Unity of an essay
英语专业综合英语5Unit 8练习答案
Unit 8 The Art of Smart Guessing1. 几年前，我给应聘者面试，问他们“你有什么经验？”这个问题，后来逐渐问烦了。
于是，我决定做一项单个问题的测试，从而了解这位新人是不是个善于解决问题的思考者。
问题如下：2. 您乘坐一艘游艇，横渡太平洋。
驾驶员告诉您，游艇到了马里亚纳海沟最深的位置。
此时，有个笨手笨脚的客人不小心把一个重达12磅的炮弹掉进海里。
炮弹沉到海底要多久？3. 在您往下读之前，请先来回答这个问题——要特别注意解题方法。
4. 您是不是因为“信息不够”就完全瞎猜呢？您是不是过于拘泥于细节，而没能得到“绝对正确”的答案？或者说，您是不是先全神贯注在两个最重要的问题上——马里亚纳海沟有多深？炮弹在水里下沉的速度有多快？——然后才敢做出估计？5. 大多数的面试者就是胡乱瞎猜，心想反正不可能百分之百地准确。
很少有人愿意冒险做个估算。
6. 这与业务或创造性有什么关系吗？关系大着呢。
在现实世界里，我们经常在没有充分信息时，需要做出决定。
从吃什么到怎样养育孩子，有创意的人必须自己来思考。
想要十拿九稳地做出决定，您也许既没有时间也没有金钱。
做出最佳的猜测常常是您最佳的选择。
7. 譬如说，假设需要您为一种新的电话设备撰写一份销售计划，这个设备可以将您的姓名、公司、地址和电话号码发送到其他人的电话上，既可视频显示又能打印。
除了像大众供货商和电子商店这些传统销售渠道，您得了解美国究竟有多少家“电话商店”。
遗憾的是，无论从市场研究部门还是从美国政府的官方数据，都查不到这个数字。
那您怎么办？8. 有一个方法，那就是您到当地的图书馆去，取出全国各地的几本电话号码簿，翻到黄页，然后开始数数。
那么，您可以猜出在数过的每个城市里，每十万人有几家电话商店。
顺便说一句，我认识的一位营销顾问为一家大型长途通讯客户正是这么做的。
9. 这个关于电话商店的问题是科学家们称之为费米问题的例子。
这是以诺贝尔奖获得者恩里科·费米命名的，他用类似的问题教授学生独立思考的方法。
Essay-Writing
What is an essay?
An essay is a group of ideas about a common topic bound together in a clear and organized manner. It is a group of paragraphs about one subject. The essay is like a paragraph only longer.
Ⅱ. Main features
You may ask such questions: How is an essay organized? How
many paragraphs should be involved? And how should it begin and end?
1. The structure
3) College students should do part-time jobs.
4) Why do I want to be a lawyer? 5) The differences between mandarin
and Cantonese dialects 6) Knowing a foreign language can be
it is broader in sense and expresses the controlling idea for the entire essay.
Essential points: ➢ The thesis statement must be a complete sentence
The beginning and ending: ➢ An essay usually begins by
Essay 2-Unity
Effects of Color Colors create biological reactions in our bodies. These reactions, in turn, can change our behavior. In one study, athletes needing short bursts of energy were exposed to red light. Their muscle strength increased by 13.5 percent, and electrical activity in their arm muscles increased by 5.8 percent. Athletes needing more endurance for longer performances responded best when exposed to blue light. Blue is not a good color for dinnerware, however. Food looks less appetizing when it is served on blue plates, perhaps because very few foods in nature are of that color. Other studies have shown that the color green is calming. After London's Blackfriars Bridge was painted green, the number of suicides from it decreased by 34 percent. It is clear that color affects not just our moods, but our behavior as well (Daniels 10).
大学申请essay范文
大学申请essay范文美国大学申请essay开头怎么写如果你想书写一篇引人入胜的ESSAY的话，你就要掌握以下几种技巧。
诚实作为中国人，不得不承认，我们都希望把自己表现得好一些，所以会尽量在申请材料上，夸张自己的优点，而忽略自己的缺点。
实际上，这种心态任何人都有，包括美国人。
但是，在此奉劝申请美国高校的同学们一句，千万不要哗众取宠，这是一种冒险的行为。
如果一旦你那些不实际的经历或者是虚假的经历被审阅者发现的话，那么你可能会被永久打入黑名单。
事实是，你经历过的，你感受过的，就算是再小的一件事情，可是你却有你自己的真实感受在里面，这就会引起人的共鸣。
还有，就算你只是在班级里当了一个小组长，可是你却在这个职位上做得兢兢业业，并获得了大家一致的认可和赞同。
退一万步说，就算你当的小组长没有做好，可是你却从中得到了经验，你却从中得到了收获和感受，那么就把这种在失败中获得的感受真实地表达出来，让那些审阅者了解到，你其实是一个有思想有头脑的人。
要明白，任何一个人都会有缺点，我们不可能十全十美，我们也不可能每个方面都是拔尖的，所以，请放心，审阅者最想看到的，其实是最真实的你。
简捷好吧，我们会觉得，天呢，我要在一篇ESSAY里把我所有的优点都要表达出来，我要向审阅者展示一个完美的我，展示一个全面的我，所以我要有大量的材料，大量的文字去描述。
好，不过值得提醒的是，请把这些东西都统统放在你的准备材料之前吧，千万不要出现在你的ESSAY里。
准备的时候，你可以大量准备材料，然后从中选择一个最最有意义，而能引起区鸣的事件来写。
要知道，提交ESSAY的学生并不是只有你一个人，而审阅的老师不能一一逐字逐句地往下念。
所以，在规定的最少字数以上，保持700字是最好的。
这样，也不会给审阅者带来阅读上的压力，也会让你的文章变得简捷而方便阅读。
注意，准确地表达你自己，要运用最精确的字眼。
尤其是事件带来的感受部分或者是领悟部分，一定要写得能深入人心。
Unity and coherence 语句连贯 一致性 段落的要求 商务英语
Paragraph 1
Adventure travel is the hot trend in the tourism industry. Ordinary people are no longer content to spend their two weeks away from the office resting on a sunny beach in Florida. More and more often, they are choosing to spend their vacations rafting down wild rivers, hiking through steamy rain forests, climbing the world’s highest mountains, or crossing slippery glaciers. People of all ages are choosing educational study tours for their vacations.
Not much is known about the use of sign language among deaf people in the United States before the 1800s. The early 1800s were an important period in the development of American Sign Language. In 1815, a mam named Thomas Gallaudet became interested in teaching deaf people. He travelled to Europe to study ways of communicating with deaf people. He was 27 years old at this time, and he studied a school for deaf students in Paris for several months. In 1817, Gallaudet returned to the United States, and he brought with him Laurent Clerc, a deaf sign language teacher from Paris. Gallaudet started the first school for the deaf, and Clerc became the first sign language teacher in the USA. The school, called the American School for the Deaf, still exists in Hartford, Connecticut. American Sign Language developed from the mixture of signs used by deaf Americans and French Sign Language. Today, it is used by more than 500,000 deaf people in the United States and Canada. About twenty million people in the United States have hearing problems, and about two million of these are deaf.
