同济大学地下建筑复试专业英语4
同济大学地下建筑复试专业英语3
• 原位空隙水压量测 • In-situ pore water pressure measurement • 原位（土、岩石）试验 • In-situ soil/rock test
• 直剪试验 • Direct shear test • 直接单剪试验 • Direct simple shear test • 动三轴试验 • Dynamic triaxial test • 自（共）振柱试验 • Free(resonance) vibration column test
• • • • • • • • • • 主动土压力 Active earth pressure 被动土压力 Passive earth pressure 静止土压力 Earth pressure at rest 休止角 Angle of repose 边坡稳定安全系数 Safety factor of slope
• 地基极限承载力 • Ultimate bearing capacity of soil/rock foundation • 地基容许承载力 • Allowable bearing capacity of soil/rock foundation
Part 12 earth pressure and slope stabg wall
• • • • • • • • • • 挡土墙稳定性 Stability of retaining wall 基础墙 Foundation wall 扶壁式挡土墙 Counter retaining wall 悬臂式挡土墙 Cantilever retaining wall 悬臂式板桩墙 Cantilever sheet pile wall
• • • • • • • • • •
螺旋板载荷试验 Screw plate test 旁压试验 Pressuremeter test 轻便触探试验 Light sounding test 深层沉降观测 Deep settlement measurement 现场渗透试验 Field permeability test
同济大学地下建筑结构复试专业课笔试
同济大学土木工程地下方向考研专业课笔试试题回忆版
一、填空题
一空一分，基本都是书上的可以考填空的语句抠出两个空来，或者是1,2,3,4，这种类型的段子的小标题，还有一些概念性的，简单公式（主动土压力，被动土压力，水土分算时）也比较简单。
一般书看熟了没有问题。
70分。
二、简答题
一题15分四题。
1、简述地下建筑结构设计的初步设计、详细设计的内容；
2、画图说明盾构或者地下连续墙随着施工阶段的进行，内力的变化，变形的变化。
这题地下连续墙那章好像有。
3、简述我国地下建筑结构设计模型，四个
4、弹性抗力的含义，和哪些因素有关。
三、简述题
一题15分2题
1、盾构隧道内力计算简图，说明各个力的是什么力，具体的计算公式。
2、说说土的弹性模量，压缩模量，变形模量是怎么得到的，定义，意义。
土力学里那段。
四、（应用题）？25分吧
考察对收敛限制模型的理解。
给出收敛限制的那张图，地建书里的那张。
略有不同，上面有一些标注，建议去查查收敛限制，不过应该不会在考了吧，然后有5小问，分别有问那两条线的含义。
交点的含义。
结合这个图，谈谈如何用收敛限制模型指导开挖与支护的。
还有一个不记得了。
五、谈谈泊松比的定义，工程意义。
额。
恩。
15分吧。
同济大学2020级英语专业大学英语(4)期末试卷(七)
What are you? Are you a pessimist, who thinks negatively about the world and the future? Or are you an optimist, who thinks things are getting better and better? These questions are important to you and how you live your life. They are also important to scientists who do research in psychology. In this article, I will introduce the findings of these researchers. I will also point out some things that you can do in order to change your life for the better.Consequences of Optimism and PessimismA fast-growing body of research －104 studies so far, involving some 15,000 people －is proving that optimistic thinking can help you to be happier, healthier and more successful. Pessimistic thinking leads, by contrast, to hopelessness, sickness, and failure, and is linked to depression, loneliness and painful shyness. “If we could teach people to think more positively,” says the psychologist Craig A. Anderson of Rice University in Houston, “it would help them fight against these mental illnesses.”One’s Belief in Success“Your abilities do count,” explains psychologist Michael F. Scheier of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, “but the belief that you can succeed affects whether or not you will.” In part, that’s because optimists and pessimists deal with the same challenges and disappointments in very different ways.Take, for example, your job. In a major study, psychologist Martin E.P. Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania and his colleague Peter Schulman surveyed sales representatives at a life insurance company. They found that the positive-thinkers among longtime representatives sold 37% more insurance than did the negative thinkers. Of newly hired representatives, optimists sold 20% more.Impressed, the company hired 100 people who had failed the standard industry test but had scored high on optimism. These people, who might never have been hired, sold 10% more insurance than did the average representative.The Secret to an Optimist’s SuccessHow did they do it? The secret to an optimist’s success, according to Seligman, is in his “explanatory style”. When things go wrong, the pessimist tends to blame himself. “I’m no good at this,” he says, “I always fail.” The optimist looks for other things to blame. He blames the weather, the phone connections, even the other person. That customer was in a bad mood, he thinks. When things go right, the optimist takes credit while the pessimist sees success as the result of good luck.