跨文化交际(胡超版)期末试题(卷)

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跨文化交际期末考试复习题

跨文化交际期末考试复习题Define the following items:1.intercultural communication: is simply defined as interpersonal communication between people from different cultural background.2.interethnic communication: refers to communication between people of the same race but different ethnic backgrounds.3.verbal communication：communication done both orally and in written language.4.nonverbal communication: involves all nonverbal stimuli i n a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver.4. Monochronic time一元时间观念: means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.5. Polychronic time多元时间观念: means being involved with many things at once.6. ethnocentrism ：the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it.7. stereotypes：refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals based on any observable or believed groupmembership.针对目标群体成员所特有的正面或方面的判断。

跨文化交际导论期末试题B卷

1 s2 m3 q4 k5 j6 t7 o8 n9e 10 p11 h 12 a 13 l 14 c 15 r 16 d 17i 18g 19 b 20 f1 Interpretation refers to attaching meaning to sense data. The same situation can be interpreted quite differently by diverse people. The effect of culture is great. Applying these same cues to someone from another culture may not work. So people in the United States frequently err in guessing the age of Japanese individuals, such as judging a Japanese college student in mid-20s to be only 14 or 15.2 This case can reflect the differences between individualist culture and collectivist culture. Cultures characterized by collectivism emphasize relationships among people to a greater degree. Collectivist cultures stress interdependent activities and suppressing individual aims for the group’swelfare.3 This case can reflect the lack of idiomatic equivalence between two cultures is a barrier to successful translation. Language that are different often lack words that are directly translatable. This leads to the lack of vocabulary equivalence, which is one of the causes of translation problems.1. In the direct style, associated with individualism, the wants, needs, and desires of the speaker are embodied in the spoken message. In the indirect style, associated with collectivism, the wants, needs, and goals of the speaker are not obvious in the spoken message.2Translation problems usually arise when communicators speak different languages and hold different cultures. They are the lack of vocabulary equivalence, the lack of idiomatic equivalence, the lack of grammatical- syntactical equivalence, lack of experiential equivalence, the lack of conceptual equivalence.3. The use of silence in communication is different from culture to culture. Silence can communicate agreement, apathy, awe, confusion, contemplation, disagreement, embarrassment, obligation, regret, repressed hostility, respect, sadness, thoughtfulness, or any number of meanings. In eastern cultures, silence has long been regarded as a virtue. While in western cultures, silence has generally been considered socially disagreeable. To most people in the United States, silence means lack of attention and lack of initiative. To the Chinese, silence means agreement.假如你不了解另一种文化，在交际过程中就会很容易出现假定一致性。

跨文化交际期末考试题

跨文化交际期末考试题Culture refers to the shared beliefs。

values。

customs。

rs。

___。

It is a way of life that is passed down from n to n。

The characteristics of culture include its diversity。

complexity。

and dynamic nature。

Culture shapes our ns。

attitudes。

and rs。

and it influences how we interact with others and make sense of the world around us.2.What are the barriers to ___。

P56-57___ differences。

cultural differences。

stereotypes and prejudices。

ethnocentrism。

and ___ can lead to different ___ can lead to a belief that one's own ___ create barriers if ___.3.___。

P59-60___ cultural awareness。

learning about other cultures。

avoiding stereotypes and prejudices。

practicing active listening。

using ___。

and being open-___。

beliefs。

___ style to the cultural context。

Being open-___。

4.What is the difference een individualism and collectivism。

跨文化交际考试及答案

跨文化交际考试及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 跨文化交际指的是：A. 不同文化背景的人们之间的交流B. 同一文化背景的人们之间的交流C. 仅指语言交流D. 仅指非语言交流答案：A2. 在跨文化交际中，以下哪项不是文化休克的表现？A. 感到困惑和不适应B. 对新文化的强烈好奇C. 情绪波动和焦虑D. 强烈的思乡情绪答案：B3. 跨文化交际能力的核心是什么？A. 语言能力B. 交际技巧C. 文化敏感性D. 知识水平答案：C4. 以下哪项不是跨文化交流中的障碍？A. 语言差异B. 价值观差异C. 共同的兴趣D. 非语言交际的差异答案：C5. 在跨文化交际中，以下哪项不是有效的沟通策略？A. 倾听和理解B. 保持开放态度C. 避免文化假设D. 坚持自己的文化观点答案：D6. 跨文化交际中的“文化适应”指的是：A. 完全放弃自己的文化B. 完全接受对方的文化C. 理解和尊重不同文化D. 避免与不同文化背景的人交流答案：C7. 跨文化交际中，以下哪项不是文化维度理论的内容？A. 个人主义与集体主义B. 权力距离C. 男性化与女性化D. 乐观主义与悲观主义答案：D8. 在跨文化交际中，以下哪项不是文化适应的阶段？A. 蜜月期B. 挫折期C. 适应期D. 回归期答案：D9. 跨文化交际中，以下哪项不是有效的非语言交际方式？A. 面部表情B. 身体语言C. 语调变化答案：D10. 在跨文化交际中，以下哪项不是文化适应的策略？A. 学习目标语言B. 了解目标文化的历史和习俗C. 避免与当地人交流D. 寻找文化相似之处答案：C二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）11. 跨文化交际中，以下哪些因素可能影响交际效果？A. 语言能力B. 交际技巧C. 文化背景答案：ABCD12. 在跨文化交际中，以下哪些是文化适应的策略？A. 学习目标文化的语言B. 尊重目标文化的习惯C. 避免与目标文化的人交流D. 寻找文化之间的共同点答案：ABD13. 跨文化交际中，以下哪些是文化休克的阶段？A. 蜜月期B. 挫折期C. 恢复期D. 适应期答案：ABCD14. 跨文化交际中，以下哪些是有效的沟通技巧？A. 倾听和理解B. 保持开放态度C. 避免文化假设D. 坚持自己的文化观点答案：ABC15. 跨文化交际中，以下哪些是文化维度理论的内容？A. 个人主义与集体主义B. 权力距离C. 男性化与女性化D. 乐观主义与悲观主义答案：ABC三、判断题（每题2分，共20分）16. 跨文化交际只涉及语言的交流。

