戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(音位学)【圣才出品】
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第2章音位学
2.1 复习笔记
本章要点：
1. Speech Organs
发音器官
2. Distinction, Classification and the Criteria of Description between Constants and Vowels
辅音和元音的区别、分类及描写规则
3. Phonemes and Allophones
音位和音位变体
4. Phonological Rules and Distinctive Features
音系规则和区别特征
5. Syllable Structure, Stress and Intonation
音节结构、重音和语调
本章考点：
1. 语音学
语音学的定义；发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的定义、发音部位、发音方法和分类；
英语元音的定义和分类、基本元音；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；语音标记，国际音标；严式与宽式标音法。
2. 音系学
音系学的定义；音系学与语音学的联系和区别；音素、音位、音位变体、最小对立体、自由变体的定义；自由变体；音位的对立分布与互补分布；区别性特征；超语段音位学；
音节；重音(词重音、句子重音)；音高和语调。
本章内容索引：
I. The phonic medium of language
II. Phonetics
1. The definition of phonetics
2. Three research fields
3. Organs of speech
▼4. Voiceless sounds
▼5. Voiced sounds
6. Orthographic representations of speech sounds—broad and narrow transcriptions
7. Classification of English speech sounds
(1) Definition
(2) Classification of English consonants
(3) Classification of English vowels
III. Phonology
1. Relationship between Phonology and phonetics
2. Phone, phoneme
3. Allophone
4. Some rules in phonology
(1) Sequential rules
(2) Assimilation rule
(3) Deletion rule
5. Supra-segmental features—stress, tone, intonation
(1) Stress
(2) Tone
(3) Intonation
I. The phonic medium of language（语言的语音媒介）
II. Phonetics（语音学）
1. The definition of phonetics（语音学的定义）
Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.
语音学被定义为对语言的语音媒介的研究；它涉及所有出现在世界语言中的声音。
2. Three research fields（三大研究领域）
【考点：名词解释，区分三大领域】
(1) Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds.
(2) Acoustic Phonetics is the study of physical properties of speech sounds.
(3) Perceptual (Auditory) Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.
(1)发音语言学研究语音的发生。
(2)声学语音学研究语音的物理特征。
(3)感知语音学(或听觉语音学)研究语音的感知。
3. Organs of speech（发音器官）
【考点：根据图指出发音器官名称】
Also known as Vocal Organs, are those parts of human body involved in the production of speech, including lungs, the trachea (or windpipe), the throat, the nose, and the mouth.
是人体参与语音发生的部分，包括肺、气管、喉、鼻和口。
▼4. Voiceless sounds（清音）
The sounds produced without causing vibration of the vocal cords.
在发音过程中，发音时声带不振动，这样所发出的音叫做清音。
▼5. Voiced sounds（浊音）
The sounds produced with causing vibration of the vocal cords.
在发音过程中，发音时声带振动，这样所发出的音叫做浊音。
6. Orthographic representations of speech sounds—broad and narrow transcriptions（语音的正字表征——宽式和严式标音）
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) came into being at the end of 19 century. It provides two ways to transcribe speech sounds are now available: