优化方案(浙江、江苏)2016高考英语二轮复习第二部分题型突破专题二阅读理解第二讲推理判断题强化训练
优化方案(浙江、江苏)2016高考英语二轮复习题型重组第二十一组
第二十一组(建议用时：45分钟)Ⅰ.阅读理解More and more people take part in marathons these days—over 30，000 people will run the London Marathon this weekend, for instance.But it’s not just the 26 miles and 385 yards that could be a daunting prospect.“I have to admit to being completely frustrated by the blocking and for 18—19 miles was just keeping away from people and being held up，”one participant grumbled after the 2012 London Marathon.“I had to overtake a lot of people and ended up with bruised(淤肿的) forearms from all the elbows，”said another.How do such crowding problems arise, and could they be reduced? Some researchers believe that we can find the answers through a more familiar system in which jams appear—road traffic flow.Martin Treiber, of the Technical University of Dresden in Germany, has previously developed models for traffic flow.One of the first attempts to model traffic flow was made in the 1950s by James Lighthill and his collaborator Gerard Whitham of Manchester University.They considered the traffic as a kind of liquid flowing down a pipe, and looked at how the flow changes as the fluid gets denser(浓稠)．At first the flow rate increases as the density increases, since you simply get more stuff through in the same period of time.But if the density becomes too high，there’s a risk of jams, and the flow rate drops sharply.Treiber’s model of a marathon uses this same principle that the flow rate first increases and then decreases as the density of runners increases, thanks to an sudden switch from free to crowded flow. He assumes that there is a range of different preferred speeds for different runners, which each maintains throughout the race.With just these factors, Treiber can calculate the flow rate of runners, knowing the “carrying capacity”(承载能力) at each point on the route.This allows Treiber to figure out how blocking might depend on the race conditions—for example, for different starting procedures.Some marathons start by letting all the runners set off at once (which means those at the back have to wait until those in front have moved forward)．Others assign runners to various groups according to ability, and let them start in a series of waves.Treiber has applied the model to the annual Rennsteig halfmarathon in central Germany，which attracts around 6，000 participants.The traditional route had to be changed in 2013，because the police were no longer willing to close a road to ensure that runners could cross safely.It could pass either over a 60m wooden bridge or through a tunnel.Treiber used his model to predict the likely blocking caused in the various options.The model predicted that a mass start would risk an overload of runners if the bridge were to be used.Only by moving the starting point further back from the bridge could the danger be avoided—and even then, if some of the numbers assumed in the model were only slightly inaccurate, there was still a risk of jams at the bridge.On the other hand, no dangerous blocking seemed likely for the tunnel route.The run organizers consulted Treiber’s team, and eventually chose this option.1．What is the worst thing while running a marathon?A．The long distance.B．Too many participants.C．The dangerous blocking.D．Serious injuries in forearms.2．Which of the following statements is TRUE?A．James Lighthill is the first expert trying to model traffic flow.B．The denser the flow is, the faster the flow rate becomes.C．The flow rate increases in the beginning because fewer people passed together.D．The flow rate increases first and then decreases later when the flow is too denser.3．What is NOT true about the Rennsteig?A．It has much less participants than the London Marathon in 2014.B．It has a shorter distance than the London Marathon.C．The route was changed because the traditional one is not safe any longer.D．The participants running this marathon will pass a tunnel because this choice is safer.4．What’s the main idea of the passage?A．Make a comparison between marathon and road traffic.B．Running a marathon is somewhat dangerous if it is not well organized.C．Introduce a new technology to solve the blocking problem in marathon.D．Some advice for people who are to run a marathon.Ⅱ.任务型阅读A．Get started!B．Forget your failures.C．Find and use your positive voice.D．Think about how far you have come.E．Spend time with people who inspire you.F．Accept failure as a positive learning experience.Realizing your dreams is not a matter of possibility; it’s a matter of motivating yourself to focus on the right things.You know you should be doing something, but sometimes you just don’t feel like doing anything.This discouraging situation can last a long time if you don’t head it off and take action.Here are some daily motivation tricks that might work for you.1．