同济大学2020级英语专业大学英语（4）期末试卷（七）Part II Reading Comprehension (35points)Section A (Fast Reading). (10points)Directions: In this section, you will have to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions. For questions 32-38, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A) B), C) and D) and write your answers on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 39-41, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage and write your answers on Answer Sheet 2.Craig Anderson once had a group of students give phone calls to strangers and ask them to give blood to the Red Cross. When they failed on the first call or two, pessimists said, “I can’t do this.” Optimists told themselves, “I need to try a different approach.”Negative or positive, it was a self-fulfilling statement. “If people feel hopeless,” says Anderson, “they don’t bother to acquire the skills they need to succeed.”A sense of control, according to Anderson, is the test for success. The optimist feels in control of his own life. If things are going badly, he acts quickly, looking for solutions, forming a new plan of action, and reaching out for advice. The pessimist feels like he is fate’s plaything and moves slowly. He doesn’t seek advice, since he assumes nothing can be done.Effects of Optimism and Pessimism on HealthOptimists may think they are better than the facts would justify－and sometimes that’s what keeps them alive. Dr. Sandra Levy of the Pittsburgh Cancer Institute studied women with advanced breast cancer. For the women who were generally optimistic, there was a longer disease-free interval, the best predictor of survival. In a pilot study of women in the early stages of breast cancer, Dr. Levy found the disease came on sooner among the pessimists.Optimistic thinking won’t cure the incurable or create miracles, but it may prevent some illnesses. In a long-term study, researchers met with and examined the health histories of a group of Harvard graduates, all of whom were in the top half of their class and in fine physical condition; yet some were positive thinkers, and some negative. Twenty years later, when researchers met with them again, there were more middle-age diseases among the pessimists than the optimists. Clearly, pessimistic and optimistic thinking had an effect on their health.Many studies suggest that the pessimist’s feeling of helplessness undermines the body’s natural defenses, the immune system. Dr. Christopher Peterson of the University of Michigan has found that the pessimist doesn’t take good care of himself.Feeling passive and unable to escape life’s blows, he expects poor health and other misfortunes, no matter what he does. He eats bad food, avoid exercise, ignores the doctor, and drinks too much alcohol.Causes of Optimism and PessimismMost people are a mix of optimistic and pessimistic thinkers, but they are inclined in one direction or the other. It is a pattern of thinking learned “at your mother’s knee”, says Seligman. It grows out of thousands of warnings or encouragements, negative statements or positive ones. Too many “don’ts” and warnings of danger can make a child feel incompetent, fearful and－pessimistic.As they grow, children experience small triumphs, such as learning to tie their shoes or riding a bicycle. Parents can help turn these successes into a sense of control, and that breeds optimism. Ways to Change for OptimismPessimism is a hard habit to break－but that can be done. In a series of landmark