2011年职称英语阅读理解新增文章译文--理工
2011年理工类职称英语教材新增短文
2011年理工类职称英语教材新增文章阅读理解新增文章（共6篇）目录：第二篇(C级)：World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict第六篇(C级)：Weaving with Light第三十四篇(B级)：Batteries Built by Viruses第三十八篇(B级)：Longer Lives for Wild Elephants第四十五篇(A级)：Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others第四十六篇(A级)：Marvelous Metamaterials第二篇World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some PredictIn a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil，scientists in Kuwait predict that world conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014.This prediction is almost a decade earlier than some other predictions. Their study is in ACS’Energy&Fuels1.Ibrahim Nashawi and colleagues point out that rapid growth in global oil consumption has sparked a growing interest in predicting "peak oil". "Peak oil" is the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines. Scientists have developed several models to forecast this point，and some put the date at 2020 or later. One of the most famous forecast models is called the Hubbert model2.It assumes that global oil production will follow a bell shaped curve3.A related concept is that4 of "Peak Oil." The term "Peak Oil" indicates the moment in which world wide production will peak，afterwards to start on irreversible decline.The Hubbert model accurately predicted that oil production would peak in the United States in 1970.The model has since gained in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwide.However，recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for5 more complex oil production cycles of some countries. Those cycles can be heavily influenced by technology changes，politics，and other factors，the scientists say.The new study describes development of a new version of the Hubbert model that provides a more realistic and accurate oil production forecast. Using the new model，the scientists evaluated the oil production trends of 47 major oil-producing countries，which supply most of the world’s conventional crude oil6.They estimated that worldwide conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014，years earlier than anticipated. The scientists also showed that the world’s oil reserves7are being reduced at a rate of 2.1 percent a year. The new model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate，they suggest.词汇：conserve v.保护，保存 irreversible adj.不可逆的，不可改变的crude oil原油spark v.闪耀;激发;鼓舞 insufficient 不充分的，不足的curve n.曲线注释：1.ACS’Energy&Fuels：ACS是American Chemical Society(美国化学学会)的缩写。
2011年职称英语理工A、B级新增文章含个人翻译46奇妙的超级材料
Marvelous metamaterialsInvisibility cloaks would have remained impossible, forever locked in science fiction, had it not been for the development of metamaterials. In Greek, “meta” means beyond, and metamaterials can do things beyond what we see in the natural world — like shuffle light waves around an object, and then bring them back together. If scientists ever manage to build a full-fledged invisibility cloak, it will probably be made of metamaterials.“We are creating materials that don’t exist in nature, and that have a physical phenomenon that doesn’t exist in nature,” says engineer Dentcho Genov. “That is the most exciting thing.”Genov designs and builds metamaterials — such as those used in cloaking — at Louisiana Tech University in Ruston, Louisiana.An invisibility cloak will probably not be the first major accomplishment to come from the field of metamaterials. Other applications are just as exciting. In many labs, for example, scientists are working on building a hyperlens.A lens is a device — usually made of glass — that can change the direction of light waves. Lenses are used in microscopes and cameras to focus light, thus allowing a researcher to see small things or a photographer to capture image of things that are far away.A hyperlens, however, would be made of metamaterials. And since metamaterials can do things with light that ordinary materials can’t, the hyperlens would be a powerful tool. A hyperlens would allow researchers to see things at the smallest scale imaginable — assmall as the wavelength of visible light.Genov points out that the science of metamaterials is driven by the imagination: If someonecan think of an idea for a new behavior for light, then the engineers can find a way to design adevice using metamaterials. “We need people who can imagine,” he says.