实用英语写作技巧---篇章的统一性、支撑性、连贯性和一致性
第二十二单元篇章的统一性、支撑性、连贯性和一致性22．1 篇章的统一性（Unity of an Essay）篇章的统一性是指各推展段落都必须紧扣主题思想，不包含与主题思想无关的任何部分。
如果包含与主题思想无关的部分或出现多层意思，就会导致主旨不清，思路混乱。
22．2 篇章的支撑性（Support of an Essay）只有通过具体的实例、事实、细节或事件对篇章中的主题思想加以充实和发挥，才能使文章的主题更加明确具体。
例如：在Unit 21-2范文中的四个Supporting Paragraphs（SP1，SP2，SP3，SP4）都是通过具体的实例、细节，来进一步明确本篇文章的主题思想—To be successful in a job interview，you must demonstrate cetain personal and professional qualities．22．3 篇章的连贯性（Coherence of an Essay）篇章的连贯性是指句子与句子，段落与段落的排列组合必须合乎逻辑（意连）；句子间以及段落间的过渡必须自然流畅（形连）。
篇章的意连有三种：a．Time Order or Chronological Order（时间顺序）；b．Space or Spatial Order（位置或空间顺序）；c．Logical Order（逻辑顺序）。
其中，逻辑顺序又可分为三种：1）Order of Importance（重要性顺序）2）Specific-to-General（从具体到总论）3）General-to-Spacific（从总论到具体）例如，在Unit 21中的Model Essay中，作者就是以General-to-Specific的逻辑顺序来推展文章主题的。
作者先是给出一个Topic Sentence，然后通过四个具体的“You should……”对主题加以支撑、充实，从而达到了意连。
Unity and Coherence in Essay Writing
Unity and Coherence in Essay WritingSkills for unity, coherence and development of a paragraph are not only applicable to writing an individual body paragraph when we write an essay, but can also help with handling the relations between body paragraphs.UnityParagraph unity refers to the harmony between the topic sentence and supporting sentences in a paragraph. If we want to achieve such unity, the first thing we do is to decide on a topic sentence.When we write a single paragraph composition, the topic sentence is usually very broad because the paragraph may be dealing with many things which need a broad topic sentence to cover them all. However, when we write an essay of several paragraphs, the topic sentence for each body paragraph should be fairly specific because each body paragraph deals with only one of the many things stated in the thesis sentence. Take, for example, one of our familiar subjects, describing one’s hometown. If we are assigned to write one paragraph, we can begin with such a broa d topic sentence as “My hometown is an unforgettable place,” and then proceed with describing the things that make it unforgettable, for instance, its beautiful landscape, its hospitable people, and its impressive modern industry.However, if we are to wr ite an essay on the same subject, a statement like “My hometown is an unforgettable place” will become the thesis statement, while the things that make it unforgettable will be discussed in body paragraphs, perhaps one thing in each paragraph. The topic sentence of a body paragraph, therefore, handles a narrow, specific aspect of the “hometown,” either its landscape or people or industry.Can you write down the three topic sentences for the body paragraphs of this essay on “my hometown”? Have a try. Then, compare them with the topic sentence of a single paragraph composition.The position of a topic sentence may vary in the paragraph. So far, when we talk about the topic sentence, we often refer to the first sentence in a paragraph. It is true that a majority of topic sentences appear at paragraph beginnings, but it is also true that a topic sentence may appear at the end of a paragraph if the writer presents the supporting details first and concludes with the central point. Still, some topic sentences, though few in number, will appear somewhere in the middle of a paragraph if a general conclusion is drawn from the example but is then further illustrated. Skillful writers make use of all these different positions to serve their purpose and add variety to their writing.After the topic sentence come the supporting sentences. Unity requires that these sentences match the topic sentence. When we gather materials and write the first draft, it is possible that one or two sentences or even a section of the paragraph may have drifted away from the topic. In general, this will not present a serious problem because this mistake can be easily corrected when we do revision and proofreading of the drafts. However, some of us do have the bad habit of making constant digressions once the pen begins to move on the paper. Therefore, it is advisable to