studies, Dr. Carol Dweck of the University of Illinois has been working with children in the early grades ofschool. As she helps students to change the explanations for their failures－from “I must be stupid” to “I didn’t study hard enough”－their academic performance improves.Pittsburgh’s Dr. Levy wondered if turning patients into optimists would lengthen their lives. In a pilot study, two groups of cancer patients were given the same medical treatments, but some were also given psychological help to encourage optimism. Results showed that this worked. Now a major study is planned to determine whether this psychological change can alter the course of the disease.So, if you’re a pessimist, there’s reason for optimism. You can change. Here’s how:·Pay careful attention to your thoughts when bad things happen. Write down the first thing that comes to mind, unedited.·Now try an experiment. Do something that’s contrary to any negative reactions. Let’s say something has gone wrong at work. Do you think “I hate my job, but I could never get a better one”? Act as if that weren’t so. Send out resumes. Go to interviews. Look into training and check job leads.·Keep track of what happens. Were your first thoughts right or wrong? “If your thoughts are holding you back, change them,” says Hollon, “it’s trial and error, no guarantees, but give yourself a chance.”Positive thinking leads to positive action. What you expect from the world, as the evidence suggests, is what you’re likely to get.29.From the first paragraph we learn that one’s attitude toward life affects .C. 37%D. 100%32.What are pessimists inclined to do when things go wrong?A.To blame themselvesB. To blame their bad luckB.have longer disease-free intervalsC.justify themselvesD.prevent all illnessesSection B (Reading in Depth). (5points)Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please write the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 . You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.becomes bored, their work begins to show a lack of continuity in its appeal and it becomes difficult to sustain the attention of the public. After their enthusiasm has dissolved, the public simply movesunfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You shouldThe key transportation technology for the opening years of 21st century will be telecommunications. What do telecommunications have to do with international transportation? The obvious linkage is helping ships and aircraft navigate more efficiently, cutting time and operating expenses. This means lower costs of imported goods and cheaper travel for business and pleasure.A less obvious connection is the ability of a clothing manufacturer, for instance, to know the exact location anywhere in the world of materials and finished goods so that inventories(细帐)－and the associated transport, storage, and handling costs—are reduced sharply.The explosive aspect of the telecommunications / transportation revolution is coming in traditional service industries and functions: technical services, data entry, financial management, software programming, etc. Consider Fidelity Investments of Boston, whose British subsidiary (子公司) sells shares in German companies to German investors by telephone from London. Cheap telecommunications provides the global transportation “highway” for the work that is performed by Fi delity’s customer representatives, Irish call center technicians, Indian software engineers, and Jamaican data entry clerks.These white-collar activities, many of them paying well above average wages, are becoming steadily more important in all econom ies. Moreover, they now are “contestable” by any country in the world that has a decent telecommunications system and an appropriately skilled labor force.What this means is that the last major barrier to international trade —distance—is being eliminated for an increasing portion of the global economy. Transportation costs no longer will protect inefficient producers. Buyers of goods and services—software, document processing,B. white-collar workers’ wage is more than the average wageC. distance as the last barrier to international trade is being eliminatedD. white-collar activities are facing challenges from all over the world54. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. Transportation costs will protect efficient producers.B. Inefficient producers will have no protection in the global economy.C. Inefficient producers will no longer consider transportation costs.B. white-collar workers are being replaced by computersC. clothing manufacturers will earn less money than beforeD. distance will disappear due to global telecommunications56. What is the main topic of the passage?A. The development of transportation technology.B.The connection between international transportation and telecommunications.C. The advances of traditional service industries.D. The influence of telecommunications on international trade.For the weekend, I am alone in my own house. There were no kids saying “I’m hungry” or my thoughts and enjoy the quiet, immersing(沉浸) myself to the point of getting sick of it.I think I’ve succeeded. Twelve hours into my solitude, I’m a bit bored and lonely, a situation unfathomable (深不可测的)a mere day ago. I’m ready for some activity around me, ready for some kids traipsing( 漫步)in and out and slamming doors, bringing dirt with them on their shoes. I am even ready for a few completely unreasonable requests, such as that I make them dinner. Mostly I’m ready for some laughter and conversation.Despite these conflicting feelings, I find this experience highly clarifying. With the house finally quiet enough for me to hear myself think, I am left with the cozy(舒适的)notion that I love the frenzy( 狂暴)of my busy life, that the quiet I often long for is nice, but only for a little while. That life just about me even for a day is not all it’s cracked up to be, and that joy comes from interacting with others and getting things done.I have another day of solitude tomorrow, but it won’t be so lazy. I’ll crank up(开动)the stereo, get to work on some long-neglected projects and connect with a friend. One day of quiet is quiteA.going window-shoppingB.seeing a filmC.emptying her thoughts and enjoying the quietD.telephoning one of her friends for lunch60.Which of the following statement is NOT true?A.The author has longed to live alone for a long time.B.The author no longer likes to have quiet moments in her life.C.The author feels very lonely after being alone for a day.D.The author feels still enjoys the busy life with her family.D.newly-married lady who wants to live by herselfPart III Cloze (10points)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked62.A. What B. Which C. When D. Such63.A. remains B. represents C. maintains D. offers64.A. when B. why C. where D. what65.A. at B. to C. in D. with66.A. come up B. come to C. come across D. come at67.A. necessarily B. essentially C. especially D. remarkably68.A. besides B. in addition C. except D. but69.A. challenging B. rewarding C. considering D. compensating70.A. correspond B. attach C. owe D. contribute71.A. exclusively B. intimately C. ultimately D. individually72.A. notify B. identify C. access D. witness73.A. respects B. prospects C. purposes D. aspects74.A. rise B. emerge C. occur D. appear75.A. rewarding B. interesting C. relaxing D. responding76.A. look into B. look after C. look at D. look out77.A. necessity B. opportunity C. reality D. probability78.A. reply B. enforce C. attach D. apply79.A. advisable B. acceptable C. available D. considerable80.A. suitable B. possible C. approachable D. valuable81.A. to B. in C. from D. onPart IV Translation (10points)Directions: Complete the sentences on Answer Sheet 2 by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.Part V Writing (15points)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic of Shopping Online. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:1.目前网上购物很流行2.网上购物有利有弊3.作为大学生我的看法大学英语（4）期末试卷（七）参考答案Part II Reading Comprehension (35 points)Section A (10 points 每个1 分)32. C 33. B 34. C 35. A 36. D 37. B 38. C39.warnings of danger40.academic performance41.holding you back67 C 68 D 69 A 70 D 71 C72 D 73 B 74 C 75 A 76 C77 B 78 D 79 C 80 D 81 APart IV Translation (10 points) 本题共5 小题，每小题2 分，共10 分。
同济大学出版社土木工程专业英语Unit4ppt课件
As you can see already from the variety of materials, forces, and shapes mentioned, Mechanics of Engineering Materials is of interest to（对..有价值）all fields of engineering. The engineer uses the principles of Mechanics of Materials to determine if the material properties and the dimensions of a member are adequate to（足以）ensure that it can carry its loads safely and without excessive distortion. In general（通 常）, then, we are interested in both the safe load that a member can carry and the associated （ 相 关 的 ） deformation. Engineering design would be a simple process if the designer could take into consideration（考 虑） the loads and the mechanical properties of the materials, manipulate（利用）an equation, and arrive at（得到）suitable dimensions.
where f is the stress at which the material fails (failure to be defined later) and n is the safety factor. 这里，f 为材料失效（失效在下文有定义）时的应力， 而n为安全系数。 It might at first（起先）seem that the designer would always dimension（选定..的尺寸）the cross section（横 截 面 ） so that the stress would exactly equal the allowable stress. However, it may be very costly to produce parts that have nonstandard sizes, so it is usually more economical to waste some material by selecting the next（接近的）larger standard size above that required by the allowable stress. Departure from（背离）standard sizes is justified（合理的） in cases where the penalty （ 不 利 后 果 ） for excess weight is very severe, as in aircraft（航天器）or space-ship（宇宙飞船）design.
工程地质学专业词汇(英语)
英汉工程地质学专业词汇(与双语教学讲义Engineering Geology 配套使用)黄雨选编同济大学地下建筑与工程系2009.10编写说明为了配合同济大学土木工程专业工程地质学双语教学改革的需要，我们于2009年，从F.G. Bell所编著的Engineering Geology(Second edition 2007)及Tony Waltham所编著的Foundations of Engineering Geology(Second edition 2001)两本书中选编了与工程地质学关系较密切的部分专业词汇，以英汉对照的形式刊出，便于学生使用。
以求对学生在双语教学课堂和课后学习时有所帮助。
使用过程中若发现不当之处，欢迎多提批评和建议，以便及时补充更正。
编者2009年10月ContentsChapter 1 Introduction....................................................................................... ..1 Chapter 2 Rock Types and Stratigraphy .. (1)Chapter 3 Geological Structure (4)Chapter 4 Soil Engineering Properties and Classification (5)Chapter 5 Groundwater (7)Chapter 6 The main engineering geology problems in civil engineering (8)chapter 7 In-situ test (10)Chapter 8 Site investigation (10)Chapter 1 Introduction Engineering geology 工程地质学engineering practice 工程实践geomorphology 地貌学structural geology 构造地质学sedimentology 沉积学petrology 岩石学stratigraphy 地层学Chapter 2 Rock Types and Stratigraphy earth crust 地壳the mantle 地幔the core 地核Mineral 矿物Rock 岩石Igneous rock 岩浆岩Sedimentary rock 沉积岩Metamorphic rock 变质岩Luster 光泽Streak 条痕Cleavage 解理Fracture 断裂Mohs’ Scale of Hardness 莫氏硬度计Talc 滑石Gypsum 石膏Calcite 方解石Fluorspar 萤石Apatite 磷灰石Orthoclase feldspar 正长石Quartz 石英Topaz 黄玉Corundum 刚玉Diamond 金刚石Pyrite 黄铁矿Hematite 赤铁矿Dolomite 白云石Olivine 橄榄石augite 普通辉石Pyroxene 辉石Amphibole 闪石Hornblende 角闪石Plagioclase 斜长石anorthite 钙长石potash feldspar 钾长石Mica 云母Muscovite 白云母Biotite 黑云母silica minerals 硅氧矿物felsic 长英矿物mafic 铁镁质矿物Kaolinite 高岭石Montmorillonite 蒙脱石Illite 伊利石Garnet 石榴子石Chlorite 绿泥石Serpentine 蛇纹石Magma 岩浆Batholiths 岩基Stock 岩株Lopolith 岩盆Sill岩床Dyke岩脉Vein纹理Lense 透镜体Plutonic rock深成岩Hypabyssal rock 浅成岩Acidic igneous rocks 酸性岩Intermediate igneous rocks 中性岩Basic igneous rocks 基性岩Ultrabasic igneous rocks 超基性岩leucocratic rock 浅色岩mesocratic rock 中色岩melanocratic rock 暗色岩hypermelanic rock 深暗色岩degree of crystallinity 结晶度crystal 晶体phenocryst 斑晶Holocrystalline 全晶质Holohyaline 全玻璃质(非晶质) massive structure 块状构造rhyotaxitic structure 流纹状构造vesicular structure 气孔状构造amygdaloidal structure 杏仁状构造Merocrystalline 半晶质granular texture 粒状构造granular texture 等粒结构Inequigranular texture 不等粒结构Porphyritic texture 斑状结构Cryptocrystalline 隐晶质Phanerocrystalline 显晶质Granite 花岗岩Pegmatite 伟晶岩Syenite 正长岩Diorite 闪长岩Gabbro 辉长岩Peridotite橄榄岩Pyroxenite 辉岩Porphyrite 玢岩Porphyry 斑岩Diabase 辉绿岩Rhyolite 流纹岩Trachyte 粗面岩Andesite 安山岩Basalt 玄武岩Pumice 浮岩lithify （使）岩化consolidation 固结作用cementation胶结作用component 成分classification 分类sediment 沉积物detrital sediment 碎屑沉积fragments of rock 岩石碎片volcanic ash 火山灰Clay mineral 粘土矿物aluminium silicate 硅酸铝hydrophilicity 亲水性plasticity可塑性dilatability 膨胀性Organic substance 有机物质size analysis 粒级分析Grading curve 级配曲线Conglomerate 砾岩Breccias 角砾岩sand stone 砂岩Siltstone 粉砂岩Mud stone 泥岩Shale 页岩Bed 岩层Chemical rock 化学岩Biochemical Rock 生物化学岩Stratum (pl. strata) 岩层Bedded 成层的Bedding 层理horizontal bedding 水平层理oblique bedding 斜层理cross bedding 交错层理graded bedding 粒级层理Stratigraphic 地层学的Bedding planes 层面Formation 组Deposit 堆积，沉淀Clastic Rock 碎屑岩Recrystallization 重结晶作用Metamorphism 变质作用metacryst texture变晶结构palimpsest texture变余结构porphyroblast 斑状变晶tabular structure 板状构造phyllitic structure千枚状构造schistose structure片状构造gneissic structure片麻状构造dynamic metamorphism 动力变质作用contact metamorphism 接触变质作用regional metamorphism 区域变质作用mountain chain 山链Directional pressure 定向压力Brecciation角砾岩化cataclasis 碎裂作用mylonitization 糜棱岩化Mylonite糜棱岩Slate 板岩Cleavage 解理Schistosity 片理Foliation 叶理Gneiss 片麻岩Marble 大理岩Quartzite 石英岩Stratification 分层Geological time 地质时期Absolute Dating绝对年龄测定Radiometric dating同位素年龄测定Relative dating相对年代测定Stratigraphic correlation method地层对比法Law of Superposition地层层序律fossil 化石index fossil 标准化石time unit 地质年代单位Geological Time Scale地质时标eon 宙Pre-Cambrian time 前寒武纪Phanerozoic time 显生宙Era 代Period 纪Epoch 世Age 期Erathem 界System 系Series 统Cenozoic新生代Mesozoic中生代Palaeozoic古生代Quaternary第四纪Tertiary第三纪Holocene全新世Pleistocene更新世Chapter 3 Geological Structure Geological structure 地质构造Deformation 变形rock failure 岩石破裂Tectonic process 构造运动Discontinuity 不连续horizontal structure 水平构造Inclined structure 倾斜构造crustal movement 地壳运动vertical movement 垂直运动outcrop 岩层露头occurrence 产状dip 倾向dip angle 倾角True dip 真倾角apparent dip 视倾角strike 走向geological survey 地质勘探geological compass 地质罗盘Fold 褶皱Syncline 向斜Anticline 背斜Hinge 枢纽Limb 翼Hinge line 枢纽线Axial plane 轴平面axial surface 轴面Fold axis 褶轴Inter-limb angle 翼间角symmetric fold 对称褶皱asymmetric fold 不对称褶皱overturned fold 倒转褶皱recumbent fold 平卧褶皱Monoclinal fold 单斜褶皱Isoclinal fold等斜褶皱Fan fold扇状褶皱Horizontal fold 水平褶皱Plunging fold倾伏褶皱Dome 穹庐composite fold 复合褶皱drag fold 拖曳褶皱terrain 地形crest 脊tectonic basin 构造盆地fracture 断裂fault 断层joint 节理residual stress 残余应力structural fracture 构造裂隙tensile fracture 张性裂隙shear fracture 剪切裂隙external force 外力Joint rose map节理玫瑰花图Fault plane 断层面Fault dip 断层倾角Fault strike 断层走向Footwall下盘Hanging wall 上盘Fault scarp 断层崖Fault line 断层线Hade 断层倾角Fault distance 断距normal fault 正断层reverse fault 逆断层strike-slip fault走向平移断层Triangular facet 断层三角面active fault 活性断层fault zone 断层带Horst 地垒Graben 地堑Slickenside 断层擦面Fault breccias 断层角砾岩conformity 整合Unconformity 不整合disconformity 假整合angular unconformity 角度不整合Rock Mass 岩体structural plane 结构面Porosity 孔隙度Deformation 变形Elasticity 弹性Plasticity 塑性modulus of elasticity 弹性模量Poisson’s ratio泊松比transverse