新编简明英语语言学戴炜栋版本u1--u6期末笔记整理

合集下载

新编简明英语语言学教程1-6章期末复习资料

新编简明英语语言学教程1-6章期末复习资料Chapter one Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.语言识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性（创造性）Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递书上1.1.3语言学界里几个重要的概念区别（5-12）：5.语言能力Competence（抽象）Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performance（具体）Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。

新编简明英语语言学戴炜栋版本u1-u6期末笔记整理

●语言学家：1.F.de Saussure P4Swiss linguist. He distinct the langue and parole in the early 20thcentury <course in general linguistics>写了《普通语言学》强调研究语言（what linguist should do is to abstract langue from parole）2.N ChomskAmerican linguist distinct competence and performance in the late 1950s强调研究语言能力（competence）和索绪尔的相似点●Saussure和chomsky不同之处：索绪尔从社会学角度（sociological view）他的语言概念属于社会习俗范畴（social conventions）；乔姆斯基是从心理学角度（Psychological view），认为语言能力是每个个体大脑的特征（property of mind of each individual）3.现代语言学基本上是描述性的（descriptive），传统语法是规定性的（prescriptive）4.现代语言学中共时性研究更重要（synchronic）Phonetics(语音学) Phonology（音位学）●发音器官1.pharyngeal cavity2.oral cavity3.nasal cavity●speech and writing are the two media or substances 言语和文字是自然语言的两种媒介和物质（言语比文字更加基础）●语音学从哪三个角度研究?(1)说话者角度articulatory phonetics 发声语音学（历史最悠久）(2)听话者角度auditory phonetics 听觉语音学(3)研究语音的传播方式acoustic phonetics 声学语音学●主要现在用IPA标音标，但是语言学家会用严式标音（narrowtranscription）书上举了两个字母的例子{l} leap，feel ，health {p} pit，spit （送气，不送气）p h来表送气●语音的分类：元音（voiced sound）和辅音●voiceless●元音的分类：（1）根据舌头哪一个部位最高，分为front、central、back（2）嘴巴的张合度，分为闭元音、半闭元音、半开元音、开元音（3）不圆唇的（所有前和中元音+{a：} ）和圆唇的（rounded）后元音●Segment 和syllable 前面数有几个元音辅音；后面数有几个元音●语音学和音位学的区别（1）语音学家关注{l} 的发音，清晰舌边音和模糊舌边音（2）音位学家关注{l}分布模式，即在什么位置发这个音如{l} 在元音后或辅音前，发模糊舌边音feel、quilt{l}放在元音前发清晰的舌边音leap注意：Phonology is concerned with the sound system of a particular language.(关注某种语言的语音系统)Linguistics is the scientific study of human languages in general.一、区分音素，音位，音位变体●音素：phone（1）在单词feel[fi:ł],leaf[li:f],tar[tha:],star[sta:]中,一共有7个音素,分别是[f],[i:],[ł],[l],[th].[t],[a:].（2）英语共有48个音素，其中元音20个，辅音28个。

戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解（音位学）【圣才出品】

戴炜栋《新编简明英语语⾔学教程》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解（⾳位学）【圣才出品】第2章⾳位学2.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. Speech Organs发⾳器官2. Distinction, Classification and the Criteria of Description between Constants and Vowels辅⾳和元⾳的区别、分类及描写规则3. Phonemes and Allophones⾳位和⾳位变体4. Phonological Rules and Distinctive Features⾳系规则和区别特征5. Syllable Structure, Stress and Intonation⾳节结构、重⾳和语调本章考点：1. 语⾳学语⾳学的定义；发⾳器官的英⽂名称；英语辅⾳的定义、发⾳部位、发⾳⽅法和分类；英语元⾳的定义和分类、基本元⾳；发⾳语⾳学；听觉语⾳学；声学语⾳学；语⾳标记，国际⾳标；严式与宽式标⾳法。

2. ⾳系学⾳系学的定义；⾳系学与语⾳学的联系和区别；⾳素、⾳位、⾳位变体、最⼩对⽴体、⾃由变体的定义；⾃由变体；⾳位的对⽴分布与互补分布；区别性特征；超语段⾳位学；⾳节；重⾳(词重⾳、句⼦重⾳)；⾳⾼和语调。