double-check the paragraph unity.Similarly, paragraphs may drift away from the thesis and thus destroy the unity of the essay. This is why we should always make sure that there is no digression in the essay and that each body paragraph actually supports the thesis.CoherenceIn the body of an essay, coherence exists on three levels: within a sentence, between sentences and between paragraphs. On the first two levels, coherence can be achieved through the following measures:1. Proper ordera. Space orderb. Time orderc. Logic order2. Transitional words and phrasesa. Conjunctionsb. Connectivesc. Adverbial phrases3. Repetition of a key term4. The pronoun as a means of transitionSentences should be tied together through these transitional devices to form a coherent paragraph. This is what we already know.The same principle that functions on the sentence level also applies to the relationship between paragraphs. Paragraphs in an essay should not appear as isolated blocks of thought; rather, they should be tied together to form a unified whole and should present a step-by-step progression toward a focus, i.e. the thesis. One way to avoid a scattered, choppy essay is to link each paragraph to the preceding one with a transitional device. Just as sentences in a paragraph need to be connected, so paragraphs need to be connected. And we may use the same transitional devices listed above for paragraphs as well as for sentences.Let’s have a closer look at the order in which body paragraphs are presented in an essay. Sometimes the subject itself will suggest this order. In a narrative essay, for example, the paragraphs naturally follow time order so that one event grows out of another, giving readers a clear line of development. In exposition, climactic order enables readers to finish reading the body paragraphs with a fresh memory of the strongest point. If we choose comparison and contrast as the logic order, we may arrange the pairs of contrasting points climactically and save the most important pair for the end.Besides proper order, other sentence level transitional devices can also be used on the paragraph level. The first sentence of a body paragraph often contains either a transitional word or phrase or a repeated term or a parallel structure. (Underline the paragraph transition of this paragraph.) Sometimes a paragraph may even use a transitional sentence, and in long essays, there may even be transitional paragraphs standing between other paragraphs. However, in most cases, we prefer to compress a transitional sentence into a phrase or a subordinate clause in the topic sentence. In the compressed phrase or clause, a word or two summarizes or refers back to the previous paragraph and, therefore, links the two paragraphs. (Can you find such a phrase in this paragraph? Underline it and double underline the words referring back to the previous paragraph.)。
unity is power英语作文
unity is power英语作文In the vast and intricate tapestry of human existence, the thread of unity stands out as a beacon of strength and progress. It is the invisible force that binds diverse individuals, cultures, and ideas together, creating a cohesive and powerful whole. The essence of unity lies in the understanding that our differences, rather thandividing us, can unite us in a shared purpose and vision. The power of unity is manifest in every sphere of life, from the smallest communities to the largest nations. In a community, it is the glue that holds neighbors together, fostering a sense of belonging and mutual support. When neighbors band together, they can achieve remarkable feats, such as building schools, cleaning up neighborhoods, or providing for those in need. This collective effort is a testament to the fact that unity is indeed power.On a larger scale, the power of unity is evident in the success of nations. When a country's citizens are united under a common goal, they can overcome seemingly insurmountable obstacles. History has shown us that unity has been a key factor in the rise and progress