄Ոϔ᭄ՈϔՈᘏDŽ ˊ ˊ ˊ ᭄ GD Kϔᴵ᭄ඃՈঝⒸӴՈᘏDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᭄ GD QϔϾ᭄੠ϔϾ៪໮᭄ⒸӴՈDŽϔϾ᭄ҹϔϾ៪໮᭄ˈՈ៪ϡՈ៤DŽ᭄᭄Ոঝݙඈ៤DŽˊ ˊ ˊ O D Q $ϔ೼Ϭˈ೼᳝ݙϬѢ᭄ঝⒸẟ᭄Ո᭄DŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᭄ GD೼ᩥਜ਼ᴎˊՈ༘݇Ո᭄Ո▊DŽϔϾ᭄Ոϔᾬ៪ܼˈᑊϔϾඈ៤DŽˊ ˊ ˊ ҎᴎỞ PüP FᴎᇍDŽᰃᩥਜ਼ᴎ੠᭄˗ᩥਜ਼ᴎỞ߾ញᇚ໘ˊ੠᥻ࠊ߾ߎᴹDŽЎᴎỞˈᑨࠊǃՈӊDŽˊ ˊ ˊ X W៪ࢴᴎ᥹ P L DŽỞϬϬᴹᩥਜ਼ᴎிඣẟՈǃߎ᪂DŽབ˖ᴎǃ֜Ոᰒ߾఼ǃՈ߾఼਍DŽˊ ˊ ˊ LˈV₋Ϭᖂˊ఼ˈϵݙࠊՈǃ݋᭄੠ϔᅮᩥਜ਼ՈDŽ ˊ ˊ ˊ ᓔඣ R Vޚẟˈ࿁ᩥਜ਼ᴎிඣՈϔᩥਜ਼ᴎிඣDŽ ˊ ˊ ˊ ӊ Vᩥਜ਼ᴎՈிඣ࣏ǃϬ࣏ǃ᪡ඣঞ᭄ˊ੠᥻ࠊ᳝݇ՈᴀᘏDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ӊ V V೼࣏ࠊẋˈࣙᩥǃẔǃϬՈᎹ݋DŽབࠊՈ᪡ඣ੠᪱ˊிඣDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᑨϬӊ D VЎϬϬՈӊˈབ᭄ˊǃ᥻ࠊ਍ᑨϬӊDŽ ˊ ˊ ˊ ӊ K GZᩥਜ਼ᴎிඣЁՈᘏDŽབǃ῵ӊǃߎỞǃ఼਍DŽ ˊ ˊ ˊ ӊᅠՈ῵ഫ఼ӊDŽ খᢅ ˊ ˊ ˊ ᴵˊ ˊ ੠ V D G GLˊ ˊ ˊ VϔϾ៪খ᭄ᜬ߾ՈϔϾ៪বₓՈՈˊবₓDŽখ᭄ࢴՈĀখ᭄āDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᭄GL Vখ᭄ᜬɴϬ᭄ᜬ߾ՈϔඈؐЁՈDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ῵ᢳ D Vখ᭄ᜬɴݙؐՈDŽˊ ˊ ˊ GL೼ᩥਜ਼ᴎிඣЁˈЎᇍϣՈ֕੠᪡ˈ೼߾఼ খᢅ ˊ ˊ ˊ ϞՈ ৘߾DŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᘏ R GLᜬ߾ᝯᇍᬥ੠᪂ǃখ᭄៪᥻ࠊிඣՈDŽ ˊ ˊ ˊ ẋ S GLᜬ߾ϔᝯᇍᬥՈϣǃ᪂੠খ᭄ՈDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᥻ࠊ F G Lᜬ߾ẋবₓՈ⌟ؐǃ᪂ؐǃؐǃߎؐ੠ᭈখ᭄ҹঞ਍ՈϔDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᡹ᨪϿ D GLࠊߎՈẋ᡹ᨪՈˈҹϡՈ៪ϡՈ߾᡹ᨪՈϔDŽỞ ˈ᪡ҹᮍϔϾ៪ϔ᡹ᨪDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᅲᯊ UüW W G GLϔᅮՈ₋ᯊⒸ བ ˈᇚϔᯊⒸⒸ བ ݙখ᭄Ո᭄ˈ఼Ёˈ ᑊҹඃ߾ՈϔDŽˊ ˊ ˊ K W G GLϔᅮՈ₋ᯊⒸ བ P ˈᇍϡՈখ᭄ẟᯊⒸ བ G ₋఼Ёˈ೼◄ ᡅᯊˈৃҹ᫇ߎᯊⒸݙՈ᭄ˈҹඃ߾ՈϔDŽˊ ˊ ˊ Ⴎ᡹ᨪϿ V GL D GLᇍẋࠊঝǃ᪡ঝǃỞ਍ẟˈᔧᯊᰒ߾݊ՈϔDŽˊ ˊ ˊ F GLҹᜬ߾ϔඈখ᭄ བᴎ⏽ᑺ ՈDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᓔ GL Z GRᇚՈϔ߾೼ˈҹ֓ՈDŽ ˊ ˊ ˋߎ LˋR ,ˋˊ ˊ ˊ ᭄ₓ GL L ',ϡՈ᭄ₓˈгᓔ݇ₓ RüR L DŽˊ ˊ ˊ ῵ᢳₓ D L $,ব࣪ՈˊₓDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᭄ₓߎ GL R 'ϡՈ᭄ₓՈߎˈгᓔ݇ₓߎ RüR R DŽˊ ˊ ˊ ῵ᢳₓߎ D R $ব࣪ՈˊₓՈߎDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ₓ S L ,ϡՈₓՈDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ₓߎ S RϡՈₓՈߎDŽˊ ˊ ˊ GHˈL X೼᭄ˊிඣЁ᭄ℸඣՈϔDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ߎ᪂ R GHˈR X೼᭄ˊிඣЁඣễߎ᭄ՈϔDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ߎ᪂ LüR GHˈLüR X ೼᭄ˊிඣЁϬᴹᇚ᭄ඣˈ៪ඣ᥹᭄ˈ៪Ո᪂DŽˊ ˊ ˊ ẋߎỞ S LˋR FDŽָՈ੠ߎӊՈᘏDŽӊᇚᝯখ᭄ བ⏽ᑺǃ࡯ǃₓˈ ǃǃ៤ˈˈ਍ Ո῵ᢳₓǃ᭄ₓǃᓔ݇ₓǃₓ੠ ਍ˈḰᤶࠊᩥਜ਼ᴎ᠔Ո᭄ₓˈᑊࠊᩥਜ਼ᴎߎՈ᭄ₓḰ ࠊ᠔ՈˊₓDŽˊ ˊ ໪ S Hᩥਜ਼ᴎிඣЁ੠Џ఼ߚՈ݊ՈᘏDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᴎ Sϔߎ᪂ˈᇚᩥਜ਼ᴎߎǃ೼Ո᪂DŽˊ ˊ ˊ K G FD ៪೼ᰒ߾ញՈDŽᩥਜ਼ᴎՈߎ៪೼ˈָՈ᭄ӊ ᡹ਞǃᜬ DŽˊ ˊ ˊ ῵ˋ᭄ǃ᭄ˋ῵Ḱᤶ఼ $ˋ'ǃ'ˋ$ FᇚՈ῵ᢳₓ བ˖ǃϹ਍ ḰᤶՈ᭄ₓᑊḰᤶՈ᪂DŽˊ ˊ ˊ ֜ Gϔඈ᳝Ոᵘ៤Ոញˈ᭄݊੠Ոˈᑊᇚ݊੠ЏᴎDŽˊ ˊ ˊ֜ϞՈϔࠊˈҹ᪂ǃ៪ᅠϔϾՈDŽ ˊ ˊ ˊ ᭄֜ϞՈϔDŽᔧᅗϬᯊˈৃҹᅲ᭄ǃՈ៪ᅠDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ߾఼F GH U W &៪ࢴ߾఼ Y GR GL Xˈ'8 DŽᩥਜ਼ᴎߎՈᰒ߾఼ˈৃҹᰒ߾ǃᜬǃ᪱਍ˈỞϬඃ߾DŽᰒ߾఼ϟ┈ ᪂֜៪ǃ఼਍ˈϬ៪੠ᰒ߾఼ᴎᇍDŽˊ ˊ ˊ O SӊՈ⌟ញDŽϬѢ⌟ᰒ߾఼Ոˊˈᩥਜ਼ᴎᑊᇍՈ ǃ៪DŽˊ ˊ ˊ W᥻ࠊᰒ߾఼ϞՈϔDŽỞˈ᥻ࠊՈᮍDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ఼ Pᩥਜ਼ᴎՈϔ఼ˈỞ೼ϔᜬ☦DŽ ˊ ˊ ˊ Ꮉঝ H VկࠊᎹϬՈˈᇍᩥਜ਼ᴎிඣẟඈᗕǃǃׂ਍ՈঝDŽ ˊ ˊ ˊ ᪡ঝ R VկϬՈϔࠊৄDŽᰃᩥਜ਼ᴎⒸՈҎᴎ᥹ˈϔϾ߾఼ˈẜ ࣙϔϾ៪໮ˈབ⏲֜ǃ៪਍DŽ ˊ ˊ ᩥਜ਼ᴎ֕ Vˊ ˊ ˊ ᩥਜ਼ᴎ֕ඣ F P Vᇍϣখ᭄៪᪂⌟ˈᑊˊৢ߾ǃǃ᡹ᨪՈᩥਜ਼ᴎிඣDŽϬ ѢࠊிඣՈϔᾬᯊࢴĀ᭄ඣā GDˈ'$ DŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᩥਜ਼ᴎ֕ඣ F V VᇚϣՈখ᭄ǃᝯᇍᬥ⌟໘ˊˈᑊՈࠊᢈǃࠊ Ոᩥਜ਼ᴎிඣDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᭄ GD Dᇚᩥਜ਼੠੥ˊẋҹঞࠊЁՈ᭄ҹ₋ˈḰᤶ᭄ᔧˊՈẋDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᭄ˊ GD Sᇍ᭄ඣՈ᪡ˈབඃǃ਍DŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᭄ GD U GˈGD Oᇚᩥਜ਼ᴎẔ⌟໘ˊẋՈ᭄ˈϔᴎߎᴹDŽ ˊ ˊ ˊ ᭄ K GD PᇚₑՈẔখ᭄ᅮ఼Ёˈ೼ᖙᯊˈৃҹᯊ᫇ߎᰒ߾៪ˈᯊⒸৃҹᰃϔϾǃϔ៪᭄DŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᅮᯊ S GL Oᇚᩥਜ਼ᴎẔ⌟໘ˊՈ᭄ՈᯊDŽˊ ˊ ˊ S O೼ᴎඈߎɴᯊˈᇚǃৢϔᅮᯊⒸݙᣛՈখ᭄᭄ߎᴹDŽ ˊ ˊ ˊ ᴎ U W Oਃࡼ៪Ոᮍ খ᭄᡹ᨪǃ᪂ਃذ਍ ਃࡼᴎˈঞᯊᇚ᳝݇খ᭄៪᪂Ոᓔ݇ߎᴹDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ӊ V R H೼থᯊˈᓔ݇ՈˈᯊⒸߎᴹDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ߚ࡯ UϬᴹҹՈᴵՈ᳔ⒸˈᇍѢϔϾ⌟ₓிඣˈҹ⌟ₓՈ᳔᭄ₓ˗ᇍѢϔϾࠊிඣˈҹ᥻ࠊՈ᳔ₓ˗ᇍϹˈᓔ݇Ո᳔ᯊⒸⒸˈϔ൫˗ᇍ&ˈǃᜬՈᑺDŽˊ ˊ ˊ V Uҹ᭄ᜬ߾ՈϔிՈDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ₋ V S GࠊிඣЁⒸՈᯊⒸⒸDŽˊ ˊ ˊ &߾ & GLᇚ᭄ඣЁՈẔ⌟੠໘ˊ೼&߾ߎᴹˈབඈখ᭄ᰒ߾ǃ߾ǃ߾ǃඃ߾ǃ߾DŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᗻᩥਜ਼ S Fᇚ᭄ඣЁ⌟੠໘ˊՈ᭄ˈՈᇍᴎඈẔᩥਜ਼ˈབϬϹˈǃᴎᬜǃᴎඈᬜǃ(໛ǃ⛁਍DŽ ˊ ˊ ˊ ᪡ R J GDᇍᴎඈਃǃذǃˊՈϬ៪᭛߾ˈг᡹ᨪߎˈؐʱҹDŽˊ ˊ ߚࠊிඣ GL G F V '₋Ϭᩥਜ਼ᴎǃỞ੠߾ˈᅲᇍϣՈ᭄ǃ᥻ࠊ੠ᡸ਍ˈϬỞ᭄Ո໮ᩥਜ਼ᴎ֕ඣˈ݊ˈ᭄ˈৃDŽ݋ԧгҹᰃӊՈߚDŽ ˊ ˊ ˊ ẋࠊ൫ S F OߚࠊிඣᵘЁՈϔ൫ˈ൫ϵՈẋঝǃ᥻ࠊঝඈ៤ˈ৘ঝ⌟Ҿᜬ੠ᴎᵘˈᅠ᭄Ո₋੠໘ˊˈᑊᇍᎹࠊ੠֕DŽˊ ˊ ˊ ֕൫ V OߚࠊிඣᵘЁ൫ՈϞϔ൫DŽϵᴎ᥹݇ඈ៤DŽ൫ЏࠊϢࠊҹঞˊ਍DŽˊ ˊ ˊ ੥ˊ൫ P OߚࠊிඣᵘЁՈϔ൫ˈϵˊҎᴎ᥹਍ඈ៤DŽ൫ҹˊϢˊˈࣙᑺǃிඣǃₓ᥻ࠊǃࠊ԰᡹ᜬǃ᭄੠ẟǃᦤ਍DŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᥻ࠊঝ F Vߚࠊிඣẋࠊ൫ЁՈϔঝˈϬҹᅲᇍᎹՈ᭄ָࠊDŽ ᥻ࠊঝҹˈг᭄ඈ៤൫֕ඣDŽ ˊ ˊ ˊ ᭄ঝGD D Vߚࠊிඣẋࠊ൫ЁՈϔঝˈϬѢₓՈẔখ᭄៪ᅲ᭄Ո₋ˈᇚ݊ᔧՈḰᤶ੠໘ˊDŽ ᭄ঝҹˈгҹϢ᭄ඈ៤൫֕ඣDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ࠊঝ V F Vϵࠊ఼ S O F ៪ߚࠊிඣ᥻ࠊঝඈ៤ˈϬҹᅲՈࠊDŽࠊঝҹˈг᭄ඈ៤൫֕ඣDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ẋঝ S Vᰃࠊঝ੠᭄ঝՈᘏDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ῵ഫࠊ៤Ո݋ǃ໘ˊǃ᫇ࠊǃǃ᡹ᨪ਍Ո࣏῵ഫDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ඈᗕǃ F೼ߚࠊிඣЁˈϬඣᡅᇍϡՈ῵ഫᔧඈՈẋӊඈᗕDŽ ೼ߚࠊிඣЁˈϬඣᡅˈᇚϡՈঝǃ῵ӊ੠໪ˊඈӊDŽˊ ˊ ੥ˊඣ P L V ,ᰃϔϾ੠ᩥਜ਼ᴎՈҎᴎிඣDŽˊ᠔ҹϔϾՈϣ੠DŽϔǃ᥻ࠊ੥ˊ੠ˊᵘ៤DŽඣˈϣǃᩥǃǃǃǃҎǃ਍ඣDŽிඣҹ᭄ǃ᡹ᜬՈᮍˊˈҹᇍՈˊ੠᳔ࠊDŽ ҹॖˈϵ൫ՈϣǃᩥǃǃǃǃҎǃ਍ඣඈ៤Ո੥ˊඣˈࢴ൫੥ˊඣDŽˊ ˊ ॖ൫֕ඣ S V L V Ϭᇚ৘ᴎඈᩥਜ਼ᴎ֕ඣЁՈ᳝݇ᯊ᭄ؐ ᘏ Ո᪡ঝˈЎؐ ᘏ ֕ᴎඈᅝՈᅲᯊDŽᯊгᑺᇚᴎඈՈ'DŽ ˊ ৃ U᳝˖D ೼ᢈᴵӊϟ੠ᢈՈᯊⒸݙᜬǃ᥻ࠊញ៪ᩥਜ਼ᴎிඣᅠՈ࿁࡯DŽ೼ՈᯊⒸ៪೼ՈՓϬ⃵᭄ݙˈ᪂ ఼ࣙӊ ࿁ՈDŽϵඣᩥ⌟ₓ᳝ˈ᠔ҹϔϬⒸᯊⒸᜬ߾DŽ ˊ ˊ ৃ PᴵӊᇍՓϬՈҾᜬǃ᥻ࠊញ៪ᩥਜ਼ᴎிඣˈẟՈᑺˈ៪Ո࿁࡯DŽˊ ˊ ৃϬᯊⒸ D WϬՈᢆߎথˈ೼໪ᴵӊབǃ⇨਍ℷՈϟˈிඣ៪ញϬՈᯊⒸDŽˊ ˊ ᯊⒸ P W ೼Ҿᜬǃ᥻ࠊញ៪ᩥਜ਼ᴎிඣՈᢈݙˈ೼ᢈᴵӊϟⒸՈᯊⒸؐDŽˊ ˊ ᯊⒸ P W W UҾᜬǃ᥻ࠊញ៪ᩥਜ਼ᴎிඣ೼ᢈݙˈ೼ᢈՈᴵӊϟˈẟՈᯊⒸՈؐDŽˊ ˊD ᇍϡՈҾᜬǃ᥻ࠊញˈՈᎹᯊⒸ៪ᬙՈᯊⒸˈҹ P W W ᜬ߾DŽᇍৃՈҾᜬǃ᥻ࠊញˈⒸՈᎹᯊⒸˈᯊᯊⒸDŽˊ ˊ ᬙிඣ៪ிඣЁՈ Ҿᜬǃ᥻ࠊញ៪ᩥਜ਼ᴎிඣ ϡՈDŽˊ ˊ ৃϬ DϔϾ៪ிඣℷՈᯊⒸ੠ᩥՈᘏᯊⒸˈϬ᭄ᴹᜬ߾ˈेˋ DŽˊ ˊ GX GD GHᇍிඣЁ݇⏲Ո໘ϬźՈ᪂DŽˊ ˊ ῵ֵ F P GH Vᯊ೼Ѣ ߎ ੠ⒸՈؐ੠ՈDŽ ˊ ˊ ῵ P GH Y೼Ѣ ߎ ੠ⒸՈǃ਍ؐՈϹDŽҹᰃᴎ៪⌟ₓ᥹DŽˊ ˊ ῵ᑆᡄ F P GH Lϵ೼῵ՈߎՈব࣪DŽˊ ˊ ῵ࠊ F P GH UҾᜬǃ᥻ࠊញ៪ᩥਜ਼ᴎிඣࠊ῵ṗᇍ݊ߎՈ࿁࡯DŽ ˊ ˊ ῵ࠊ↨ F P GH U UҾᜬǃ᥻ࠊញ៪ᩥਜ਼ᴎிඣՈ῵ˈϢߎՈ݋ՈDŽ ῵ࠊ↨Ϭ↨ؐ៪ؐՈ Ոߚ᭄ᜬ߾DŽˊ ˊ ῵ֵ V P GH VҾᜬǃ᥻ࠊញ៪ᩥਜ਼ᴎிඣϬՈDŽˊ ˊ ῵ V P GH Y೼ᝯ⌟ϹϬՈDŽˊ ˊ ῵ᑆᡄ V P GH Lϵ೼῵߾ؐ៪ߎՈব࣪DŽˊ ˊ ῵ࠊ V P GH UҾᜬǃ᥻ࠊញ៪ᩥਜ਼ᴎிඣࠊ῵ṗᇍ݊ߎՈ࿁࡯DŽ ˊ ˊ ῵ࠊ↨ V P GH U Uߎব࣪Ո῵ֵؐᇍѻߎব࣪ₓDŽ῵ࠊ↨Ϭ↨ؐ៪ؐՈ Ոߚ᭄ᜬ߾DŽ ☿ˊ Ⴎ D OᰃᇍϔϾࠊ᠔Ո࣏ᑺDŽ݊খ᭄Ẕ⌟ǃ᭄ˊǃႮࠊǃࠊǃ᡹ᨪ੠ᡸঞඣ᪂ᩥՈᅠᑺˈ᳔೼ؐʱՈ᭄ₓ੠᠔ՈDŽ☿࡯থՈႮᴎࠊₓঞ˗ᜬঞࠊ᪂ₓ˗ඣ᪂ᩥՈᅠᑺ˗ᮑᎹₓ˗ᡸ௤ᯬՈDŽˊ ⛁ᩥ GH R S S D ᩥᇍᬥՈᴵӊ੠ᡅˈϔ݋ᇍখ᭄Ẕ⌟ P ǃ᡹ᨪ D ǃ᥻ࠊ F ῵ᢳₓ᥻ࠊǃࠊ៪ᓔϔ݇ࠊ ੠ᡸ S ೼ݙՈႮඣDŽेᇍǃᴎඈঞ࡯ிඣǃ(୍ࠊ໛ඣˈǃǃǃկǃˊǃ⊍⊍ඣ੠ᡸ᠔ՈҾᜬ੠᥻ࠊ᪂ඣϔՈிඣ᪂ᩥ੠ᅝᩥDŽ ˊ ˊ ᥻ࠊᮍ F P GHؐʱ੠᥻ࠊᴎඈ៪݊࡯᪂ՈẔՈˈЏݙࠊ֜ ৄ Ո੠᠔Ո֕DŽϔࠊ੠▊ࠊDŽˊ ˊ ࠊ O F᥻ࠊ֜ ৄ ೼Џ བǃᴎ ៪ඣ བ┨ඣǃ⛁࡯ඣ ┈ˈ៪Ⓒ བˊḪⒸǃկ⊍⋉ ݙˈؐʱࠊ֜ϞˈߚᇍᝯᇍᬥՈẔ੠᥻ࠊDŽ ˊ ˊ ▊ࠊ F G Fᇚ೼ϣՈ᪂੠݇ඣՈ᥻ࠊ֜ ৄ ▊೼᥻ࠊݙˈؐʱᇍՈᴎඈẟՈ֕੠᥻ࠊDŽˊ ˊ ᴎࠊ üW F G FᇚǃᴎՈ᥻ࠊ֜ ৄ ▊೼᥻ࠊݙDŽЏϬѢඣЎࠊՈᴎඈDŽˊ ˊ ࠊ X F G Fᇚᴎඈ ǃᴎঞᴎ Ո᥻ࠊ֜ ৄ %֜ ▊೼᥻ࠊݙˈؐʱᴎඈ԰ϔϾ੠᥻ࠊDŽϬѢ੠ϹඣഛࠊՈᴎඈDŽˊ ˊ ḪⒸؐʱࠊ QüR F GH ϡؐʱˈඣᇍϣࠊՈḪⒸˈℸିⒸՈᡸிඣᅠˈ೼ᬙᯊৃҹႮՈ᪂DŽ ˊ ῵ᢳₓ᥻ࠊிඣ P GX F Vᅲǃᴎঞඣখ᭄ႮࠊՈᘏDŽ೼ඣЁˈᐌখ᭄Ⴎࠊঞ᡹ᨪˈᇍࠡˈ݊ߎₓЎₓՈ᭄DŽ೼ᇍ໪ӊЁгࠊிඣ&GOü W V DŽ ˊ ˊ ᴎඈࠊ X F GL G Fᇚüᴎඈ԰ϔϾࠊˈỞࠊಲᴎඈ೼ႮՈᎹˈǃᴎՈႮඣথߎˈҹব࣪Ո◄ˈᴎඈ᫇ǃ᫇Ո࿁࡯DŽϬՈ൫ᰃࠊிඣ੠ᴎ᥻ࠊிඣDŽˊ ˊ ˊ P GH W % ᴎ᥻ࠊ ᓔɳ ˈࠊ ˈՓՈ ᴎব࣪Ո◄DŽℸ࢑ҹϬˈˈгᴎՈϔDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᴎ W P GH 7 ࠊ ᓔɳ ˈᴎႮࠊ ˈՓᴎࠡDŽℸ࢑ᴎඈᴎࠡ࡯ˈˈг೼ᯊϡՈϔDŽˊ ˊ ˊ F GL G P GHǃᴎᯊ᥹ࠊ੠Ոࠊிඣˈℸ࢑ՈϬˊ ˊ ࠊிඣ F VᅲࠊՈᘏDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ࠊ GüZ F᥻ࠊẟₓՈႮࠊிඣDŽᇍˈࠊிඣDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ࠊ F F᥻ࠊẟ੠ₓՈ᥻ࠊிඣˈेࠊՈႮࠊிඣՈˈࣙǃₓ੠࡯᥻ࠊDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ࡯᥻ࠊ S F᥻ࠊ࡯ ៪ℷ ՈႮࠊிඣDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ễࠊ D F᥻ࠊₓՈႮࠊிඣDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ࠊ F᥻ࠊẟՈₓ (ˈ⊍ˈϬ⇨བǃǃ ՈႮࠊிඣDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ẋ⏽ࠊ V V W F ᥻ࠊ⏽ᑺՈႮࠊிඣDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ⏽ࠊ U V W F᥻ࠊ⏽ᑺՈႮࠊிඣDŽˊ ˊ (ᴎ᥻ࠊிඣ S ˈP ᅲ(ᴎ৘ࠊՈᘏDŽˊ ˊ ˊ (୍⏽ᑺ᥻ࠊ S W F(ˈ᥻ࠊ(ᴎߎ(୍⏽ᑺՈ᥻ࠊிඣDŽˊ ˊ ˊ (ᴎҎ ࡯ ᥻ࠊ P L S F ᇍ(ᴎҎ࡯ ᥻ࠊՈ᥻ࠊிඣDŽ(ᴎ੠ࠊඣՈϡˈ᥻ࠊবₓ៪ᝯₓᰃՈDŽˊ ˊ ˊ (ᴎࠊ O G F R P᥻ࠊẟՈ(ₓˈՓ(ᴎ೼᳔ϟẔՈ᥻ࠊிඣDŽ ˊ ˊ ᴎ᥻ࠊிඣ W F Vᅲᴎ৘ࠊՈᘏDŽेᴎḰợ੠៪থᴎՈ੠೼ؐՈႮࠊிඣDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᴎࠊிඣ P K GU F ϵᴎˊ᪂ᩥՈӊǃӊ੠ᴎᵘᵘ៤Ոᴎ᥻ࠊிඣDŽඣDŽˊ ˊ ˊ Ϲࠊிඣ HüK GU F ϵˊ᪂ᩥՈӊǃˊ᪂ᩥՈӊ੠ᴎᵘᵘ៤Ոᴎ᥻ࠊிඣDŽඣDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᭄ࠊிඣ GL üK GU ' ϵˊ᪂ᩥՈӊǃ᭄ ᩥਜ਼ᴎ ǃˊ᪂ᩥՈӊ੠ᴎᵘᵘ៤Ոᴎ᥻ࠊிඣDŽ᭄DŽˊ ˊ ˊ ῵ᢳࠊிඣ D üK GU $ ϵˊ᪂ᩥՈӊǃ῵ᢳǃˊ᪂ᩥՈӊ੠ᴎᵘᵘ៤Ոᴎ᥻ࠊிඣDŽ῵ᢳDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᴎϹࠊிඣ PüHüK GUϬᖂൟᴎ ᩥਜ਼ᴎ ঞᴎᵘᅲᴎႮࠊ৘Ո᥻ࠊிඣDŽ ⊼˖г᭄ࠊிඣˈᴎՈĀ'āˈĀˊ ˊ ˊ ᴎႮਃذிඣ D GR $7ᴎՈ⛁࡯៪݊খ᭄ˈᴎ᥻ࠊிඣᅠᴎՈਃࡼǃᑊ៪ذՈႮࠊிඣDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᴎ⛁࡯֕ඣ W V V V ₋Ϭ᭄῵ൟ៪ˊ῵ൟՈᮍ⌟ḰᄤՈ⛁࡯ˈᇚᴎ᥻ࠊிඣˈϬҹࠊՈ੠ՈˈֱḰᄤ࡯೼ݙՈႮඣDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᴎඣ H W V೼ᴎẔˈߎɴᯊ࿁ᮑẟˊˈᑊ೼ᯊˈ࿁ᮑˈذᴎẔՈֱᡸிඣDŽ ˊ ˊ ˊ Ḱợࠊ V G Fᴎ᥻ࠊிඣϔˈϬѢਃࡼǃ੠ᅮḰợࠊDŽ ˊ ˊ ˊ ࠊˋ O G Jᴎ᥻ࠊிඣϔˈϬѢᇍᴎඈࠊDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ࠊ O G Oᴎ᥻ࠊிඣЁՈ᥻ࠊϔˈỞࠊᴎ᫇Ոᓔᑺᴹࠊᴎඈߎ࡯DŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᡸ᥻ࠊ RüV G S F ᡸ᥻ࠊᰃϔࠊՈ᥻ࠊDŽ᳝ϬᑺࠊᮍՈˈгϬࠊᮍՈˈབᴎḰợḰợՈ ˁᯊˈ݇⒱ˈᔧḰợᯊᓔਃ᫇ˈབℸডˈָḰợࠊಲҹḰợ˗៪ᯊ₋ϬDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᡸ RüV G S WᴎֱᡸிඣϔˈᔧᴎḰợϔؐᯊႮᴎ݇੠ЏDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ࠊ YüS Fᴎ᥻ࠊிඣϔˈָࠊ᫇ᓔᑺՈ᥻ࠊᮍDŽ ˊ ˊ ˊ Q JϬবՈᮍবẟₓՈ᫇DŽ$ S DŽˊ ˊ ˊ Ā JϬবẟᓔᑺՈᮍবẟₓՈ᫇DŽ$ DŽˊ ˊ ˊ U R O Gᴎ᥻ࠊிඣϔˈᇚᴎℷϟ᠔Ոˈ೼থՈⒸݙ៪ᾬDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᫇ Yᴎ᥻ࠊிඣϔˈᔧⒸᬙᴎᑺᯊˈ݇⒱ˈᑊ೼ᓊảϔڱᯊⒸৢˈᓔਃ᫇ˈҹᴎ੠ϹՈˈ࡯ிඣՈˈϡ࡯ிඣሥDŽ ˊ ˊ ˊ ϹḰᤶ఼HüK GU F೼᥻ࠊிඣЁˈᇚϹࠊḰᤶࠊՈ᪂DŽˊ ˊ ˊ ⊍,ǃߕ S WϹḰᤶ఼Ёࠊ੠᫇⊍ₓ੠ᮍՈDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ⊍ᴎ VỞ⊍៪Ϲࠊࡼ࡯⊍ˈՓ៪ЏՈᴎᵘDŽ ˊ ˊ ˊ ˊ Y Pᅮǃ ੠ব࣪Ոᡅˈব᫇Ոᓔਃᮍˈᴎ೼ ܼ ៪ ᾬ ՈϟẔDŽḰᤶ $ˋ$W DŽˊ ˊ ˊ Ḱợ਍ ᑺবࡼ GU S V G Y ᴎ᥻ࠊிඣඃՈDŽỞҹᇍᑨՈḰợؐϢḰợؐՈ᭄ᴹᜬ߾DŽˊ ˊ ˊ ả෗ GH G Gඃϟᜐᯊ݋Ոϡˈࢴả෗DŽả෗ҹϔϟᜐඃᇍᑨՈḰợؐϢḰợؐՈ᭄ᜬ߾DŽ ˊ ˊ ݊ˊ ˊ ˊ ࠊிඣ F V %੠ᴎՈႮ࡯ǃ⏽ᑺႮࠊிඣՈᘏDŽ ˊ ˊ ˊ Ⴎࠊ D J F $*ࠊথᴎՈႮࠊிඣDŽˊ ˊ ˊ Ⴎᑺிඣ D GL V $'ǃᝯᴎඈᖂ੠ඃˈᅲᑺ ՈႮࠊிඣDŽˊ ˊ ˊ Ⴎඣ D V G V $೼ᴎ᥻ࠊிඣՈϟˈᅲᴎႮՈ᥻ࠊிඣDŽ ˊ ᓔ݇ₓ᥻ࠊிඣ üR Vᅲǃᴎঞਃǃذ៪ᓔǃ݇ՈᘏDŽˊ ˊ ࠊிඣ V F VᇍϔᎹඣ៪ЏᴎϔᅮࠊՈ᥻ࠊிඣ ᓔɳࠊ៪ࠊ DŽˊ ˊ ˊ ඈ൫᥻ࠊ J Fᡞ݋ՈՈ᪂ϔϾՈ᥻ࠊˈབࠊDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ඈ൫᥻ࠊ V Fᡞϔᴎঞ៪ϔඣϔϾՈ᥻ࠊˈབᴎǃᓩᴎǃՈ᥻ࠊǃ఼ࠊDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ໛Ϭ᪂ࠊ D V Gü F៪ҹϞՈ᪂ བ ˈ೼Ẕذ៪ߎ࡯ᯊˈ໛Ϭ᪂ਃࡼՈ᥻ࠊDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ఼᥻ࠊிඣ F V %ব࣪Ոᡅ੠఼ˈႮ఼Ո᥻ࠊඣDŽ೼ЁⒸࠊඣЁ៪៤ᇍՈ఼˗೼ָࠊඣЁϔৄ(ᴎঞՈਃذ᥻ࠊிඣˈгϔҹ᥹ՈࠊிඣDŽˊ ˊ RüWüR Fࠊᓔ݇ ៪ ᇍᑨϔৄϹᴎՈ఼ ᥹఼ ˈᑊᇍৄ఼ ᥹఼ ẟ ᓔǃ݇ ᪡DŽˊ ˊ ඃ V FϬᇍϹᴎՈ఼ ᥹఼ ẟˈ໐ϬՈ᪡ᓔ݇ ᇍϹᴎ఼ ᥹఼ ẟ ᓔǃ݇ ᪡DŽˊ ˊ ᓔ݇ₓ᪡఼ üR VϬѢᇍᴎẟਃǃذ៪ᓔǃ݇Ո᪂DŽϔᓔ݇៪DŽˊ ᡹ᨪ Dˊ ˊ ᡹ᨪඣD V݋ߎˈҹᜬ៪᥻ࠊிඣϡ៪ிඣখ᭄ؐՈႮඣDŽˊ ˊ ؐ᡹ᨪ O DẔߎবₓ៪ϟՈ᡹ᨪDŽˊ ˊ ᡹ᨪGH DẔߎবₓؐՈ᡹ᨪDŽˊ ˊ ఼ Dᜬ݇੠খ᭄ՈDŽᇍҹᜬ߾᡹ᨪݙՈ఼ࢴDŽˊ ˊ ߎ಴ RֱᡸࡼˈỞˊញϬ߾ߎᓩᡸࡼՈϔ಴DŽ ˊ ˊ ᡹ᨪᡥࠊ D F R᡹ᨪՈϔˊᮍˈབ೼ བਃࡼ ϟˈখ᭄ؐ᡹ᨪؐᡅˈᬥˈЎ᡹ᨪՈ᥾ᮑDŽˊ ֱᡸϢ S Lˊ ˊ ඣ G ᔧᯊˈֱᡸ ໪៪ݙ ໐੠᥻ࠊᮑՈႮඣDŽࣙඣ V V ੠఼᥻ࠊிඣ % DŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᘏ P Wϵ៪ֱᡸˈՈ᠔DŽ ˊ ˊ ˊ ⊍ R W݇⒱⊍ˈՈ᠔⊍ₓDŽˊ ˊ ˊ Wϵ៪Ẕ ϔ(୍ ႮDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ☿੠ḰবЎՈ࣪ᢅ៪݊ˊᜬDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ☿ Hᇚ੠ḰবЎᢅ៪ϡᢅՈDŽˊ ˊ ˊ V೼Ո᳔ব࣪ϟˈՈ☿DŽ ˊ ˊ ˈ ☿⌟఼ GHẔ⌟☿ᔎߎৃϬՈϹՈ᪂DŽˊ ˊ ˊ ܼ O R Dᜬ߾Ոϔˈᵘˈ᳝ϟ߫DŽD ᇍ˖Ϭ఼☿⌟៪⌟ᮍˈᔧϔ⌟఼Ẕ⌟Ո ˋ ᯊ˗Ϭܼ⌟ᮍˈᔧ ˋ ៪ҹϞՈ☿⌟఼Ẕ⌟ϡᯊˈᅮDŽᇍ:ൟ ⚻ᓣ♝ၟ˖ᔧẔ⌟ࠄ☿Ѣϔ᭄ₓᯊ ৃ ⚻᭄ₓঞ ˈᅮ♝ၟ☿DŽF ᇍᓣ ⚻♝ၟ˖ᔧϔ߫ ⚻☿Ẕ⌟఼Ẕ⌟ࠄՈ☿Ѣϔ᭄ₓᯊˈᅮ♝ၟ☿DŽˊ ˊ ˊ ⚻☿Ẕ⌟ L G ϔ ⚻ѢẔ⌟৘ ⚻☿Ẕ⌟ᮍᓣDŽ ˊ ˊ ˊ ☿Ẕ⌟ H Gᓣ♝ၟˈ೼ ⚻☿Ẕ⌟఼ˈϬ ⚻ ⚻☿Ẕ⌟ᮍᓣDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ܼ♝ၟ☿Ẕ⌟ G೼ϔ ⚻☿Ẕ⌟఼ˈϬẔ⌟ܼ♝ၟ ⚻☿Ẕ⌟ᮍᓣDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ☿ FẔ ⚻ ˁ៪ ˁ ⚻☿ˈ೼ϔᅮᯊⒸ བ V ݙּᯊՈ☿DŽˊ ˊ ˊ ☿ O R O W D Fᓣ ⚻♝ၟϔˈ᳝ ⚻ˈߎ ⚻ ᭄ₓৃ Ո☿DŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᾬ☿ S O R♝ၟϔϾ៪໮☿៪ ⚻☿DŽˊ ˊ ˊ ♝ၟ HϬₓϟˈễ♝ၟˈҹ┨ӏ ˈᑊ˖D ᯊⒸѢ P♝♝ၟݙ ⃵DŽˊ ˊ ˊ Āₓ S UϡѢܼₓՈ ˁˈᯊѢ ˁₓDŽ ˊ ˊ ˊ V೼ ⚻៪☿఼ৢˈՓ៪੠ ⚻ ᭭DŽˊ ˊ ˊ ⊍ V V R YˈV W Y ᭭៪԰ˈႮ ⚻ ᭭៪☿ DŽˊ ˊ W V L 7 ֕ ǃǃǃ਍ᴎ᭄ ՈDŽ ˊ ˊ ˊ Ḹ D PˈW S P ֕ḸDŽˊ ˊ ˊ W V P֕DŽˊ ˊ ˊ G H P֕DŽˊ ˊ ˊ D ҹˈ⌟ₓDŽˊ ˊ ˊ Ḹ Ḹ U H P֕ḸDŽˊ ˊ ˊ Ḹ Ḹ Vˋ Y P ֕Ḹ៪ḸDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ] VᰃϔϾˈϬḸDŽˊ ˊ ˊ Wϔ⃵ˈDŽ⌟ₓḸ᭄ˈᑊ⌟ߎখDŽˊ ˊ ˊ Ϲ H F Sϔᓣˈҹ԰ˈ࿁⌟ₓ⌟ᜬѢᅝDŽˊ ˊ ˊ W⌟ₓḸDŽˊ ˊ ˊ ᬙ D U Hü P $'ᰃϔϾ ৘Ḹ᭄ˈỞẔˈᇍǃ៪໘DŽẔ⌟ঞ᭄੠DŽ ˊ ˊ L᳝˖D ೼ བṗǃ♝ ⚻ ˈϔ᪂ᯊˈЎৢ⃵៪ৢՈ԰DŽ Ўߎ៪ϡ԰࣏ˈ໐ˈ₋៪԰࣏ˈҹ԰ˈབʌࡴDŽˊ ˊ ᴎ F៪থᯊˈՓ♝ϔˈৢˈৃᓣ˖D ˁ)ˈᰃᓣDŽˁ)ˈᰃ♝ᓣDŽˊ ˊ U 5ᰃDŽ བඝǃễǃᓩ থǃᴎᯊˈDŽ ˊ ˊ L Fϔখ᭄ࠄ៪ϔ᪂ᯊˈᯊ᥻ϔ᪂DŽ ˊ ᥻ǃ᥻ F UˈF֜ ৄ ˈᇍ੠᥻៪ĭDŽ ˊ ˊ X F U᳝ᯊࣙ֜ Ո֜ ৄ ˈᇍ੠᥻DŽˊ ˊ ᥻ F U֜ ৄ ˈᇍ੠᥻DŽབൟ☿࡯ǃ♝ǃ┨DŽˊ ˊ Џ H Fࣙǃবǃկ Ո֜ৄˈ੠᥻ĭDŽˊ ˊ Ϲ៪Ϲ F UկDŽˊ ˊ O F Uˈᅝ៪ி֜ ৄ Ոˈབ♝ǃǃǃ┨ǃǃ ┨ᇬ ᥻DŽˊ ˊ ᴎ♝ üW F U♝ˈ♝ǃ֜ ৄ ՈDŽˊ ˊ HüQ F U֜ৄǃᇍDŽˊ ˊ Ϲ H Uᅝ ࣙ ᶰDŽˊ ˊ ؐ V H UϹ԰ՈˈݙDŽˊ ᥻֜ ৄǃᶰˊ ˊ ֜ǃሣ SݙDŽ ϬѢᅝǃ៪DŽˊ ˊ ᶰ Fˈੵ᳝੠ ៪ ݙǃ᥻DŽੵDŽˊ ˊ ᥻֜ Fǃ᥻੠਍Ո֜ ሣǃᶰ DŽ ˊ ˊ ᥻ৄ F԰ਬৄDŽৄϞ֜ ਍DŽˊ ˊ ᴎ֜ %֜ W J S᥻♝ǃǃথ֜ ৄ DŽˊ ˊ ֜D S┨֜໪ˈ݊੠᥻֜DŽˊ ˊ ֜ ሣ P S֜ ሣ Ϟ߾ˈҾǃ߾֜ ሣ DŽˊ ˊ ֜ ሣ VüP S೼֜ ሣ Ϟ߾֜ ሣˊ ˊ ֱੵ ᶰ Zü Fੵ ᶰ ݙࡴˈ࿁ݙੵ ᶰ DŽ֜ ሣ Ϟ߾DŽ᥻ᇬ⓶ੵ៪ᶰDŽࡴˊ ˊ ⛁ᶰ ੵ üG Ўᶰ ੵ ˈᶰݙֱ݊DŽᶰᓣᓣ੠ᓣϸDŽˊ ˊ ੵ ᶰǃᶊ W FˈUկੵ ᶰǃᶊ ˈݙDŽˊ ˊ ᶰ U Fញ៪ࡴᶰDŽˊ ˊ ਍൫ G R S਍൫ * ü ਍ᬜ, ᷛẔˈᇍੵ ᶰ ˈĭ ࣙᇬ඗ ẟ៪DŽ, Lü W S ߾DŽ ˊ V៪ ੠ ᥻DŽˊ ˊ ☿Ϲ S S Vᇍ԰ˈ࿁ˈЎDŽ ᭄݊Ո߾ǃǃ᪡԰ǃႮ੠਍DŽˊ ˊ ܼǃ Ϣ֜ǃৄঞ݊Ϟ੠ϔDŽẔ ৘᭄ՈϔˈᑊᯊՈˈDŽˊ ˊ ǃ U V K U᭄Ոϔˈ֜ǃৄ԰њDŽ೼ ǃˈ໐DŽˊ ˊ Ởൟ J Vϔˈ֜ ৄ ǃൟ԰њˈ ᳝DŽˊ ˊ੠ᝯ੠᥻ǃࡼDŽ ˊ ˊ ĭ Sĭ੠᥻֜ǃৄDŽ ˊ ˊ ᝯ SϵDŽǃ᥻᭄ൟ੠᭄਍ ՈDŽˊ ˊ ৄ ৄ L V੠֕ˈϔৄ&੠֜ˈ ࡴ੠ϔϾDŽˊ ˊ V VϬDŽ˖D Ϲൟ˗ৄ˗F ੠˗G ᩥ԰ி੠ᅲDŽˊ ˊ V F ԰ՈDŽϔ˖D Ꮉ ˗ᯊ˗F ᬙ੠┨˗G Ẕǃൟ˗H ੠ₑ˗ᅲᯊ੠ǃ˗J ˗K ໪᭄໘˗L ˗DŽˊ ˊ ԰ R Vᇍ៪԰Ոˈϔϔৄ੠ϔϾ֜ˈ԰֜DŽˊ ˊ ,ˋ2 ,ˋ2 L Hᇍ֜Ϟˈϔ$ˋ'ǃ'ˋ$ǃ',ǃ'2਍DŽˊ ˊ Ϲൟ S P Vǃᅲᯊഄǃ੠԰Ոˈ݊੠Ѣൟ੠ϬDŽˊ ˊ L V VЎ੠DŽˊ ˊ ੠⌟᪙ G D W V ᇍ ࣙǃᜬ֜᪂੠,ˋ2 ẟ੠੠⌟᪙DŽᆵ᭛௦ᓩAabsolute expansion monitor of turbine ..............................................4.6.2.4 accuracy ...........................................................................3.2.17 accuracy class......................................................................3.2.18 actuator, actuating element ........................................................3.3.20 adaptive control ...................................................................3.3.11 air flow control ...................................................................4.3.2.4 alarm ..............................................................................4.5 arm cut out ........................................................................4.5.6 alarm display.......................................................................3.4.2.8 alarm system .......................................................................4.5.1 analog electro hydraulic control (AEH) .............................................4.3.4.4 analog input ˄AI ˅..................................................................3.4.3.2 analog output (AO) .................................................................3.4.3.4 analogue signal ................................................................... 3.4.2.3 annunciator ........................................................................4.5.4 application software .............................................................. 3.4.1.22 automated diagnostics for steam turbine [rotating equipment] (ADRE) ...............4.6.2.11 automation ........................................................................ 3.1 automatic control ................................................................. 3.3.1 automatic control system ...........................................................3.3.17 automatic dispatch system (ADS) ....................................................4.3.5.3 automatic generation control (AGC) .................................................4.3.5.2 automatic level ................................................................... 4.1 automatic synchronized system (ASS) ............................................... 4.3.5.4 automatic stand-by control ........................................................ 4.4.1.3 automatic turbine startup or shutdown control system (ATC) .........................4.3.4.6 auxiliary panel ................................................................... 4.8.6 available time .....................................................................3.5.2 availablity ....................................................................... 3.5.7 axial movement .................................................................... 4.6.2.1 Bbar chart display ................................................................. 3.4.2.12 (function) block .................................................................. 3.4.6.8 boiler control system ............................................................. 4.3.2boiler follow mode (turbine base) (BF) .............................................4.3.1.1 boiler-turbine centralized control................................................. 4.2.4 boiler-turbine control room ........................................................4.7.6 boiler turbine generator panel......................................................4.8.5 burner control system (BCS).........................................................4.4.1.4 bus ............................................................................... 3.4.1.11box ............................................................................ ...4.8.2bypass control system (BPC).........................................................4.3.5.1C cabinet.............................................................................4.8.2cable room..........................................................................4.7.4 cascade control ................................................................... 3.3.8 cathode ray tube (CRT) ............................................................ 3.4.4.7 centralized control ............................................................... 4.2.3 centralized monitoring system.......................................................3.1.7 combustion control..................................................................4.3.2.2 common mode interference .......................................................... 3.5.11 common mode rejection ............................................................. 3.5.12 common mode rejection ratio ....................................................... 3.5.13 common mode signal..................................................................3.5.9 common mode voltage ................................................................3.5.10 computer monitoring system..........................................................3.4.5.1 computer systems....................................................................3.4 computer supervisory................................................................3.4.5 computersupervisory system..........................................................3.4.5.2 configuration ..................................................................... 3.4.6.9 console.............................................................................4.8.4 continuous control system ......................................................... 3.3.18 control ........................................................................... 3.3control board.......................................................................4.8.3control building....................................................................4.7control display.....................................................................3.4.2.7 control mode........................................................................4.2.1control room....................................................................... 4.7.2control station.................................................................... 3.4.6.4 control valve.......................................................................3.3.22control with fixed set-point........................................................3.3.5 control with variable set-point.....................................................3.3.6 conventional true value[of a.quantity] .............................................3.2.11 A/D, D/A onverter...................................................................3.4.4.3 closed loop control.................................................................3.3.4critical flame......................................................................4.6.1.12D data................................................................................3.4.1.8data acquisition....................................................................3.4.5.3data acquisition station............................................................3.4.6.5 data base...........................................................................3.4.1.15data highway........................................................................3.4.1.12data processing.....................................................................3.4.5.4data record, data logging...........................................................3.4.5.5 dead band...........................................................................4.3.4.24 degree of protection................................................................4.8.13 design of thermal power plant automation........................................... 4.2 detecting device....................................................................3.2.21 deviation alarm.....................................................................4.5.3 diagnostic and test software........................................................4.9.15 differential expansion monitor......................................................4.6.2.3 digital electro-hydraulic control (DEH).............................................4.3.4.3 digital computer....................................................................3.4.1.2 digital input (DI)..................................................................3.4.3.1 digital output (DO).................................................................3.4.3.3 digital signal......................................................................3.4.2.2direct digital control (DDC)........................................................3.3.16 discontinuous control system........................................................3.3.19 display.............................................................................3.4.2.4display for window..................................................................3.4.2.13 display instrument..................................................................3.2.26CRT display.........................................................................3.4.5.14 distributed control system (DCS)....................................................3.4.6 droop...............................................................................4.3.4.23Eeddy current probe..................................................................4.6.2.9 electric automation.................................................................3.1.2 electric control building ..........................................................4.7.3 electric-net control room...........................................................4.7.7 electro-hydraulic control (EHC).....................................................4.3.4.2 electro-hydraulic converter........................................................ 4.3.4.19electronics room....................................................................4.7.8 elevation flame detection...........................................................4.6.1.10 emergency trip system (ETS).........................................................4.3.4.8 engineer station....................................................................3.4.4.11 error...............................................................................3.2.12error of indication.................................................................3.2.13Ffast cut back (FCB).................................................................4.6.4fast valving........................................................................4.3.4.18 fault...............................................................................3.5.6 feedforward control.................................................................3.3.7feed-water control..................................................................4.3.2.1 fiducial error..................................................................... 3.2.14 firmware............................................................................3.4.1.24first out...........................................................................4.5.5 flame...............................................................................4.6.1.4flame envelope......................................................................4.6.1.5flame detector......................................................................4.6.1.7fossil fired power plant simulator..................................................4.9.1 fuctional fidelity..................................................................4.9.5fuel control........................................................................4.3.2.5fuel trip...........................................................................4.6.1.3full furnace flame detection........................................................4.6.1.11full scope high realism simulator...................................................4.9.2 function group control..............................................................4.4.1.1 function key........................................................................3.4.4.5furnace pressure contro.............................................................4.3.2.3 furnace purge.......................................................................4.6.1.15 furnace safetyguard supervisory system (FSSS).......................................4.6.1 fuzzy control.......................................................................3.3.10Ggeneric simulator...................................................................4.9.4H hardware............................................................................3.4.1.23hard copy...........................................................................3.4.4.2historical trend display............................................................3.4.2.10Iindication [of a measuring instrument]..............................................3.2.9 indicator ˈindicating instrument ...................................................3.2.27 individual burner flame detection...................................................4.6.1.9 information.........................................................................3.4.1.9input device ˈinput unit............................................................3.4.3.7 input/output ˄I/O ˅.................................................................3.4.3input-output device, input-output unit..............................................3.4.3.9 input variable..................................................................... 3.2.5integrating instrument .............................................................3.2.29intelligent terminal................................................................3.4.1.18interface ......................................................................... 3.4.1.10interlock ......................................................................... 4.6.3interlock control ................................................................. 4.6.6intrinsic error ................................................................... 3.2.16instructor station................................................................. 4.9.8instructor station software ........................................................4.9.14 I/O interface eguipment ............................................................4.9.12 Kkeyboard............................................................................3.4.4.4keyphasor transducer .............................................................. 4.6.2.8Llocal areanetwork (LAN)............................................................ 3.4.1.14 life................................................................................3.5.5light pen...........................................................................4.4.8limit alarm.........................................................................4.5.2load control of ball mill ......................................................... 4.3.3.3 load governing......................................................................4.3.4.10load limit .........................................................................4.3.4.11local control...................................................................... 4.2.2local control room ................................................................ 4.7.5logic control ..................................................................... 3.3.14loss of all flame ................................................................. 4.6.1.8loss of flame to a corner ..........................................................6.1.13。

特效中英文对照

特效中英文对照

特效中英文对照爆破效果（Explosion Effects）爆炸（Explosion）火焰（Flame）烟雾（Smoke）爆炸碎片（Explosion Debris）爆炸冲击波（Explosion Shockwave）天气效果（Weather Effects）雨水（Rain）雪花（Snow）雾气（Fog）风暴（Storm）雷电（Lightning）环境效果（Environmental Effects））水体（Water）植被（Vegetation）岩石（Rock）砂尘（Sand and Dust）光照（Lighting）角色特效（Character Effects））武器特效（Weapon Effects）技能特效（Skill Effects）状态特效（Status Effects）伤害特效（Damage Effects）治疗特效（Healing Effects）UI特效（UI Effects））按钮特效（Button Effects）菜单特效（Menu Effects）提示特效（Tooltip Effects）警告特效（Warning Effects）背景特效（Background Effects）特效中英文对照物理效果（Physical Effects）重力（Gravity）碰撞（Collision）弹性（Elasticity）摩擦（Friction）磁力（Magnetism）粒子效果（Particle Effects）粒子发射器（Particle Emitter）粒子系统（Particle System）粒子动画（Particle Animation）粒子着色（Particle Coloring）粒子形状（Particle Shape）声音效果（Sound Effects）爆炸声（Explosion Sound）雨声（Rain Sound）雪声（Snow Sound）风声（Wind Sound）雷声（Thunder Sound）动画效果（Animation Effects）关节动画（Joint Animation）骨骼动画（Skeleton Animation）蒙皮动画（Skinned Animation）姿态动画（Pose Animation）路径动画（Path Animation）渲染效果（Rendering Effects）阴影（Shadow）反射（Reflection）折射（Refraction）遮挡（Occlusion）后期处理（PostProcessing）用户界面效果（User Interface Effects）滑动效果（Slide Effect）缩放效果（Zoom Effect）旋转效果（Rotate Effect）缩放效果（Scale Effect）淡入淡出效果（Fade In/Fade Out Effect）场景特效（Scene Effects）大气散射（Atmospheric Scattering）天空盒（Skybox）星空（Starry Sky）水面（Water Surface）云层（Cloud Layer）特效中英文对照视觉特效（Visual Effects）镜头光晕（Lens Flare）景深（Depth of Field）运动模糊（Motion Blur）光线追踪（Ray Tracing）屏幕空间反射（Screen Space Reflections）动态模糊（Motion Blur Effects）速度模糊（Speed Blur）运动轨迹模糊（Trail Blur）视差模糊（Parallax Blur）视觉模糊（Visual Blur）摄像机抖动（Camera Shake）时间特效（Time Effects）时间加速（Time Acceleration）时间减速（Time Deceleration）时间回溯（Time Rewind）时间暂停（Time Freeze）时间扭曲（Time Warp）视觉扭曲（Visual Distortion Effects）水波纹（Water Ripple）镜面扭曲（Mirror Distortion）玻璃扭曲（Glass Distortion）液态金属（Liquid Metal）水晶折射（Crystal Refraction）场景动态（Dynamic Scene Effects）动态天气（Dynamic Weather）动态光照（Dynamic Lighting）动态植被（Dynamic Vegetation）动态水流（Dynamic Water Flow）动态火源（Dynamic Fire Source）角色动态（Dynamic Character Effects）动态表情（Dynamic Facial Expressions）动态毛发（Dynamic Hair）动态布料（Dynamic Cloth）动态肌肉（Dynamic Muscles）动态皮肤（Dynamic Skin）环境互动（Environmental Interaction Effects）风力影响（Wind Influence）重力影响（Gravity Influence）水面影响（Water Influence）火焰影响（Fire Influence）声音影响（Sound Influence）特效技术（Special Effects Techniques）粒子仿真（Particle Simulation）网格变形（Mesh Deformation）体积渲染（Volume Rendering）环境映射（Environment Mapping）色彩校正（Color Correction）特效工具（Special Effects Tools） HoudiniMayaBlender3ds MaxUnreal EngineUnity。

