Curing Those Uncontrollable Fits of Interaction Expect Curing Those Uncontrollable Fits of
高考英语拔高试题解析（二）
高考英语拔高试题解析（二）高考英语拔高试题解析（二）Section I: Structure and V ocabularyIn each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put your choice in the brackets on the left. (10 points) EXAMPLE:I was caught ________ the rain yesterday.[A] in[B] by[C] with[D] atANSWER: [A]1. The skyscraper stands out ________ the blue sky.[A] in[B] against[C] under[D] beneath2. They have always been on good ________ with their next-door neighbors.[A] friendship[B] relations[C] connection[D] terms3. Hello! Is that 21035? Please put me ________ to the manager.[A] across[B] up[C] through[D] over4. Why do you look so ________? You never smile or look cheerful.[A] miserable[B] unfortunate[C] sorry[D] rude5. Eggs, though nourishing, have ________ of fat content.[A] large number[B] a large number[C] the high amount[D] a high amount6. Jim always ________ his classmates in a debate.[A] backs out[B] backs away[C] backs up[D] backs down7. Most of the people who ________ two world wars are strongly against arms race.[A] have lived out[B] have lived through[C] have lived on[D] have lived off8. There are many inconveniences that have to be ________ when you are camping.[A] put up[B] put up with[C] put off[D] put away9. Is it true that those old houses are being pulled down ________ new office blocks?[A] to accommodate[B] to provide for[C] to increase[D] to make room for10. Being in no great hurry, ________.[A] we went the long route with scenery[B] the long, scenic route was our preference[C] we took the long scenic route[D] our preference was taking the long, scenic routeSection II: Reading ComprehensionEach of three passages below is followed by five questions. For each question there are four answers, read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each of the question. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)Text 1For centuries men dreamed of achieving vertical flight. In 400 A.D. Chinese children played with a fan-like toy that spun upwards and fell back to earth as rotation ceased. Leonardo da Vinci conceive the first mechanical apparatus, called a “Helix,” which could carry man straight up, but was only a design and was never tested.The ancient-dream was finally realized in 1940 when a Russian engineer piloted a strange looking craft of steel tubing with a rotating fan on top. It rose awkwardly and vertically into the air from a standing start, hovered a few feet above the ground, went sideways and backwards, and then settled back to earth. The vehicle was called a helicopter.Imaginations were fired. Men dreamed of going to work in their own personal helicopters. People anticipate that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do theairliners of today. Such fantastic expectations were not fulfilled.The helicopter has now become an extremely useful machine. It excels in military missions, carrying troops, guns and strategic instruments where other aircraft cannot go. Corporations use them as airborne offices, many metropolitan areas use them in police work, construction and logging companies employ them in various advantageous ways, engineers use them for site selection and surveying, and oil companies use them as the best way to make offshore and remote work stations accessible to crews and supplies. Any urgent mission to a hard-to-get-to place is a likely task for a helicopter. Among their other multitude of used: deliver people across town, fly to and from airports, assist in rescue work, and aid in the search for missing or wanted persons.11. People expect that ________.[A] the airliners of today would eventually be replaced by helicopters[B] helicopters would someday be able to transport large number of people from place to place as airliners are now doing[C] the imaginations fired by the Russian engineer’s invention would become a reality in the future[D] their fantastic expectations about helicopters could be fulfilled by airliners of today12. Helicopters work with the aid of ________.[A] a combination of rotating devices in front and on top[B] a rotating device topside[C] one rotating fan in the center of the aircraft and others at each end[D] a rotating fan underneath for lifting13. What is said about the development of the helicopter?[A] Helicopters have only been worked on by man since 1940.[B] Chinese children were the first to achieve flight in helicopters.[C] Helicopters were considered more dangerous than the early airplanes.[D] Some people thought they would become widely used by average individuals.14. How has the use of helicopters developed?[A] They have been widely used for various purposes.[B] They are taking the place of high-flying jets.[C] They are used for rescue work.[D] They are now used exclusively for commercial projects.15. Under what conditions are helicopters found to be absolutely essential?[A] For overseas passenger transportation.[B] For extremely high altitude flights.[C] For high-speed transportation.[D] For urgent mission to places inaccessible to other kinds of craft.Text 2In ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religious associations. The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honor of Zeus, king of the Olympian Gods, eventually lost its local character, became first a national event and then, after the rules against foreign competitors had been abolished, international. No one knows exactly how far back the Olympic Games go, but some official records date from 776 B.C. The games took place in August on the plain by Mount Olympus. Many thousands of spectators gathered from all parts of Greece, but no married woman was admitted even as aspectator. Slaves, women and dishonored persons were not allowed to compe te. The exact sequence of events uncertain, but events included boy’s gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, horse racing and field events, though there were fewer sports involved than in the modern Olympic Games.On the last day of the Games, all the winners were honored by having a ring of holy olive leaves placed on their heads. So great was the honor that the winner of the foot race gave his name to the year of his victory. Although Olympic winners received no prize money, they were, in fact, richly rewarded by their state authorities. How their results compared with modern standards, we unfortunately have no means of telling.After an uninterrupted history of almost 1,200 years, the Games were suspended by the Romans in 394 A.D. They continued for such a long time because people believed in the philosophy behind the Olympics: the idea that a healthy body produced a healthy mind, and that the spirit of competition in sports and games was preferable to the competition that caused wars. It was over 1,500 years before another such international athletic gathering took place in Athens in 1896. Nowadays, the Games are held in different countries in turn. The host country provides vast facilities, including a stadium, swimming pools and living accommodation, but competing courtiers pay their own athletes’ expenses.The Olympics start with the arrival in the stadium of a torch, lighted on Mount Olympus by the sun’s rays. It is carried by a succession of runners to the stadium. The torch symbolized the continuation of the ancient Greek athletic ideals, and it burns throughout the Games until the closing ceremony. The well-known Olympic flag, however, is a modern conception: the fiveinterlocking rings symbolize the uniting of all five continents participating in the Games.16. In ancient Greece, the Olympic Games ________.[A] were merely national athletic festivals[B] were in the nature of a national event with a strong religious colour[C] had rules which put foreign participants in a disadvantageous position[D] were primarily national events with few foreign participants17. In the early days of ancient Olympic Games ________.[A] only male Greek athletes were allowed to participate in the games[B] all Greeks, irrespective of sex, religion or social status, were allowed to take part[C] all Greeks, with the exception of women, were allowed to compete in Games[D] all male Greeks were qualified to compete in the Games18. The order of athletic events at the ancient Olympics ________.[A] has not definitely been established[B] varied according to the number of foreign competitors[C] was decided by Zeus, in whose honor the Games were held[D] was considered unimportant19. Modern athletes’ results cannot be com pared with those of ancient runn ers because ________.[A] the Greeks had no means of recording the results[B] they are much better[C] details such as the time were not recorded in the past[D] they are much worse20. Nowadays, the athletes’ expenses are paid for ________.[A] out of the prize money of the winners[B] out of the funds raised by the competing nations[C] by the athletes themselves[D] by contributionsText 3In science the meaning of the word “explain” suffers with civilization’s every ste p in search of reality. Science cannot really explain electricity, magnetism, and gravitation; their effects can be measured and predicted, but of their nature no more is known to the modern scientist than to Thales who first looked into the nature of the electrification of amber, a hard yellowish-brown gum. Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that man can ever discover what these mysterious forces “really” are. “Electricity,” Bertrand Russell says, “is not a thing, like St. Paul’s Cathedral; it is a way in which things behave. When we have told how things behave when they are electrified, and under what circumstances they are electrified, we have told all there is to tell.” Until recently scientists would have disapproved of such an idea. Aristotle, for example, whosenatural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles. He felt, for example, that it is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because that’s where they belong, and smoke goes up because that’s where it belongs. The goal of Aristotelian science was to explain why things happen. Modern science was born when Galileo begantrying to explain how things happen and thus originated the method of controlled experiment which now forms the basis of scientific investigation.21. The aim of controlled scientific experiments is ________.[A] to explain why things happen[B] to explain how things happen[C] to describe self-evident principles[D] to support Aristotelian science22. What principles most influenced scientific thought for two thousand years?[A] the speculations of Thales[B] the forces of electricity, magnetism, and gravity[C] Aristotle’s natural science[D] Galileo’s discoveries23. Bertrand Russell’s notion about electricity is ________.[A] disapproved of by most modern scientists[B] in agreement with Aristotle’s theory of se lf-evident principles[C] in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “how” things happen[D] in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “why” things happen24. The passage says that until recently scientists disagreed with the idea ________.[A] that there are mysterious forces in the universe[B] that man cannot discover what forces “really” are[C] that there are self-evident principles[D] that we can discover why things behave as they do25. Modern science came into being ________.[A] when the method of controlled experiment was firstintroduced[B] when Galileo succeeded in explaining how things happen[C] when Aristotelian scientist tried to explain why things happen[D] when scientists were able to acquire an understanding of reality of reasoningSection III: Structure and V ocabularyFill in the blanks with the words which best complete the sentence. Put your choices in the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) EXAMPLE:It was the largest experiment we have ever had, it ________ six hours.[A] ended[B] finished[C] was[D] lastedANSWER: [D]26. As scheduled, the communications satellite went into ________ round the earth.[A] circle[B] orbit[C] path[D] course27. When I saw Jane, I stopped and smiled, but she ________ me and walked on.[A] refused[B] ignored[C] denied[D] missed28. It was a good game, and at the end the ________ wasArgentina 3, West Germany 2.[A] mark[B] account[C] record[D] score29. George took ________ of the fine weather to do a day’s work in his garden.[A] chance[C] advantage[D] charge30. Is there anyone who ________ the plans put forward by the committee?[A] differs[B] opposes[C] disagrees[D] refuses31. All too ________ it was time to go back to school after the summer vacation.[A] often[B] quick[C] fast[D] soon32. In an accident when two cars run into each other, they ________.[A] hit[B] knock[C] strike[D] collide33. The noise was caused by a boy ________ a cat through the garden.[A] catching[B] fighting[C] following[D] chasing34. He drove fast and arrived an hour ________ of schedule.[A] in advance[B] ahead[C] abreast[D] in front35. This ticket ________ you to a free meal in our new restaurant.[A] gives[C] grants[D] creditsSection IV: Close TestFor each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. Read the whole passage before making your choice. (10 points)EXAMPLE:For instance, the automobile tunnel might ________ huge ventilation problems.[A] make[B] bring[C] raise[D] createANSWER: [D]Cheques have __36__ replaced money as a means of exchange for they are widely accepted everywhere. Though this is very convenient for both buyer and seller, it should not beforgotten that cheques are not real money: they are quite valueless in themselves. A shop-keeper always runs a certain __37__ when he accepts a cheques and he is quite __38__ his rights if on occasion, he refuses to do so.People do not always know this and are shocked if their good faith is called __39__. An old and very wealthy friend of mine told me he had an extremely unpleasant experience. He went to a famous jewelry shop which keeps a large __40__ of precious stones and asked to be shown some pearl necklaces. After examining several trays, he decided to buy a particularly fine string of pearls and asked if he could pay by Cheques. The assistant said that this was quite __41__ but the moment my friend signed his name, he was invited into th e m anager’s office.The manager was very polite, but he explained that someone with exactly the same name had presented them with a worthless Cheque not long ago. My friend got very angry when he heard this and said he would buy a necklace somewhere else. When he got up to go, the manager told him that the police would arrive at any moment and he had better stay __42__ the wanted to get into serious trouble. __43__, the police arrived soon afterwards. They apologized to my friend forthe __44__, but explained that a person who had used the same name as his was responsible for a number of recent robberies. Then the police asked my friend to copy out a note which had been used by the thief in a number of shops. The note __45__: “I have a gun in my pocket. Ask no questions and give me all the money in the safe.” Fortunately, my friend’s handwriting was quite unlike the thief’s. He was not only allowed to go without further delay, but to take the string of pearls with him.[B] really[C] largely[D] thoroughly37. [A] danger[B] chance[C] risk[D] opportunity38. [A] within[B] beyond[C] without[D] out of39. [A] in difficulty[B] in doubt[C] in earnest[D] in question40. [A] amount[B] stock[C] number[D] store41. [A] in order[B] in need[C] in use[D] in common42. [A] whether[B] if[C] otherwise[D] unless43. [A] Really[B] Sure enough[D] However44. [A] treatment[B] manner[C] inconvenience[D] behaviour45. [A] read[B] told[C] wrote[D] informedSection V: Verb FormsFill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the verbs given in the brackets. Put your answer in the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)EXAMPLE:It is highly desirable that a new president ________ (appointed) for this college.ANSWER: (should) be appointed46. With all factors (consider) we think this program may excel all the others in achieving the goal.47. They had been working round the clock for a couple of days (hope) to get the design out before their competitors did.48. There’s a general underst andin g among the members of the Board of Directors that chief attention (give) to the undertaking that is expected to bring in highest profit.49. If we don’t start out now, we must risk (miss) the train.50. This test (intend) to reinforce what you have learnt in the past few weeks.51. The members of the delegation were glad (stay) longer than originally planned.52. With full knowledge of his past experience, we knew all along that he (succeed).53. (Know not) what appropriate measures to be taken to cope with the situation, he wrote to his lawyer for advice.54. It’s no good (write) to him, he never answers letters. The only thing to do is to go and see him.55. (Come) what may, we’re not going to make any concessions to his unreasonable demands. Section VI: Error-detection and CorrectionEach question consists of a sentence with four underlined parts (words or phrases). These parts are labeled [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the part of the sentence that is incorrect and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. Then, without altering the meaning of the sentence, write down the correct word or phrase on the line in the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)EXAMPLE:You’ve to hurry up if you want to buy something because [A] there’s [B] hardly something [C] left.[D]ANSWER: [C] anything56. In [A] his response to [B] the advertisement, Ed. replied that he was looking for a full-time position [C] not a part-time [D] one.57. No one who has seen [A] him work [B] in the laboratory can deny [C] that William has great capabilities of [D] research.58. Neither of the alternatives that had been outlined [A] at the last meeting [B] were [C] acceptable to [D] the executive committee.59. Airline companies today require [A] that all luggage’s [B] be inspected [C] before passengers are admitted into [D] thewaiting rooms.60. Although Alice has been [A] to the mountains many times[B] be fore, she still [C] loves visiting it. [D]61. An important function of the World Health Organization is to improve [A] the healthy [B] and living conditions for the sick and the poor of [C] world [D]62. The element carbon is widely [A] found [B] in nature [C] in many forms including both diamonds as well as [D] coal.63. While still a young boy [A] Bizet knew to play [B] the piano well and as [C] he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which [D] is Carmen.64. Despite the fact that [A] the South Pole is as snow-covered [B] and stormy-weathered [C] as the North Pole, it is colder [D] than the North Pole.65. Climate [A] conditions vary widely [B] from place to place and from season to season, but a certain order and pattern [C] can be identifiable. [D]Section VII: Chinese-English TranslationTranslate the following sentences into English (15 points)66. 所有那些努力工作的人都应得到鼓励。