跨文化交际（胡超版）判断题

跨文化交际（胡超版）判断题Unit 1T 1.As a phenomenon, intercultural communication has existed for thousands of years. However, as a discipline, its history is only about fifty years. 作为一种现象，跨文化传播已经存在了数千年。

然而，作为一门学科，它的历史只有大约五十年。

F 2.Intercultural Communication as a discipline first started in Europe. 跨文化交际作为一门学科最早起源于欧洲。

F 3.Culture is a static entity, while communication is a dynamic process. 文化是一个静态的实体，而沟通是一个动态的过程。

T 4. Culture can be seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. 文化可以被看作是共享的知识，人们需要知道的是在特定的文化中做适当的行为。

T 5. Although cultural stereotype has its limitations (over-generalization), it still contributes to a person’s cultura l cognition.虽然文化刻板印象有其局限性(泛化)，但它仍然有助于一个人的文化认知。

T 6. In intercultural communication, we should separate one’s individual character from cultural generalization. 在跨文化交际中，我们要把自己的个性和文化的泛化分开。

跨文化交际试题及答案

跨文化交际试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共40分）1. 跨文化交际的定义是指：A. 不同国家和地区间的交际活动B. 不同民族和文化背景间的交际活动C. 同一文化内部的交际活动D. 不同语言之间的交际活动答案：B2. 文化差异会对跨文化交际产生以下哪种影响？A. 理解困难B. 语言障碍C. 价值观冲突D. 人际关系紧张答案：A、C3. 在跨文化交际中，以下哪种行为被认为是失礼的？A. 目光接触B. 握手问候C. 低头鞠躬D. 打招呼时用双手表示敬意答案：C4. 在中国文化中，以下哪种颜色象征喜庆和幸福？A. 黑色B. 红色C. 绿色D. 白色答案：B5. 在进行跨文化交际时，以下哪种策略是最有效的？A. 强调自己的文化优势B. 忽视文化差异C. 遵守对方的文化规范D. 强迫对方接受自己的文化观念答案：C二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 请简要阐述跨文化交际的重要性以及其中存在的挑战。

答案：跨文化交际的重要性在于增进各国间的相互了解和友谊，推动跨国合作和发展。

然而，跨文化交际也面临着重重挑战，如语言沟通障碍、文化差异带来的不解和冲突，以及对他人观点和习俗的理解困难等。

2. 在国际商务谈判中，如何合理利用非语言交际手段？答案：在国际商务谈判中，非语言交际手段可以帮助加强沟通效果。

可以通过身体语言表达自信和诚意，比如坐姿、目光接触和手势运用等；可以通过服饰和礼仪来展示对对方文化的尊重；还可以通过图表和演示文稿等视觉媒介来辅助表达和说明。

3. 请简要解释文化冲突是如何产生的，并提出解决文化冲突的建议。

答案：文化冲突是由于不同文化之间的差异而产生的，当个体或群体面对不熟悉的文化规范和价值观时，可能会感到困惑和不满。

为解决文化冲突，建议应采取以下措施：学习和了解对方文化，加强跨文化交际能力；尊重差异，避免对他人价值观的评判和偏见；建立良好的沟通渠道，积极解释自己的观点并倾听对方的意见；寻求共同利益和双赢的解决方案。