江苏大学研究生学位英语真题

江苏大学研究生学位英语真题

EST 1Part I Listening ComprehensionSection 1, Conversation (10 minutes, 10 points)Section 2, Passages (10 minutes, 10 points)Part II: Cloze Test (10 minutes, 15 points)Scientists who study the Earth's climate are convinced that volcano eruptions have a significant effect on general weather patterns. In fact, one of the many (36) which attempt to explain how an ice age begins holds that the (37) is a dramatic increase in volcanic eruptions. The volcanic explosions, besides causing local thunderstorms and lightning, inject great amounts of gas and (38)_into the stratosphere (同温层). At this (39)，the volcanic material spreads all the way around the Earth. This volcanic material (40) a certain amount of sunlight and (41) some back into space. The net result is to (42) the planet's surface. For instance, 43 was perhaps the largest eruption occurred in 1883 when the Indonesia volcano Krakatoa exploded. The following year was (44) in Europe as the "year without summer" because the (45) was so cool and rainy.While there is (46) scientific agreement that volcanic eruption can lead to cooling, (47) of how this happens are not clear. As a result, scientists cannot (48) whether the volcanic activity which (49) past ice ages would result (50) sufficient cooling to cause a glacial period. Similarly, it is not possible for scientists to predict the climate effect of a future volcanic eruption with any confidence.36. A. theories B. inventions C. judgments D. discoveries37. A. cause B. course C. means D. case38. A. petroleum B. ash C. flame D. garbage39. A. relation B. instance C. moment D. altitude40. A. scatters B. releases C. constitutes D. absorbs41. A. carries B. converts C. reflects D. gathers42. A. cool B. warm C. freeze D. heat43. A. such B. what C. there D. that44. A. known B. reported C. marked D. testified45. A. air B. temperature C. sky D. weather46. A. committed B. optimistic C. general D. absolute47. A. indexes B. predictions C. details D. decisions48. A. analyze B. determine C. assure D. assume49. A. confronted B. promoted C. proceed D. preceded50. A. in B. from C. to D. withPart I ReadingPassage OneWe use emotive language to express our own attitudes and feelings. We also direct emotive language at other people to persuade them to believe as we do or to do as we want them to do; and, of course, other people direct emotive language at us to get us to believe or to do what they want.We are subjected to a constant stream of persuasion day in, day out, at home and in school, on the radio and on television. It comes from parents and teachers, from preachers and politicians, from editors and commentators, but, most of all, of course, from advertisers. Most of this persuasion is expressed in emotive language and is intended to appeal to our feelings rather than to be weighed up by our powers of reasoning.We should look at the motives behind all this persuasion. Why do they want to persuade us? What do they want us to do? We are not thinking very clearly unless we try to see through the veil of words and realize something of the speaker's purpose.An appeal to emotion is in itself neither good or bad. Our emotions exist and they are part of our personality. On some occasions people appeal to our emotions on the highest levels and from the best of motives. A case in point is Churchill's wartime speeches: whatever people thought of Churchill as a politician, they were united behind him when he spoke as national leader in those dark days --- their feelings responded to his call for resolution and unity.It is a characteristic of social groups that the members have a feeling of personal attachment to the group --- to the family in earliest childhood and extending later to the school, the team, the church, the nation, in patterns that vary from time to time. Hence a speaker from our group will find in us feelings to which he can readily and genuinely appeal, whether our reaction is favorable or not. We are at least open to the appeal and we appreciate the context in which it is made.1. The major functions of emotive language discussed in the passage are to - .A. extend our powers of reasoning and carry out a purposeB. advertise and produce the wanted social effectsC. show one's feelings and appeal to those of othersD. make others believe in us and respond to our feelings2. It is suggested in the third paragraph of this passage that we - .A should keep a cool head when subjected to persuasion of various kindsB need to judge whether a persuasion is made for good or badC. have to carefully use our emotive languageD. should avoid being easily seen through by an appeal from others3. The source from which emotive language flows upon us in its greatest amount is - .A. the mass mediaB. the educational institutionsC. the religious circlesD. the advertising business4. Churchill is mentioned in the passage as -'A. an example of how people weighed up persuasion with reasoningB. a national leader who brought out people's best feelingsC. a positive example of appealing to people's motionD. a politician who has been known as a good speaker5. What is NOT mentioned as relevant to our emotions in this passage?A. Social contextB. Personal experienceC. The personality of national leadersD. Religious belief6. It can be inferred from the passage that a persuasive speaker must .A. find out what group his audience is attached toB. vary his speech patterns from time to timeC. know how to adapt his way of speaking to the needs of the audienceD. be aware whether the listeners are favorable to his opinion or notPassage TwoAs goods and services improved, people were persuaded to spend their money on changing from old to new, and found the change worth the expenses. When an airline equipped itself with jets, for example, its costs ( and therefore air fare) would go up, but the new planes meant such an improvement that the higher cost was justified. A new car ( or wireless, washing machine, electric kettle) made life so much more comfortable than the old one that the high cost of replacement was fully repaid. Manufacturers still cry their wares as persuasively as ever, but are the improvements really worth paying for? In many fields things have now reached such a high standard of performance that further progress is very limited and very expensive. Airlines, for example, go to enormous expense in buying the latest prestige jets, in which vast research costs have been spent on relatively small improvements. If we scrap these vast costs we might lose the chance of cutting minutes away from flying times, but wouldn't it be better to see air fares drop dramatically, as capital costs become relatively insignificant? Again, in the context of a 70mph limit, with platoons of cars traveling so densely as to control each other's speeds, improvements in performance are virtually irrelevant; improvements in handling are unnecessary, as most production cars grip the road perfectly; and comfort has now reached a very high level indeed. Small improvements here are unlikely to be worth the thousands that anybody replacing an ordinary family car every two years may ultimately have spent on them. Let us instead have cars --- or wireless, electric kettles, washing machines, television sets --- which are made to last, and not to be replaced. Significant progress is obviously a good thing; but the insignificant progression from model-change to model-change is not.7. The author obviously is challenging the social norm that - .A. it is. important to improve goods and servicesB. development of technology makes our life more comfortableC. it is reasonable that prices are going up all the timeD. slightly modified new products are worth buying8. According to this passage, air fares may rise because -'A people tend to travel by new airplanesB. the airplane has been improvedC. the change is found to be reasonableD. the service on the airplane is better than before9. According to the author, passengers would be happier if they -'A. could fly in the latest model of reputable planesB. could get tickets at much lower pricesC. see the airlines make vital changes in their servicesD. could spend less time flying in the air10. When manufacturers have improved the performance of their products to a certain level, thenit would be_. .A. justified for them to cut the priceB. unnecessary for them to make any new changesC. difficult and costly to further better themD. insignificant for them to cut down the research costs11. In the case of cars, the author urges that we - .A. cancel the speed limitB. further improve the performanceC. improve the durabilityD. change models every two years12. The author's criticism is probably based on the fact that - .A. we have been persuaded to live an extravagant life todayB. many products we buy turn out to be substandard or inferiorC. inflation is becoming a big problem in the world todayD. people are wasting their money on trivial technological progressPassage ThreeRecent studies on the male-female wage gap predict that even though entry salaries for males and females in the same occupation are nearly equal because women's market skills have improved vastly, the chances of the overall gap closing in the foreseeable future are minimal. This is due to several factors that are likely to change very slowly, if at all. An important reason is that women are concentrated in occupations --- service and clerical --- that pay less than traditional male jobs. It is possible that more women than men in their twenties are hesitant to commit themselves to a year-round, lifetime career or job for many reasons There is lingering attitude on both the part of women and their employers that women are not cut out for certain jobs. Not only does this attitude channel women into lower-paying work, but it also serves to keep them from top management positions.Another significant factor in the widening wage gap between men and women entering the work force, even in comparable jobs, is that women often drop out at critical points in their careers to have a family. Women still have the primary responsibility for child-bearing; even if they continue to work, they often forgo overtime and promotions that would conflict with home responsibilities. The ages of25 to 35 have been shown repeatedly to be the period when working consistently and hard is vital to advancement and job security. These are precisely the years when women are likely to have children and begin to slide away from men in earning power. Consequently, a woman's income is more likely to be seen as secondary to her husband's.13.According to recent studies on the male-female wage gap, -'A. there is much hope of narrowing the male-female wage gap in the near futureB. working women will have many opportunities to hold high-paying jobs in the near futureC. women's pay will still stay at a level below that of men in the near futureD. salaries for males and females in the same occupation will be equal in the near future14. Women are kept from top management positions partly because they - .A. decide to devote themselves to certain lifetime jobs in their twentiesB. are inclined to rank family second to workC. tend to have more quarrels with their employersD. still take an incorrect attitude towards themselves15. Which of the following is implied in the passage as a partial reason for women's concentration in certainoccupations?A. Social division of labor.B. Social prejudice against themC. Employment laws.D. Physiological weakness.16. The word" forgo" in Paragraph 2 could be best replaced by - .A. give upB. drop outC. throwawayD. cut out17. It can be inferred from the second paragraph that - .A. men's jobs are subject to changeB. women tend to be employed off and on at the same jobC. men' chances of promotion are minimalD. women used to be employed all the year round18. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Women's market skills have improved greatly.B. Child care is still chiefly women's workC. Women are typically employed in clerical and service jobs.D. Domestic duties no longer conflict with women's jobs.Passage FourIt seems that the life of a television reporter is fantastically admired by many people. But this is only one side of the coin. First, he never goes deeply into anyone subject --- he may be expert at mastering a brief in a short time and "getting up" a subject, but a week later he is on to the next subject, and a week later still he is on to the subject after that. He seldom grasps with a full-scale investigation anyone thing. He has to be able to forget what he was working on a few weeks before, otherwise his mind would become messed up.Second, a reporter does not have anything lasting to show for what he does --- there is no shelf of books, no studio full of paintings. He pours his life into something which flickers in shadows across a screen and is gone forever. I have seen people in many television jobs turn at the end of watching one of their own programs and say something like: " Well, that's all those days/weeks/months of work. Travel and worry sunk without trace." As a way of life it comes to seem like blowing bubbles --- entertaining to do, and the bubbles numerous and pretty to look at, and all different, but all disappearing into thin air.Third, the pace of life is too fast. Not only is it destructive of one's private life, one does not even have time togive proper consideration to the things one is professionally concerned with --not enough time to think, not enough time to read, not enough time to write one's commentary, prepare one's interviews and so on. When one disengages from it and allows one's perceptions, thinking, reading and the rest to proceed at their natural pace one gets an altogether unfamiliar sense of solidarity and well-being.Fourth, the reporter is at the mercy of events. A revolution breaks out in Cuba so he is off there on the next plane. Somebody shoots President Reagan so he drops everything he is doing and flies to Washington. He is like a puppet pulled by strings --- the strings of the world's affairs. He is not motivated from within. He does not decide for himself what he would like to do, where he would like to go, what he would like to work on. He is activated from without, and his whole life becomes a kind of reflex action, a series of high-pressure responses to external stimuli. He has ceased to exist as an independent personality.19.A TV reporter never makes an in-depth study of a subject because -'A. he usually gets one side of the pictureB. the subjects that he has to attend to often switch from one to anotherC. he does not know how to develop it to its full scaleD. that is the life that suits him20. A. it is implied but not stated that many people - .A. know nothing about the work of a TV repor1erB. think the life of a TV reporter dull and boringC. have a biased opinion against the job of a TV reporterD. tend to underestimate the hard part of being a TV reporter21 TV reporting, according to this passage, is something_______.A. profitable for a person to take upB. interesting to do but quick to fade outC. causing a person to forget his previous workD. producing a lasting effect22.A TV reporter is in most need of - .A. being a master of his timeB. proper consideration of his professionC. a comfortable life of his ownD. disengaging himself from work23. The activities of a TV reporter are largely geared to - .A. his motivationB. his working styleC. current affairsD. reflex to pressures24. The title of this passage would best be given as - .A. What a TV Reporter Can and Cannot AccomplishB. The Sorrows of TV ProfessionalsC. The Confession of a TV ReporterD. The Drawbacks in the Life of a TV ReporterPaper TwoPart IV Reading and Answering Questions (25 minutes, 10 points)The conflict between what in its present mood the public expects science to achieve in satisfaction of popular hopes and what is really in its power is a serious matter because. even if the true scientists should all recognize the limitations of what they can do in the field of human affairs, so long as the public expects more there will always be some who will pretend, and perhaps honestly believe, that they can do more to meet popular demands than is really in their power. It is often difficult enough for the expert, and ce11ainly in many instances impossible for the layman, to distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate claims advanced in the name of science. The enormous publicity recently given by the media to a report pronouncing in the name of science of The Limits to Growth, and the silence of the same media about the devastating criticism this report has received from the competent experts, must make one feel somewhat apprehensive about the use to which the prestige of science can be put. But it is by no means only in the field of economics that far-reaching claims are made on behalf of a more scientific direction of all human activities and the desirability of replacing spontaneous processes by "conscious human control".If I am not mistaken, psychology, psychiatry and some branches of sociology, not to speak about the so-called philosophy of history, are even more affected by what I have called the scientistic prejudice, and by specious claims of what science can achieve.Questions :What is the main thought of the passage? What should be our correct attitude towards science?回答该项问题一般要注意，第一问主要是结合文章回答问题，可以或多或少的引用文中内容回答，第二问主要是考察我们研究生对某个现象的认识。