strain 横向应变axial strain 轴向应变Rock strength 岩石强度Compressive strength 抗压强度Unconfined Compression Test 无侧限抗压试验Tensile strength 抗拉强度Direct Pull Test 直拉试验Shear strength 抗剪强度triaxial compression test三轴压缩试验internal friction 内摩擦角mud crack 泥裂ripple mark 波痕Joint number in one cubic meter 体积裂隙数Over consolidated 超固结Chapter 4 Soil Engineering Properties andClassificationSoil 土tri-phase soil 三相土Solid particle 固体颗粒grain size 粒径mean diameter, average grain diameter 平均粒径effective diameter, effective grain size, effective size 有效粒径grain size distribution 粒度分布Grain composition 颗粒组成Boulders 块石，漂砾Cobbles 粗砾Gravel 砂砾Sand 砂Silt 粉砂Clay粘土gradation test级配筛分试验semi-logarithmic scale半对数标度Grading curve 级配曲线Coefficient of Uniformity 不均匀系数Coefficient of Curvature,曲率系数well-graded 分选性好poorly graded 分选性差Primary mineral 原生矿物Secondary minerals 次生矿物Soluble salt 可溶盐类Organic materials 有机物质Soil Water 土壤水soil gas 土壤气体single-grained structure 单粒结构flocculent structure 絮状结构honeycomb structure蜂窝结构void ratio 孔隙比compactionness 密实度relative density, density index相对密度compressibility 压缩性coefficient of consolidation 压缩系数liquid limit 液限liquidity index 液性指数Plasticity index 塑性指数shrinkage limit 缩限weight 重度Dry unit weight 干重度Saturated unit weight 饱和重度effective unit weight 有效重度density密度relative density 相对密度maximum dry density 最大干密度Water content 含水量optimum water content 最优含水量specific gravity比重degree of saturation饱和度Eluvial soils 残积土Slope deposits 坡积物Pluvial deposits 洪积物Alluvial soil 冲击土lake deposit 湖相沉积Wind deposit 风成沉积物Glacial deposit 冰川沉积Chapter 5 Groundwater Groundwater 地下水Aquifer 含水层Infiltrate 渗透Seepage 渗流seepage force渗透力seepage velocity渗流速度Capillary water 毛细水Gravity water 重力水Bound water, combined water, held water 结合水Crystal water 结晶水Surface tension 表面张力Capillary pressure 毛细压力Wetting angle 润湿角Hydrostatic pressure 流体静压力Uplift pressure浮托力Pore pressure 孔隙压力Hydrodynamic pressure 动水压力Permeability 渗透率Unconfined aquifer orWater-table aquifer 非承压含水层Recharge 补给Confined or artesian aquifer 承压含水层Artesian well 自流井Water content 含水量Specific retention 持水度Specific yield 给水度Porosity 孔隙度Coefficient of permeability 渗透系数Hydraulic conductivity 水力传导率Hydraulic gradient 水力梯度Darcy's law达西定律Isotropic 均质Homogeneous 各向同性suspended water 包气带水phreatic water 潜水confined water 承压水karst water 喀斯特水（岩溶水）fracture water 裂隙水Pore water 孔隙水perched water上层滞水spring 泉水outcrop of spring 泉水出露contact spring 接触泉overflow spring 溢出泉eroded spring 侵蚀泉well 井artesian spring 自流泉carbonate 碳酸盐Bicarbonate 重碳酸盐carbonic acid 碳酸calcium carbonate 碳酸钙magnesium carbonate 碳酸镁carbon dioxide 二氧化碳cation 阳离子sulphate 硫酸盐chloride 氯化物anion 阴离子solubility 溶解度compound 化合物Sodium salt 钠盐hydrogen sulphide 硫化氢organism 有机物Colloid 胶体Land subsidence 地面沉降Consolidation 固结Heterogeneous不均匀的Anisotropic 各向异性的Cone of depression降水漏斗Seepage failure 渗流破坏Piping 管涌seepage forces 渗流压力Quicksand 流沙flow net 流网Chapter 6 The main engineering geology problems in civil engineeringWeathering 风化作用physical weathering 物理风化chemical weathering 化学风化biological weathering 生物风化exfoliation 剥落parent rock 母岩coefficients of expansion 膨胀系数differential expansion不均匀[局部]膨胀Freeze–thaw action 冻融作用critical moisture content临界含水率oxidation 氧化作用hydration 水化作用hydrolysis 水解作用carbonation 碳酸化作用Solution 溶解作用Anhydrite 硬石膏River 河流Valley floor 谷底river bed 河床channel cross section河槽横断面river bank 河岸attrition 磨损corrasion 侵蚀corrosion 溶蚀meander 河曲alluvial flat 河漫滩oxbow lake牛轭湖river terrace 河流阶地tectonic valley 构造谷erosional valley侵蚀谷tectonic line 构造线master stream 主流lateral corrosion 侧向侵蚀vertical erosion 下切侵蚀accumulational terrace 堆积阶地erosional terrace 侵蚀阶地pedestal terrace 基座阶地Slope failure 边坡不稳Collapse 崩塌Landslide 滑坡shear failure 剪切破坏Sliding body 滑坡体slip surface 滑动面Slip zone 滑动带sliding bed 滑坡床Sliding cliff 滑坡后壁sliding terrace 滑坡台地Sliding tongue 滑坡舌Tension crack 拉张裂缝Shear