增词译法和减词译法
增减译法
3）省略非人称和强调句中的it. It is time for lunch. 该到吃饭时间了。 It is too early in the season to quote. 季节未到，不能报价。 It is never too late to learn. 活到老，学到老。 It is John who comes first. 约翰来得最早。
3. 发达的浙江省已率先实行这一制度。 The eastern booming province of Zhejiang has taken a lead in employing the system. 4. 其经营活动多限于市场调查、信息沟 通和采购销售等。 Such office’s activities might be limited to market research, communications, sales and purchasing.
Is it hot? (语气词) 它是热的吗？ 活到老，学到老。（人称代词） One is never too old to learn. My work, my family, my friends are more than enough to fill my time. （动词） 我做家务，照顾家庭，和朋友交往，这些 占据了我的全部时间。
6. Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed health. 7. Keeping the intricacies and complexities out of the picture, let us take the binary opposites of the rich and poor in the global system. 8.前怕狼后怕虎的态度不能造就干部。 9.匪军所至，杀戮人民，奸淫妇女，摧毁 村庄，掠夺财物，无所不用其极。 10.姑娘有点不好意思了，脸上泛起红潮。
翻译常用的八种技巧
翻译常用的八种技巧翻译常用的八种技巧1.重译法（repetition）2.增译法(amplification)3.减译法(omission)4.词类转移法（conversion）5.词序调整法（inversion）6.分译法（division）7.正说反译、反说正译法（negation）8.语态变换法（the change of the voices）第一节重译法（repetition）在翻译中，有时为了忠实于原文，不得不重复某些词语，否则就不能忠实地表达原文的意思。
这种反复使用某些词语于翻译的方法就叫重译法。
重译法实际上也是一种增词法，只不过所增加的是上文出现的词。
重译法有三个作用：一是为了明确；而是为了强调；三是为了生动。
一、为了明确，有时需要重复宾语。
在英语中，一句话里两个动词共用一个宾语，宾语只在第二个动词之后出现一次。
而在汉语中，这样的宾语要在每个动词后分别出现。
定语后的名词亦是如此。
如：1.We have to analyse and solve problems. 我们要分析问题，解决问题。
2.I eat and drink whatever I like, and sleep when I can not keep.我想吃什么就吃什么，想喝什么就和什么，眼睛睁不开了就睡觉。
3.人类利用自然科学去了解自然、改造自然。
People use naturalscience to understand and change nature.4.Aristocratic and democratic tendencies in a nation oftenshowthemselves in its speech.民族的贵族倾向和民族倾向常在其言语中表现出来。
5.我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。
Let’s revise our safety andsanitary regulations.二、英语常用省略，但为了明确，也为了强调某些内容，在汉语中常常要将省去的部分重译出来。
英译中技巧
英译中翻译技巧一、翻译总的原则1. 表达应建立在理解的基础上。
2．翻译时既要忠实于原文，又要符合汉语的习惯。
3．翻译不可太拘泥于原文的形式。
二、翻译技巧1．词法翻译1.1增词译法为使译文在语法、语言形式上符合译文习惯和在文化背景、词语联想方面与原文一致起来，使得译文在与原文在内容、形式和精神等三方面都对等起来，需在原文的基础上添加必要的词、词组、分句或完整句。
e.g. 1) They were frank and candid with each other in a relaxed way.译文：他们相互之间开诚布公、直言不讳而且气氛十分轻松。
2)Suppose the preparatory work should not be completed.译文：准备工作完成不了，那可怎么办？3)Our rushing is understandable, but costly.译文：人们的忙碌是可以理解的，但是为此付出的代价却是昂贵的。
试比较：1) 他喜欢指出别人的缺点，但用意是好的。
译文：He likes to point out other people’s shortcomin gs, but he means well.(增加主语)2)屋里准有人，我听见有人声。
译文：There must be someone in the room, for I heard a voice. (增加连接词)说明：增词译法在英译汉中主要是添加原文中虽无形式却意在其中的成分；在汉译英中一般是增添原文中为了语言简洁而被省去的成分如，主语、宾语、物主代词、连接词、介词等1.2减词译法就是把原文中需要的译文中不需要的词、词组等在翻译时加以省略，以适应译文语法和习惯表达法的需要。
e.g. 1)One must make painstaking effort before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language.(省略主语)译文：要掌握一门外语，非下苦功不可。
英汉翻译中的增词法和减词法
英汉翻译中的增词法和减词法英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时既可能要将词类加以转换，又可能要在词量上加以增减。
标签：翻译；增词法；减词法英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时既可能要将词类加以转换，又可能要在词量上加以增减。
增补法就是在翻译时按意义上和句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。
减词法也可以称之为省略法。
省略是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来，因为其在译文中是不言而喻的。
但省略并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去。