奇妙的超级材料Invisibility cloaks would have remained impossible, forever locked in science fiction, had it not been for the development of metamaterials.如果不是被超材料的发展，隐形斗篷将仍然是不可能的，永远只会存在科幻小说里，。
2011年职称英语理工类考试教材新增文章汇总
2011年职称英语理工类考试教材新增文章汇总A级完型填空新增文章教材第十五篇文章Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ ScoresYoung adults who are fit have a higher IQ and are more likely to go on to university，reveals a major new study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hospital．The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)．The study involved l.2 million Swedish men doing military service who were born between l950 and l976．The research group analysed the results of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took fight after they started serving the army．The study shows a clear link between good physical fitness and better results for the IQ test．The strongest links are for logical thinking and verbal comprehension．But it is only fitness that plays a role in the results for the IQ test，and not strength．“Being fitmeans that you also have good heart and lung capacity and that your brain gets plenty of oxygen，”says Michael Nilsson，professor at the S ahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital．“This may be one of the reasons why we can see a clear link with fitness，but not with muscular strength．We are also seeing that there are growth factors that are important．”By analysing data for twins，the researchers have been able to determine that it is primarily environmental factors and not genes that explain the link between fitness and a higher IQ．“We have also shown that those youngsters who improve their physical fitness between ages of l5 and l8 increase their cognitive performance," says Mafia Aberg，researcher at the Sahlgrenska Academy and physician at Aby health centre．“This being the case6，physical during is a subject that has anresearcher Michael Chaiton，a research associate at the Ontario Tobacco Research Unit of the University of Toronto．“Although cigarettes may appear to have self-medicating effects or to improve mood，in the long term we found that teens who started to smoke reported higher depressive symptoms.”As part of the study，some 662 high school teenagers completed up to 20 questionnaires about their use of cigarettes to affect mood．Secondary schools were selected to provide a mix of French and English participants，urban and rural schools，and schools located in high, moderate and low socioeconomic neighbourhoods．Participants were divided into three groups: never smokers；smokers who did not use cigarettes to self-medicate，improve mood or physical state；smokers who used cigarettes to self-medicate．Depressivesymptoms were measured using a scale that asked how felt too fired to do things：had trouble going to sleep or staying asleep；felt unhappy，sad，or depressed；felt hopeless about the future；felt vexed，antsy or tense；and worried too much about things．"Smokers who used cigarettes as mood improvers had higher risks of elevated depressive symptoms than teens who had never smoked," says co-researcher Jennifer 0’Loughlin，a professor at the University of Montreal Department of Social and Preventive Medicine．"0ur study found that teen smokers who reported emotional benefits from smoking are at higher risk of developing depressive symptoms."The association between depression and smoking exists principally among teens that usecigarettes to feel better．"