应用语言学研究

Applied Linguistics (1-3)Course descriptionApplied linguistics (AL) addresses real-world problems in which language is a central issue by mediating between theory and practice. As language pervades real-world events and activities, the field has an extensive coverage. Any single course has to be selective in topics to be included.The focus of the course is conceived with special consideration of China‘s language education needs in her modernization process and against a world-wide congenial[kən'dʒi:njəl] 一致的research climate in the field. Starting with a brief overview of the field, the course focuses on key issues in second language education, drawing on theoretical perspectives and research findings in language and linguistics, cognitive psychology and psycholinguistics studies, and education. To accommodate 适应possible broad needs, the course may also touch upon selected topics ofcurrent concern.The objectives of the course include 1) to familiarize the participants with the nature, scope, principles and practice in applied linguistic research; 2) to develop a critical stance to discussions concerned in selected literature, especially against English language education in China; 3) to help the participants lay a foundation in conducting research in applied linguistics.Topics to deal with in this coursePart one: An overview of applied linguistics 1. Introduction--The basic conceptions of applied linguistics2. The fields of applied linguistics3. The development applied linguisticsPart two: description of language and language use4. Grammar5. V ocabulary6. Discourse analysis7. Corpus linguisticsPart three: The relationship between applied linguistics and other studies8. Applied linguistics and language9. Applied linguistics and linguistics10. Applied linguistics and second language acquisition11.Applied linguistics andpsycholinguisticsPart four: Essential areas of enquiry in applied linguistics (主要研究领域)12. Second language acquisition13. Psycholinguistics14. Sociolinguistics15. Focus on the language learner: Motivation, style and strategiesPart five: Language skills and assessment 16. Second language pedagogy: A post method perspective17. The teaching of the four skills18. The history of language testingdevelopment—the approaches to languagetesting19. The classification and features of goodlanguage tests20. Drawing up test specifications21. The testing of grammar and vocabulary22. The testing of listening and reading skills23. The testing of speaking and writing skills24.Interpreting and using test results25.Formative assessmentReferences1.B ell, Roger T. 1981. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics (Approaches and methods in Language Teaching). London: Batsford Academic and Educational Ltd.2.D avies, A. & Elder, C (eds). 2005. The handbook of applied linguistics. London: Blackwell.3.E ls, van Theo. 1984. Applied Linguistics and the Learning and Teaching of Foreign Languages. London: Edward Arnold Ltd4.M cCarthy, Michael. 2001. Issues in applied linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress5.J ia Guanjie (贾冠杰). Applied Linguistics: An Advanced Course. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press6.蔡金亭，何英玉. 2004. Applied Linguistics. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press7.H eaton, J.B. 2000. Writing English Language Tests. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press8.H ughes, A. 2000. Testing for Language Teachers. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press9.韩美竹2007. An Introduction to English Language Testing. 北京：中国书籍出版社10.Schmitt, N. (ed). 2002/2008. An introduction to applied linguistics. London: Edward Arnold/世界图书出版公司。

（An accessible introduction to the field by a team of leading specialists in respective areas covered）Journals:Applied LinguisticsInternational Journal of Applied linguistics Annual Review of Applied linguisticsModern Language JournalTESOL QuarterlyLanguage Learning外语教学与研究中国外语、中国外语教育现代外语、外语界外语教学理论与实践外语与外语教学、外语研究等Part one: An overview of applied linguistics1.I ntroduction: The basic conceptions of applied linguisticsWhat is Applied Linguistics?‗Applied linguistics‘is using what we know abouta) language,b) how it is learned andc) how it is used, in order to achieve some purpose or solve some problem in the real world. Those purposes are many and varied, as is evident in a definition given by Wilkins (1999:7):In a broad sense, applied linguistics is concerned with increasing understanding of the role of language in human affairs and thereby with providing the knowledge necessary for those who are responsible for taking language-related decisions whether the need for these arises in the classroom, the workplace, the law court, or the laboratory.Applied linguistics is a new, independent and interdisciplinary science with its own theories, principles and research methods. A consensus [kən'sensəs]一致has emerged regarding some aspects of applied linguistics, to the degree that the term applied linguistics can be applied both in narrow, technical sense and in abroad, general sense. But linguists disagree about many