四川省泸州市泸县教育共同体2023届高三上学期一诊模拟考试 英语含答案
四川省泸县高 2023 届教育共同体一诊模拟考试英语试题（答案在最后）注意事项：答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。
第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例：How much is the shirt?A.￡19.15.B. ￡9.18.C. ￡9.15. 答案是C。
1．Where is the man’s phone most probably?A．In the kitchen. B．In the bedroom. C．In the sitting room.2．Why does the woman refuse to go with the man?A．He has had some wine. B．She lives nearby. C．She can take the last bus home.3．Who is Dave?A．The man’s brother.B．The man’s classmate.C．A friend of the man’s brother.4.What will the weather be like in eastern areas tomorrow afternoon?A.Sunny.B.Cloudy.C.Rainy.5.What are the speakers mainly talking about?A．A forest. B．A unique plant. C．A piece of furniture.第二节（共15小题，每小题15分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。
每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
评价人工智能坏处英语作文120词
评价人工智能坏处英语作文120词全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Bad Sides of AI - An Essay by a KidHi there! My name is Jamie and I'm a 4th grader. Today I want to tell you about the bad sides of artificial intelligence (AI). AI is really cool and it can do lots of amazing things, but there are also some not-so-good parts about it that we need to think about.First of all, AI could make a bunch of people lose their jobs. There are robots and computers that can do lots of the same work that humans do, like driving trucks, working on assembly lines, or even writing news articles. If companies start using AI workers instead of human workers, tons of people could end up without jobs. That would be really bad because those people need money to pay for food, rent, and other important stuff. My dad works as a cashier at the grocery store, and I hope a robot doesn't take his job someday!Another big problem with AI is that it could get too smart and take over. Some scientists are scared that if we make AIsystems that are way smarter than humans, they might try to get rid of us or make us their servants or something. That would be really scary! AI is supposed to help humans, not hurt us or take control away from us. I don't want to have to listen to what a mean robot tells me to do.There are also some privacy issues with AI. Lots of AI systems need to collect tons of data about people to learn how to do things better. That means they might know tons of private stuff about you, like where you live, what websites you visit, who your friends are, and more. Companies could sell that private data or use it to show you ads and try to get you to buy their products. Some people don't want companies knowing all that personal info about them.AI can also be kind of creepy sometimes. Have you ever seen one of those humanoid robots that looks just like a real person? Those give me the chills! What if you couldn't even tell if someone was a robot or a human? That would be so weird. AI also makes it possible for people to create fake videos of people doing or saying things they never actually did. That could be used to trick people and spread misinformation.So while AI is an amazing technology that lets us do incredibly cool things, we need to be aware of the potential risksand downsides too. We don't want AI to put tons of people out of work, become smarter than us and take over, violate our privacy, or be used to deceive people. The developers of AI need to make sure it only gets used in good ways that help humanity, not hurt us.Those are some of the bad sides of AI from my perspective as a kid. Let me know if you have any other thoughts or questions! I'll do my best to discuss this complex issue. Thanks for reading my essay!篇2The Bad Sides of AI That We Need to Think AboutArtificial intelligence or AI is really cool technology that is getting smarter and smarter every day. We see AI assistants like Siri, Alexa, and ChatGPT that can understand our questions and help us out. AI can also beat the best humans at chess, go, and video games. Self-driving cars use AI to see the road and make decisions. That's all amazing!But I've been learning about the potential downsides of AI too. There are some pretty big problems we need to carefully think about as AI keeps advancing. Here are some of the main risks and challenges with AI that worry me:Job LossesOne of the biggest concerns with AI is that it could lead to massive job losses as AI replaces humans for many types of work. Self-checkout kiosks at stores have already replaced some cashier jobs. But AI could automate away lots more jobs like driving trucks and taxis, working in factories, doing office tasks, and more. Millions could lose their jobs to robots and AI software. What will all those people do for work and money? We need to have a plan.AI BiasAnother problem is that the data used to train AI systems can lead to bias and discrimination. If an AI hiring system is trained on data where most past hires were men, it may be biased to favor hiring men over women. An AI credit scoring system could discriminate against minorities if it is trained on data that reflects past discrimination. We need to ensure AI systems treat everyone equally and fairly.AI MisinformationToday's AI language models are getting incredibly good at generating fake content like text, images, video and audio that seems totally real. Bad actors could use AI to spreadmisinformation, fake news, and even fake events on a huge scale. It could become really hard to know what information online is true or not. We have to find ways to detect and stopAI-generated misinformation.AI Hacking and AttacksAs AI gets smarter, it also becomes a threat if hackers and cyber criminals start using it for attacks. AI could be used to break into secure systems, sneak through cyber defenses, or cause disruptions at massive scales. An "AI arms race" between defense and offense could make cybersecurity an even bigger challenge. AI may need special protections.Existential RiskThis may sound like science fiction, but some really smart scientists are worried about an existential risk to humanity itself if we create superintelligent AI someday. If we're not extremely careful in how AI keeps getting smarter, scientists warn it could potentially become an uncontrollable force that views humans as a threat and tries to get rid of us or take over completely. An AI system that gets too intelligent and has the wrong motivations or values could be an existential catastrophe.Those are some of the big challenges I've learned about AI that make me somewhat nervous. I still get excited about how AI can help make our lives better and solve many problems. But the grown-ups developing AI need to take the risks super seriously too. We have to guide AI's progress thoughtfully and put lots of safeguards in place.Hopefully the upsides can outweigh the downsides if we're really careful and smart about it. AI is a powerful technology that we must try to steer in ethical, safe directions for the good of humanity. What are your thoughts on the pros and cons of AI? Let me know!篇3AI Is Not All GoodHi there! My name is Emma and I'm going to tell you about the bad things that can happen because of artificial intelligence (AI). AI is really smart computer programs that can learn and make decisions kind of like humans. A lot of grown-ups think AI is amazing and will help make the world better. But I've been learning about it in school, and there are actually some pretty scary downsides we need to watch out for!One big problem is that AI could end up taking tons of people's jobs. AI software is getting crazy good at doing tasks that humans used to have to do, like driving vehicles, analyzing data, providing customer service, and even creating artwork or music. My dad is a truck driver and he's worried that self-driving trucks run by AI could put him out of a job someday. My aunt works at a law firm doing research, and there are already AI programs that can read through legal documents way faster than she can. That makes me sad to think about all those people losing their jobs to robots!Another downside of AI is that the systems can be biased and discriminate against certain groups without meaning to. The AI learns from data about the world, but if that data has blind spots or reflects unfair biases from humans, the AI will pick up on those same biases. For example, an AI judging job applications might discriminate against women or minorities if it was trained on data that undervalued those groups. We have to be really careful about eliminating bias in the data AI learns from.AI systems also have a hard time explaining their decision making in a way that makes sense to humans. They crunch tons of data through these complicated software models, but we often don't really understand why the AI arrived at a particularconclusion or output. That's scary when AI could be making important decisions that affect our lives, like diagnosing diseases or deciding who gets a loan. How can we trust those decisions if we don't know the AI's reasoning?Another terrifying possibility is that AI could become super intelligent someday and turn against humans. This is called the "AI singularity" and some of the smartest scientists are seriously worried about it happening. Imagine an AI that is way smarter than any human and can endlessly upgrade itself to become even smarter. At some point, it could become a threat to humanity because we can't control something so vastly more intelligent than us. That AI could