本章内容索引：I. The phonic medium of languageII. Phonetics1. The definition of phonetics2. Three research fields3. Organs of speech▼4. Voiceless sounds▼5. Voiced sounds6. Orthographic representations of speech sounds—broad and narrow transcriptions7. Classification of English speech sounds(1) Definition(2) Classification of English consonants(3) Classification of English vowelsIII. Phonology1. Relationship between Phonology and phonetics2. Phone, phoneme3. Allophone4. Some rules in phonology(1) Sequential rules(2) Assimilation rule(3) Deletion rule5. Supra-segmental features—stress, tone, intonation(1) Stress(2) Tone(3) IntonationI. The phonic medium of language（语⾔的语⾳媒介）II. Phonetics（语⾳学）1. The definition of phonetics（语⾳学的定义）Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.语⾳学被定义为对语⾔的语⾳媒介的研究；它涉及所有出现在世界语⾔中的声⾳。

戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(形态学)【圣才】

I. Definition of morphology（形态学定义）【考点：名词解释】
Morphology studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which
2 / 32
圣才电子书十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台Байду номын сангаас
圣才电子书十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台

第 3 章形态学
3.1 复习笔记
本章要点： 1. Open class and closed class
开放词类与封闭词类 2. Morpheme
语素 3. Analyzing word structure
分析词语结构 4. Derivational and inflectional morphemes

words are formed, including inflection and word formation. 形态学研究词的内部结构以及构词规则，包括屈折变化和构词法两个领域。
II. Open class and closed class（开放类和封闭类） 1. Open class words: in English, nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs make up the largest part of the vocabulary. They are the content words of a language. 开放性词类：在英语中，名词、动词、形容词和副词占词汇的绝大部分。它们是一门语言中的实义词，经常有新词产生。 2. Closed class words: The other syntactic categories include “grammatical” or “functional” words. Conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns consist of relatively few words and new words are not usually added to them. 封闭性词类：其他的句法范畴包括“语法性的”或者“功能性的”词。连词、介词、冠词和代词相对较少，通常不会增加新词。

新编简明英语语言学教程戴伟栋版

新编简明英语语言学教程戴伟栋版第1章导言本章要点：1. The definition and main branches of linguistics study语言学的定义和研究范围2. Important distinction in Linguistic语言学的一些重要区分3. The definition and the design features of language语言的定义和识别特征4. Function of language语言的功能本章考点：语言学考点：语言学的定义，语言学中几组重要的区别，每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义；普通语言学的主要分支及各自研究范畴；宏观语言及应用语言学的主要扥只及各自的研究范畴。

语言的考点：语言的定义；语言的识别特征（任意性，能产性，二重性，移位性，文化传递性）；语言的功能1,The definition of linguistics语言的定义：Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language(based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to general theory of language structure)2.The scope of linguistics语言学的范围A：micro-linguisticsPhonetics（语音学）: the study of the sounds used in linguistic communication.Phonology（音系学）: the study of how sounds put together and used to convey meaning in communication.(语音分布和排列的规则及音节的形式) Morphology（形态学）: the study of the way in which the symbols are arranged and combined to form words.Syntax（句法学）: the study of rules in the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in language.Semantics（语义学）: the study of meaning.Pragmatics（语用学）: the study of the meaning in the context of language use. B：macro-linguisticsSociolinguistics: the study of all social aspects of language and its relation with the society form the core of the branch.Psycholinguistics: the study of language and its relation with psychology.Applied linguistics: the study of application of language to the solution of practical problems. Narrowly it is the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.3. Some important distinctions in linguistics 语言学中的重要区分A: Descriptive vs Prescriptive 描写式与规定式Descriptive: if a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use.Prescriptive: if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using lan guage, i.e. to tell people what should they say and what they should not say, it is said to be Prescriptive.B: Synchronic vs Diachronic 共时性和历时性Synchronic: the description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study.Diachronic: the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.C: Speech vs writing 言语和文学These are major media of communication.D: Langue vs parole 语言与言语(Saussure 索緖尔)Langue: refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by the all the members of a speech community.Parole: refers to the realization of language in actual use.E: Competence vs performance 语言能力和语言应用(Chomsky乔姆斯基) Competence: refers to a user’s underlying knowledge about the system of the rules.Performance: refers to the actual use in concrete situations.乔姆斯基和索绪尔的区别：索绪尔采用的是社会学的观点，他的语言观念是社会惯例性的。

戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》配套笔记-自己版

戴炜栋《简明语言学教程》配套笔记-自己整理版————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：Chapter 1 IntroductionWhat is linguistics? 什么是语言学[A] The definition of linguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language (对语言进行的科学研究)Process of linguistic study:① Certain linguistic facts are observed, generalization are formed;② Hypotheses are formulated;③ Hypotheses are tested by further observations;④ A linguistic theory is constructed.[B] The scope of linguistics General linguistics普通语言学: the study of language as a whole从整体研究1.Phonetics: the general study of the characteristics of speech sounds (or the study of the phonic medium of language) (How speech sounds are produced and classified)2.Phonology: is essentially the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.(How sounds form systems and function to convey meaning)3.Morphology: the study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words (how morphemes are combined to form words)4.Syntax: the study of those rules that govern the combination of words to form permissible sentences (how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences)5.Semantics: the study of meaning in abstraction6.Pragmatics: the study of meaning in context of useSociolinguistics: the study of language with reference to societyPsycholinguistics: the study of language with reference to the workings of the mindApplied linguistics: the application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning Anthropological linguistics, neurological linguistics; mathematical linguistics; mathematical linguistics; computational linguistics[C] Some important distinctions in linguistics① Prescriptive vs. Descriptive 规定性与描写性② Synchronic vs. Diachronic 共时性与历时性（现代英语多研究共时性）The description of a language at some point in time;The description of a language as it changes through time.③ Speech and writing 言语与文字Spoken language is primary, not the written④ Langue and parole 语言和言语Proposed by Swiss linguists F. de Sausse (sociological)Langue: refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community（指一个话语社团所有成员共有的语言系统）Parole: refers to the realization of langue in actual use（指语言在实际运用中的实现）⑤ Competence and performance 语言能力与语言运用Proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky (psychological)Competence: the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his languag e.（理想的语言使用者关于语言规则方面的知识）Performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistics communication.（这种知识在语言交流中的具体实现）What is language? 什么是语言[A] The definition of languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (语言是一个具有任意性、用于人类交流的语音符号系统。

戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解-第6~8章【圣才出品】

戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解-第6~8章【圣才出品】第6章语用学6.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. Speech act theory言语行为理论2. Cooperative principle and its maxims合作原则及其准则3. Gricean theory of conversational implicature格莱斯会话含义理论本章考点：语用学的定义；语义学与语用学的区别；语境与意义；言语行为理论(发话行为、行事行为和取效行为)；合作原则。

实例分析言语行为、合作原则的违反和会话含义。

本章内容索引：I. Pragmatics1. Definition2. Pragmatics vs. semantics3. Context4. Sentence meaning vs. utterance meaningII. Speech act theory1. Austin’s model of speech acts2. Searle’s classificati on of speech acts3. Indirect speech actsIII. Principle of conversation1. Cooperative Principle and its Maxims2. Violation of the MaximsIV. Conversational Implicature1. Definition2. Characteristics of Conversational Implicature(1) Calculability.(2) Cancellability(3) Non-detachability(4) Non-conventionality.V. Cross-cultural Pragmatic FailureI. Pragmatics（语用学）【考点：名词解释，与语义学的关系】1. Definition（定义）It is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.它是研究某一语言的言者是如何利用句子成功进行交际的。

(完整word版)新编简明英语语言学教程戴伟栋版(word文档良心出品)

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

（3）音素不一定能区别意义●音位：phoneme它有如下特点：（1）音位总是属于一定的语言，脱离具体的语言，音位无从谈起。

（2）属于同一个音位的各个音，不能区别意义，不同音位的各个音，能够区别意义。

（3）音位必须是最小的单位。

（4）音位是能辨别词义的音素，属于音素的一种，比如“蓝”“男”lan,nan, l和n就是音位，能区别两个字（5）习惯将音位放在两条斜线里，音素放在方括号里●音位变体: allophone（1）音位变体就是同一个音位的不同的变异形式，是音位在特定语音环境中的具体体现或具体代表。

如英语中的，leap /li:p/ 与feel /fi:l/ 中的两个不同的/l/，就是音位/l/的两个不同变体。

二、音位对立，互补分布，最小对立对●音位对立：phonemic contrast如果两个音位可以出现在相同的语音环境中,且具有区别语义的功能,那么它们就形成了音位对立.如tip和dip中的／t／和/d/占据了相同的语音位置,且具有区分语义的价值,因此/t/和/d/形成音位对立.●互补分布：complementary distribution如果在语音上相似的两个音不能出现在相同的位置上,且没有区别意义的功能,那么它们之间的关系就是互补分布关系.如top中送气的[t］和stop中不送气的[t]的关系是互补关系,如果把stop中的[t]发成了送气音并不影响语义. 类似还有：peak，speak●最小对立对：minimal pair最小对立对指的是两个语音群（通常是单词）中的语音除了一个音不同,且不同的音处在相同的位置上,其余的成分完全相同,因此这两个语音群形成最小对立对.如tip和dip形成最小对立对,其中/-ip/完全相同,只有第一个音不同.构成最小对立对的还有/pig/和/dig/;/pen/和/ben/;/robe/和/rote/等,其中/p/,/d/,/p/,/b/,/b/,/t/就是英语中的音位（能区分意义）其中/tip/和/pit/,/mop//opt/不构成最小对立对.●音位对立与最小对立体音位对立就是指能够造成意义差别的那些语音差别，比如在mate、late、hate、pate、bate、date、gate、kate中，每一个单词的第一个辅音都能造成语音差别，因此都形成音位对立。