It’s important to emphasize that depressive symptom scores were higher among teenagerswho reported emotional benefits from smoking after they began to smoke," says Dr．Chaiton．C级完型填空新增文章教材第三篇文章What Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe?What is the coldest air temperature ever recorded on the Earth? Where was this low temperature recorded? The coldest recorded temperature on Earth was -91℃which occurred in Antarctica in 1983．We encounter an interesting situation when we discuss temperatures in space. Temperatures in Earth orbit actually range from about +120℃ to -120℃．The temperature depends upon whether you are in direct sunlight or shade．Obviously, -l20℃is colder than our body can safely endure．Thank NASA science for well-designed space suits that protect astronauts from these temperature extremes．The space temperatures just discussed affect only Our area of the solar system．Obviously，it is hotter closer to theSun and colder as we travel away from the Sun．Astronomers estimate temperatures at Pluto are about -210℃．How cold is the lowest estimated temperature in the entire universe? Again，it depends upon your location．We are taught it is supposedly impossible to have a temperature below absolute zero，which is-273℃，at which atoms do not move．Two scientists，whose names are Cornell and Wieman，have successfully cooled down a gas temperature barely above absolute zero．They won a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001 for their work—not a discovery，in this case．Why is the two scientists' work so important to science?In the l920s，Satyendra Nath Bose was studying an interesting theory about particles we now call photons．Bose had trouble convincing other scientists to believe so he contacted Albert Einstein．Einstein's calculations helped him theorize would behave as Bose thought——but only at very cold temperatures．Scientists have also discovered that ultra-cold atoms can help them make the world's atomic clocks even more accurate．These clocks are so accurate today they would only lose 0ne second every six million years! Such accuracy will help us travel in space because distance is velocity times time (d=v×t)．With the long distances involved in space travel to know time as accurately as possible to get accurate distance．A级阅读理解新增文章教材第四十六篇文章Marvelous MetamaterialsInvisibility cloaks would have remained impossible，forever locked in science fiction．had it not been for the development of metamaterials. In Greek, "meta" means beyond, and metamaterials car do things beyond what we see in the natural world—like shuffle light waves around an object，and then bring them back together．Ifscientists ever manage to build a full—fledged invisibility cloak，it will probably be made of metamaterials．"We are creating materials that don't exist in nature, and that have a physical phenomenon that doesn't exist in nature," says engineer Dentcho Genov. "That is the most exciting thing." Genov designs and builds metamaterials--such as those used in cloaking--at Louisiana Tech University in Ruston, Louisiana.An invisibility cloak will probably not be the first major accomplishment to come from the field of metamaterials．Other applications are just as excitin．In many labs，for example，scientists are working on building a hyperlens．A lens is a device——usually made of glass——that can change the direction of light waves．Lenses are used in microscopes and cameras to focus light，thus allowing a researcher to see small things or a photographer to capture image ofthings that are far away．A hyperlens，however，would be made of metamaterials．And since metamaterial s can do things with light that ordinary materials can't，the hyperlens would be a powerful t001．