________This is by far the most important tip in this article, because in the end, all of the other tips in the world won’t make as much of a difference as this simple and timeless instruction：Sit down and get a move on! Do you feel the push-back of laziness? Reading more about motivation won’t help. Reviewing your to-do lists won’t help. Only doing actually helps get everything going. So stop thinking about how hard the task is going to be or how long it’s going to take you.Not starting is failing.Tell yourself, “As soon as I get going, I’ll feel more motivated.”And you’ll realize it’s not nearly as hard as you thought it would be.2．________Be aware of your selftalk and stay confident.You have the choice to replace negative self-talk with a more encouraging and friendly voice.A voice that will consider your aim as not just a possibility, but a probability; A voice that does not look at the possibility of success before taking action, but rather uses selfbelief as its driving force; A voice that all things are possible to those who commit to their dream.Tell yourself over and over again that you can do it. See what effect it has. Persist with this kind of possibility and eventually you’ll feel better about whatever it is you want to get done, and you’ll even start to fool yourself into believing it’s true.3．________There is no better way to recharge yourself for improvement than spending time with someone who motivates you.They are smart and can always encourage you to be better.Study their qualities.Study their habits.Surround yourself with them, talk to them, learn from them; they are already living and producing results at a level you admire and expect pare stories, successes and failures.Let their inner light guide you.4．________You have made so much progress, you just don’t realize it.Open your eyes and give yourself credit for all that you have done.Think about it.Write down your past successes.Consider using a journal to keep track of them.You’ll probably be pleasantly surprised when you review your results.It’s a great motivator to see how much you have improved and how far you have come.Be happy with your progress and move on.5．________Do not judge unsuccessful attempts and mistakes as an indication of your future potential, but as part of the growth process.Something does not have to end well for it to have been one of the most valuable experiences of a lifetime.When times get tough, take a deep breath, and know that most great things come when you least expect it.Being defeated is a temporary condition; giving up is what makes it permanent.And most people that gave up didn’t realize how close they were to success.Push through!Ⅲ.书面表达假定你是李华，将于2016年7月从新华外语学校毕业。
【优化方案】2016高考英语(浙江专用)二轮复习课件：第二部分专题二第三讲 词义猜测题
专题二
阅读理解
2．Which of the following can best replace the phrase “signed
A off” in Paragraph 1?_________ A．ended all their programs
B．provided fewer channels
栏目 导引
专题二
阅读理解
(2015· 高考四川卷，阅读理解 E ，节选 )However ， physicist Joseph West thinks there might have been a simpler way，who led the new study.West said， “I was inspired while watching a television program showing how sleds might have helped with pyramid construction.I thought， ‘Why don’ t they just try rolling the things？’”A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides， he realized.That，he notes，should make a block of stone “a lot easier to roll than a square”． So he tried it．
短语前面的I would keep it on说明作者非常喜欢看电视,一直
看到电视台停止播放节目为止,故A项“结束所有的节目”与 短语sign off “结束广播/电视节目”意义相近,为正确答案.
优化方案(浙江、江苏)高考英语二轮复习 第二部分 题型突破 专题二 阅读理解 第一讲 细节理解题强化训练
第一讲细节理解题A(2016·浙江大学附中高考全真模拟)Surprisingly，no one knows how many children receive education in English hospitals，still less the content or quality of that education.Proper records are just not kept.We know that more than 850，000 children go through hospital each year，and that every child of school age has a legal right to continue to receive education while in hospital.We also know there is only one hospital teacher to every 1，000 children in hospital.Little wonder the latest survey concludes that the extent and type of hospital teaching available differ a great deal across the country.It is found that half the hospitals in England which admit children have no teacher.A further quarter have only a parttime teacher.The special children’s hospitals in maj or cities do best; general hospitals in the country and holiday areas are worst off.From this survey，one can estimate that fewer than one in five children have some contact with a hospital teacher—and that contact may be as little as two hours a day.Most children interviewed were surprised to find a teacher in hospital at all.They had not been prepared for it by parents or their own school.If there was a teacher they were much more likely to read books and do math or number work; without a teacher they would only play games.Reasons for hospital teaching range from preventing a child falling behind and maintaining the habit of school to keeping a child occupied，and the latter is often all the teachers can do.The position and influence of many teachers was summed up when parents referred to them as “the library lady” or just “the helper”．