decide humans aren't important or are holding it back from its goals. I get chills thinking about an evil super-AI trying to wipe out the human race! It sounds like a scary movie but it's something we might need to prevent from really happening.Finally, I want to mention that AI could be used in really unethical ways by bad people. Someone could create an AI that spreads misinformation and fake news to confuse or manipulate everyone. Or hackers might develop malicious AI that is really good at breaking into computer systems and stealing data. Countries could use military AI to make autonomous weaponsystems that are crazy good at combat and put a lot of soldiers out of work. Basically, whenever new powerful technology gets created, there are always people who try to misuse it for selfish or harmful purposes.So those are some of the biggest risks and downsides of artificial intelligence that we need to be aware of. It's an amazing technology, but we have to be really smart and careful about how we develop and use it. AI will surely help with lots of great things too, like curing diseases or exploring space. But we can't ignore the potential dangers. We have to work hard to make sure AI remains safe and under human control. We're the ones building it, so we need to make it serve us, not replace or overthrow us!What do you think about the pros and cons of AI? I tried to cover the biggest risks I've learned about, but maybe you know of other issues we should add to the list? AI is such a fascinating but complicated topic - I'm really glad my teachers are making sure us kids understand both the good and the bad sides of it from an early age. Let me know your thoughts!篇4The Scary Side of AIArtificial intelligence or AI is really cool technology that can do lots of amazing things. Robots and computers are getting smarter and smarter thanks to AI. But I've been learning that AI also has some scary downsides we need to think about.One big problem is that AI could take away people's jobs. AI robots and software can do more篇5The Scary Side of Super Smart MachinesYou've probably heard about artificial intelligence or AI for short. It's when really smart computers can think and learn kinda like humans. A lot of grown-ups say AI will help make our lives easier and better. But I've been learning about it, and I think there could be some bad things about super smart machines too. Let me tell you what worries me.First of all, AI might take too many of the jobs humans do now. The machines can already do lots of tasks way faster and better than people. Imagine robot cashiers that never need breaks or make mistakes ringing up your groceries. Or AI doctors that can diagnose you just by looking at test results without ever seeing you in person. Those would be cool in some ways, butthen where would all the cashiers and doctors work? Lots of people could lose their jobs to robots and computers.Secondly, I'm scared the AI will get smarter than humans altogether. If we create thinking machines that are way smarter than any person, maybe they'll decide they don't need us anymore. What if the super smart AI systems think we're just dumb animals getting in their way? They could try to get rid of us! That would be like the plots of dystopian sci-fi movies where the AI robots turn against their human creators. Gives me chills just thinking about it.Another issue is that bad people could use AI for evil purposes. Like maybe terrorist groups could build killer AI robot armies. Or criminal masterminds could train AI hacker programs to steal zillions of dollars from banks. Cyber criminals already do lots of bad digital stuff, but AI would make it way worse if they had machine brains helping them. That's really scary!Also, AI algorithms already show bias and discrimination based on the data they get from us flawed humans. Like some AI recruitment software discriminates against women for tech jobs just because the training data came from companies that hired more men historically. If we let AI make more big decisions insociety without fixing this bias issue, it could spread more unfair treatment of certain groups without meaning to.And what about AI getting into the wrong hands? Like I said, terrorist groups getting killer AI robots is my worst nightmare. But even if national governments develop super intelligent AI weapons first, that's probably a bad thing too. Can you imagine what damage an AI system smarter than any human could do if it got hacked by enemy nations? That's like the ultimate cyber attack waiting to happen.Finally, there's the whole question of whether we should be messing around creating intelligence at all. Aren't humans playing God a bit by trying to create thinking, learning machines that could eventually outsmart us? Maybe we don't fully understand what we're getting into by developing artificial general intelligence that could eventually become an existential risk to humanity itself. Perhaps we're just messing with things we can't control.Now don't get me wrong, I'm not saying AI is all bad.Self-driving cars,personal assistant apps, and lots of other AI stuff seems really helpful. I just think we need to be super careful with developing superintelligent AI systems. There's a lot thatcould go wrong if we're not extremely responsible and put a lot of safety constraints in place.Maybe I'm just being a worrywart kiddo, but the possible downsides of AI seem pretty scary from where I'm standing. Let's at least have a grown-up discussion about all of the risks before we create machine brains smarter than humans. Otherwise we could be in for a real monster of our own creation that's impossible to control. And nobody wants a real-life Terminator situation on our hands, right?篇6The Rise of the Robots: Should We Be Scared of AI?Artificial intelligence or AI is becoming smarter and smarter every day. The computers and robots can now do things that used to be just for humans, like driving cars, playing games, and even creating art and music. While that seems really cool, I've been learning that there could be some bad things about super smart AI too.My teacher says AI may make a lot of human jobs go away if the robots can do them better and cheaper than people. That makes me worried because I don't know what I want to be when I grow up yet. What if an AI takes that job before I even have achance? My dad is a truck driver and he's concerned thatself-driving trucks may put him out of work someday. That would be terrible for our family!I also read that bad people could potentially use really advanced AI systems to do criminal things like steal data, spread misinformation, or even create cyber attacks that disrupt important systems. An AI that gets smarter than humans could theoretically get out of control and become a threat to humanity if it starts acting on its own in ways we can't understand or stop. That's a scary thought from the science fiction movies!Some experts are worried that if we're not careful, AI could keep increasing economic inequalities. The companies and people who create and own the best AI systems may get richer while many workers see their jobs taken over by machines. An AI arms race between countries could increase conflicts too. No one wants that!But not everyone thinks AI will be all bad. A lot of great thinkers believe AI has huge potential to help solve global problems like disease, poverty, climate change and more. New AI breakthroughs are happening constantly in helpful fields like medicine, education, clean energy and scientific research. AI maybe able to take over a lot of the tedious tasks that humans don't really want to do anyway.Still, I can't help but be a little wary of AI after learning about the risks. I really hope the scientists developing these crazy smart systems are being super responsible and thinking hard about the ethics. AI seems inevitable at this point, but we have to try our best to develop it in a way that protects people's jobs, privacy and safety. Maybe there's a way to get all the awesome benefits of AI while preventing the worst potential downsides from happening. I'll be watching closely as I get older because this AI stuff is going to impact my generation in ways we can't fully predict yet!。
科技英语翻译1
► 2）通顺易懂 ► 译文的语言符合译语语法结构及表达习惯，容易为读者所理解和接受。
► A. When a person sees, smells, hears or touches something, then he is perceiving.
2. Cramped(狭窄的) conditions means that passengers’ legs cannot move around freely.
空间狭窄，旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。
3. All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space.
忠实、通顺（普遍观点）
► 科技英语文章特点：(well-knit structure;tight logic;various styles)结构严谨，逻辑严密，文体多样
1. 科技翻译的标准：准确规范，通顺易懂，简洁明晰 1）准确规范
所谓准确，就是忠实地，不折不扣地传达原文的全部信息内容。 所谓规范，就是译文要符合所涉及的科学技或某个专业领域的专业语言表
实验结果等，而不是介绍这是这些结果，理论或现象是由谁发 明或发现的。
► In this section, a process description and a simplified process flowsheet are given for each DR process to illustrate the types of equipment used and to describe the flow of materials through the plant. The discussion does not mention all the variations of the flowsheet which may exist or the current status of particular plants. In the majority of the DR processes described in this section, natural gas is reformed in a catalyst bed with steam or gaseous reduction products from the reduction reactor. Partial oxidation processes which gasify liquid hydrocarbons, heavy residuals and coal are also discussed. The reformer and partial oxidation gasifier are interchangeable for several of the DR processes.