A hyperlens would allow researchers to see things at the smallest scale imaginable —as small as the wavelength of visible light．Genov points out that the science of metamaterials is driven by the imagination：If someone call think of an idea for a new behavior for fight，then the engineers can find a way to design a device using metamaterials．"We need people who can imagine," he says．Since 2006，many laboratories have been exploring other kinds of metamaterials that don't involve just visible light．In fact，scientists are finding that almost any kind of wave may respond to metamaterials．At the Polytechnic University of Valenciain Spain．Jose Sanchez-Dehesa is working with acoustics, or the science of sound．Just as an invisibility cloak shuffles waves of light，an "acoustic" cloak would shuffle waves of sound in a way that's not found in nature．In an orchestra hall, for example．an acoustic cloak could redirect the sound waves——so someone sitting behind a column would hear the same concert as the rest of the audience．without distortion．Sanchez-Dehesa，an engineer，recently showed that it's possible to build such an acoustic cloak，though he doubts we'11 see one any time soon．"In principle，it is possible," he says，but it might be impossible to make one, he adds．Other scientists are looking into ways to use larger metamaterials as shields around islands or oil rigs as protection from tsunamis．A tsunami is a giant．destructive wave．The metamaterial would redirect the tsunami around the rig or island．and the wavewould resume its ioumey on the other side without causing any harm．练习：1．What is true for metamaterials?They are nonexistent in nature．2．A hyperlens is a more powerful tool than a traditional lensas it can help scientists to see even the wavelengths of visible light．3．Scientists at the Polytechnic University of Valencia try to inventan acoustic cloak that can shuffle waves of sound．4．According to Sdnchez—Dehesa,it is possible to build an acoustic cloak in theory but far from．reality．5．What ways are some scientists looking into to protect the island and oil；rig from tsunamis? (Read the last paragraph．) Surround them with metamaterials as protective shields．A级阅读理解新增文章教材第四十五篇文章Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others Low—salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others，according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences food scientist．The research indicates that genetic factors influence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat．Those conclusions are important because recent，well—publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others，pointed out John Hayes，assistant professor of food science，who was lead investigator 0n the study．Diets high in salt Can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke．That is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foodsthat are enjoyable to eat．This study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption．The research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips，on multiple occasions，spread out over weeks．Test subjects were 45：men and 42 women, reportedly healthy，ranging in age from 20 t0 40 years．The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes．They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale，ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind．“Most of us like the taste of salt．However，some individuals eat more salt，both because they like the taste of saltiness more，and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food,”said Hayes. “Supertasters, people whoexperience tastes more intensely, consume more salt than nontasters do. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor, and at least for these foods, more is better, so the supertasters seem to like them more.”However, supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese，Hayes noted．