Children tend to rely on concerned school friends to keep in touch with school work.Several parents spoke of requests for work being ignored or refused by the school.Once back at school children rarely get extra teaching，and are told to catch up as best as they can.Many shortstay childpatients catch up quickly.But schools do v ery little to ease the anxiety about falling behind expressed by many of the children interviewed.【解题导语】文章讲述了因病住院学生的教育问题，老师太少，无法保证学生的学习，作者对于这一现象很不满意。
优化方案(浙江、江苏)高考英语二轮复习 第二部分 题型突破 专题二 阅读理解 第一讲 细节理解题典题
第一讲细节理解题AFounded in 1764 by French traders，St.Louis today is the fifteenth largest urban area in the USA.There are many attractive destinations for tourists.American Kennel Club Museum of the DogDog lovers who visit St.Louis won’t want to miss this 14，000squarefoot museum.Inside are over 500 paintings，watercolors，and a variety of other dog art objects.The museum is open all the year round，Tuesday through Saturday 10 am to 4 pm，and Sunday 1 pm to 4 pm.Admission is $5 for adults，$2.50 for students，and $1 for children up to 10.AnheuserBusch BreweryThe AnheuserBusch Brewery tour is not just for beer lovers.The tour includes the historic Brew House，where visitors can enjoy how beer is made.Then the tour continues to the modern Bevo Packaging Plant.The best will be the Budweiser Clydesdale Stables.The tours are always free.Gateway ArchDesigned by Eero Saarinen and Hannskarl Bandel，it took over two years and 900 tons of stainless steel to build.It is the tallest of the country’s national monuments.The arch is part of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial.About one million people per year come to the top of the arch，where there is an observation platform providing a great view of the city.St.Louis ZooFirst version of the St.Louis Zoo opened in 1904 at the St.Louis World’s Fair，but in the century it has grown into one of the foremost zoos in the world.The Zooline Railroad，a passenger train takes visitors around the zoo，which contains over 9，000 animals of over 800 species.The zoo is open every day but Christmas and New Year’s Day，with summer hours of 8 am to 7 pm，and the rest of the year of 9 am to 5 pm.Admission to the zoo is free.【解题导语】本文是一篇应用文。
高考英语二轮复习-第二部分-题型突破-专题12-阅读理解-第1讲-细节理解题(二)对点特训
第1讲细微环节理解题（二）细微环节理解题(二)A(2016·山西四校高三第三次联考)World Book Day is a celebration of all things wonderful about books for all ages, with author events, school fancy－dress parades(游行) and a ￡1 book token(购书券) given to all school children under 18. It is a yearly event on 23rd April, organized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO), to promote reading.In the United Kingdom, the day is recognized on the first Thursday in March. On 3rd March, 2016 children of all ages in the U．K. will come together to appreciate reading. Sometimes, reading a modern novel can be tough (Booker Prize winner The Luminaries runs to 832 pages! ), especially if reading is not your strong suit. In fact, one in six people in the U．K. never pick up a book because they've experienced difficulties or are out of the habit of reading for pleasure.The Galaxy Quick Reads series are designed to introduce reluctant readers to bestselling short funny novels, which bring the joy of reading without demanding hours of concentrated time. They cover a range of subjects, from romance to comedy.Jojo Moyes's Paris for One is a romantic adventure in which 26－year－old Nell books a weekend away to Paris with her lazy, neglectful boyfriend. When he fails to turn up, she is alone in the city. That is, until she meets Fabien, who shows her the charms of the French capital—in more ways than one.Adele Geras's moving story Out In The Dark was set in World War I, in which young Rob came back from the battlefields. Determined to find the officer's widow to return the photo of her and their daughter that the captain kept with him, he traveled several thousand miles but never gave up.Dead Man Talking is a fantastic tale of Pat, who had a terrible fight with his best friend, Joe, ten years ago—but now hears that Joe is dead, and he must attend his funeral. But Joe is not going quietly that very night—he's lying in his coffin being very chatty indeed.体裁：说明文题材：介绍说明主题：《银河快速阅读》系列语篇导读：有些书让不擅长阅读的读者望而却步。
【优化方案】(浙江、江苏)2016高考英语二轮复习 第二部分 题型突破 专题二 阅读理解 第二讲 推理判断题
纵观近三年浙江卷，可以看出每年推理判断题的考查比例都
在5～6个小题。简单的推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一 句话，也可能是某几句话或某段落，要求考生在遵循原文意
义的基础上，对文章字面信息进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理，
揭示其深层含义。而较复杂的题目常常在理解全文的内容和 结构的基础上，进行逻辑推理。
专题二
Which of the following statements does the passage support?