跨文化交际期末考试

跨文化交际期末考试名词解释Unit 1:Economic globalization: the integration of national economic into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.*Barter system: farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.Global village: all the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the internet.Melting pot: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.Cultural diversity: the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.Communication: meaning to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part to share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.Intercultural communication:communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol systems are distinct enough alter the communication eventComponents of Communication：①Source: The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.②Encoding: Encoding is the process of putting an idea intoa symbol.③Message: The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process ,the verb; the message is the resulting object.④Channel:The term channel is used technical to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.⑤Noise: T he term noise technically refers to anything that the message the source encodes.⑥Receiver: The receiver is the person who attends to the message.⑦Decoding:The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.⑧Receiver response: It refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.⑨Feedback:Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.10．Context: The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes places and which helps define the communication.Pragmatics: the study of effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior. Semantics: the study of the meaning of words.Denotation:the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.Connotation: the suggestive meaning of a word --- all thevalues, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word. the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.Taboo:some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.Euphemism: the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.Unit 5:Chronemics: the study of how people perceive and use time.Monochromic time: paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.Polychromic time: being involved with many things at once.Proxemics: the perception and use of space.Kinetics: the study of body language.Paralanguage:involving sounds but not words and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication.Unit 9:A planetary culture: a culture that integrates eastern mysticism with western science and rationalism.Intercultural person: represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture.caseUnit11.What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village?1）Convenient transportation systems 2）Innovation communication systems3）Economic globalization 4）Widespread migrations2.What are the three aspects where the cultural differences exist?The three aspects where the cultural differences exist are:1)the material and spiritual products people produce2)What they do3)What they think3.What are the three ingredients of culture?1. Artifacts (the material and spiritual products people produce)2. behavior (what they do)3. concepts (beliefs, values, world views…) (what they think)4.How to understand cultural iceberg?What we can see about culture is just the tip of the iceberg, which refers to something changing more rapidly such as clothing, language, gestures etc.The majority of the iceberg is intangible and beyond sight, which refers to something deeply rooted and hard to change such as belief, interpersonal relationship, values, etc.5.What are the characteristic of culture?Culture is shared, learned, dynamic and ethnocentric.Enculturation6.What are the characteristic of communication?Communication is dynamic, irreversible, symbolic, systematic, transactional and contextual.Unit 2-47.How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?The Americans tend to address only with given names while the Chinese may use the full name. Even when the full names areused in some formal accessions by the Americans, the given names would be placed before the surname while the Chinese would do the opposite.Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage while the Americans seldom do so.The Chinese tend to address the people with titles but in English only a few occupation or titles could be used.8.How is the Chinese writing style different from the American style?The Chinese employ a circular approach in writing. In this kind indirect writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be ‘turning and turning in a widening gyre.’ The circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly.In contrast, the Americans are direct and linear in writing with the factual-inductive pattern. An English expository paragraph usually begins with a topic statement supported by example and illustrations, proceeds, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to all other ideas in the whole essay.9.What are the social functions of compliments?Compliments have a series of social functions: creating or reinforcing solidarity, greeting people, expressing thanks or congratulations, encouraging people, softening criticism, starting a conversation, or even overcoming embarrassment.Unit 510. What are the different features of M-time and P-time?M-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness. It features one event at a time and time is perceived as a linear structure. P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time andtime is perceived as more flexible and more human-centered.Unit 611. How is gender different from sex?Sex: biological、permanent、with an individual property.Gender: socially-constructed、varied over time and across cultures、with a social and relational quality.12.What has influenced the gender socialization?According to researchers,there are two primary influences on gender socialization: family communication, particularly between mothers and children, and recreational interaction among children.13. What are the six principles for effective cross-gender communication?1) Suspend judgement; 2) Recognize the validity of different communication styles;3) Provide translation cues. 4) Seek translation cues.5) Enlarge your own communication style. 6) Suspend judgementUnit 914.What are the American/Chinese cultural values like in terms of Cultural Orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck? （ppt中的补充内容）As far as the human nature is concerned, American culture holds that it is evil but perfectible through hard work. As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer nature. They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented. They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem. They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.As far as the human nature is concerned, Chinese cultureholds that it is good but corruptible without proper education. As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can live in harmony with nature. They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past-oriented. They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eternal. They are quite collective and therefore they focus more on the benefits of the group.)。