“For example，cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk，but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt，” he said．“A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronounced6．”Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named Blakeslee，showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicals．As a result，Hayes explained，we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists，and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color．“Some people，called supertasters，describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter，while others，called nontasters，find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weakly bitter．”he said．“Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertastin7 is not limited to bitterness．(476)1．In paragraph 2，John Hayes points out that many people accept low—salt tasteless food reluctantly2．The fourth paragraph describes briefly how to select subjects and what to do in the research．3. The article argues that supertasters1ike snack foods as saltiness is their primary flavor．4. Which of the following applies to supertasters in terms of bitter taste?They prefer high—salt cheese．whichtastes less bitter．5. What message do the last two paragraphs carry?Taste acuity is genetically determined．A级阅读理解新增文章教材第三十四篇文章Batteries Built by VirusesWhat do chicken pox，the common cold, the flu，and AIDS have in common? They’real disease caused by viruses，tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to person．It's no wonder1 that when most people think about viruses, finding ways t0 steer clear of viruses is what's on people's minds．Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carders, though．In Cambridge, Massachusetts, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual way．They are putting viruses to work, teaching them to build some of the world's smallest rechargeable batteries．Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair，but they're not so strange forengineer Angela Belcher，who first came up with the idea．At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new ways．In the case of the virus-built batteries, the scientists combine what they know about biology, technology and production techniques．Belcher's team includes Paula Hammond，who helps put together the tiny batteries, and Yet-Ming Chiang， an expert on how to store energy in the form of a battery．“We’re working on things we traditionally don’t associate with nature．” says Hammond．Many batteries are already pretty small．You can hold A．C and D batteries in your hand．The coin—like batteries that power watches are often smaller than a penny．However。
2011年职称英语理工类A新增文章(含译文)
第四十五篇Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like OthersLow-salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others，according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences1 food scientist. The research indicates that genetic factors influence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat.Those conclusions are important because recent，well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food2 have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others3，pointed out John Hayes，assistant professor of food science，who was lead investigator4 on the study.Diets high in salt can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke. That is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat. This study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption.The research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips，on multiple occasions，spread out over weeks5.Test subjects were 45 men and 42 women，reportedly healthy，ranging in age from 20 to 40 years. The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes. They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale，ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind.“Most of US like the taste of salt. However，some individuals eat more salt，both because they like the taste of saltiness more，and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food. "said Hayes." Supertasters，people who experience tastes more intensely，consume more salt than nontasters do. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor，and at least for these foods，more is better，so the supertasters seem to like them more.”However，supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese，Hayes noted. "For example，cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk，but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt," he said. "A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronouncedo6."Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named Blakeslee，showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicals. As a result，Hayes explained，we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists，and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color.“Some people，called supertasters，describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter，while others. called nontasters，find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weakly bitter，"he said." Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological difterences in food preference because supertasting7 is not limited to bitterness. (476)词汇：publicize v.引起公众对…的注意;(用广告)宣传 ferment v.(使)发酵geneticist n.遗传学家dietary adj.饮食的;规定食物的 acuity n.敏锐;尖锐注释：1.Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences：即Penn State University-College of Agricultural Sciences 宾州州立大学农学院。
职称英语阅读理解译文---理工类C级
职称英语阅读理解译文---理工类C级(2011-01-03 14:27:30)标签：职称英语考试职称杂谈数码王国数码王国的下一个大发展将是语音识别系统。
这个系统的雏形已经形成，但仅仅是个最原始的形态。
冲着电脑讲：“识别语音”，很可能出现的后果是电脑会认为你要它去“毁坏一个美丽的海滩”。
但时下多年后我们就能不停的冲着电脑聊下去，而它也能完全理解我们的意思。
当我们能与电脑芯片对话时，它就会深深的影响着我们的生活。
不仅仅是电脑，我们甚至能与自动交通系统、电话座机、浏览器和恒温器、大屏幕、微波设备，还有别的我们需要发布命令的机器聊天。
这将会为我们打开一下个数码纪元的大门：人工智能。
随着我们每天不断地向机器人提供各种想法和喜好，机器将会积累足够的信息来了解我们的想法，可以模仿我们的大脑思维，扮演着代理人的角色。
吓到了，哈？但这个设想的潜在作用很大，至少在这之前很有用——人工智能型机器人决定不再需要我们并开始独立制造更为聪明的机器以供驱策。
迄今为止的数码时代的法则是由戈登·穆尔制定的，即：每18个月电脑芯片的功能加倍而价格减至一半。
而稍稍早些比尔·盖茨之所以能够操控着电脑界是因为他按照计算机将会统治世界的假定行动——微处理器和记忆芯片的价格会趋于零；他和他的公司一直大量的捆绑销售越来越多的系列软件。
而接下来的几十年中，新的法则会是光纤宽带及其他输送数码通讯渠道的费用趋于零。
随着数码启动和储存的最新发展，上述法则意味着未来所有的相关内容——电影、音乐、演出、书籍、资料、杂志、报纸，甚至你婶婶的菜谱和家庭录影——随时随地都可以立即下载。
任何人都可以成为上述内容的出品者；你甚至也能创出一本杂志或是制作一部电影，提供给全世界的人并收取费用，就像泰姆·华纳。
结果是大众化市场朝着个性化市场转变。
不同于传统的集中的电影厂和工作室向数百万人提供播放的同种产品，现在的技术已经能使产品满足不同人的不同需要。
2011职称
下面是2011年阅读理解和完形填空新增文章的目录，供大家在复习时进行对照。
综合类阅读理解部分新增3篇(与2010职称英语教材对比)B级*第三十八篇Excessive Demands on Young People对年轻人的过高期望综合类完型填空部分新增3篇(与2010职称英语教材对比)B级*第十二篇Sport or Spectacle竞技还是表演?综合类教材中完型填空题型错误提醒：1、第十三篇英文暂无译文。
2、第十三篇中文译文实为第十五篇英文的译文。
3、第十五篇中文译文，大家可忽略不计，因英文已在教材删除。
复习重点仍应该放在词汇选项、阅读理解、完型填空三大题型上。
（一）阅读理解题型复习策略：关注新增文章：大家要利用这段时间把2011年新增的文章（新增文章列表见下文），尤其是本类别新增的文章要仔细认真的进行背诵和复习，在背诵文章时，应注意以下三点：（1）背诵每个题目的答案，不能只记ABCD（2）关注文章的中文内容，为换题做准备；（3）要全面重点背诵三个类别中新增的15篇文章，防止串考现象。
（二）完型填空题型复习策略：大家在复习完形填空题型时，应注意以下几点：（1）完型填空题型为题库出题，不需要做课外题目，综合类、理工类、卫生类串考情况比较少，各级别复习重点，综合类学生要扩大复习范围。
（2）复习要有层次感：把握住复习重点（3）复习程度把握：每篇文章的中文意思一定要全部了解，不能只记标题。
文章空白处反复练习，语法现象熟记。
（三）词汇选项题型的复习策略大家可以利用2月份这段时间集中进行同义词的积累和记忆，同时每天利用一定的时间练习进行查字典，对于基础较差的考生，建议抽时间坚持每天可以练习10—20对左右，这样有利于大家全面攻克词汇选项题型。
（四）其他题型的复习策略：阅读判断、概括大意与完成句子和补全短文三个题型，由于题目难度较大，且根据往年出题规律，一般不出教材内的内容，分值所占比重较小。
建议考生在复习过程中主要以掌握解题技巧为主，通过一些习题进行技巧的灵活应用。
大家论坛_2011年职称英语教材(理工类)阅读理解[原文+解析+译文]第1-5篇WORD