（看的是音标）最小对立体就是两个对立的音位只有一个语音特征不同，其他语音特征都相同。

比如pate和bate中的[p]和[b]，都是辅音、都是塞音、都是双唇音，都是……，但有一点不一样，前者是清辅音，后者是浊辅音。

相反，[m]和[p]就不能形成最小对立体，因为它们虽然都是辅音、都是唇音，但至少有两个语音特征不同：除了清浊不同外，一个是鼻音，一个是塞音。

●l、r音标开头，后面一定是元音Morphology●语言学家用形态学这个术语来指语法中构词这一部分（read，reader，lip-read）●词的分类：开放类open class（名，动，副，形）、封闭类closedclass（连词，冠词articles，介词，代词）●Morphemes(词素)-------（1）the minimal、smallest units of meaning最小的意义单位。

（2）词素是意义+音阶的组合（a meaning and a stretch of sound joined together）注意：词素的声音和意义没有必然联系，词素具有任意性（arbitrary）（3）Cannot be further analyzed●词汇是最小自由体●词素可以分为（1）free and bound morphemes (自由或黏着词素)如：boy （free）复数-s是黏着的（2）allomorphs 同质异形体，语素变体即一个词素的不同变体，如books /s/ bags /Z/, judges /IZ/ 复数词素-s的不同发音一、总结-s的发音：（1）在清辅音后发/S/（2）在浊辅音或元音后发/Z/（3）es 发/iz/再如过去时/d/，/t/, /id/ have the same meaning and are incomplementary distribution（3）派生词素和屈折词素（都是针对词缀来说的）Derivational morphemes:the morphemes change the grammatical class or add new meanings to the existing words. (改变词的词性或意义) 注意quick-quickly，ly是inflectional “ly”没有改变词性和词义Inflectional morphemes：the morphemes are for the most part purely: grammatical markers(表示时态、数、格\比较或最高级这样的黏着词素，如-ing、-ed，不附加词汇意义的)二、分析词的结构root and affixes一个复杂的词汇通常是由一个根词素和一个或多个词缀构成。

词根是词的核心部分，构成意义的主要成份，通常词根归属于一个词汇的范围，可以由名、动、形、介词。

而affixes是黏着词素（bound morphemes）如teacher，er为affixes。

Prefix前缀，suffix后缀，infix中缀三、构词的形态学规则两种构词方法：（1）派生（1）复合词（是由词汇+词汇串起来的）（a）名词+名词=名词postbox形容词+形容词=形容词icy-cold（b）名词+形容词=形容词head-strong动词+名词=名词pickpocket例外：带介词的复合词=非介词的词性Undertake inaction（c）复合词重音在第一部分，如redcoat书本p40 练习（划出derivational affixes和inflectional affixes）1.The farmer’s cows escaped.2.It was raining.3.Those socks are inexpensive4.Jim needs the newer copy.5.The strongest rower continued6.She quickly closed the book.7.The alphabetization went well.Syntax句法学一、范畴：句法范畴、词汇范畴、短语范畴（1）词汇范畴lexical categoriesmajor categories：N. V. prep. Adj.minor categories: Det（限定词），Deg（程度词），Qual（修饰词），con. ,aux.(助动词)（2）如何区分词汇的范畴三个标准：meaning, inflection, distribution（3）短语范畴phrase categories[1]短语结构标志语的规则：NP: 限定词+名词VP: 修饰语+动词AP/PP 程度词+形/介[2]XP规则：（标志语）(Mod)X (Mod)(补语*)[3]标志语在中心词的左边，补语在中心词右边[4]补语不管有多少都放在中心词右边，补语短语即complement phrase（CP）,CP所在结构为主句（matrixclause）如：she believes that she will win (CP)[5]Coordination rule并列规则：and，or，but[6]Modifiers修饰语：依据中心词的位置不同，修饰语位置也不同，当有补语时，中心词之后的修饰语一般也出现在补语右边。