《跨文化交际》考试试卷及答案

《跨文化社交》考试一试卷Section I Listening Test[20 points]Part 1. Questions 1- 5 are based on this part. (10 points)You are going to listen to a panel discussion between two people on animal behavior. Choose the best answer from A, B, C and D for each question. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.1. Madam Chair states that chimpanzee's altruism __________.A. is similar to that of beesB. may contain an element of self-interestC. is part of a group feeding systemD. is not a mutual-aid system2.Worker beeswork hard looking for food for 2 or 3 weeks, __________. A.and then die, leaving no offspringB. and then feed their offspringC. but die before feeding their offspringD. and then produce their offspring3.Chimpanzees who don't do their share of grooming are __________ by the group.A.criticizedB.acceptedC.exchangedD.rejected4.Male lions will cooperate in groups comprising __________. A.brothersB. brothers and sistersC. brothers and sisters and daughtersD. brothers and sisters and daughters and aunts5.Which of the following animals are being discussed in the conversation?A.bees,dogs, and lionsB.bees,chimpanzees, and fishC.bees,chimpanzees, and lions.D.chimpanzees , lions, and dogsPart 2. Questions 6-15 are based on this part. (10 points)You are going to listen to part of a lecture. As you listen, fill in the blanks with words from the lecture to complete the sentences that summarize the main points of the lecture. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. Note: Each blank requires only ONE word.People communicate with one another all the time. Culture is regarded at the __6___ of communication challenges and it influences how people __7___ problems and participate in groups and in ___8___.One definition of culture given in the lecture is that "Culture refers to a group with which we share common experiences that __9___ how we understand the world."In the complex world, culture is one of the factors that act upon people. Anthropologists Keven Avruch and Peter Black explained that "culture provides the lens through which we view the world; the __10___ by which we order it; the _11___ by which the world makes sense."Since people coming from different cultural groups need to work together, cultural values sometimes __12___ and misunderstanding arises.The speaker mentioned six patterns of cultural differences which include: different communication styles, attitudes toward conflict, approaches to ___13____ tasks, decision making styles, attitudes toward __14___, and approaches to knowing.When talking about communication style, the speaker introduced two aspects: verbal and non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication includes facial expressions, __15___, seating arrangements, personal distance, and senseof time.This is the end of the Listening Test.Section II Communicative Competence[30 points]Questions 16-30: Choose the best answer from A, B, C and D. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.16. Which of the following statements is TRUE of collectivism? __________A. Collectivist cultures are described as "I" cultures.B. Members of collectivist cultures value open discussion of disagreement.C. Uniformity and conformity are stressedin collectivist cultures.D. Collectivists tend to draw attention to themselves and expressunique opinions.17.Just now I suddenly realized that I was totally to blame. I'll just have to face the music. The underlined part here means __________.A.to go to a concert and forget anything else by enjoying the musicB.to relax oneself by listening to the music aloneD. to go to seethe person who is in charge and ask what has gone wrong18. Which of the following statements is NOT true? __________A.Individualism can be traced to the philosophy of liberalism.B.The basic social unit in collectivist cultures is the autonomous self.C. Eastern collectivism is tied to Confucianism.D. Culture shock may occur at the individualist-collectivist divide, but the gap can be bridged.19. Bob is great! He always plays the game. The underlined part has the same meaning as__________.A.takes something as a game without caring too muchB.plays various gamesC.helps others when playing gamesD.behavesin a fair and honorable way20. Which of the following first names is shortened as "Bob"? __________A.RobertB.WilliamC.AlexanderD.Peter21. Which of the following statements is TRUE of the roots of English names? __________A."Forester" came from personal characteristics.B."Young" came from occupations.C."O'Patrick" came from family relationships.D. "Butler" came from places.22.If you received an English invitation to a formal western banquet but could not attend it, what would be an appropriate action? __________A. Ask a friend to attend the banquet for you.B. Ask a colleague to phone a refusal.C. Accept the invitation but then not attend.D. Write a reply informing the host/hostessthat you could not attend the banquet.23.Your American colleague has just had her hair dyed green. She is expecting your comment. What would you say appropriately? __________A. "Your hair is as green as tree leaves."24.Your classmate from Britain would like to borrow your computer this weekend. Unfortunately, you need to use it at the same time. How would you refuse the request politely? __________A. "Well, why don't you borrow one from someone else?"B. "Sorry, I cannot lend it to you."C. "Yes, but you need to give it back to me as soon as possible."D. "I'd love to, but I'm afraid I've got a lot of things to type up as well."25. Trying to explain rock music to your grandfather is just like dui niu tan qin ( 对牛弹琴)-playing violin to a bull. The corresponding English expression is __________. A.casting pearls before swineB. casting diamonds to a dogC. throwing pearls to a pigD. throwing diamonds to a goat26. Which of the following statements is TRUE of non-verbal communication? __________A. Non-verbal communication serves a variety of purposes.B. Non-verbal communication is less important than verbal communication.C. Since non-verbal communication is hard to interpret, it is important to reduce it to the minimum in cross-cultural communication.D. Non-verbal communication is not effective without verbal communication.27.The idiom "by the skin of one's teeth" means __________.A. very thinB. hard and flexibleC. only justD. one'ssenseof right and wrong28.What does the ring gesture (you form an "O" by holding the tip of your forefinger to the tip of your thumb) mean in Britain? __________A.Something is expensive.B.Something is good.C.Something is worthless.D.I will kill you.29. Which of the following statements is NOT true? __________A. Proxemics is the study governing how closely one person standsto another.B. All cultures draw lines between appropriate and inappropriate social distance for different relationships.C. Social distance has a wider range than public distance.D. The appropriateness of physical contact varies between cultures.30.If someone is said to be "economical with the truth", he/she __________A. has saveda lot of moneyB.does not tell the whole truthC. usesvery few wordsD. has recently diedSection III Reading Comprehension[30 points]Part 1. Questions 31- 35 are based on Passage1. (10 points)A handshake will be an acceptable greeting around the world. However, the strength, length, and duration of a handshake will vary by culture. Of course, Japanesewill still bow to each other and it is advisable for foreign visitors to bow slightly when shaking hands. Mexicans who know eachother will hug and East Europeans may kiss. In many European countries it is common to shake hands with everyone in the room before and after each businessmeeting.Business card exchanges are an important part of any international business meeting. Variations include where to keep your cards, which languages the card should be in, and what to do with the business card once you have received it. One rule to follow: Always bring