一、增词法（一）词汇加词，也就是说，由于词汇方面的原因而引起的加词现象1.加动词由于英语的词汇当中，名词居多；而汉语则不管有多少动词都可以并排使用。
因此，许多英语的名词翻译成汉语时都要加上一些动词，否则，意思则很不完整，例如：The cities utilize these funds for education，police and fire departments，public works and municipal buildings.市政府将这些资金用于兴办教育事业，加强治安消防，投资公共建筑和市政工程。
2.加名词在汉语中，及物和不及物动词的区别不是很明显；而英语对及物动词和不及物动词的区别很明显，特别是一些不及物动词必须带上后面的宾语句子意思才完整。
因此，我们在翻译时往往需要增词。
例如：According to scientists，it takes nature 500years to create an inch of topaoil.根据科学家们的看法，自然界要用500年的时间才能形成一英寸厚的表面土壤。
3.加形容词With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism.中国人民正在以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊！（4）加副词The crowds melted away.人群渐渐散开了。
增词译法和减词译法.
Βιβλιοθήκη e.g. The radio is indeed cheap and fine. — 这台收音机真是物美价廉。 e.g. She is a complicated girl – moody, sensitive and skeptical. — 她是个性格复杂的人：喜怒无常，多愁善感，疑神疑鬼。
增加重叠词表示复数
e.g. Flowers bloom in the fields. — 朵朵鲜花开满原 野。 e.g. Every summer, tourists go to the coastal cities. — 一到夏季，旅游者纷纷涌到海滨城市。 e.g. Rows of new houses have been set up. — 一 排排的新房建成了。
Adding verbs e.g. There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats, no “ordinary Chinese” with paper flags and flowers. — 没有发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，也没有“中国群众” 挥舞纸旗和花束的场面。 e.g. After the banquets, the concerts, and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué. — 参加完宴会，出席过音乐会，观看了乒乓球表演赛之后，他 还得起草最后公报。 e.g. I’m really busy this morning: 2 classes, a meeting, and an interview. — 我今天上午的确很忙，要上两节课，开一个会，还要接受一 个采访。
翻译技巧：加词法和减词法
翻译技巧（二）：加词法和减词法加（增）词法英汉两种语言，由于表达方法不尽相同，有些词在英语中可以省略而不会影响全句意思的完整表达，但译成汉语后就可能出现意思不够明确的语言现象；还有些词虽然在原文中意义明确而完整，但译成汉语后文字却不甚通顺流畅。
在这种情况下，就需要使用增词译法。
增词法就是在翻译时按照意义、修辞或句法上的需要，在原文的基础上添加必要的单词、词组、分句或完整句，从而使得译文在语法、语言形式上符合译文习惯和在文化背景、词语联想方面与原文一致，使得译文与原文在内容、形式和精神等三方面都对等起来，更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。
S y n t a?c t i c a?l A m p l i?f i c a t?i o n（从句法结构?上考虑的增?词）This kind of amplification includes: amplification by suppl ying such kinds of words as verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, category words, generalization words, and the plural forms of nouns.(1) 增加量词（classifier）英语中数词与可数名词往往可以直接连用，不用加量词。
而汉语往往要加量词。
It was a nova!这是一颗新星！The sun rose thinly from the sea.一轮红日从海边淡淡升起。
A stream was winding its ways through the valley into the river .一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇到江里去了。
英文翻译技巧之增词法与减词法
英文翻译技巧之增词法与减词法英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时既可能要将词类加以转换，又可能要在词量上加以增减。
增词法与减词法在英汉互译中运用相当广泛，但无论增词还是减词，增减的是词，不是意。
一、增词法所谓增词法，就是在翻译时，为了使译文合乎汉语的习惯和表达规律，为了使意思更加明确，从意义、修辞和句法上需要在译文中适当增添一些虽无其词而有其意的词。
增词译法不是凭空想象，必须增之有道，补之有理。
必要的增词对一个句子起着画龙点睛的作用，准确、通顺和完整地表达原文的内容，避免语义模糊。
例1：Packing together with packaging is designed not only as a form of protection but also a form to facilitate handling, storage, to prevent pilferage and what's more to help promote the sales.译文：包装和包装方法不仅仅是为了保护商品，也是为了便利搬运和库存、防止盗窃，更重要的是，有助于促销。
解析：“protection”此处译作“保护商品”，加了“商品”两字，显然比译作“保护”更好。
1.增加原文中省略的部分英语中有省略现象，译为汉语时往往要根据句法需要补出英文中省略的成分，主要包括回答中的省略、动词的省略及比较句中的省略等；另外，为表示态度、逻辑关系等，也需要加词。
（1）增补回答句中省略的词语1例2：—He doesn’t know, does he?—Yes, he does.译文：——他不知道吧？——不，他知道。