other aspects of the field, including the theories of applied linguistics: some say that applied linguistics is only the application of the existing discipline of linguistics, while others say that applied linguistics does have its own theoretical approaches. Therefore, the first issue this course will examine in the 1st part is to discuss the definition and the fields of applied linguistics.It is very difficult for linguists and applied linguists to be in agreement about the exact definition of applied linguistics, some definitions focusing on both theory and practice, while o thers only on practice. Defining ―applied linguistics‘ has always been difficult (Cook and Seidlhofer, 1995). Many researchers have written at length on what the term ‗applied linguistics‘ means. This fac t along could be taken to demonstrate that a purely semantic definition of the field will fail; if the field indeed were what the combination of the words‗applied‘ and ‗linguistics‘ means, then the terminological problem would have been solved a long time ago. In all applied sciences the aim is to achieve or help to achieve goals which are outside the actual realm of the sciences themselves. Applied linguistics is, therefore, not the same as linguistics; neither is it a subsection of linguistics. In this section some researcher‘s definition are discussed. The term can be seen from the following definition by Corder (1974:5):Applied linguistics is the utilization of the knowledge about the nature of language achieved by linguistic research for the improvement of the efficiency of some practical task in which language is a central component.J. Baudouin de Courtenay proposed the term ―applied linguistics‘ in 1970. According to the ― Recommendation for Good Practice‖ published by the British Association of Applied Linguistics in 1994,―Applied linguistics is both an approachto understanding language issues in thereal world, drawing on (use) theory andempirical analysis, and aninterdisciplinary area of study, in whichlinguistics is combined with issues,methods and perspectives drawn (gained) from other disciplines.In the course of their work, which includes teaching, research, administration, and consultancy[kən'sʌltənsi] 顾问工作, applied linguists often face a variety of conflicting interests and competing obligations (duty). This section aims to assist applied linguists in their awareness and response to these dilemmas and the choices they need to make.Another description defines the field as simply the practical extension of pure linguistics to various applications:―Applied linguistics is the discipline of applying linguistic theory to practical fields.The findings of pure linguists, sociolinguistsand psycholinguists can be practically applied to, among other things, speech therapy语言障碍矫正；言语治疗, literary criticism, computer technology, lexicograph y词典编纂and the teaching of languages‖ (Huang Cidong, 1988). Similarly, the University of Melbourne‘s definition stresses practical functions rather than scholarship or theory:Applied linguistics is concerned with practical issues involving language in the life of the community. The most important of these is the learning of second or foreign languages. Others include language policy, multilingualism多语制,官方多语言主义, language education, the preservation and revival of endangered languages, and the assessment and treatment of language difficulties.When asked the question why to study applied linguistics, some linguists give the answer:Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field of research and instruction which integrates ideas from linguistics, psychology, sociology, anthropology, education, and languages into a distinct field focusing on the learning and teaching of second languages. Applied linguists examine and work on the issues involved in the teaching and learning of a second/foreign language.Dai Weidong, et al. (2002) claim that―in a narrow sense applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreig n language‖.―Applied linguistics, in a narrow sense, has its own specific meaning, which refers to language teaching, especially, to second language teaching or foreign language teaching.‖ (Gui, 1985). Professor Gui offers several different definitions of applied linguistics in his lecture notes:―Macro-applied linguistics: The study of language and linguistics in relation to practical problems.‖―Micro-applied linguistics: The study of second and foreign language learning and teaching (Richards, et al, 1985).Applied linguistics is the study of second and foreign language learning and teaching; and the study of language and linguistics in relation to practical problems. Applied linguistics uses information from sociology, psychology, anthropology, and information theory as well as from linguistics in order to develop its own theoretical models of language and language use, and then uses this information and theory in practical areas such as syllabus design, speech therapy, language planning, stylistics, etc.冯志伟(Applied Linguistics by 何英玉，蔡金亭)：应用语言学是一门综合性的学科，具有跨学科性质，因场合和任务的不同，可以采用不同学科的知识理论去解决语言应用的各个方面问题。