five times more cards than you think you will need. To explore the nuances of business card exchange, we will examine the exchange as carried out by an American in Japan.First, the cards should be in English on one side and Japanese on the other. The Japanese side should have a logo or other marker. It is important that the company and title be prominently positioned. The cards should be kept in a card holder in the vest or jacket. Never keep the cards in a wallet or a pocketbook. The presentation of the card is done at the beginning of the meeting.Cards are presented with the giver's name (Japanese side) facing the recipient. The card can be delivered by one or preferably two hands accompanied by a slight bow. On receipt of a card, it should be studied carefully to determine the status of the person. Since meetings usually involve more than one person, each card received should be placed on the table, like an open deck of cards, in front of the recipient so that the executive can tell who he or she is speaking with. The recipient should avoid shuffling the cards, placing them in one's wallet, or writing on them in the presence of the giver. The business card is the symbolic embodiment of the organization; therefore it should be treated with the utmost respect.As a general rule, use people's titles on international business assignments. Learn the appropriate titles for each country. People with Ph.D.s should always be referred to as 'Doctor'. In many countries, people will be referred to by their titles only. For example, "Chief Engineer, can you tell us how this operation works?" The use of first names in business also varies by country and age. Be alert to these differences.Questions 31-35: Decide whether the following statements are true, false, or not mentioned according to the passage. Write T for "true", F for "false", and NM for "not mentioned" on the Answer Sheet._______31. Generally speaking, in Europe you should shake hands with everybody at the beginning and the end of a meeting._______32. You should always take at least five more business cards than you expect to need on your business trips._______33. In Japan, the person's status should be clearly given on the card._______34. It is acceptable for an American to note something down on a Japanesebusiness cardto remind him of the person who gave it to him._______35. The Japanesebusiness card is more than just a reminder of who the person is. It also representsthe company he works for.Part 2. Questions 36-40 are based on Passage2. (10 points)Passage2In an effort to get over culture shock, there is value in knowing something about the nature of culture and its relationship to the individual. In addition to living in a physical environment, an individual lives in a cultural environment consisting of manmade physical objects, social institutions, ideas and beliefs.An individual is not born with culture but only with the capacity to learn it and use it. There is nothing in a newborn child which dictates that it should eventually speak Portuguese, English, or French, nor that it should eat with a fork in its left hand rather than in the right, or use chopsticks. All these things the child has to learn. Nor are the parents responsible for the culture which theytransmit to their young. The culture of any people is the product of history and is built up over time largely through processes which are, as far as the individual is concerned, beyond his/her awareness. It is by means of culture that the young learn to adapt themselves to the physical environment and to the people with whom they associate.As we know, children and adolescents often experience difficulties in this process of learning and adjustment. But once learned, culture becomes a way of life, the sure, familiar, largely automatic way of getting what you want from your environment and as such it also becomes a value.People have a way of accepting their culture as both the best and the only way of doing things. This is perfectly normal and understandable. To this attitude we give the name ethnocentrism, a belief that not only the culture but the race and nation form the center of the world.Individuals identify themselves with their own group and its ways to the extent that any critical comment is taken as an affront to the individual as well as to the group. If you criticize my country, you are criticizing me. If you criticize me, you are criticizing my country.Along with this attitude goes the tendency to attribute all individual peculiarities as national characteristics. For instance, if an American does something odd or antisocial in a foreign country which back home would be considered a purely individual act, it is now considered a national trait.Instead of being censured as an individual, his country is censured. It is best to recognize that ethnocentrism is a characteristic of national groups. If a person criticizes some aspect of one's ownculture, one should listen but not enter into criticisms.Questions 36-40: Choose the best answer from A, B, C and D. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.36. According to the passage,which of the following choices is NOT mentioned as an element in acultural environment?A.social institutionsB.beliefsC.historyD.physical objects37. What is the writer's stand about culture?A. Parentsare responsible for transmitting culture to their children.B. Children are born with culture.C. Culture needs to be taught to young people.D. Culture builds up over time and guides young people to adjust to environment.38.According to the passage, what is NOT suggested by the writer as a symptom of ethnocentrism?A. Regarding cultures containing similar values as the best cultures.B. Regarding home culture is superior to other cultures.39. What is the writer's attitude towards ethnocentrism in the article?A.positiveB.negativeC.neutralD.indifferent40.What does the word "censure" mean in the article?A. praiseB. criticizeC. evaluateD. judgePart 3. Questions 41- 45 are based on Passage3. (10 points)Passage3The Chinese make a clear distinction between insiders and outsiders, and this distinction exists on all levels of interpersonal interaction. Insiders consist of people from two categories: automatic and selected. Automatic insiders include one's parents, siblings, relatives, colleagues, andclassmates, whereas selected ones are special relations that one has developed over time at workor elsewhere. For example, a person is considered an insider at work after he or she has developeda special relationship by helping others and sharing information with others. The five common criteria of an insider are nice, trustworthy, caring, helpful, and empathetic.The distinction between an insider and an outsider provides specific rules of interaction in Chinese interpersonal relationships. Insiders often are treated differently from outsiders, and a person with insider status often enjoys privileges and special treatment beyond an outsider's comprehension. To illustrate, a Chinese person may go beyond his or her means to help an insider, but an outsider has to follow the rules. The insider-outsider distinction also involves moral implications. In the Chinese culture, moral judgments are not only cognitively but affectively based. Moral standstendto vary from one relationship to another.Family-centered "insider" relationships have two important implications for relationshipdevelopment with strangers. First, as King and Bond argue, the importance of family and the sense of dependency built up in the Chinese family system make it difficult to develop personal relationships with strangers. In the Chinese culture, the transformation from a wai ren (outsider) to a zi ji ren (insider) involves an arduous and time-consuming process, because personal relationships often take a long time to develop. After relationships have been established, however, they tend to stay very solid. As a result, in order to overcome the inherent difficulty in relationship development, intermediaries are widely used for social relationship construction. Second, the Chinese and other collectivistic cultures tend to be particularistic in their utilization of value standards toward in-groups and out-groups. This particularistic principle of interpersonal relationships hinders interactions with outsiders becausevalue standards applied to in-groups may not be readily adapted to out-groups, and most Chinese don't feel knowledgeable about dealing with outsiders.Questions 41-45: Answer the following questions briefly. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.41.According to the author, what are the five common criteria of an insider?42.How do automatic insiders differ from selected ones?43. What example does the author give to show that insiders are treated differently from outsiders?44. According to the author, what makes it difficult for a Chinese person to develop a personal relationship with a stranger?45. What might be an appropriate title for this passage?Section IV Communication Analysis[20 points]The following are two cases of cross-cultural communication. In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon. Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding. Your analysis should be about 100 words for each case. You may organize your analysis in accordance with the following procedure: why did the people involved behave so from the cultural perspective? What behaviors caused the misunderstanding in the case?What corrective behaviors do you suggestto each party in the case?Note: Your writing ability will be assessed.Case 1 (10 points)Li Hong is a new teacher in a middle school. One day, one of her Chinese colleague Yang Zhen introduces her to their middle-aged foreign teacher Maggy.Yang: Li Hong, this is Maggy, our English teacher from America. And Maggy, this is Li Hong, ournew colleague.Li and Maggy: How do you do?Maggy: Your sweateris so smart.Li: Oh, it is only an old one, I bought it last year.Maggy: You are so young and smart, I am sure you are a good teacher.Li: No, no. I am just a newcomer, I should learn from you old teachers.Maggy looks surprised and thinks, "I am really so old?"Question 46: Why did Li and Maggy behave so from the cultural perspective? What behaviors caused the misunderstanding in the case? What corrective behaviors do you suggest to Li and Maggy to avoid miscommunication?Case 2 (10 points)Li has returned to China after a year in the States. He marries his childhood sweetheart, who has never traveled and speaks very little English. Li's best friend in the States, Bob, comes to visit China for the first time and is introduced to Wang Lan, the new wife of his best friend."Gee, it's great to meet you", says Bob, "Li talked about you all the time back in Houston!" , and kisses Wang Lan heartily on both cheeks. Wang Lan is shocked.Question 47: Why did Bob and Wang Lan behave so from the cultural perspective? What behaviors caused the misunderstanding in the case? What corrective behaviors do you suggest to Bob and Wang Lan to avoid miscommunication?《跨文化社交》考试参照答案[20 points]Section I Listening TestPart 1. (10 points, 2 points each.)Part 2. (10 points, 1 point each. 0.5 point off for each misspelling.)6.root7.approachmunities9.shape10.logic11.grammar12.conflictpleting14.disclosure15.gesturesSection II Communicative Competence [30 points](30 points, 2 points each.)16. C 17. C 18. B 19. D 20. A21. C 22. D 23. B 24. D 25. A26. A 27. C 28. B 29. C 30. BSection III Reading Comprehension [30 points]31.T32.F33.NM34.F35.TPart 2. (10 points. Award 2 points to each correct answer.)36. C37.D38.A39.C40.BPart 3. (10 points) Award 2 points to each correct answer.41.The five common criteria of an insider are nice, trustworthy, caring, helpful, and empathetic.42.Automatic insiders include one's parents, siblings, relatives, colleagues, and classmates, whereas selected ones are special relations that one has developed over time at work or elsewhere.43.A Chinese person may go beyond his or her means to help an insider, but an outsider has to follow the rules.44. The importance of family and the sense of dependency built up in the Chinese family system (or value standardsapplied to in-groups may not be readily adaptedto out-groups).45.In-Groups and Out-Groups in China; Interpersonal Relations in China; Relating Foreigners in China, etc.Section IV Communication Analysis[30 points]The sample answers given in this part are more detailed than required in order to lead you through the three steps.In the examination, the students' analysis for each caseshould be about 100 words. Question 46.Case 1 (10 points, 1 point for overall language quality.)1.Li Hong comes from a collectivist culture which emphasizes deference paid to people older than self and modesty displayed on the part of the young. Maggy comes from an individualistic culture which values assertivenessand free expression of feelings. (2 points)2.As a young and new teacher, Li Hong showed her respect to Maggy with a formal greeting. When Maggy complimented Li on her sweater and herself, Li reacted in a typical Chinese way by overusing modesty in front of a teacher older than her. She displayed her humbleness by saying that her sweater was an old one and she should learn from Maggy, an old teacher. Li's responsesare perfect between Chinese people but terrible in cross-cultural situations like this. She did not realize that her expression of respect could be translated into offence since individualistic cultures do not associate as much deference with age as collectivistic cultures do. Therefore, Maggy, coming from an individualistic culture, was surprised when Li called her "old teacher". Maggy did not understand that the word "old" here meant as a compliment, meaning that she had richer teaching experience. Both Li Hong and Maggy communicated only from their cultural perspectives and thus caused miscommunication. (3 points)3.To avoid miscommunication, Li Hong and Maggy should learn more about each other's culture and adjust their behaviors accordingly. When Maggy complimented Li on her sweater and herself, Li could simply reply "thank you". She could use her non-verbal language to show her respect to Maggy, for instance, with a smile, a handshake, etc. (2 points) As to Maggy, she could use fewer complimentary words or more objective questions to reduce Li's nervousness. She should also understand that one of the key values in collectivism is deference paid to experience and old age. (2 points)Question 47.Case 2 (10 points, 1 point for overall language quality.)1. Bob comes from an individualistic culture which features close body contact among personal relationships. Wang Lan comes from a collectivistic culture which does not feature open display of personal feelings through body contact. (2 points)2.In the case, Bob treated Wang Lan as a close friend and greeted her in a typical western way with hearty kisses on her cheeks to display the close friendship. However, with little knowledge of western greeting etiquette, Wang Lan was shocked since Bob's "rude" behavior was not in line with the Chinese ways of expressing close friendship. In Chinese culture, a hearty handshake willserve the purpose. It is the contrast of Bob's open expression of closeness through close body contact and Wang Lan's indirectness in expressing her feelings that caused miscommunication. (3 points)3.To avoid miscommunication, Bob and Wang Lan need to learn more about each other's culture and adjust their behaviors accordingly. Bob should ask Wang Lan if he could kiss her to express his friendship or he could shake hands with Wang Lan instead. (2 points) Wang Lan needs to understand that the kisses were well meant and does not have to feel embarrassedor shocked. She could act more actively by extending her hand out first for a handshake rather than behave passively.(2 points)。