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大家论坛职称英语版块/forum-109-1.html2011年职称英语教材（理工类）阅读理解第1-5篇WORD第一篇Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles第二篇（新增）World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict第三篇Citizen Scientists第四篇Motoring Technology第五篇Late-Night Drinking第六篇（新增）Weaving with Light第七篇Sugar Power for Cell Phones第八篇Eiffel Is an Eyeful第九篇Egypt Felled by Famine第十篇Young Female Chimps Outlearn Their Brothers第一篇Ford Abandons Electric VehiclesThe Ford motor company's1 abandonment of electric cars effectively signals the end of the road for the technology, analysts say.General Motors2 and Honda3 ceased production of battery-powered cars in 1999，to focus on fuel cell4 and hybrid electric gasoline engines5，which are more attractive to the consumer. Ford has now announced it will do the same.Three years ago，the company introduced the Think City two-seater car and a golf cart called the THINK, or Think Neighbor6. It hoped to sell 5,000 cars each year and 10,000 carts. But a lack of demand means only about 1,000 of the cars have been produced, and less than 1，700 carts have been sold so far in 2002."The bottom line is7 we don't believe that this is the future of environment transport for the mass market," Tim Holmes of Ford Europe said on Friday. "We feel we have given electric our best shot8. ”The Think City has a range of only about 53 miles and up to a six-hour battery recharge time. General Motors' EVI electric vehicle also had a limited range, of about 100 miles.The very expensive batteries also mean electric cars cost much more than petrol-powered alternatives. An electric Toyota9 RA V4 EV vehicle costs over $42,000 in the US, compared with just $17,000 for the petrol version. Toyota and Nissan10 are now the only major auto manufacturers to produce electric vehicles."There is a feeling that battery electric has been given its chance. Ford now has to move on with its hybrid program11, and that is what we will be judging them on, ”Roger Higman，a senior transport campaigner at UK Friends of the Earth, told the Environment News Service.Hybrid cars introduced by Toyota and Honda in the past few years have sold well. Hybrid engines offer greater mileage than petrol-only engines, and the batteries recharge themselves. Ford says it thinks such vehicles will help it meet planned new guidelines12 on vehicle emissions13 in the US. However, it is not yet clear exactly what those guidelines will permit. In June, General Motors and Daimler Chrysler14 won a court injunction, delaying by two years Californian legislationrequiring car-makers to offer 100,000 zero-emission and other low-emission vehicles in the state by 2003. Car manufacturers hope the legislation will be rewritten to allow for more low-emission, rather than zero-emission, vehicles.词汇：hybrid /'haibrid/ n.杂种，混合物；adj.杂种mileage /'mailids/ n.英里数，英里里程的；混合的injunction/iidsAgkJ^n/n.命令；指令注释：1. The Ford motor company：福特汽车公司。
2011年全国职称英语考试真题答案理工类
2011年全国职称英语考试真题答案理工类（C级）第1部分：词汇选项1 A eventua11y 和finally 同义，都表示"最后、最终" 的意思，又如: They met with difficulties and dangers on their way，but eventually they got to the destination. 他们一路上遭遇种种险阻，但最终到这了目的地。
luckily 幸运的，certainly 肯定地，naturally自然地。
2 C propose 和suggest 是同义词，都是"建议、提议、提出"的意思，注意用法略有不同，两者后面都可以跟动词的-ing形式，但是propose 后面可以用动词不定式，suggest 则不可以。
可以说We propose have a meeting，但是不可以说We suggest to have a meeting。
test测试、检验，announce 宣布、公布。
3 C rely on 是个很常用的动词短语，意为"依靠、依赖"，和depend on 同义。
4 D explore 是"探索、探险、摸索" 的意思，investigate 除了常用的"调查"这层意思外，也具有'探索'这样的意义，本句的意思是:在会议上我们探索了扩充的可能性。
5 C brief 这个形容词可以解释"简单的"，也有"简短的、短暂的"的意思，如 a brieftalk/introduction 简短的谈话/介绍.a brief visit 短暂的访问。
6 D vary 解释"变化、改变"，故用change 替换。
本句的意思是: 我的医生说我的饮食应该更多样化。
又如: The prices for computers vary a lot from shop to shop. 电脑的价格每家商店的差别很大。
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2011年职称英语阅读理解新增文章译文---理工类世界原油产量可能提前十年达到峰值理C科威特科学家预测世界常规原油产量将在2014年达到峰值，这一发现可能会促进储存石油的努力。
这一预测比其他预测提前了将近十年，已经发表在美国化学学会《能量与燃料》杂志上。
伊布赫姆·纳夏威和同事们指出，全球石油消耗的快速增长使人们对“石油峰值”预测的兴趣越来越浓。
“石油峰值”指的是石油产量达到最大值后开始下降的时间点。
科学家已经构建了几个模型来预测这一时间，有些模型认为这一时间在2020年或更晚。
其中最著名的预测模型之一是赫伯特模型。
赫伯特模型认为世界石油产量呈钟形曲线，与此相关的概念是“石油峰值”。
这一术语指的是世界石油产量达到峰值的那一刻，之后将呈现无法逆转的下降趋势。
赫伯特模型精确地预测到美国石油产量于1970年达到峰值。
这一模型从此受到欢迎，已经用于预测世界石油生产。
但是，最近研究表明，这一模型不足以解释某些国家更加复杂的石油生产周期。
科学家称，这些生产周期受到技术变化、政策和其他因素的很大影响。
最近研究描述了赫伯特模型的新版本，提供了更加实际、更加准确的石油生产预测。
科学家使用新模型评估了47个主要产油国家的石油生产趋势，这47个国家是世界常规原油的主要提供者。