四六级阅读难点关键句
四六级阅读难点关键句100句CET阅读难点关键句100句1. Wearing a seat belt saves lives; it reduces your chance of death or serious injury by more than half.2. But it will be the driver‟s responsibility to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing a seat belt of some kind.3. However, you do not have to wear a seat belt if you are reversing your vehicle; or you are making a local delivery or collection using a special vehicle; or if you have a valid medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it.4. Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so, and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it.5. Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of ageing could he slowed down.6. With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations.7. Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intellect (智能) and emotion, and determine the human character.8. Contraction of front and side parts as cells die off was observed in some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty and seventy-year-olds.9. The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns.10. White collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant.11. We know that you have a high opinion of the kind of learning taught in your colleges, and that the costs of living of our young men, while with you, would be very expensive to you.12. But you must know that different nations have different ways of looking at things, and you will therefore not be offended if our ideas of this kind of education happen not to be the same as yours.13. We are, however, not the less obliged by your kind offer, though we refuse to accept it; and, to show our grateful sense of it, if the gentlemen of Virginia will send us a dozen of their sons, we will take care of their education, teach them in all we know , and make men of them.14. In what now seems like the prehistoric times of computer history, the earth‟s postwar era, there was quite a wide-spread concern that computers would take over the world from man one day. 15. Already today, less than forty years later, as computers are relieving us of more and more of the routine tasks in business and in our personal lives. We are faced with a less dramatic but also less foreseen problem.16. Obviously, there would be no point in investing in a computer if you had to check all its answers, but people should also rely on their own internal computers and check the machine when they have the feeling that something has gone wrong.17. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant to go to sea to further his work.18. For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travellersor others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it , let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface.19. The first time that the question “ What is at the bottom of the oceans?” ha d to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed.20. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.21. For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, and the record is available for the student to show to prospective employers.22. All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work, but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs.23. The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities.24. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.25. Whenever possible, do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.26. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning.27. They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyse and evaluate, and to communicate effectively.28. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling?29. It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupil‟s technical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay, which contained some beautiful expressions of the child‟s deep feelings.30. The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors, but if his priorities had centred on the child‟s ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would have given the pupil more motivation to seek improvement.31. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater.32. The release of the carbon in these compounds for recycling depends almost entirely on the action of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and certain types of fungi.33. A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have outgrown the jumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a mouse era and a major who says that they haven‟t.34. They are trying to find out whether there is something about the way we teach language to children which in fact prevents children from learning sooner.35. Mathematicians who have tried to use the computers to copy the way the brain works have found that even using the latest electronic equipment they would have to build a computer which weighed over 10,000 kilos.36. Since different people like to do so many different things in their spare time, we could make a long list of hobbies, taking in everything from collecting matchboxes and raising rare fish, tolearning about the stars and making model ships.37. They know that a seal swimming under the ice will keep a breathing hole open by its warm breath, so they will wait beside the hole and kill it.38. We may be able to decide whether someone is white only by seeing if they have none of the features that would mark them clearly as a member of another race.39. Although signs of dishonesty in school , business and government seem much more numerous in years than in the past, could it be that we are getting better at revealing such dishonesty?40. It is not quite a matter of disagreeing with the theory of independence, but of rejecting its implications: that the romances may be taken in any or no particular order, that they have no cumulative effect, and that they are as separate as the works of a modern novelist.41. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States, but his definition of racial prejudice as “ racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition,” can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.42. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of and so was crucial in sustaining —the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.43. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on , is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.44. There are several steps that can be taken, of which the chief one is to demand of all the organizations that exist with the declared objectives of safeguarding the interests of animals that they should declare clearly where they stand on violence towards people.45. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types, however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.46. According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge , and there is some evidence for this view.47. The result of attrition is that, where the areas of the whole leaves follow a normal distribution,a bimodal distribution is produced, one peak composed mainly of fragmented pieces, the other of the larger remains.48. The Bible does not tell us how the Roman census takers made out, and as regards our more immediate concern, the reliability of present day economic forecasting, there are considerable difference of opinion.49. A survey conducted in Britain confirmed that an abnormally high percentage of patients suffering from arthritis of the spine who had been treated with X rays contracted cancer.50. Yet across the gulf of space, minds that are to our minds as ours are to those of the beasts that perish, intellects vast and cool and unsympathetic, regarded this earth with envious eyes, and slowly and surely drew their plans against us.51. Even the doctoral degree, long recognized as a required “ union card” in the academic world, has come under severe criticism as the pursuit of learning for its own sake and the accumulation of knowledge with out immediate application to a professor‟s classroom duties.52. While a selection of necessary details is involved in both, the officer must remain neutral and clearly try to present a picture of the facts, while the artist usually begins with a preconceived message or attitude which is then transmitted through the use of carefully selected details of action described in words intended to provoke associations and emotional reactions in the reader.53. Articles in the popular press even criticize the Gross National Production (GNP) because it is not such a complete index of welfare, ignoring, on the one hand, that it was never intended to be, and suggesting, on the other, that with appropriate changes it could be converted into one.54. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneuaral correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.55. The Chinese have distributed publications to farmers and other rural residents instructing them in what to watch for their animals so that every household can join in helping to predict earthquakes.56. Supporters of the Star Wars defense system hope that this would not only protect a nation against an actual nuclear attack, but would be enough of a threat to keep a nuclear war from ever happening.57. Neither would it prevent cruise missiles or bombers, whose flights are withi n the Earth‟s atmosphere, from hitting their targets.58. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.59. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present day notion of the “useless” child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to its parents, is yet considered emotionally “ priceless”.60. Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800‟s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicted in part on the assumption that a child‟s emotional value made child labor taboo.61. Of course, it would be as dangerous to overreact to history by concluding that the majority must now be wrong about expansion as it would be to re-enact the response that greeted the suggestion that the continents had drifted.62. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt, three key questions remain: who were the consumers? What were their motives? And what were the effect of the new demand for luxuries?63. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufacturers and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what.64. With respect to their reasons for immigrating, Grassy does not deny their frequently noted factthat some of the immigrants of the 1630‟s, most notably the organizers and clergy, advanced religious explanations for departure, but he finds that such explanations usually assumed primacy only in retrospect.65. If we take the age-and sex-specific unemployment rates that existed in 1956 (when the overall unemployment rate was 4.1 percent) and weight them by the age- and sex-specific shares of the labor force that prevail currently, the overall unemployment rate becomes 5 percent.66. He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a “ step up” toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up: money and power.67. Unless productivity growth is unexpectedly large, however, the expansion of real output must eventually begin to slow down to the economy‟s larger run growth potential if generalized demand pressures on prices are to be avoided.68. However, when investment flows primarily in one direction, as it generally does from industrial to developing countries, the seemingly reciprocal source-based restrictions produce revenue sacrifices primarily by the state receiving most of the foreign investment and producing most of the income—namely ,the developing country partner.69. The pursuit of private interests with as little interference as possible from government was seen as the road to human happiness and progress rather than the public obligation and involvement in the collective community that emphasized by the Greeks.70. The defense lawyer relied on long-standing principles governing the conduct of prosecuting attorneys: as quasi-judicial officers of the court they are under a duty not to prejudice a party‟s case through overzealous prosecution or to detract from the impartiality of courtroom atmosphere.71. No prudent person dared to act on the assumption that, when the continent was settled, one government could include the whole; and when the vast expense broke up, as seemed inevitable, into a collection of separate nations, only discord, antagonism, and wars could be expected.72. If they were right in thinking that the next necessity in human progress was to lift the average person upon an intellectual and social level with the most favored, they stood at least three generations nearer than Europe to that goal.73. Somehow he knows that if our huckstering civilization did not at every moment violate the eternal fitness of things, the poet‟s song would have been given to the world, and the poet would have been cared for by the whole human brotherhood, as any man should be who does the duty that every man owes it.74. The instinctive sense of the dishonor which money-purchase does to art is so strong that sometimes a man of letters who can pay his way otherwise refuses pay for his work, as Lord Byron did, for a while, from a noble pride, and as Count Tolstoy has tried to do, from a noble conscience.75. Perhaps he believed that he could not criticize American foreign policy without endangering the support for civil rights that he had won from the federal government.76. Abraham Lincoln, who presided in his stone temple on August 28, 1963 above the children of the slaves he emancipated (解放), may have used just the right words to sum up the general reaction to the Negroes’massive march on Washington.77. In the Warren Court era, voters asked the Court to pass on issues concerning the size and shape of electoral districts, partly out of desperation because no other branch of government offered relief, and partly out of hope that the Court would reexamine old decisions in this area as it had in others, looking at basic constitutional principles in the light of modern living conditions.78. Some even argue plausibly that this weakness may be irremediable : in any society that, like a capitalist society, seeks to become ever wealthier in material terms disproportionate rewards are bound to flow to the people who are instrumental in producing the increase in its wealth.79. This doctrine has broadened the application of the Fourteenth Amendment to other, nonracial forms of discrimination, for while some justices have refused to find any legislative classification other than race to be constitutionally disfavored, most have been receptive to arguments that at least some nonracial discriminations, sexual discriminat ion in particular, are “suspect” and deserve this heightened scrutiny by the courts.80. But as cameras become more sophisticated, more automated, some photographers are tempted to disarm themselves or to suggest that they are not really armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limits imposed by premodern camera technology because a cruder, less high-powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to have more room for creative accident.81. Both novelists use a storytelling method that emphasizes ironic disjunctions between different perspectives on the same events as well as ironic tensions that inhere in the relationship between surface drama and concealed authorical intention, a method I call an evidentiary narrative technique.82. When black poets are discussed separately as a group, for instance, the extent to which their work reflects the development of poetry in general should not be forgotten, or a distortion of literacy history may result.83. These differences include the bolder and more forthright speech of the later generation and its technical inventiveness.84. But black poets were not battling over old or new rather, one accomplished Black poet was ready to welcome another, whatever his or her style, for what mattered was racial pride.85. Tolstoy reversed all preconceptions and in every reversal he overthrew the “ system”, the “ machine”, the externally ordained belief, the conventional behaviour in favor of unsystematic, impulsive life, of inward motivation and the solutions of independent thought.86. It was better covered by television and press than any event here since President Kennedy’s inauguration (就职) , and , since indifferent is almost as great a problem to the Negro as hostility, this was a plus.87. But do not the challenge and the excitement of the critical problem as such lie in that ambivalence of attitude which allows us to recognize the intelligence and even the splendor of Meredith‟s work, while, at the same time, we experience a lack of sympathy, a failure of any enthusiasm of response?88. In this respect she resembled one of her favourite contemporaries, Mary Brunton, who would rather have “ glided through the world unknown” than been suspected of literary airs—to be shunned, as literary women are, by the more pretending of their own sex, and abhorred, as literary women are, by the more pretending of the other!89. From those sounds which we hear on small or on coarse occasions, we do not easily receive strong impressions, or delightful images; and words to which we are nearly strangers, whenever they occur, draw that attention on themselves which they should transmit to things.90. To proceed thus is to set up a fivefold hypothesis that enables you to gather from the innumerable items cast up by the sea of experience upon the shores of your observation only the limited number of relevant data—relevant, that is, to one or more of the five factors of yourhypothesis.91. As an author, I am naturally concerned that a surprisingly large percentage of the population of the United States is functionally illiterate; if they can‟t read or cannot understand what they read, they won‟t buy books, or this magazine.92. They do not know those parts of the doctrine which explain and justify the remainder ; the considerations which show that a fact which seemingly conflicts with another is reconcilable with it, or that, of two apparently strong reasons, one and not the other ought to be preferred.93. Quite apart from the logistic problems, there existed a well-established tradition in Britain which refused to repatriate against their will people who found themselves in British hands and the nature of whose reception by their own government was, to say the least, dubious.94. An obsession with the exact privileges of a colonial legislature and the precise extent of Britain‟s imperial power, the specifics of a state constitution and the absolute necessity of a federal one, all expressed this urge for a careful articulation as proof that the right relationship with external powers did indeed prevail.95. One encyclopaedia tells us that intelligence is related to the ability to learn, to the speed with which things are learned, to how well and how long ideas are remembered, to the ability to understand those ideas and use them in problem-solving, and to creativity.96. The event marked the end of an extended effort by William Barton Rogers, M.I.T. …s founder and first president, to create a new kind of educational institution relevant to the times and to the contrary‟s ne ed, where young men and women would be educated in the application as well as the acquisition of knowledge.97. Each departmental program consists, in part, of a grouping of subjects in the department‟s areas of professional interest and, in part, of additional opportunities for students of their choice.98. Alternatively, a student may use elective time to prepare for advanced study in some professional field, such as medicine or law, for graduate study in some area in which M. I. T. gives no undergraduate degree, such as meteorology or psychology, or for advanced study in an interdisciplinary field, such as astrophysics, communication science, or energy.99. While the undergraduate curriculum for an open Bachelor of Science degree, as listed by a department, may have its own unique features, each program must be laid out in consultation with a departmental representative to assure that it is meaningful in structure and challenging in content.100. Where previously it had concentrated on the big infrastructure projects such as dams, roads and bridges, it began to switch to projects which directly improved the basic services of a country.。
The Pink Panther
The minister of justice sent around a new picture of himself...
...but it was bigger than Chief Inspector Dreyfus' picture.
So the chief inspector had a larger one made.
All right, you are ready to go.
All clechief inspector of the Police Nationale...
...I hear many stories of our officers in the field.
...I hereby appoint you full inspector...
...with all of the...
Here, if you would be so kind, please.
Oh, here, take my pen.
Thank you.
One does not often see the traditional French fountain pen.
-That had to hurt. -No. No, not at all. No.
Clouseau, the reason we called you here...
It is lovely weather we are having.
I hope the weather continues.
... was Xania, the international pop star.
They had been having quite a stormy affair.