例3：—Did you enjoy your time in Beijing？—Yes, I did.译文：——你在北京过得愉快吗？——是的，我过得很愉快。
（2）增补并列结构中省略的词语例4：On average, the economy performs less well in a president's second term than in his first.That pattern probably does not apply to Mr Obama. Since his first term was so difficult, the next, by rights, ought to be better.译文：一般来说，美国总统第二个任期内的经济不如第一任期。
第4讲_英汉翻译中的增词法和减词法(2014)解析
1.1 语法的需要（英汉差异） 1.2 语义的需要（意义表达）
1.3 语用的需要（修辞、文化）
1.1 语法的需要（英汉差异）
1.1.1英语中的名词为复数形式时 (1) I saw bubbles rising from under the water. 译文：我看见一个个水泡从水下升起。 (2) The first electronic computers went into operation in 1945. 译文：第一批电子计算机于1945年投入使用。
1.2 语义的需要（意义表达）
1.2.3 不定式作目的或结果状语
We made transistors by different means only to get the same effect.
我们用不同的方法制造晶体管，结果得到相同的效 应。 当动词不定式和不定式短语表示目的或结果状语时， 通常就可在其前面加：“为了”，“要”，“以 便”，“就”，“从而”，“结果”等词。
逻辑上的混乱：
既然“那件事没有发生过”，又怎么谈得上 “令人吃惊”呢？
What hasn’t happened in the past is a former FBI agent that is charged with colluding with the wise guys in a murder. That doesn’t happen and that’s shocking.
Marry的宾语也可以不直接是人： She married a fortune. “她嫁了个有钱人”，（颇有点“傍大款”的意思。） She married into purple. “她嫁到了一个显赫之家”。
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Chapter 1 增词译法和减词译法1.1 增词译法（amplification/adding words）▪英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时既可能将词类转换，有时候也可能将词量增减。
▪增词法就是在翻译时按意义上或修辞上或句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实、通顺地表达原文思想内容。
这当然不是无中生有地随意乱加，而是增加原文中虽无其词却有其义的一些词。
1.1.1▪ e.g. I’m really busy this morning: 2 classes, a meeting, and an intervie w.▪ e.g. There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats, no ―ordinary Chinese‖ with paper flags and flowers.1.1.2▪ e.g. With what enthusiasm the Beijingers are studying foreign languages!▪ e.g. What a day/life!1.1.3▪ e.g. How the little girl looked after her old mother!▪ e.g. As he began talking, words poured out.1.1.41.1.4.1▪ e.g. Be sure to wash before meal.▪ e.g. Day after day she does the same: washing, sweeping, and cooking.1.1.4.2▪ e.g. The radio is indeed cheap and fine.1.1.4.31.1.4.4 e.g. In the summer of 1969, the government publicly urged an easing of tensions with China.1.1.4.5▪ e.g. He felt the patriot rise within his breast.▪ e.g. He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty.1.1.51.1.5.1▪ e.g. Every summer, tourists go to the coastal cities.▪ e.g. Rows of new houses have been set up.1.1.5.2▪ e.g. The lion is the king of animals.▪ e.g. The mountains were covered with snow.▪ e.g. The crowd made a way for him.1.1.6▪ e.g. I bought a new bike yesterday.▪ e.g. A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea.▪ e.g. Once they quarreled bitterly.▪ e.g. I had a look at the photo and recognized her at once.1.1.71.1.7.1▪ e.g. I had heard about him before I met him.▪ e.g. Once I was his boss, but now he is mine.1.1.7.2▪ e.g. They say his father was a fisherman. He used to be as poor as we are.1.1.8▪ e.g. Don’t take it so serious. I just make fun of you.▪ e.g. As for me, I have nothing to say.1.1.91.1.9.1问答句▪ e.g. — Is this your book?▪— Yes, it is.▪ e.g. —what? Don’t you love him?▪— Yes, of course I do.1.1.9.2排比句▪ e.g. ―Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man…‖1.1.9.3比较句▪ e.g. Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.1.1.9.4隐含条件句▪ e.g. At the time of Kennedy’s assassination, people thought that a second term would have led either to greatness or to disaster.1.1.10▪ e.g. In April, there was the ―ping‖ heard around the world. In July, the ping ―ponged‖.1.1.11▪ e.g. The foreign ministers of China, Russia, Japan and the U.S. met in Tokyo.1.1.12▪ e.g. You have made a mistake, and a serious one.▪ e.g. 其实世界上本没有路，走的人多了，也便成了路。
.1.1.13▪ e.g. 学习外国的经验，必须必须有分析、有批判地学，不能盲目地学。
.▪ e.g. 他走进屋里，大衣上尽是雪，鼻子冻得通红。
1.1.14▪ e.g. 他在那个大学里任数学教师。
▪ e.g. 他抓住了小偷的衣服。
1.1.15▪ e.g. 公共场所禁止吸烟。
▪ e.g. 我们应逐步消除城乡差别。
1.2 减词译法（ommision/ Cutting words）1.2.1 From the Grammatical Aspect1.2.1.1▪ e.g. But it’s the way I am, and try as I might, I haven’t been able to change it.▪ e.g. You can never tell.▪ e.g. Anyone who does not recognize this fact is not a materialist.▪ e.g. Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved.▪ e.g. For two weeks, he had been studying the house, looking at its rooms, its electric wiring, itspath and its garden.▪ e.g. The train came. He pinched his little sister lovingly, and put his great arms about his mother’s neck and then was away.▪ e.g. The climate in Switzerland is absolutely different from that in Somalia.▪ e.g. Outside it was raining cats and dogs as she shut the door.▪▪ e.g. It was only then that I began to have doubts whether my story would ever be told.1.2.1.2▪ e.g. He considered the National Security Council too large and bulky and thus too leaky, too many people who talked too much.▪ e.g. Your parents or your wife or your son or your best friends might be expecting you back home safe and sound.▪ e.g. We knew that summer was coming, as we could see a swallow.▪ e.g. Because the departure was no t easy, we’d better make it brief.▪ e.g. If winter comes, can spring be far behind?▪ e.g. When at last he stood upon the bluff, he turned to his little sister and looked upon her sorrowfully.▪ e.g. At long last, on June 6, 1944, after the European war was basically decided and Hitler licked, the allies launched their long-delayed western front.1.2.1.3▪ e.g. Any substance is made of atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas.▪ e.g. The moon was slowly rising above the sea.▪ e.g. When I got to the cinema, the film had already begun.▪但在下列情况中冠词不能省略：▪不定冠词―a(n)‖ 强调数目―一‖或―每一‖、―同一‖时，试举例：▪定冠词―the‖ 强调―这‖、―那‖时，试举例：1.2.1.3▪ e.g. The difference between the two machines consists in power.▪ e.g. The battle began at 11:00 p.m.▪ e.g. An ancient castle stood on the edge of the cliff.1.2.1.4▪ e.g. When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low.▪ e.g. Solids expand and contract as liquids and gases do.1.2.21.2.2.1▪ e.g. Instead of one old woman knocking me about and starving me, everybody of all ages knocked me about and starved me.1.2.2.2▪ e.g. His younger sister is an actress.▪ e.g. University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.Chapter 11. After the banquets, the concerts, and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué.2. 这款床工艺先进，结构新颖，造型美观，款式繁多，舒适大方，携带方便。