英语分词participle

2. 作用---相当于一个定语从句 （1）Is there anything planned for tonight ？
=Is there anything that has been planned for tonight? （2）The book, which was written in 1957, tells the struggle of the miners. = The book, written in 1957, tells the struggle of the miners.
4. 分词作让步状语相当于让步状语从句
Defeated many times, they continue to fight.
Although they were defeated many times, they continued to fight.
Although I failed, I will never give up.
现在分词与过去分词作状语时的区别
选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。 分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词用现在分词， 反之用过去分词。
When visiting _______________London (夜里参观伦敦)at night, you feel like in a dream.
注：The problem （discussed yesterday） has something to do with daily life. （表示完成） The problem （being discussed now） has nothing to do with daily life. （表示正在进行）
People found the water polluted.
Have you heard a pop song sung in Japanese?
不定式, 现在分词, 过去分词作宾补的区别:
三者与宾语逻辑上都是主谓关系 不带to的不定式强调动作发生的全过程 现在分词强调他们之间的主动关系，正在进行 过去分词强调他们之间的被动关系，完成 I saw her come into the classroom. I saw her coming into the classroom. I saw her taken out of the classroom.
The teacher entered the classroom (and he) brought our test paper.
分词作状语时, 为了使意义更加明确,也可以在分词前 加上对应的连词when, as, if 等
1. When asked why he did it, he began to cry. 2. If spending more time, I’ll catch up with you.
3.使役动词: make, get, have, keep ,leave, etc.
e.g. We must get the table cloth washed. = We must ask somebody to wash the table cloth. He had his watch repaired. 4. 在“with / without＋宾语＋宾补(过去分 词)”这一结构中，过去分词与宾语之间是动 宾关系。 e.g. Do you know the man with his hair ________ tied back?
3. Since living in the countryside, he knows many flowers’ names.
4. Although defeated many times, they continue to fight.
注意：带有连词的过去分词结构相当于一个省略句, 省略的部分为主语+be的相应变化形式.
这场选举多么令人失望!
他们对这场选举感到失望.
How disappointing the election is!
They feel disappointed at the election.
Can you make a sentence?
-ing vs -ed
常见的这类此有： interesting — interested encouraging — encouraged delighting—delighted disappointing—disappointed pleasing—pleased puzzling—puzzled satisfying—satisfied surprising—surprised worrying——worried
II. Participles used as predictive（表语）
1. 分词作表语，表示主语所处的状态， 其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。
The movie was exciting. She was excited. 现在分词：主语的特征或性质，“令人…”，表主动
过去分词：主语的感受，“感到…”，表被动
3. 分词作原因状语相当于原因状语从句
Since he was brought up in the village, he knows many people there. Brought up in the village, he knows many people there.
Living in the countryside, he knows many flowers’ names. (Since he) lives in the countryside, he knows many flowers’ names.
1. 位置: 单个分词位于名词前，短语则在名词后, 被分词所修饰的名词，就是该分词的逻辑 主语。 The stolen car was found by the police last week. 受伤的工人are being treated well. The injured workers The missing boy was found by the police last week. 在这里工作的农民 are very busy. The farmers working here
III. Past participle used as the Object
Complement (宾语补足语)
1. 表“希望，要求”的动词： want, wish, expect, wish, like, order + done 表示“希望/要求某人或某事被…” e.g. I want the work finished by Sunday. Jim ordered the room cleaned.
Finished ___________ (信写完之后)，the letter should be read to the one who asks you to write it.
从山顶看， 我们能看到一个美丽的公园。 Seeing from the top of the hill, we can see a beautiful park. 从山顶看， 公园很美丽。 Seen from the top of the hill, the park is beautiful.
When visited ____________ (当有人夜里来访)at night , you must make sure the visitor is really your friend.
Having finished all my letters _____________________________ (写完了所有 的信之后)，I had a drink and went out.
现在分词: 表示动作是主动的和正在进行 过去分词: 表示动作是被动的和完成
现在分词 形式
一般式
完成式
过去分词 形式
done
having been done
doing
having done
分词在句中可以作表语、定语、宾语补足 语和状语。
I. Participle used as attributes （定语）
Failing, I will never give up.
5. 表示方式和伴随情况时, 可以转换为一个 并列的谓语成分。
The teacher entered the classroom and he was followed by a group of students. The teacher entered the classroom, followed by a group of student. The teacher entered the classroom, bringing our test paper.
tie的宾语
IV. Participles used as the Adverbial(状语)
分词作状语相当于状语从句 1. 分词作时间状语相当于时间状语从句
When he was asked why he did it, he began to cry. Asked why he did it, he began to cry. When he was answering the question, he began to cry. Answering the question, he began to cry.
be lost in； be interested in； be supposed to； be seated in； be determined to be dressed in； be devoted to； be caught in the rain； be prepared for；