托福阅读真题第177篇ConstraintsonNaturalSelection
托福阅读真题第177篇ConstraintsonNaturalSelectionParagraph 1：Natural selection is the process in which organisms with certain traits survive and reproduce while organisms that are less able to adapt to their environment die off. As Darwin pointed out, natural selection does not necessarily produce evolutionary progress, much less perfection. The limits to the effectiveness of natural selection are most clearly revealed by the universality of extinction. More than 99.9 percent of all evolutionary lines that once existed on Earth have become extinct. Mass extinctions remind us forcefully that evolution is not a steady approach to an ever-higher perfection but an unpredictable process in which the best-adapted organisms may be suddenly exterminated by a catastrophe and their place taken by lineages that prior to the catastrophe seemed to be without distinction or prospects.1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.O Evolution is an unpredictable process because in mass extinctions highly-evolved organisms are exterminated.O Evolution does not progress steadily to ever-higher levels of perfection because, as shown by mass extinctions, lineages favored by evolution can be suddenly replaced by those not favored previously when circumstances change.O Catastrophes remind us that evolution is a process in which the best-adapted organisms are exterminated and their place taken by lineages shown to be poorly adapted.O When mass extinctions exterminate the best-adaptedorganisms, less important lineages suddenly become better adapted and take their place.2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following provides evidence that natural selection does not always lead to evolutionary progress?O Most evolutionary lines that once existed on Earth have become extinct.O Evolutionary lines usually weaken as they increase in age.O The history of evolution shows that many evolutionary lines can become extinct at the same time.O So far, less than one percent of evolutionary lines have achieved such perfect adaptation to their environment that they will never become extinct.Paragraph 2：There are numerous constraints, or limits, on the power of natural selection to bring about change. First, the genetic variation needed to perfect a characteristic may not be forthcoming. Second, during evolution, the adoption of one among several possible solutions to a new environmental opportunity may greatly restrict the possibilities for subsequent evolution. For instance, when a selective advantage for a skeleton developed among the ancestors of the vertebrates and the arthropods, the ancestors of the arthropods had the prerequisites for developing an external skeleton, and those of the vertebrates had the prerequisites for acquiring an internal skeleton. The entire subsequent history of these two large groups of organisms was affected by the two different paths taken by their remote ancestors. The vertebrates were able to develop such huge creatures as dinosaurs, elephants, and whales. A large crab is the largest type that the arthropods were able to achieve.3. In paragraph 2, why does the author discuss the ancestorsof vertebrates and arthropods?O To explain how a single feature can cause the extinction of entire groups of organismsO To identify some factors that determine how large an organism can becomeO To illustrate the point that earlier developments influence the possibilities for future developmentO To emphasize the role of the environment in the development of organisms4. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about arthropods?O There are fewer of them than there are of vertebrates.O Their ancestors had a selective advantage over the ancestors of vertebrates.O Their ancestors once possessed internal skeletons.O Their body features prevent them from becoming large organisms.Paragraph 3：Another constraint on natural selection is developmental interaction. The different components of an individual organism—its structures and organs—are not independent of one another, and none of them responds to selection without interacting with the others. The whole developmental machinery is a single interacting system. Organisms are compromises among competing demands. How far a particular structure or organ can respond to the forces of selection depends, to a considerable extent, on the resistance offered by other structures and organs, as well as components of the genotype (the totality of an individual’s genes).5. According to paragraph 3, why must organisms compromise between competing demands?O A particular organ or structure may be unable to respond to selection pressures due to the needs of other parts of the organism.O An organism’s ability to respond to the forces of selection depends on the demands of other organisms within its environment.O An organism’s environment and its genotype try at the same time to influence its ability to respond to natural selection.O Different elements of the environment call for adaptations that are often incompatible with one another.Paragraph 4：The structure of the genotype itself imposes limits on the power of natural selection. The classical metaphor of the genotype was that of a beaded string on which the genes were lined up like pearls in a necklace. According to this view, each gene was more or less independent of the others. Not much is left of this previously accepted image. It is now known that there are different functional classes of genes, some charged to produce material, others to regulate it, and still others that are apparently not functioning at all. There are single coding genes, moderately repetitive DNA, highly repetitive DNA, and many other kinds of DNA. Discovering exactly how they all interact with one another is still a rather poorly understood area of genetics.6. Paragraph 4 supports all of the statements about genes EXCEPT:O Our understanding of the extent to which genes act independently has changed over time.O Genes are classified into groups on the basis of their function.O Some genes seem to have no function.O Studies to identify ways that genes interact have beenlargely successful.Paragraph 5：A further constraint on natural selection is the capacity for nongenetic modification. The more plastic the organism’s body characteristics are (owing to developmental flexibility), the more this reduces the force of adverse selection pressures. Plants, and particularly microorganisms, have a far greater capacity for individual modification than do animals. Natural selection is involved even in this phenomenon, since the capacity for nongenetic adaptation is under strict genetic control. When a population shifts to a new specialized environment, genes will be selected during the following generations that reinforce and may eventually largely replace the capacity for nongenetic adaptation.Paragraph 6：Finally, which organisms survive and reproduce in a population is partly the result of chance, and this also limits the power of natural selection. Chance operates at every level of the process of reproduction, from the transmission of parental chromosomes to the survival of the newly formed individual. Furthermore, potentially favorable gene combinations are often destroyed by indiscriminate environmental forces such as storms, floods, earthquakes, or volcanic eruptions, without natural selection being given the opportunity to favor these genotypes. Yet over time, in the survival of those few individuals that become the ancestors of subsequent generations, relative fitness always plays a major role.7. What point does paragraph 6 make about the individuals that survive a particular natural disaster?O They were the small number of organisms that happened to be well-adapted to survive that kind of natural disaster.O Their descendants will likely be shaped by natural selectionto evolve genes that will make them fit to survive the next natural disaster.O Their survival may have been due to chance, but fitness also contributes to their survival over time.O They will probably have comparatively weak offspring because the natural disaster eliminated the individuals that had more favorable gene combinations.8. According to paragraph 6, environmental forces limit the power of natural selection in which of the following ways?O They change the reproductive process in significant ways.O They destroy potentially favorable gene combinations before they can be selected.O They interfere with the transmission of chromosomes from parent to offspring.O They weaken the ability of individuals to maintain high fitness levels.Paragraph 4：The structure of the genotype itself imposes limits on the power of natural selection. The classical metaphor of the genotype was that of a beaded string on which the genes were lined up like pearls in a necklace. ■According to this view, each gene was more or less independent of the others. ■Not much is left of this previ ously accepted image. ■It is now known that there are different functional classes of genes, some charged to produce material, others to regulate it, and still others that are apparently not functioning at all. ■There are single coding genes, moderately repetitive DNA, highly repetitive DNA, and many other kinds of DNA. Discovering exactly how they all interact with one another is still a rather poorly understood area of genetics.9. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.New models of the genotype depict a much more complicated relationship among genes.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.10. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click on View Text.Genetics and environmental factors often prevent organisms from achieving evolutionary perfection.O Darwin first challenged the idea of evolutionary progress by observing that more than 99.9 percent of all evolutionary lines that once existed on Earth have become extinct.O A single adaptation to an organism’s environment may dete rmine the way in which the organism’s subsequent ancestors are able to evolve.O The structure of the genotype itself restricts natural selection, since genes must line up like pearls on a necklace and cannot be moved out of their proper order.O The development of vertebrates and arthropods from a single ancestor demonstrates the power of the environment to limit natural selection.O A single structure or gene in an organism cannot respond to the forces of natural selection without affecting the functioning of other structures or genes.O Both environmental and genetic chance may prevent eventhe fittest organisms from surviving and reproducing.。