of manynations. It is the driving force behind social and economic development, technological advancements, and cultural prosperity.Moreover, unity is not just about agreement and conformity. It is about respecting and embracing diversity, learning from each other, and growing together. In a diverse society, unity does not erase our differences but rather transforms them into assets, drawing strength from the rich tapestry of perspectives and experiences.However, achieving unity is not always easy. Differences in opinions, beliefs, and backgrounds can create divides that seem insurmountable. But it is in these moments that the true value of unity becomes apparent. It is a force that requires constant effort and dedication, but the rewards are immeasurable. Unity builds trust, fosters cooperation, and creates a sense of collective purpose that is both inspiring and transformative.In conclusion, unity is power. It is the invisible force that drives progress and achieves remarkable feats. It is the glue that binds us together, transforming our differences into assets and our challenges intoopportunities. As we move forward in this ever-changing world, let us remember that our strength lies in our unity, and that together, we can achieve anything.**团结就是力量**在人类存在的广阔而复杂的织锦中，团结的线索就像一盏力量和进步的明灯。
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想寫一篇《追求女生必殺技》(Foolproof Techniques for Dating)的博已經有好一段日子，但磨磨蹭蹭，只寫了第一段(千萬不要傳給「她」看)：
部分重述(partial restatement of ideas)
為了令這段連貫，我用了些技巧，其中一種叫「部分重述」(partial restatement of ideas)。
重複相同的點子會悶人，加、減之後重說，可以推進行文。
是這樣的：will not guarantee you a snow white princess →nor … transform you from a poor suitor into a brilliant one →however →improve your dating skills →creating interactions, good impressions, and love relationships →dating / getting women to like you (由不能保證你會得到白雪公主、也不能保證你如何(重複的是「不能」，改了的是「不能做的是甚麽」，所以是部分重複。
然後，由「不能」用一個however過渡到「能」。
能甚麽？是「改善約會技巧」(第一次提出)，到具體的說「產生互動」、「良好印象」和「戀事關係」(第一次部份重複，方法是由「一般」到「具體」的三件事)，然後又由具體回到竉統，說「約會」或者「讓女人喜歡你」。
)(第二次部分重複) )
有些技巧可以令文意連貫(Coherence can be achieved by several techniques)：
1.部分重述(partial restatement of ideas);
2.舊話新說／用同義詞(paraphrasing/use of synonyms for key words);
3.善用過渡詞語或片語(use of transitional words or phrases) (e.g. on the
other hand, in addition, nevertheless, furthermore);
4.平行文法結構(use of parallel grammatical structure);
5.重複(repetition of (key) words or phrases);
6.敘事角度一貫(consistent use of the same point of view), and
7.邏輯結構(logical organization).
讀者覺得文章好讀、合理，因為你寫得連貫、優雅。
(It is the elegant coherence of your essay which will enable the reader to follow your argument easily and logically.)
舊話新說／用同義詞(paraphrasing / use of synonyms for key words)(例1)
的意見) 和Better Coherence and Unity (這篇網誌的標題)，其實都是指這篇網誌。
如果不斷看見的只有this post，你會不會調頭走？
舊話新說／用同義詞(paraphrasing/use of synonyms for key words)(例2)
candidates、budding writers will also find it rewarding說的對象其實差不多。
不過，在這段，名詞換了students, anyone, candidates 和budding writers四種寫法。
動詞也從is designed for換到will help、is aimed at和will find … rewarding。
善用過渡詞語或片語(use of transitional words or phrases) (e.g. on the other hand, in addition, nevertheless, furthermore)
這種技巧最淺、最常用、最易學，最多談、也最最是無需解釋。
平行文法結構(use of parallel grammatical structure) (例1)
+ you + something，讓人覺得舒服連貫(要是結構不斷大變，變得不好的話，讀者會覺得「沒有理由的突然」)。
另外，feed free to和trust in都是「命令句」，接續連用，文氣連貫。
平行文法結構(use of parallel grammatical structure) (例2)
在sailors who were taught Morse code in their sleep和those who were taught normally裡，in their sleep是介詞片語，作副詞，修飾動詞taught，normally是副詞，修飾動詞taught。
兩個句段在結構上平行。
重複(repetition of (key) words or phrases) (例1)
兩個above all，是非重點重複，比較下例的重點重複。
重複(repetition of (key) words or phrases) (例2)
這裡，sweat和sweat 是直接重複。
Death和dead是直接重點重複。
Obituaries 是paraphrasing。
註：小說Lolita (《蝴蝶仔／洛莉塔》)的主角也叫Lolita，她的孩子夭折，所以上文說：its heroine is, so to speak, dead on arrival, like her child.
重複(repetition of (key) words or phrases) (例3)
了三次。
Light of my life和fire of my loins以及my sin和my soul都是parallel grammatical structure。
題外話：有留意「L」、「S」、「T」分別壓頭韻(Alliteration)嗎？
敘事角度一貫(consistent use of the same point of view)和邏輯結構(logical
Unity。