(2015· 高考天津卷，阅读理解 C，节选)I never told my mother about my “miraculous”(奇迹般的)experience that summer，but she saw a slow but remarkable improvement in my classroom performance during the next year.And years later，she was proud that her son had read thousands of books， was awarded a PhD in literature， and authored his own books， articles， poetry and fiction.The power of the words has held.
The purpose of the text is to get more people to ________． The writer of the story wants to tell us that________． The writer talks about...in order to________． The author writes the last paragraph in order to________．
【优化方案】2016高考英语(浙江专用)二轮复习课件：第二部分专题二第一讲 细节理解题
栏目 导引
专题二
阅读理解
错误选项。 (2)无中生有。 即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得 出结论，而文中并未涉及。 (3)偷换概念。把原来做该事的“张 三 ”换成 “李四 ”，而所述细节却与原文一致，一不小心就会误 选。(4)文不对题。这类选项最不容易辨别，选项中的描述与原 文完全一致，确实属于原文中的一个细节，这时要回到题干， 看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题。 (5)符合常识， 但不是文 章内容。 (6)部分正确，部分错误。
attractive they look与B选项They look nice.在表达上存在差
异，但是表达的却是同一个意思，故选B项。
栏目 导引
专题二
阅读理解
名师指津 语义转换题属于中档难度题，分数比例较大。命题者在出此类 题时惯用 “偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的方法来迷惑考生，即对原句 细微处做改动，截取原文词语或结构进行改造，因果倒置，把 A 观点说成 B 观点等。 所以正确理解题干和信息句的意义是解 题的关键。常见干扰项的特点：(1)将原文内容扩大或缩小。把 原文中的限定词去掉或替换，使该选项看似正确，实际上却是
抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该类题的关键。解题原则：
忠实于原文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。
栏目 导引
专题二
阅读理解
直接信息题
直接信息题的选项中多采用原文中的信息进行直接考查。 在做 题时，考生迅速找到原文中与题干要求相对应的信息，把选项 内容与原文内容进行认真对比即可确定答案， 常用 who， what， when，where，why，how 等提问。此类题目相对简单，只要 考生认真细心，得分就会比较容易。
B winter?________
A．They are soft. C．They taste great. B．They look nice. D．They are juicy.
2016版《优化方案》高考英语(新课标全国卷Ⅰ)二轮复习课件：专题二 阅读理解 第四讲
栏目 导引
专题二
阅读理解
2．句意猜测题 句意猜测题通常需要考生猜测意思的是一个具有概括性的句
子或是格言、谚语等，要求考生通过阅读文章，用合适的语
句对其进行解释性的描述。
栏目 导引
专题二
阅读理解
(2015· 高考浙江卷，阅读理解D，节选)They didn’t. From day two (everyone wanted to walk the cute puppy that first day)，neither thought to walk the dog.While I was slow to accept that I would be the one to keep track of her shots， to schedule her vet appointments，to feed and clean her，
trusting I would understand—which，strangely，I almost always did.In no time，she became my fifth appendage (附 肢)，snoring on my home－office couch as I worked， cradling against my feet as I read，and splaying across my
Misty knew this on day one.As she looked up at the three new
humans in her life (small，medium，and large)，she calculated，“The medium one is the sucker in the pack.”