百米赢起点,马拉松跑耐力的英语作文

百米赢起点,马拉松跑耐力的英语作文

百米赢起点,马拉松跑耐力的英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Running the Good Race: The Importance of Explosive Starts and Lasting EnduranceAs a young track athlete, I've learned that success in different racing events requires cultivating distinct physical and mental qualities. While short sprints like the 100-meter dash call for an incredibly explosive start and raw speed, longer endurance events like the marathon demand a remarkable ability to maintain a strong, steady pace over an extended period of time. Developing both of these divergent skills is key to becoming a versatile, well-rounded runner.The Explosive Start: Attacking the 100mWhen it comes to the 100-meter sprint, getting out of the blocks with incredible force and acceleration is absolutely critical. The opening steps quite literally set the tone for the entire race. With races often being decided by margins as small as hundredths of a second, any sluggishness or hesitation off theline can completely derail one's chances of victory before you've even really begun.Proper starting technique involves driving powerfully out of the blocks while leaning at around a 45-degree angle, utilizing an aggressive forward knee drive to rapidly build momentum. But perhaps even more important than pure technique is the ferocious mentality required. Sprinters need an unrelenting competitive fire, a willingness to be first out of the blocks and attack the race with everything they've got from that opening gun. There's no time for uncertainties or holding back in a furious 100m dash.Of course, raw physical abilities like stride power, stride frequency, and fast-twitch muscle composition play major roles too. But I've seen many naturally gifted sprinters get beaten by those with more controlled, composed starting approaches and hunger to get out and simply seize control of the race early on. Remaining calm yet aggressive, narrowly focused yet aware of opponents' positioning—it's an incredibly delicate balance to strike when the marginfor error is so slim.Ultimately, while sprinters need to be explosive from start to finish, hitting top speeds as efficiently as possible, the first 10-20 meters of storing and unleashing energy from the blocks isperhaps the most crucial, defined segment. Getting out with incredible drive and power puts competitors on their heels immediately and sets the stage for a blazing finish. It's the key initial strike that the whole race hinges upon.The Lasting Endurance: Conquering the MarathonWhile elite sprinters are wired for neuromuscular explosiveness above all else, the world's greatest marathoners are crafted from a distinctly different cloth. Yes, they need to be swift, lightweight, and incredibly strong to sustain grueling paces for such ludicrously long distances. But perhaps their most remarkable asset is an unshakable mental fortitude and tolerance for arduous physical strain.Training for the marathon tests the extreme limits of human endurance capacity. During the height of training cycles, these endurance monsters will routinely clock 100-mile weeks while hardly batting an eye. They'll pound out 20-mile long runs and follow them up just a day or two later with incredibly difficult intense workouts like 10-mile reps at race pace or severe hill repeats. Their bodies must become extraordinarily durable and efficient machines, capable of putting in massive volumes of work without breaking down.But even more impressive is the mental toughness and resilience required. At the end of a 20-plus mile marathon, runners will inevitably encounter incredible surges of fatigue, pain, nausea, dehydration, and an overwhelming desire to simply stop and rest. Every natural instinct will scream at them to ease off the torturous pace. It's in these darkest depths, however, that truly great marathoners are able to maintain laser focus, embrace and push through the agony, and continue drilling out mile after grueling mile.It's an astonishingly difficult test of sheer mental grit and willpower over the limits of physical endurance. The best marathoners don't just tolerate discomfort, they actively seek it out and develop a stubborn resistance to succumbing to that burning desire to quit when their bodies beg for mercy. They treat these abusive distances as powerful mental forgers, callousing their minds against any urge to slow or surrender.In stark opposition to explosive sprinters who gain huge advantages by going all-out early, elite marathoners must embrace an opposite mindset of patient, controlled aggression. Every step of those 26.2 miles must be treated as just another single stride in a much larger journey. Getting out too quickly or losing form could be disastrous, resulting in a dramatic burnoutor breakdown down the road. Constant mental discipline, focus, and restraint is needed to attack the distance in efficient, metroded fashion.The yin and yang between 100m and marathon running is clear. Sprinters are pushed to their absolute physical limits for around 10 seconds or less, making power development and pure speed key factors. Marathoners are pushed far past perceived limits of human endurance for over 2 hours, requiring tremendous aerobic conditioning but also remarkably strong mental grit and resilience. One prizes furious explosiveness while the other values steady, controlled aggression.Yet, at their core, both sprinters and marathoners are simply pursuing the same competitive desire -- to cover a set distance faster than anyone else. And whether that's an all-out 100m blitz or an arduous 26.2-mile grind, developing the key physical and mental skills required is of paramount importance. As a young runner, I've still got lots to learn in mastering both the explosive start and lasting endurance needed to find success across disciplines. But that variety is part of what makes the sport so compelling and rewarding to pursue. The journey of developing the speed, strength, and iron will to be a true student of running in all its forms is an incredibly fulfilling one.篇2The 100m Dash: The Starting Point for Marathon EnduranceAs a student, my passion for running has grown exponentially over the years. What started as a mere physical education requirement in elementary school has blossomed into an all-consuming love affair with the art of endurance running. However, the journey to becoming a seasoned marathoner began with the seemingly simple yet deceptively complex 100m dash.The 100m dash, often referred to as the "shortest forever," is a test of pure speed, explosive power, and unwavering focus. It is a discipline that demands every fiber of your being to be in perfect harmony, propelling you forward with reckless abandon towards the finish line. The mere thought of lining up on those starting blocks, coiled like a spring, sends a surge of adrenaline coursing through my veins.Yet, it was in mastering this fleeting burst of velocity that I discovered the foundational principles of endurance running. The 100m taught me the importance of technique, the necessity of meticulous preparation, and the unyielding determination required to push beyond perceived limits.Technique, in the world of sprinting, is paramount. Every minute adjustment of the body, from the positioning of the hands to the angle of the torso, can mean the difference between victory and defeat. It was through endless hours of drilling, analyzing video footage, and refining my form that I learned the value of precision and attention to detail – lessons that would prove invaluable in the grueling miles of a marathon.Preparation, too, played a crucial role in my development as a sprinter. The hours spent in the weight room, meticulously crafting a training regimen, and adhering to a strict diet were not merely physical endeavors but exercises in discipline and commitment. These habits, ingrained during my sprinting days, would later become the bedrock upon which my endurance training would be built.However, it was the indomitable will to succeed, forged in the crucible of the 100m dash, that truly set me on the path to marathoning. The sheer audacity of hurling oneself down the track, every muscle screaming in protest, every breath a desperate gasp for oxygen, was a testament to the inextinguishable flame of human determination. This uncompromising drive, honed through countless races andcountless failures, would become the fuel that propelled me through the darkest miles of a 26.2-mile odyssey.As I transitioned from the world of sprinting to that of endurance running, the lessons learned on the track remained indelibly etched into my being. The attention to form, the meticulous preparation, and the unwavering determination all coalesced into a potent arsenal, equipping me to tackle the seemingly insurmountable challenges that lay ahead.The marathon, a test of endurance and mental fortitude unlike any other, revealed itself to be a canvas upon which the principles of sprinting could be painted on a grander scale. The precision of footstrike, the economy of movement, and the unwavering focus – all hallmarks of a successful sprinter –became the brush strokes that carried me through the agonizing miles.Yet, it was in the realm of preparation that the true synthesis of sprinting and marathoning occurred. The hours spent meticulously crafting training plans, monitoring nutrition, and analyzing performance data were not dissimilar to the rigorous regimens of my sprinting days. The only difference lay in the scale – instead of mere seconds, I was now preparing for hours upon hours of relentless forward motion.And then, there was the indomitable will – the unbreakable spirit that refused to be cowed by the searing pain and overwhelming fatigue. This unyielding determination, forged in the crucible of the 100m dash, became the bedrock upon which my marathon performances were built. Each step, each mile, was a testament to the unquenchable fire that burned within, a fire ignited by countless battles on the track.As I crossed the finish line of my first marathon, the culmination of years of training and countless sacrifices, I could not help but reflect on the unlikely path that had led me to this moment. The 100m dash, once a fleeting burst of speed and power, had become the foundation upon which my endurance was built. The lessons learned on that short, unforgiving stretch of track had become the guiding principles that carried me through the darkest valleys and highest peaks of the marathon journey.In that moment, I realized that the 100m dash and the marathon were not disparate disciplines, but rather two sides of the same coin – a coin forged in the fires of human determination and resilience. The sprinter's explosive power and the marathoner's unwavering endurance were merely different manifestations of the same indomitable spirit.And so, as I lace up my shoes for yet another training session, I do so with a profound appreciation for the journey that has brought me to this point. The 100m dash, once a mere fleeting moment in time, has become the starting point for a lifetime of endurance, a lifetime of pushing boundaries and defying limitations.For in the end, the true victory lies not in the fleeting moments of glory, but in the relentless pursuit of greatness – a pursuit that begins with the first explosive step off the starting blocks and culminates in the inextinguishable flame of endurance that burns within us all.篇3Starting Out as a Sprinter: My Love for the 100m DashAs a young kid, I was always drawn to the thrill and excitement of the 100m sprint. There was something exhilarating about digging my feet into the starting blocks, tensing every muscle in my body, and exploding out of those blocks with every ounce of power and speed I could muster. Those few blistering seconds where I propelled myself down the straightaway, legs churning and arms pumping, heart pounding out of my chest, were absolute bliss.I loved the simplicity and purity of the 100m dash. It was just me against the clock and the runners in the other lanes. No strategies to employ, no equipment needed beyond some spikes and a desire to be the fastest human being over that one blazing stretch of track. While other kids dreamed of being firefighters or astronauts, I fantasized about launching out of those blocks and blowing away the competition with my blistering speed.Through hard work and an intense training regime of weights, plyometrics, and burnout sprints, I became pretty darn good at the 100m by the time I reached high school. I won city and regional championships, lowered my personal best time over and over, and even set a new state record my senior year. The 100m was my baby, my first true love in the sport of track and field.However, my high school coach, a grizzled old-timer named Coach Hendricks, kept encouraging me to venture out and try some longer distances. "With your speed and growing endurance, you could be one hell of a quarter-miler or even an 800m runner," he'd tell me. But I always resisted, content to revel in my speciality of those furious 100m sprints.The College Transition: Developing EnduranceWhen I went off to university, everything changed. I joined the track team, eager to continue dominating the 100m at the collegiate level. But the team's head coach, Coach Franklin, had different ideas for my future as a runner."Son, you've got a huge engine burning inside you," he said in his distinctive Southern drawl after watching me practice some 100m reps. "But you're just using premium high-octane gas to power a lawnmower engine right now. You need to start tapping into that fuel to run a bigger, longer race. You were born to be a mid-distance or distance runner."At first, I just laughed off Coach Franklin's suggestions that I move up to the 800m or beyond. How could this guy not recognize my world-class 100m speed? Why would I want to turn into some plodding distance runner?But Franklin was persuasive and he was the coach, so I agreed to at least work on building my endurance in parallel with my speed work. We kept doing sprints and blocks to maintain my explosive start, but we started adding longer tempo runs, fartlek workouts, and even threw in some Sunday morning long runs of 10-12 miles.Gradually, almost imperceptibly at first, I started to develop a entire new dimension to my running ability. My stops and popsover 100m were as electric as ever, but now I could continue surging well past that point and maintain my speed for200m...400m...800m. A completely new world of running possibilities opened up before me.The 800m became my new passion. I loved the balance and contrasts: the need for explosive speed out of the blocks and on that initial lap, coupled with the endurance and controlled burn required to power through that brutal second lap. By my sophomore year of college, I was not only winning 800m races pretty consistently, but I was setting new personal bests of breaking long-standing school records."Told you so," a grinning Coach Franklin would saw after each new 800m triumph. "You're just scratching the surface of your potential as a runner right now."Becoming a Miler and Then...A Marathoner?As a junior, I began doubling in the 800m and 1500m events, using my newfound endurance to power through the four laps of the metric mile. While others would die on that final lap, struggling just to maintain their form, I would surge past the fading field with a convicinting kick, rekindling the speed from my sprinting days. The mile became my new sweet spot, my newspecialty in which I could hang with the frontrunners through three laps before outkicking them in that final 400m lap.But true to his wisdom, Coach Franklin kept nudging me towards even greater distances. "You've got the endurance and the speed to be a great 5k runner. You might even have what it takes to be a marathoner someday if you really put in the training."A marathoner? Me?? The kid who had always just loved that furious 100m sprint? It seemed laughable at the time. A 5k race of 3.1 miles was about my limit in terms of mental and physical endurance.Yet Coach Franklin kept pushing me out the door for those Sunday morning long runs, slowly increasing the mileage. 10 miles. 12 miles. 15 miles. I started to feel a strange new sense of exhilaration and freedom in those long road runs, just me and the pounding rhythm of my footsteps for 2-3 hours in my own head.When I toed the line for local 10k and then evenhalf-marathon road races, I stunned myself by not only completing them, but placing well thanks to my turnover speed that guys struggled to match. Maybe...just maybe...CoachFranklin was right. Maybe the marathon was a viable possibility after all.The 26.2 Mile DreamNow as my senior year is winding down, I've gone "all in" on Franklin's marathon dream for me. When I'm not studying or in class, I'm out on the roads running miles and miles, building up that endurance engine for the big 26.2 mile test that awaits me at the local marathon in a few months' time.I'll never abandon or forget my roots as a 100m sprinting specialist. There's still a rushwhen I uncoil out of the blocks and open up my stride to stride like a gazelle in those hard speed sessions.But increasingly, my true love in running has evolved into a desire to see just how far, how outrageously long of a distance, this body can propel itself when trained for endurance rather than pure speed. There's a raw, almost spiritual simplicity to the marathon that appeals to me: Just me and my shoes...and 26.2 miles of road stretching out before me.I want to know what lies at the farthest limits of my physical and mental stamina. I want to experience the pain cave that marathon runners speak of, that point about 20 miles in whereyour body starts crying "Uncle!" but your spirit and will refuse to quit. I want to feel that tremendous rush of accomplishment when I finally turn that last corner and catch sight of the finish line after racing for 2-3 hours straight.Who would have thought that a kid who used to just glory in those furious 100m sprints would now be attacking the marathon, that iconic challenge most runners spend their whole careers shying away from? My old friend, the 100m dash, will always hold a special place in my heart. But 26.2 miles is my new obsession, my ultimate test.I'll always thank Coach Franklin for having the wisdom and vision to tap into my full endurance potential beyond just a blazing quarter of a lap around the track. Without his guidance, I might have plateaued as "just" a great high school level 100m runner instead of transforming into the long-hauler I've now become.So as I lace up my shoes for another 20-miler on this warm spring morning, I feel that same rush of adrenaline as when I used to dig my feet into the blocks. It's just a different kind of rush now. One for the journey and the conquest of distances that used to seem impossible rather than blitzing one mad, glorious short sprint.Marathoners are known for taking it one step, one mile at a time. So here's to the first step of mile one...and to the sweet, sweet pride of one day crossing that fabled marathon finish line with this same body and Spirit that first fell in love with just running fast and free.。

SI-Engines

SI-Engines

Flame Front Propagation

A-B: The flame front progresses relatively slowly due to a low transposition rate and low turbulence. B-C: The flame front leaves the quiescent zone and proceeds into more turbulent area. It consumes a greater mass of mixture and it progresses more rapidly and at a constant rate. C-D: The volume of unburned charge is very much less towards the end of flame travels so transposition rate again becomes negligible which reduces the flame speed. Rate of flame propagation affects the combustion process in SI engines. Higher combustion efficiency and fuel economy can be achieved by higher flame propagation velocities. Unfortunately flame velocities for most of fuel range between 10 to 30 m/second. The factors which affect the flame propagations are, Air fuel ratio, Compression ratio, Load on engine, Turbulence and engine speed etc.