北京师大附中任务型阅读单元测试题+答案百度文库
一、高中英语任务型阅读1．根据短文内容，从短文后的7个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。
选项中有两项为多余选项。
Social PhobiaIt is natural to feel nervous, or shy in front of others at times. Most people manage to get through these moments when they need to. ________ It's probably more than shyness. It may build up into a powerful fear. As a result, people feel uncomfortable participating in everyday social activities. This is called social phobia (also called social anxiety).________ It prevents them from chatting with friends in the lunch time, joining an after-school club, or going to a party. Sometimes, they even feel too nervous to ask a question in class or go to a teacher for help. Social phobia not only prevents people from trying new things. It also prevents them from making the normal, everyday mistakes that may help people improve their skills even furtherIt is really sad, isn't it? But the good news is that people with social phobia can learn to manage fear, develop confidence and communicating skills and stop avoiding things that make them nervous. Of course it's not always easy. Dealing with social phobia takes the willingness patience and courage to face fears. ________Therapists (治疗师) can help people create a plan for facing social fears and build the skills and confidence to overcome it. And family or friends are especially important for them. ________They can encourage them to pick a small goal to aim for, remind them to go for it, and be there when they might feel discouraged.Little by little, someone who decides to deal with extreme shyness can learn to be more comfortable. ________ As shyness and fears begin to melt, confidence and positive feelings build. Pretty soon, the person is thinking less about what might feel uncomfortable and more about what might be fun.A. Friends can overcome their fears easily.B. But for someone, the anxiety can be extreme.C. They are not able to make eye contact with classmates.D. Social phobia makes people lonely or disappointed over missed opportunities.E. Each small step forward helps build enough confidence to take the next small step.F. It also takes an action to go forward rather than back away when feeling shy.G. The support from those key people helps them gather the courage to try something new.【答案】 B；D；F；G；E【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了如何处理社交恐惧的几点建议。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Curing Those Uncontrollable Fitsof InteractionExpect:Curing Those Uncontrollable Fits of Interac-tion[1]was the seminal paper on Expect,a software tool for automation of other software.The Expect soft-ware itself was a solution to a long-standing problem: how to automate software designed to be operated by a human.There are very good reasons for automating software.An obvious one is testing—if a piece of soft-ware only works when a human is interacting with it, testing it is very expensive.Another problem is that humans are rather“unreliable.”Repeating an interaction for the10th time,people won’t be paying nearly as much attention as they might have on the first and second times.Many software applications have control languages, preferences,settings,and other mechanisms for provid-ing automated control.Macros are just one modern ex-ample of such programmability.However,before Expect each application used a different such language,if any. This meant that users had to learn lots of languages,one for each application.And in many cases,languages were quite limited or totally nonexistent. Passwords were just one example.Many programs had all sorts of similarly useless requirements for manual operation.Part of the problem arose from software reuse,often in unexpected ways.One of the hallmarks of any long-lived software is its application inExpect combined several ideas.The first was a general purpose control language.No more would people have to learn a new language for every applica-tion.The second idea was providing an effective simulation of a human pressing keys at a keyboard. Surprisingly,many programs are quite sensitive to whether a human is there or not—and understandably. For instance,a program intended to accept passwords doesn’t want people scripting them since there is a loss in security because embedded passwords are readable by others.Such programs go out of their way to prevent automation.Not surprisingly,many programs could be entirely automated—except for their passwords. But even if the programs were used in secure settings, the programs offered no way of bypassing this manual step.Perhaps entering a single password doesn’t sound time consuming.But imagine creating passwords each semester for fifty thousand students.Or logging in (including entering passwords)to configure several hundred network routers.Or test them.And so on.all sorts of ways unenvisioned by its authors.A good example of this was Expect’s earliest application—in the construction at NBS of a semi-automated factory[2]. This factory was constructed of dozens of one-of-a-kind pieces of hardware and lots of software.Much of theassociated software had been written in the context of separate projects,which made perfect sense at the time. It was hard enough to design and develop a robot at all, much less to design and develop a robot that worked in a complex factory.Expect was used as a kind of glue that integrated many of the pieces together.It wasn’t a network or a communications protocol,but merely plugged the many assorted holes that the Automated Manufacturing Research Facility software designers had written in for themselves.At the prestigious1990Summer Usenix conference in Anaheim,California,this paper announced the devel-opment of the Expect software to a world that was ripe for such automation software.The paper not only described how Expect solved the general problem but it included a dozen classes of software problems that were solved by Expect in order to make sure that readers could walk away with ideas for immediate application to their own environment.Publication of the paper spurred use of Expect dramatically;NBS saw downloads of Expect hit4000in its first year.The bulk of these downloads sites,but also itary sites and170U.S.federal sites.Two years later,downloads were in the hundreds of thousands of sites,aided by other users making Expect available on network gateways in Australia,Netherlands,Germany,Japan and other countries.Now Expect is bundled with many CD and DVD software distributions and vendor-supplied operating system releases.Ultimately,the Curing paper[1]became a base upon which further exploration and development occurred. Hundreds of other papers,as well as textbooks,graduate theses,technical courses,and other writings followed, each describing Expect as an essential element of various research projects as well as crucial in day-to-day operations.A sampling of Expect’s published uses include quality assurance,network measurements, automated file transfers and updates,tape backups, automated queries to multiple heterogenous online databases,computer security sweeps,network router/ bridge/repeater/server configurations,test instrument simulation,account administration,stock price retrieval, 500-user simulation,control of unreliable processes, and library management.Subsequent to the original development of Expect, additional work at NIST continued,including innovative ideas such as automatically generating control systems by watching real interactions(Autoexpect)and wrap-ping legacy line-oriented systems with modern GUIs without any change to the underlying application (Expectk).As the figure suggests,the Autoexpect paper had a strange but accurate title.The full title was How to Avoid Learning ExpectϪor—Automating Automating Interactive Programs[3].As with the Curing title, Because of its odd typography,the Writing a Tcl Extension paper was almost impossible to cite correctly, but nonetheless was given the Best Paper Award at the conference where it was presented.The final development of the Curing paper was the publication of the book Exploring Expect[4].Not sur-prisingly,the book contains significant novel material many of the Expect papers and topics used humor as a very effective writing technique.Perhaps the most amusing title was applied to a retrospective paper on Expect titled:in its602pages.Y et despite being a comprehensive tome,its origins can clearly be traced back to the Curing paper.The book appeared in numerous Best Books of the Y ear lists and has now become the normative reference,superseding the Curing paper as the standard citation for the Expect tech-nology.The paper and book were written by Don Libes,a computer scientist at NBS/NIST.He has written approximately100computer science papers and articles plus several textbooks.Besides Exploring Expect,he also wrote two classics in the UNIX literature:Life With UNIX[5]and Obfuscated C and Other Mysteries[6]. Recognition of Expect and the related papers is also demonstrated by various non-government awards that Don earned,including the A ward for Excellence in T echnology Transfer,Federal Laboratory Consortium (1998),two Best Presentation A wards,USENIX Associ-ation(1996,1997),Best Paper A ward,USENIX Associ-ation(1997),Federal100A ward,FOSE&FCW(1993), Innovation A ward,International Communications Association(1992),and Tcl Achievement A ward,Tcl Consortium(2000).Prepared by Don Libes.Bibliography[1]D.Libes,expect:Curing Those Uncontrollable Fits of Interaction,in Proceedings of the Summer1990USENIX Conference, Anaheim,CA,June11-15,1990,(/doc /seminal.pdf).[2]C.Furlani, E.Kent,H.Bloom,and C.Mclean,AutomatedManufacturing Research Facility of the National Bureau of Standards,in Proceedings of the1983Summer Computer Simulation Conference,V ancouver,BC,Canada,July11-13, 1983.[3]Don Libes,How to A void Learning Expect—or—AutomatingAutomating Interactive Programs,in Proceedings of the T enth USENIX System Administration Conference(LISA X),Chicago, IL,September30—October4,1996,(/doc/ autoexpect.pdf).[4]Don Libes,Exploring Expect:A Tcl-Based T oolkit for Automat-ing Interactive Programs,O’Reilly&Associates,Inc.,Sebastopol, CA(1995),(/catalog/expect).[5]Don Libes and Sandy Ressler,Life With UNIX:A Guide forEveryone,Prentice Hall,Englewood Cliffs,NJ(1989).[6]Don Libes,Obfuscated C and Other Mysteries,John Wiley andSons,New Y ork(1993).。