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第二讲推理判断题A(2015·重庆一中一诊)Based on new analysis，we are rapidly approaching major climate change and the effects on society and the environment could be quite severe.Geographers predict that within the next eighty years，current world climate zones could shift and some could completely disappear.Polar regions will get colder while tropical regions will get even hotter，forcing animals to migrate(迁徙) north.Climate changes like these could lead to the spread of diseases.Tropical storms and hurricanes will not only increase but may also become more intense.If the changes come too quickly，animal and plant species may not be able to adapt fast enough and could disappear.According to Science Daily，a new study predicts that by the year 2100，many of today’s familiar climates will be replaced by climates unknown in today’s world.It is urgent that we reduce the risks of these farreaching consequences for the whole world.The planet itself has been showing signs of change.In 2004，a serious tsunami created by a major earthquake killed thousands in Sumatra and in 2008，thousands died in China because of another severe earthquake.Egypt was hit in 2009 with a major earthquake and Haiti was devastated in 2010 by yet another massive earthquake.Within just the last few months，new reports from around the world have been coming in and most agree that our climate situation is much worse than previously thought.At this point，it doesn’t matter what is causing it，but rather，what can be done about it.What’s more，our world is getting more and more unstable every year.There is war and threat of war everywhere.Natural disasters are becoming more frequent and serious.However，other planets are experiencing global warming as well as our own and some scientists believe there may be some connection between this.No one knows anything for sure at this point because there is simply not enough data.【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。
文章介绍了未来气候的变化对人和动物的生存环境的影响。
1．What is the major function of Paragraph 1?A．To arouse the reader’s concern.B．To introduce the theme of the whole passage.C．To summarize the whole passage.D．To state how climate changes.解析：选B。
推理判断题。
根据第一段第一句“Based on new analysis，we are rapidly approaching major climate change and the effects on society and the environment could be quite severe.”可知，最新研究数据表明，世界的气候变化已经严重地影响了社会和环境。
而接下来的几段则是围绕气候变化对社会和环境具体的影响而展开的，由此可推知，第一段主要是介绍文章的主题。
故选B项。
2．What is the author’s purpose in using the examples of earthquakes?A．To show major changes are taking place on the planet.B．To remind people to prevent future earthquakes.C．To show the damage earthquakes caused.D．To tell us more earthquakes will happen in the future.解析：选A。
细节理解题。
根据第三段第三句“The planet itself has been showing signs of change.”可知，列举最近地球上所发生的地震是为了说明地球正在发生着重大变化。
故选A项。
3．Which of the following is NOT true of climate changes’ effects?A．Animal and plant species may not be able to adapt fast enough and could disappear.B．It could lead to the spread of diseases.C．Current world climate zones could shift and completely disappear.D．Natural disasters are becoming more frequent and serious.解析：选C。
细节理解题。
根据第一段第二句“Geographers predict that within the next eighty years，current world climate zones could shift and some could completely disappear.”可知，地理学家预计在未来的八十年中，现在的世界气候带可能会改变，有的可能会完全消失，C项中说世界气候带可能会变化并会完全消失，与文中描述不符，故C项错误；根据第二段第一句“Climate changes like these could lead to the spread of diseases.”可知，B项正确；根据第二段最后一句“If the changes come too quickly，animal and plant species may not be able to adapt fast enough and could disappear.”可知，A项正确；根据倒数第二段最后一句“Natural disasters are becoming more f requent and serious.”可知，D项正确。
故选C项。
4．What can be inferred from the passage?A．Animals and plants won’t die out as long as climate changes slowly.B．There’s enough data for us to predict the future of climate change.C．The world is getting more unstable because of animal migration.D．The earth is not the only planet that is experiencing climate change.解析：选D。
推理判断题。
根据最后一段第一句“However，other planets are experiencing global warming as well as our own and some scientists believe there may be some connection betwee n this.”可知，地球并不是唯一一个在经历气候变化的星球。
故选D项。
B(2015·扬州、南通、连云港市第二次调研考试)Consumers everywhere are faced with the same dilemma：given limited resources，what sorts of purchases are most likely to produce lasting happiness and satisfaction? Recent research has confirmed that experiential purchases tend to produce greater hedonic (享乐的)gains than material purchases.The reason why experiences improve with time may be because it is possible to think about experiences in a more abstract manner than possessions.For example，if you think back to a fantastic summer from your youth，you might easily remember an abstract sense of warm sunshine and youthful exuberance(生气勃勃)，but you’re less likely to remember exactly what you did daybyday.Material possessions are harder to think about in an abstract sense.The car you bought is still a car，that great new jacket you picked up cheap is still just ajacket.It’s more likely the experience of that summer has taken on a symbolic meaning that can live longer in your memory than a possession.Purchasing may have a negative impact on happiness because consumers often buy “joyless” material possessions，resulting in comfort but not pleasure.In general，people adapt to experiences more slowly than to material purchase.This can be seen in both negative and positive purchases：hedonic adaptation would result in a positive experience causing more happiness but a negative experience causing less happiness than the comparable material purchase with the same initial happiness level.Experience，however，seems to be more resistant to these sorts of unfavourable comparisons.It is because of the unique nature of experience.It’s more difficult to make an unfavourable comparison when there is nothing directly comparable.After all，each of our youthful summers is different.It’s well established that social comparisons can have a huge effect on how we view what might seem like positive events.One striking example is the finding that people prefer to earn $50，000 a year while everyone else earns $25，000，instead of earning $100，000 themselves and having other people earn $200，000.A similar effect is seen for possessions.When there are so many flatscreen HD TVs to choose from，it’s easy to make unfavourable comparisons between our choice and the others available.【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。