探索火车奥秘,致敬蓝色火焰英语作文

探索火车奥秘,致敬蓝色火焰英语作文

探索火车奥秘,致敬蓝色火焰英语作文Exploring the Enigmatic Allure of Trains: A Tribute to the Blue Flame.The allure of trains remains an enigma that has captivated generations, their rhythmic chugging anirresistible call to adventure and discovery. From their humble origins as iron horses to their sleek, modern incarnations, trains have woven themselves into the fabricof human civilization, transporting dreams, shaping destinies, and leaving an enduring mark on our collective imagination. This essay will delve into the enigmatic mystique of trains, exploring their historical significance, technological advancements, and cultural impact, while paying homage to the iconic blue flame that symbolizestheir indomitable spirit.Iron Horses: The Birth of an Era.The invention of the steam locomotive in the early 19thcentury ushered in a transformative era in transportation. These iron behemoths, with their billowing smoke and thunderous roar, revolutionized long-distance travel, opening up new frontiers for trade, exploration, and human connection. They became symbols of industrial progress, their relentless chugging powering the engines of economic growth and societal change.Steam's Golden Age: The Romance of the Rails.The mid-to-late 19th century marked the golden age of steam locomotion. Trains became more powerful, efficient, and comfortable, transporting not only goods but also a growing number of passengers eager to witness the wonders of the world. The romance of the rails took hold, as people flocked to train stations, their hearts filled with anticipation and the promise of adventure. The rhythmic clickety-clack of wheels on tracks became a lullaby to travelers, inspiring dreams and fueling imaginations.The Blue Flame: Symbol of Progress.In the early 20th century, a technological breakthrough emerged that would forever alter the face of rail travel: the diesel locomotive. These sleek, streamlined machines, powered by the combustion of diesel fuel, offered greater efficiency, speed, and cleanliness than their steam-powered predecessors. But it was the piercing blue flame that erupted from their exhaust pipes that became their defining characteristic, a symbol of progress and innovation.Diesel's Reign: Modernization and Efficiency.Diesel locomotives quickly replaced steam engines as the dominant force on the rails, ushering in an era of modernization and efficiency. They hauled vast quantities of freight, connecting cities and industries across vast distances. They also became the preferred mode of passenger transportation, offering faster and more comfortable journeys. The blue flame, once a novelty, became an emblem of reliability and dependability, guiding trains across the countryside and through the bustling urban landscapes.Cultural Impact: Trains in Art, Literature, and Music.The transformative power of trains extended far beyond the realm of transportation. They became a ubiquitous presence in art, literature, and music, capturing the imagination of creative minds. Impressionist painters immortalized the smoky haze of train stations, while writers used trains as metaphors for journeys of both the physical and metaphorical kind. The evocative whistle of a train became a recurring motif in music, evoking both nostalgia and the thrill of adventure.Trains in the 21st Century: Innovation and Sustainability.In the 21st century, trains continue to evolve, embracing new technologies and seeking sustainable solutions. High-speed rail networks connect major cities, offering passengers lightning-fast journeys. Magnetic levitation (maglev) trains hover above the tracks, promising even greater speeds and efficiency. At the same time, there is a growing emphasis on sustainability, with trains powered by electricity or alternative fuels.Conclusion.The allure of trains lies in their ability to transport not only people and goods but also dreams and aspirations. They have been witnesses to history, shapers of nations, and catalysts for cultural expression. From the roaring steam engines of the past to the sleek, blue-flamed diesels of today, trains have left an enduring mark on our world. As we journey into the future, may we continue to cherish the enigmatic mystique of trains and honor the indomitable spirit symbolized by the iconic blue flame.。