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n . Choose the best answer:1. Non-verbal messages are classified into two comprehe nsivecategories: those that are primarily produced by as ________ , _______ , ______ ; and those that the with the sett ing, such as ______ , ______ , _______ .A. physical con tact, eye con tact, parala nguage; space, time, manB. facial expression, touch, taste; space, time, sileneeC. appearanee, movement, gesture; surrounding, occasion, manD. movement, smell, paralanguage; space, time, silenee allusi ons tha n in En glish writi ng. Some Wester n scholars n ame this style “ flowery ” , stat ing that its aim is to give a more fan ciful impres sio n than information, and the information is usually of beauty, fragranee,happ in ess, and any other “ good ness ” aspects so as to attract people.Wemay term this style as ___________ -oriented. Western writing is more direct with objective in formatio n. To them, much-repeated words may mea n lessafter a while. We may term the Western writi ng as _______ -orie nted.CA. adjective, objectiveB. Chin ese, Wester nC. impressio n, in formatio n C. i ndirect, direct3. As to the human nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holdsthat _______ , while the Asia n people believe that ______ .BA. basically good; basically badB. evil but perfectible, basically goodC. the mixture of good and evil; the mixture of good and evil;D. unknown4. As to the Man-Nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holdsthat _______ , while the Asia n people believe that ______ .DA. subjugati on to n ature; harm ony with n atureB. harm ony with n ature; mastery over n atureC. harm ony with n ature; subjugati on to n atureTest Paper I . Filling the blanks: 1. speak ing, in terms of in the West is low-c on textual while 2. 3. 4. Gen erally com muni cati on high-c on textual Gen erally speak ing, in terms of world views, the West adopts view , while the East adopt Gen erally speak ing, in Analytic and abstract thinking thi nki ng Gen erally speak ing, in con textuality, that in the the East is Dualistic s holistic view terms of thought patter ns, ,while the East follows the West syn thetic and con crete follows terms of Deductive pattern , while the East uses In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Tze, and the great thinker in India is in Palesti ne are Plato , discourse patter ns, the West uses in ductive patter n Confucius , Lao Tze , Mo Siddhartha Gautama , the great figure Hebrew prophets , and the great thinkers in the West are Homer and Archimedes 2. In Chin ese writ ing, there are usually more adjectives, proverbs and the body, suchin dividual comb ines DD. mastery over n ature; harm ony with n ature5. As to time orie ntati on, gen erally speak ing, the USA is _________ , thePhilipp in es, Mexico, and Lati n America are _____________ , and Asia, Brita in, Greece, France are _____ .CA. on-time oriented; in-time oriented; late-time orientedB. youth-orie nted; adult-orie nted; elderly-orie ntedC. future-orie nted; prese nt-orie nted; past-orie ntedD. prese nt-orie nted; future-orie nted; past-orie nted6. I n terms of activity orie ntati on, the USA is ___ , the Philipp in es,Mexico, and Lati n America are ____ , and Asia is ______ .DA. doin g-orie nted; play in g-orie nted, bein g-orie ntedB. play in g-orie nted; bein g-orie nted; doin g-orie ntedC. bein g-orie nted; doin g-orie nted; bein g-i n-beco ming orie ntedD. doin g-orie nted; bein g-orie nted; bein g-i n-beco ming orie nted7. The dividing worldview is also referred to as mechanistic view. It goesby the followi ng differe nt n ames: DA. reason versus result; religion versus ar t; objectivity versusimag in ati onB. in st inct versus in tuiti on; scie nee versus tech no logy; imagi nati onversus subjectivityC. tuiti on versus in tuiti on; regi on versus religi on; subjugati on versussubjectivityD. reas on versus in tuiti on; scie nee ve rsus religio n; objectivity versussubjectivity8. The Greek thinks in order to _______ . It is speculati on. The Hindu thi nksin order to ______ . It is meditati on. The Chin ese thi nks in order to______ . It is con templatio n. CA. do; die; liveB. spectacle; meddle; con temptC. un dersta nd; think; self-cultivateD. thi nk; self-cultivate; un dersta nd9. “ Your body doesn ' t know how to lie ” indicates ___________ BA. somethi ng is wrong with your body and you can only sta nd.B. body Ian guage is importa nt.C. body con tact is dan gerous.D. we can ' t separate mi nd from body.10. Gen erally speak ing, in the US, people make frie nds by shari ng ___ ,while in China, people make frie nds by shari ng ______ .BA. pers onal relati on ship; activitiesB. activities; pers onal relati on shipC. love; bloodD. blood; love11. In terms of physical con tact, the high con tact coun tries are, while the low contact coun tries are .CA. the US, Brita in, most Norther n Europea n coun tries; Arab world,Mediterra nean coun tries, Indon esiaB. the US, Brita in, Japa n; East Europea n coun tries, Russia, Middle EastC. Arab world, Mediterranean countries, Indonesia; the US, Britain, mostNorther n Europea n coun triesD. Arab world, Mediterranean countries, China; the US, Britain, mostNorther n Europea n coun tries12. Gen erally speak in g, in terms of con textuality of commu ni catio n, thehigh-c on textual people are ________________________________ , whilethe low-c on textual coun tries are _____________________________ AA. Lati n America ns, Chin ese, Japa nese; the America ns, Germa n, SwissB. the America ns, Germa n, Swiss; Lati n America ns, Chin ese, J apa neseC. Native America ns, Chin ese, Korea ns; the America ns, Japa nese, BritishD. the America ns, Japa nese, British; Native America ns, Chin ese, Korea ns13. Each person has a “ bubble ” of space (territory). Studies show thatpeople from ___________ , _______ , _______ have a smaller pers onalterritory tha n do people from _______ , ______ , ________ .AA. South America, Arab countries, and many Asian countries; North America, Britai n, Germa nyB. North America, Brita in, Germa ny; South America, Arab coun tries, andmany Asia n coun triesC. South America, Britai n, Germa ny; North America, Arab coun tries, andmany Asia n coun tries.D. North America, Arab countries, and many Asian countries; South America,Britai n, Germa ny14. I n _________ culture, the nu clear family is much more importa nt tothe in dividual tha n the exte nded family, while in ______________________ , __________ , ______ , _______ culture, the exte