科学家预计全球常规原油产量将于2014年达到峰值，比之前预计的要早很多年。
科学家还指出，世界石油储量正在以2.1%的速度逐年减少，他们认为新模型会帮助做出与能源相关的决定，帮助进行国家政策辩论。
编制灯光在墨西哥中西部的马德雷山脉，维克人过着与祖先类似的生活——他们不是用电，因为在他们居住的偏远山区架设电线成本太大。
维克人以制作精美的工艺品为生，他们到几百英里以外的城市去销售工艺品。
因为家里和路上都没有电，他们只能白天工作，天一黑就不得不停下手中的活计。
如今，一个由科学家、设计师和建筑师组成的团队正在利用新技术为维克人在太阳下山之后提供光亮。
科学家的技术将小小的电晶体编入纺织品内，纺织品可以做成衣服、袋子和其他物品。
这些纺织品白天收集太阳能，晚上可以发出明亮的白光。
发明者将这些纺织品命名为“移动光源”。
项目负责人希拉·肯尼迪称，移动光源有可能改变全世界用不上电的人们的生活。
肯尼迪说，“这一发明的动力是我们可以改变美国日常所见的技术，用来服务那些不富裕的人们。
”移动光源技术的核心是高亮度发光二极管，已经在电子钟、电视和路灯中得以应用。
发光二极管与电灯泡完全不同，玻璃灯泡大多是白炽灯，内部用电将金属丝加热到2,200摄氏度以上。
这种温度下，灯泡发出我们能看到的光。
但是，白炽灯散发的能量90%都是热量，而热量是不可见的。
因为浪费了很多能量，白炽灯消耗能量的速度很快。
另外，白炽灯也很容易损坏。
而发光二极管如同由按照晶体结构排列的分子组成的小块石头，电流通过发光二极管时，晶体结构就会发光。
而白炽灯不同，发光二极管可以发出各种颜色的光。
发光二极管内部的分子类型和排列方式决定了光的颜色。
病毒电池理B水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病有哪些相似之处呢？这些都是由病毒引起的疾病。
病毒是能够在人与人之间传染的微生物。
难怪大部分人一提到病毒，首先想到的是如何躲避病毒。
然而，并不是每个人都躲避这些病毒携带者。
在马萨诸塞州剑桥市，科学家发现有些病毒能起到非同寻常的作用。
他们使病毒开始工作，使病毒构成世界上最小的充电电池。
病毒和电池的搭档似乎并不常见，但这对于工程师安吉拉·贝尔彻来说却并不陌生。
安吉拉·贝尔彻最早产生了这一想法。
在位于剑桥市的麻省理工学院，她和合作者一起用新方式融合了不同的科学领域。
在由病毒构成的电池里，科学家融合了他们在生物、技术和生产工艺方面的知识。
贝尔彻的团队包括帮助组装微型电池的宝拉·哈蒙德和以电池形式存储能量的专家蒋业明。
哈蒙德说，“我们现在从事的行业是传统中不会想到的。
”许多电池已经很小了。
A型、C型和D型电池都可以握在手里。
硬币形状的手表电池通常比分币还小。
然而，个人音乐播放器和手机等新型电子设备变得越来越小。
这些设备变小了，普通电池就无法安装进去了。
理想的电池应当体积小、储能多。
，贝尔彻的电池模型是完全由病毒构成的金属圆盘，看起来就像普通手表电池。
但里面的部件却非常小——小到用高倍望远镜才能看到。
这些电池部件到底有多小呢？从头上拔一根头发，把它放到白纸上，看看头发的宽度——是不是很细呢？尽管每个人的头发宽度不同，每个头发上可以并列排放大约10个病毒电池部件。
这些为电池能会改变我们对病毒的看法。
野生大象寿命更长人们通常认为动物园对于动物来说是安全的，因为他们没有猎食的困难，也不受其他肉食动物的威胁，所以动物园内的动物应该寿命较长。
但世界上最大的陆地动物却并非如此。
科学家已经发现大象面临着很多健康问题，例如生病、关节问题和行为改变等，有时甚至会失去生育能力。
为了了解禁闭生活对大象的影响，一队国际科学家将在动物园出的雌象与生活在自然环境中的雌象的寿命进行了对比。
动物园保留了所饲养动物的详细记录，包括出生日期、疾病、体重的死亡等因素。
有了这些记录，研究人员能够分析全欧洲800头非洲象和非洲象历时40年的数据。
科学家将动物园出生的大象与同一时间段的几千头非洲野生雌象、在伐木场劳动的亚洲象进行了寿命对比。
这些科学家发现，动物园出生的非洲雌象平均寿命是16.9年，而自然死亡的野生大象平均寿命是56年——是动物园大象的3倍多。
亚洲雌象情况类似：动物园雌象寿命是18.9年，而伐木场雌象的寿命是41.7年。
科学家尚不清楚野生大象比动物园大象获得更好的原因。
负责这一研究的加拿大圭尔夫大学生物学家乔治亚·梅森认为，压力和肥胖是问题的根源。
动物园大象不像野生大象那样活动，因此非常肥胖。
动物园大象的社会生活也很不同，不像野生大象那样过着群居的生活。
该研究的另一发现表明，在动物园出生的亚洲象比野外捕获后放入动物园的亚洲像死的要早。
梅森认为动物园母象的压力可能导致小象成活率低。
对动物园大象的研究向人们提出了一个问题：是否应该将跟多的大象关进动物园。
尽管有些濒危物种在动物园能够很好地繁衍生息、健康成长，大象却并非如此。
梅森说，“动物园现在不是大象的纯粹生产者，二十纯粹消费者。
”咸度味感因人而异理A宾州州立大学农学院食品科学家进行的一项研究表明，有些人很难喜欢含盐量低的食物。
该研究指出，遗传因素导致我们对咸度的不同喜好。
该研究负责人、食品科学副教授约翰·海斯指出，这些结论非常重要，因为近期对减少食物含盐量的大力宣传使得许多人努力去接受适合其他人而不适合自己口味的食物。
含盐量高的饮食会增加高血压和中风的风险，这就是公共健康专家和食品公司共同努力、通过可口的食品帮助消费者减少盐摄入量的原因。
该研究使人们更加理解对盐的喜好和摄入的差异。
该研究包括87名经过仔细筛选的参与者，他们在几周的不同时间品尝了汤和薯条等含盐食物。
参与者包括45名男性和42名女性，身体健康，年龄在20岁到40岁之间。
参与者不会主动改变自己的饮食习惯，且不吸烟。
他们通过一种常用的科学量表来区别咸度味感，分为“最轻微味感”到“最强烈味感”等级别。
海斯说，“大部分人都喜欢盐的味道。
但是，有些人吃盐较多，这不仅是因为他们更喜欢咸味，也因为他们需要咸味来遮盖食物其他讨厌的味道。
口味超重的人比口味清淡的人消耗更多的盐。
因为快餐食品的主要味道就是咸味，而且咸度越高，味道越好，所以口味超重的人更喜欢快餐。
”海斯还提到，口味超重的人还需要盐来遮盖奶酪等食物中讨厌的苦味。
“例如，奶酪是牛奶味和发酵苦味的完美结合，而盐可以遮盖苦味。
口味超重的人不喜欢低盐奶酪，因为苦味太明显了。
”海斯举出了化学家福克斯和遗传学家布雷克斯里75年前进行的研究，该研究表明，人们品尝特定化学制品的能力是不同的。
海斯解释说，由此我们知道每个人的味觉敏度是不同的，这一差异和头发眼睛颜色的差异一样正常。
海斯说，“口味超重的人觉得苦味混合物非常之苦，而口味清淡的人会觉得同样的苦味混合物没有味道，或稍微有些苦。
对苦味混合物的反应只是确定在食物偏好方面生物差异的众多方法之一，因为口味超重的人不只是对苦味敏感。
”不可思议的超材料如果尚未开发超材料的话，隐形衣可能永远不可能，只能在科幻小说中看到。
在希腊语中，“meta”的意思是“超越”，超材料能完成我们在自然界无法看到的事，例如将转移某物体周围的光波，然后将光波全部收回。
如果科学家能够做出完全成熟的隐身衣，那很可能是有超材料制成的。
工程师Dentcho Genov说，“我们创造的是大自然不存在的材料，这些材料的物理现象在自然中也不存在。
这最令人激动。
”Genov在位于拉斯顿市的路易斯安那理工大学设计和制作超材料，例如能运用到隐身衣中的超材料。
隐身衣可能不是超材料领域的第一个重要成果，其他应用也同样令人振奋。
例如，很多实验室的科学家正致力于建造超透镜。
透镜通常由玻璃制成，能够改变光波的方向。
显微镜和照相机中的透镜能够聚光，因此研究人员能够看到微小的物体，摄影师能够捕捉远处的影像。
而超透镜是由超材料构成。
由于超材料能够完成普通材料无法做到的事情，超透镜会成为强大的工具。
研究人员能够利用超透镜看到想象当中最微小的事物——例如和可见光的波长一样小的事物。
Genov指出，超材料科学是由想象力推动的：如果能够想到光的新行为，工程师就有办法来设计使用超材料的设备。
他说，“我们需要想象力丰富的人。
”从2006年起，许多实验室开始探索不仅仅利用可见光的其他超材料。
事实上，科学家发现几乎所有种类的波都对超材料有反应。
西班牙瓦伦西亚理工大学的Jose Sanchez-Dehesa在研究声学。
和隐形衣移动光波的原理类似，“隐声衣”会以自然界不存在的方式来移动声波。
例如，“隐声衣”会改变音乐厅内声波的方向——这样，坐在柱子后面的人和其他观众收听音乐会的效果一样，不会受到任何干扰。
最近，工程师Sanchez-Dehesa表示有可能制成“隐声衣”，但他怀疑能否很快实现。
他说，“这在理论上是可能的。
”但他补充说，实际上可能无法制成。
其他科学家正在研究用更大的超材料为岛屿和石油钻塔进行防护的方法，以使它们免受海啸的侵害。
海啸是强大的破坏性波浪，超材料可以让钻塔和岛屿周围的海啸改变方向，波浪会沿着相反方向继续前进，不会造成任何破坏。
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