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Effect of scale on flame speeds of methane e airQ.Zhang a ,*,L.Pang a ,S.X.Zhang ba State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology,Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081,China bDepartment of Chemistry,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,Chinaa r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received 5November 2010Received in revised form 5June 2011Accepted 6June 2011Keywords:Methane in airExplosion temperature Flame speed Effect of scalea b s t r a c tExplosions are the main types of accidents causing casualties in underground coal mines.Research on the mechanisms of gas explosions is needed as a basis for the development of techniques and strategies for explosion prevention,suppression,and mitigation.The prevention of loss in explosion accidents and inquiries into their causes require understanding of the explosion process of methane in air.Because of the high cost and safety issues in full scale experiments,the experiments with small scale ducts have become a key alternative approach.Whether the experimental results at small scales agree with those at full scales needs to be investigated to validate the signi ficance of the experimental results at small scale.Numerical simulation was used to obtain the explosion characteristics of a methane-air mixture in a gallery or duct.If the grid size is too fine in the numerical simulation for a methane e air explosion it is dif ficult to calculate using the present computer resource.If the grid size is too coarse,the considerable error may result.The effect of grid size on results of calculation depends on the scenario being investigated.The effect of grid sizes on simulation accuracy was analyzed in this work.The overpressure and temperature distributions and the flame propagation for the de flagration of methane e air mixtures in a gallery or duct were obtained by the AutoReaGas code at three different scales.The geometry of investigated objects and the grids in the calculation domain were similar in the three cases.The calculated overpressures vary with the scale.The calculated temperatures do not vary with the scale for the three cases.Ó2011Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionExplosions are the main type of accidents causing casualties in underground coal mines (Msiza,2003).In order to effectively prevent loss from the explosion of methane-air mixtures in mines,it is necessary to have some knowledge of the related explosion process and its action.Previously published works focus on the explosion of meth-ane e air mixtures in vessels with small scales and its corresponding parameters (Gel ’fand,Medvedev,&Frolov,1991;Kobiera,Kindracki,Zydak,&Wolanski,2007;Kosinski,2006;Marc,Andreas,&Ulrich,2006;Thom &Cronin,2009).The explosion pressure distributions of methane in air in a square section gallery (or duct)at various scales were obtained by numerical simulation techniques (Zhang,Pang &Liang,2011).The sensitivity of the results to the main input variables was investigated in the AutoReagas numerical simulation (Tufano,Maremonti,Salzano,&Russo,1998).Validation of the code has been investigated by Salzano,Marra,Russo,and Lee (2002).To the authors ’knowledge,no work has been devoted to systematically investigate the effect of the grid size in the AutoReagas numerical simulation on the pressure,temperature,and flame speed for the explosion of methane e air in a square section gallery (or duct)at various scales.Because explosion experiments at full scale for methane e air in a gallery involve higher cost and the experimental process has a safety risk,explosion experiments for a methane e air mixture in small scale tubes have become a key approach to investigate the explosion characteristics of a methane e air mixture in the galleries.Whether the small scale experiments are of signi ficance for the investigation of explosion characteristics of a methane e air mixture in galleries needs to be examined.The explosion characteristics of a methane e air mixture include the pressure,the rate of pressure rise and the flame speed.The effect of scale on the explosion pressure for a methane e air mixture has been studied (Zhang,Pang,&Liang,2011).The in fluence of the grid size on the error in the calculation of pressure,flame speed and temperature was investigated in this work.The flame speed and temperature change rules at different scales were obtained.2.CFD model of gas explosionThe CFD model of gas explosions used in this paper is similar to that used in Zhang,Pang,and Liang (2011).AutoReaGas comprises*Corresponding author.Tel./fax:þ861068914252.E-mail address:qzhang@ (Q.Zhang).Contents lists available at ScienceDirectJournal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industriesjo urnal homepag e:/locate/jlp0950-4230/$e see front matter Ó2011Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2011.06.021Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 24(2011)705e 712two solvers:a ‘Gas Explosion ’(Navier e Stokes)solver and a ‘Blast ’(Euler)solver.The gas explosion solver is used for the analysis of the gas cloud explosion,including flame propagation,turbulence and the effects of obstacles in the flow field.The blast solver is used for accurate and ef ficient capture of shock phenomena and blast waves.The AutoReagas code solves the conservation equations for mass,energy and momentum by the finite volume formula.The turbulent flow field is described by the k e e model.The combustion reaction is considered as a single-step conversion from reactants to products and the volume based combustion rate,R c ,to be included in the mass conservation equation,is computed asR c ¼C t r S 2t GR min(1)where r is the mixture density,G the turbulent diffusion coef ficient for mass and/or energy,R min the minimum mass fraction among those of fuel,oxygen and products and C t is a dimensionless constant.The turbulent burning velocity S t is expressed through the Bray correlation:S t ¼1:8u 0:412tL 0:196t S 0:784l n À0:196(2)where u t is the turbulence intensity,L t is the turbulent macroscale,S lis the laminar burning velocity,and n is the kinematic viscosity of the unburned mixture.The only physical mechanism of flame acceler-ation incorporated in the AutoReagas computation is the burning rate enhancement due to the flow turbulence generated ahead of the flame front.A quasi-laminar modi fication is used for the initial laminar combustion rate.The effects of pressure,temperature and flame front wrinkling on the laminar burning velocity are described by a second parameter F s .3.Veri fication of the numerical methodTo verify the degree of correlation between the numerical method and experimental results,numerical calculations corre-sponding to the experimental conditions in the work of Xu,Zhou,&Wu,(2001)were conducted.The cross-sectional area of the straight mine gallery was 2.7432m Â1.828m and its length was 396.24m (the length of the gallery occupied by the methane in air mixture is 4.56m).One end of the gallery was closed,while the other end was open.The volume was filled with a homogeneously mixed methane-air mixture containing 8.6%methane.A steel support bar with a section of 100mm Â100mm was positioned at intervals of 1.5m over a range of 15.2m from the closed end along the mine gallery wall.The wall of the gallery beyond 15.2m was smooth.In the experiment of Xu et al.(2001),the space between pressure transducers was 15.2m.The ignition source was placed near the closed end of the mine gallery.The numerical calculation was compared with Xu et al.’s experimental result (Xu,Zhou,&Wu,2008)as shown in Fig.1.In Fig.1,L is the distance from the closed end in the gallery.Fig.1shows that the numerical calculation roughly agrees with the experi-mental result.4.Simulation scenariosThe geometries investigated in this work were similar.Three scales of 1:1,1:10,and 1:100were chosen for the numerical calculation.The geometry used for the simulation in the case of 1:1was as follows.A straight mine gallery of square cross section was assumed with a cross-sectional area of 6m 2(2.45m Â2.45m)and a length of 500m (the space from 0m to 100m in the gallery was occupied by the methane e air mixture).One end of the gallery was assumed to be closed,while the other end was open.A steel support bar with a section of 100mm Â100mm was positioned at a interval of 1m along the mine roadway wall.The geometry used for the simulation in the case of 1:10was as follows.A straight duct was assumed with a cross-sectional area of 0.06m 2(0.245m Â0.245m)and a length of 50m.(The length of the duct occupied by the methane e air mixture was 10m.)One end of the duct was assumed to be closed,while the other end was open.A steel support bar with a section of 10mm Â10mm was positioned at intervals of 0.1m along the duct wall.The geometry used for the simulation in the case of 1:100was as follows.A straight duct was assumed with a cross-sectional area of 0.0006m 2(0.0245m Â0.0245m)and a length of 5m (the length of the duct occupied by the methane e air mixture was 1m).One end of the duct was assumed to be closed,while the other end was open.A steel support bar with a section of 1mm Â1mm was positioned at intervals of 0.01m along the duct wall.Figs.2and 3are the gallery schemas e plan view and cross-sectional view respectively looking left toward the closed end.The methane concentration in air corresponding to the highest explosion parameters was appreciably larger than the stoichiometricL/mo v e r p r e s s u r e /M P aparison of numerical calculation and experimental result(Xu et al.,2001).Fig.2.Gallery schema e plan view.Q.Zhang et al./Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 24(2011)705e 712706concentration of 9.5%(Pekalski et al.,2005).Therefore,the volume was assumed to be filled with a homogeneously mixed methane e air mixture containing 10%methane.The ignition source was placed near the closed end of the mine gallery (or duct).The spherical ignition source radius was taken as 74mm,7.4mm,and 0.74mm in the cases of 1:1,1:10and 1:100respectively.5.Results 5.1.Full scaleThe numbers of nodes and cells in the simulation in the case of 1:1are listed in Table 1.The peak overpressures of explosion for methane in air were obtained for two meshes by the numerical parison of peak overpressures between two meshes is listed in Table 2.Overpressure e time histories at 70m and 200m for two meshes are shown in Figs.4and parison of peak flame temperatures for two meshes (sizes of cells 0.5m square and 0.05m square)is listed in Table 3.Temperature e time histories at 70m and 200m for two meshes are shown in Figs.6and parison of the flame arrival time for two meshes (sizes of cells 0.5m square and 0.05m square)is listed in Table 4.The above results show that the relative errors of calculated temperature and flame speed due to cell size in the numerical simulation are smaller in the case of 1:1.The relative error of peaktemperature is less than 2%and that of the flame speed is less than 3%.In the range of 10m from the ignition point along the gallery axis,the relative error of the peak overpressure is larger (it reaches 12%).Beyond that range,the relative error of the peak overpressure is less than 6%.In Fig.8,the average flame speeds for mesh-1and mesh-2are 3.41m/s and 2.88m/s respectively in the range of 0e 1m.The difference between both is 0.53m/s and the relative error is 18.4%.The average flame speeds for mesh-1and mesh-2are 780m/s and 773m/s respectively in the range of 1e 100m.The difference between both is 6.09m/s and the relative error is 0.8%.The average flame speeds for mesh-1and mesh-2are 465m/s and 467m/s respectively in the range of 100e 200m.The difference between both is 2.2m/s and the relative error is 0.5%.This analysis shows that the effect of grid sizes 0.5m square and 0.05m square on the flame speed calculated in the case of fullscale.Fig.3.Gallery section schema e cross-sectional view looking left.Table 1Numbers of nodes and cells for two meshes in case of 1:1in the simulations.Mesh Sizes of cells/m Numbers of cells Numbers of nodes Mesh-10.52500036036Mesh-20.052500000026012601Table 2Comparison of peak overpressures between two meshes (sizes of cells 0.5m and 0.05m)in case of 1:1.Distance/mPeak overpressure/MPa Absolute error/MPaRelative error/%Mesh-1Mesh-210.56080.62430.063510.150.56070.64210.081512.6100.65370.79700.1430 6.2200.89660.93060.0340 3.530 1.0181 1.01750.00060.550 1.0477 1.05000.00230.270 1.0870 1.08930.00230.2100 1.1267 1.12600.00070.11500.30240.29210.0103 3.52000.21980.21540.0043 1.92500.15310.15060.0026 1.73000.12220.11960.0026 2.13500.10130.09830.0030 3.04000.07860.07370.0049 5.24500.05100.05520.00425.7time/soriginal grid size smaller grid size1.20.30.60.91.21.50.8o v e r p r e s s u r e /M P a00.20.40.61Fig.4.Overpressure e time histories at 70m for two meshes in case of 1:1.o v e r p r e s s u r e /M P aoriginal grid size smaller grid size00.050.10.150.20.250.30.30.60.91.21.5time/sFig.5.Overpressure e time histories at 200m for two meshes in case of 1:1.Q.Zhang et al./Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 24(2011)705e 7127075.2.Scale 1:10The numbers of nodes and cells in the simulation in the case of 1:10are listed in Table 5.The peak overpressures of explosion for methane e air were obtained for two meshes (size of cells 0.05m square for mesh-3and 0.005m square for mesh-4)using the numerical parison of peak overpressures for two meshes is listed Table parison of peak flame temperatures for two meshes (mesh-3and mesh-4)in the case of 1:10is listed in Table parison of flame arrival time for two meshes (mesh-3and mesh-4)in the case of 1:10is listed in Table 8.The above results show that the error in the calculated temperature is smaller and the relative error of the calculated peak temperature is less than 6%in the case 1:10.In that case,the error in the calculated peak pressure is larger over the range of 1m from the ignition point and the relative error reaches 17%.But,beyond that range,the relative error for the calculated peak pressure is smaller (lower than 6.1%),which agrees with the conclusion in the case of full scale.In Fig.9,the average flame speeds for mesh-3and mesh-4are 3.45m/s and 3.57m/s respectively over the range of 0e 0.1m from the closed end.The difference of both is 0.12m/s and relative error is 3.4%.The average flame speeds for mesh-3and mesh-4are 697m/s and 723m/s respectively over the range of 0.1e 10m from the closed end.The difference between both is 25m/s and relative error is 3.5%.The average flame speeds for mesh-3and mesh-4areTable 3Comparison of peak flame temperatures for two meshes (sizes of cells 0.5m and 0.05m)in case of 1:1.Distance/mPeak flame temperature/K Absolute error/KRelative error/%Mesh-1Mesh-212416242040.252191219320.1102168217570.32019641974100.5301953194580.4501943195070.4701954195620.11001890188370.41501792179860.32001631162740.225015171517003001256126040.33501058105080.840090689610 1.1450776765111.4time/st e m p e r a t u r e /Koriginal grid size smaller grid size00.30.60.9 1.2 1.5500100015002000Fig.6.Temperature e time histories at 70m for two meshes in case of 1:1.original grid size smaller grid sizet e m p e r a t u r e /K500100015002000time/s0123456Fig.7.Temperature e time histories at 200m for two meshes in case of 1:1.Table 4Comparison of flame arrival time between two meshes (sizes of cells 0.5m and 0.05m)in case of 1:1.Distance/mArrival time/s Absolute error/sRelative error/%Mesh-1Mesh-210.2930.3470.054 1.0050.2990.3530.054 1.00100.3060.3600.054 1.00200.3180.3740.056 2.67300.3320.3870.0550.83500.3580.4130.0550.83700.3780.4330.0550.831000.4200.4750.0550.831500.5230.5760.053 2.832000.6350.6890.054 1.002500.8270.8820.0550.83Fig.8.Flame position vs.arrival time in case 1:1.Q.Zhang et al./Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 24(2011)705e 712708448.43m/s and442m/s respectively over the range of10e20m from the closed end.The difference between both is5.95m/s and the relative error is1.3%.This analysis shows that the effect of grid sizes of0.05m square and0.005m square on theflame speed calculated in the case of a scale1:1is insignificant.5.3.Scale1:100The numbers of nodes and cells in the simulation in the case of 1:100is listed in Table9.The peak overpressures of explosion for methane e air were obtained for two meshes by numerical calculation.(size of cells 0.005m square for mesh-5and0.0005m square for mesh-6.) Comparison of peak overpressures for two meshes is listed Table10. Comparison of peakflame temperatures for two meshes(mesh-5 and mesh-6)in the case of1:100is listed in parison of flame arrival time for two meshes(mesh-5and mesh-6)in the case of1:100is listed in Table11.The above results show that the error for calculated temperature is smaller and the relative error of calculated peak temperature is less than 6.3%in the case of1:100.In that case,the error in calculated peak pressure is larger in the range of0.1m from the ignition point and the relative error reaches17.3%.But,beyond that range,the relative error of calculated peak pressure is smaller (lower than6.3%),which agrees with the conclusion in the case of full scale.In Fig.10,the averageflame speeds for mesh-5and mesh-6are 3.32m/s and2.91m/s respectively in the range of0e0.01m from the closed end.The difference between both is0.41m/s and relative error is14%.The averageflame speeds for mesh-5and mesh-6are 553m/s and550.00m/s respectively in the range of0.01e1m. The difference between both is3.07m/s and relative error is0.6%. The averageflame speeds for mesh-5and mesh-6are437m/s and 439m/s respectively in the range of1e2m from the closed end.The difference between both is1.92m/s and relative error is0.4%.This analysis shows that the effect of grid sizes of0.005m square and 0.0005m square on theflame speed calculated in the case of a scale of1:100is insignificant(Table12).Table5Numbers of nodes and cells for two meshes in case of1:10in the simulations. Mesh Sizes of cells(m)Numbers of cells Numbers of nodesMesh-30.052500036036Mesh-40.0052500000026012601Table6Comparison of peak overpressures for two meshes(sizes of cells0.05m and 0.005m)in case of1:10.Distance/m Peak overpressure/MPa Absolute error/MPa Relative error/% Mesh-3Mesh-40.10.57440.68990.115516.70.50.57240.65190.079512.210.56910.62370.05468.820.57070.60800.0373 6.130.69480.71590.0211 2.95 1.02570.99930.0264 2.670.99560.97780.0178 1.810 1.00730.99910.00820.8150.29560.29350.00210.7200.21590.21390.00200.9250.15210.14550.0066 4.5300.12140.11640.0050 4.3350.10040.09580.0046 4.8400.07770.07440.0033 4.4450.05010.04890.0012 2.5Table7Comparison of peakflame temperatures for two meshes(sizes of cells0.05m and 0.005m)in case of1:10.Distance/m Peakflame temperature/K Absolute error/K Relative error/% Mesh-3Mesh-40.12384243753 2.20.52145221267 3.0 12083209180.4 22014210591 4.3 32008208173 3.5 51936193060.3 71911200291 4.5 1018551955100 5.1 151798176038 2.2 201638160137 2.3 251528149236 2.4 301282131735 2.7 351058111860 5.44090093232 3.44576576500Table8Comparison offlame arrival time between two meshes(sizes of cells0.05m and 0.005m)in case of1:10.Distance/m Arrival time/s Absolute error/s Relative error/% Mesh-3Mesh-40.10.02900.02800.001021.450.50.02980.02870.001113.5910.03070.02960.001113.5920.03240.03120.0012 5.7330.03390.03260.0013 2.1250.03670.03520.001517.8370.03930.03790.00149.98100.04320.04170.001517.83150.05450.05310.00149.98200.06550.06430.0012 5.73250.08400.08270.00132.12Fig.9.Flame position vs.arrival time for case1:10.Table9Numbers of nodes and cells for two meshes in case of1:100in the simulations.Mesh Sizes of cells/m Numbers of cells Numbers of nodesMesh-50.0052500036036Mesh-60.00052500000026012601Q.Zhang et al./Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries24(2011)705e7127096.DiscussionIn order to fully describe the effect of the fineness of the grid in the AutoReagas numerical simulation on the pressure,temperature,and flame speed for the explosion of methane in air in a square section gallery (or duct)at various scales,the scaled distance (the ratio of the distance along the gallery or duct axis and section width of the square gallery or duct)was used to analyze the errors caused by the cell sizes at various scales.A comparison of relative errors (%)in explosion overpressures of methane in air at various scaled distances for three different scales (full scale,1:10,and 1:100)is listed in Table 13.Table 13shows that the relative error increases as the scale decreases.A comparison of relative errors (%)in the peak temperatures at various scaled distances for three different scales (full scale,1:10,and 1:100)is listed in Table 14.Table 14shows the relative error increases as the scale decreases.A comparison of the relative errors (%)in the arrival time of the flame at various scaled distances for three different scales (full scale,1:10,and 1:100)is listed in Table 15.Table 15shows that the relative error increases as the scale decreases.A comparison of the relative errors (%)in the average speed of flame at various scaled distances for three different scales (full scale,1:10,and 1:100)is listed in Table 16.Table 16shows that the relative errors are larger in the field near the ignition points for the two cases of 1:1and 1:100and smaller in the total field for the case of 1:10.Because the error due to the calculation in the range near the ignition point is larger the comparison between the calculationTable 10Comparison of peak flame temperatures for two meshes (sizes of cells 0.005m and 0.0005m)in case of 1:100.Distance/mPeak flame temperature/K Absolute error/KRelative error/%Mesh-5Mesh-60.0123852491106 4.30.05226824752078.40.12203228380 3.50.22122215432 1.50.320622187125 5.70.52066214579 3.70.720312139108 5.01.020********* 6.31.51822188361 3.22.01662168624 1.42.51512157563 4.03.01275133964 4.83.51114115440 3.54.0965101550 4.94.5824856323.7Table 11Comparison of peak flame temperatures for two meshes (sizes of cells 0.005m and 0.0005m)in case of 1:100.Distance/mPeak flame temperature/K Absolute error/KRelative error/%Mesh-5Mesh-60.0123852491106 4.30.05226824752078.40.12203228380 3.50.22122215432 1.50.320622187125 5.70.52066214579 3.70.720312139108 5.01.020********* 6.31.51822188361 3.22.01662168624 1.42.51512157563 4.03.01275133964 4.83.51114115440 3.54.0965101550 4.94.5824856323.7Fig.10.Flame position vs.arrival time for case 1:100.Table 12Comparison of flame arrival time between two meshes (sizes of cells 0.005m and 0.0005m)in case of 1:100.Distance/mArrival time/s Absolute error/sRelative error/%Mesh-5Mesh-60.010.003010.003440.0004315.020.050.003120.003560.0004413.040.10.003240.003750.000510.790.20.003460.004010.000558.700.30.003720.004310.0005916.600.50.004000.004580.0005814.620.70.004330.004890.0005610.671.00.004800.005240.0004413.041.50.005760.006170.0004118.972.00.007090.007520.0004315.022.50.008700.009330.0006324.51Table 13Comparison of relative errors (%)of overpressures for three cases of scales (full scale,1:10,and 1:100).Scaled distance Scale 1:1Scale 1:10Scale 1:1000.4110.116.717.32.0412.612.216.14.08 6.28.88.38.16 3.5 6.1 6.012.240.5 2.9 4.620.410.2 2.6 3.228.570.2 1.8 3.840.820.10.8 3.661.22 3.50.70.781.63 1.90.9 1.0102.04 1.7 4.5 3.6122.45 2.1 4.3 2.4142.86 3.0 4.8 2.4163.27 5.2 4.4 2.9183.675.7 2.5 2.6Mean relative error 3.77 4.93 5.23Standard relative error3.694.515.02Q.Zhang et al./Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 24(2011)705e 712710results for this range is not signi ficant.Where the scaled distance along the gallery or duct axis is beyond 8,the relative error due to the calculation is less than 6%.The comparison between the calculated results for the scaled distance beyond 8shows that peak pressures in the three cases are clearly different (Table 17).This shows that explosion processes for the same combustible gas appear to vary.Table 18shows that the calculated temperatures do not clearly vary in three cases,and the difference is not over 10%.Table 19shows that the error due to the calculation over the range of the scaled distance of 0.41from the ignition point is larger.Where the scaled distance along the gallery or duct axis is beyond 0.41,the relative error of the calculated flame speed is less than 3.5%.The flame speed decreases as the scale decreases in the three cases of 1:1,1:10and 1:100.7.ConclusionsWhen objects and grid sizes in the calculations meet the requirement of geometry similarity,the effects of grid sizes on the error due to calculation vary with the scale.The error in the calculated overpressure and temperature increases as the scale decreases.In the range near the ignition point the error in the calculated overpressure is larger.Where the scaled distance along the gallery or duct axis is beyond 8,the relative error in the calculated overpressure is less than 6%.Over the total range the relative error is less than 8%.The relative error in the calculated flame speed is less than 3.5%where the scaled distance along the gallery or duct is beyond 0.41.This validates the AutoReaGas code in simulating the explosion process of a methane e air mixture except for the range near the ignition point.The effects of grid sizes on calculated overpressure,temperature and flame speed can be ignored except for the range near the ignition point for the scenarios investigated in this work.The calculated overpressures clearly vary with the scale for the three cases in this work in which the scenarios and grid sizes are similar.But,the calculated temperatures do not clearly vary with the scale for the three cases in this work as the difference is not overTable 14Comparison of relative errors (%)of the peak temperatures for three cases of scales (full scale,1:10,and 1:100).Scaled distance Scale1:1Scale1:10Scale1:1000.410.2 2.2 4.32.040.1 3.08.44.080.30.4 3.58.160.5 4.3 1.512.240.4 3.5 5.720.410.40.3 3.728.570.1 4.5 5.040.820.4 5.1 6.361.220.3 2.2 3.281.630.2 2.3 1.4102.040 2.4 4.0122.450.3 2.7 4.8142.860.8 5.4 3.5163.27 1.1 3.4 4.9183.671.40 3.7Mean relative error 0.432.78 4.26Standard relative error0.391.671.76Table 15Comparison of relative errors (%)of the arrival time of flame for three cases of scales (full scale,1:10,and 1:100).Scaled distance Scale 1:1Scale 1:10Scale 1:1000.41 1.0021.4515.022.04 1.0013.5913.044.08 1.0013.590.798.16 2.67 5.738.7012.240.83 2.1216.6020.410.8317.8314.6228.570.839.9810.6740.820.8317.8313.0461.22 2.839.9818.9781.63 1.00 5.7315.02102.040.83 2.1224.51Mean relative error 1.2409010.9013.73Standard relative error0.756.575.99Table 16Comparison of relative errors (%)of the average speed of flame for three cases of scales (full scale,1:10,and 1:100).Scaled distance Scale 1:1Scale 1:10Scale 1:1000e 0.4118.4 3.4140.41e 40.820.8 3.50.640.82e 81.630.5 1.30.4Mean relative error 6.57 2.73 5.00Standard relative error10.251.247.79Table 17Comparison of peak overpressures (MPa)for three scales (full scale,1:10,and 1:100).Scaled distance Scale 1:1Scale 1:10Scale 1:1000.410.62430.68990.69752.040.64210.65190.68594.080.79700.62370.62628.160.93060.60800.605112.24 1.01750.71590.589220.41 1.05000.99930.602128.57 1.08930.97780.746040.82 1.12600.99910.828061.220.29210.29350.301781.630.21540.21390.2291102.040.15060.14550.1658122.450.11960.11640.1294142.860.09830.09580.1077163.270.07370.07440.0827183.670.05520.04890.0499Table 18Comparison of peak temperatures (K)for three scales (full scale,1:10,and 1:100).Scaled distance Scale 1:1Scale 1:10Scale 1:1000.412420243724912.042193221224754.082175209122838.1619742105215412.2419452081218720.4119501930214528.5719562002213940.8218831955213961.2217981760188381.63162716011686102.04151714921575122.45126013171339142.86105011181154163.278969321015183.67765765856Table 19Comparison of the average speed (m/s)of flame for three cases of scales (full scale,1:10,and 1:100).Scaled distance Scale 1:1Scale 1:10Scale 1:1000e 0.412.883.57 2.910.41e 40.82773.44722.63550.0040.82e 81.63467.3442.48438.60Q.Zhang et al./Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 24(2011)705e 712711。

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