nded family is very importa nt. CA. Hispanic; American, Asian, Arabian, AfricanB. Arabian; American, Asian, African, HispanicC. America n; Asia n, Africa n, Arabia n, Hispa nicD. Africa n; America n, Asia n, Arabia n, Hispa nic15. In nu clear-family culture, people rely mainly on ___________________ , ______ ,________ f or help, while in exte nded-family culture, people rely mai nlyon ________ f or help. CA. families, friends, professionals; familiesB. families, friends, professionals; institutionsC. friends, professionals, institutions; familiesD. friends, families, institutions; professionals16. In nu clear-family culture, _________ usually comes first, while inexte nded-family culture, ______ u sually comes first. BA. family; in dividualB. i ndividual; familyC. husba nd; wifeD. wife; husba nd17. Whe n it comes to frien dship, an America n frie nd would feel that they hadB. enormous; less spiritual; money; financially; long; unwillinglyC. unlimited; more concrete; money; financially; long; without waitingto be askedD. limited; more concrete; things; materially; certain; if required19. In times of trouble, both America n and Chin ese frie nds give each otheremotional support, but they do it differently. A Chinese friend is morelikely to be ___________ to give __________ advice to a friend, while an Americanfrie nd will be _______ to give ________ advice, in stead she may raisequesti ons to en courage her friend to con sider carefully what may happe n if she does one thing in stead of ano ther. CA. cautious; detailed; ready; specificB. ready; ambiguous; cautious; guideli neC. ready; specific; cautious; directD. un willi ng; direct; ready; specific20. Whe n it comes to the relati on ship betwee n pare nts and married son s, inChina, a man ' s relati on ship with his pare nts is ________ tha n that withhis wife. Thus in the eve nt of any quarrel betwee n his wife and his mother, a man should ___________ . At most he might hope to__________ , and thiswas regarded as ___________ . In America, a man ' s relati on ship with his parents is ________ than that with his wife. He would be expected to ______ if the frie nd gave up a real n eed to study to go shopp ing. One duties andobligations toward friends, even best friends are understood to ; one does notexpect friends to assum e burdensome,resp on sibilities toward on eself. A close frie nd in the US is a pers on that one feelsfree to ask for help, may , if they give you a reas on. people prefer to be _____________ , so relati on ship in which one pers on is recog nizing, however, that the This is maybe that in the West,they do not feel comfortable more and the other is dependentfriend in aon what is being given. For Westerners friendship is mostly a matter ofprovid ing _____ support and ______ . BA. depended too much; limitless;material; get separateB. imposed too much; have limits; l ong giving; emotional; spend timetogether. imposed too little;finan cial; get invo Ived depe nded a little;spiritual; get together. small; say “ OK' ; dependent; receiving; -term; say “ No ” ; independent; C. D. 18. have limits; limitless; short-term; say “Yes ” ; free;earning; big; say“ Sorry ” ;independent; givi ng; In China, the duties ______ for all practical purposes. ______ ________ h elp and assistanee they give each otherand obligati ons of frie ndshipsChinese friends than Western friends and might help each other_____________ period of time. A frie nd in Chi na is some one who, sensing that you are in n eed in some way, offers to assist you _____________________________ .CA. impossible; more spiritual; thin gs; practically; short; whe n being askedseem give each do. For example, for a virtually other much_____________ . He might even be counseled to _________________ the vici nity of his pare nts ' home to ease the con flict. DA. more importa nt; side with his mother; side with his father; hono rabl e; more important; side with no one; move intoB. less importa nt; side with no one; say someth ing; hono rable; less importa nt; side with his father; get away fromC. less importa nt; side with his wife; remai n sile nt; dish ono rable; moreimportant; side with his wife; move intoD. more importa nt; side with his mother; rema in n eutral; dish ono rable; less importa nt; side with his wife; move awayIH . True or false:upward, for the Hindu is to look in ward, for the Con fucia ns is to look outward. (F )6. Values are explicitly stored in our mind. We are always aware of them,and we make judgme nts accordi ng to them. (F )7. Values are separate from each other. Each one work alone. ( F )Values can be compared on a continuum rather than one of only two possiblechoices. People everywhere possess the same values and the importa nce of that com mon value, how it gets of degree. ( T) “ Lover ” and “ 爱人” have the same meaning. ( F10. In both China and Wester n coun tries, it is very com mon and usual for adults to fondle other people ' s babies and very smallchildren to showtheir affect ion and frie ndli ness. ( F )IV .Translation:1. Tran slate the followi ng En glish into Chin ese:1) Nature and Man are ble nded in to on e harm onious ide ntity. 天人合一2) Nature affects human affairs and human behavior finds response in Nature.天人感应3) Nature accords with human wishes.天从人愿 4) Your character will be tin ted “ red ” (good) if you are in the compa ny of“ red ness ” , but “ black ” (bad) if you are in close con tact with ink.近 1. 2. 3. Gen erally speak ing, China is an equal society, America is ahierarchy society. ( F )Gen erally speak ing, in Chin ese society, the power dista neeis small, 4. 5. while in America, the power distance is large. ( F )Both the Asia n and Wester n coun tries have the con cept of“ face ” has the same social significance for these countries inthat one ' s face is also the face of one ' s group.( F ) The dividing worldview relies strongly on “ factsopinions . ( T ) face ” , andas opposed to A very rough generalization is that thinking for the Greek is to look8. 9. to differe nt degrees, acted out, is a matter)朱者赤，近墨者黑5) God helps those who help themselves. 天助自助者6) Look before you leap. 三思而后行7) A si ngle arrow is easily broke n, but not a bun ch.毁万木林He who stirs ano ther ' s porridge ofte n bur ns his own.8)2. Tran slate the followi ng Chin ese into En glish:1) 容忍toleranee of others2) 中庸之道moderation, following the middle way3) 修养self-cultivation4) 不重竞争non-competitiveness5) 信用trust-worthiness6) 贞节chastity in women7) 寡欲having few desires8) 服从、孝敬、尊崇、赡养父母filial piety 轻霜冻死单根草，狂风难狗拿耗子，多管闲事。