cracks 剪切裂缝Retrogressive slide 牵引式滑坡Comprehensive treatment综合治理Drainage 排水Catch drain 集水沟Drainage channel 排水槽blind drain 盲沟retaining wall 挡土墙anti-sliding pile 抗滑桩anchoring bar (pin, rod) 锚筋（钉，杆）consolidation grouting 固结灌浆rockfall 岩崩limit equilibrium methods 极限平衡法Karst 喀斯特Lapie 岩沟Clint 石芽Funnel 漏斗corroded depressionpolje 溶蚀谷corroded plain.Sinkhole 落水洞karst cave 岩溶洞underground river 暗河natural bridge 天生桥stalactite钟乳石stalagmite 石笋denudation 剥蚀作用Vertical zoning 垂直分带Dissolution 溶解Scouring 冲刷Earthquake 地震Epicenter 震中earthquake focus 震源plutonic earthquake 深源地震shallow-focus earthquake 浅源地震strong motion earthquake 强烈地震submarine earthquake 海底地震tectonic earthquake 构造地震volcanic earthquake火山地震artificial earthquake 人工地震seismograph 测震仪tsunami 海啸Mercalli Scale麦氏震级Richter scale 里氏震级Footing 基础Foundation 地基Footing 基础foundation stability 地基稳定性natural foundation 天然地基artificial foundation 人工地基shallow foundations 浅基础deep foundations 深基础pile foundation 桩基础strip footing 条形基础ultimate bearing capacity极限承载力load intensity荷载强度allowable bearing capacity容许承载力liquefaction 液化sand boil 砂沸Underground engineering地下工程Overburden覆盖层Elevation 海拔Axis 轴线Hydrogeological condition水文地质条件Subgrade 路基cutting slope 路堑边坡Chapter 7 In-situ testIn-situ test 原位测试natural structure 天然结构natural moisture 天然含水量natural state of stress 天然应力状态Loading Test 静载荷试验plate loading test 平板载荷试验critical edge pressure 临塑荷载ultimate load 极限荷载deformation modulus 变形模量Coefficient of sub-grade reaction 基床反力系数P~s curve p-s曲线s~logt curve s-logt曲线Cone Penetration Test 静力触探试验piezocone penetration test 孔压静力触探penetrometer 贯入仪Standard Penetration Test 标准贯入试验penetration resistance贯入阻力blow count 击数sampling 取样sleeve 套筒Shear Vane Test 十字板剪切试验Chapter 8 Site investigation engineering geological investigation 工程地质勘查engineering geological profiles 工程地质剖面图bore histogram钻孔柱状图。
同济大学硕士研究生复试英语英文面试自我介绍
Self-introduction自我介绍Name：William Shakespeare Graduated University：×××××××××××Major：English Literature Admission Time：20XX-09-01—20XX-06-30Telephone：+86×××××××(MP)E-mail：520521××××@（后附范文5篇及10类常见问题解答,总有一个适合你！）20XX年XX月XX日目录范文一（英文） (3)范文一（中文） (3)范文二（英文） (3)范文二（中文） (3)范文三（英文） (3)范文三（中文） (3)范文四（英文） (3)范文四（中文） (3)范文五（英文） (3)范文五（中文） (3)十类常见问题解答 (3)（一）"What can you tell me about ......?".. (3)（二）"What would you like to be doing......?" .. (3)（三）"What is your greatest strength ?" (3)（四）"What is your greatest weakness?" (3)（五）"How do you feel about your progress to date?" (3)（六）行为面试问题 (3)（七）压力面试问题 (3)（八）案例面试问题 (3)（九）非常规问题 (3)（十）其他常见的英语面试问题 (3)范文一（英文）--适合医学、理、工、农、艺、政治经济学相关专业Good afternoon dear professors, my name is ××, it is really a great honor to have a chance for this interview.Now I’ll introduce myself briefly. I am ××years old, born in ××province.I received my bachelor degree in 20××, supervised by Professor ××, in ××University.I have been interested in scientific research. In the past few years, I published more than ××（5）papers about numerical methods for the fractional PDE. Furthermore, I am participating in the research of two projects funded by National Natural Science Foundation. At the same time, I undertake a lot of teaching loads, more than ××（200）periods each year.However, with the time going on, the more I studied and experienced, the clearer I realized that I really need study further. Thus, I began to prepare for ××（the doctor’s entrance examination）. Owing to my hard work, I passed the first examination. If I am given the chance of further study, I will work hard to enrich my knowledge and make myself to be a well-qualified ××（doctor）.I am very easy to get on with, so I have lots of friends. Sometimes I prefer staying alone, reading, surfing the internet to gain some latest news of my profession, also, I’m keen on ××（playing basketball）.。
同济大学苏小卒版土木工程专业英语翻译考试整理秘籍
第一单元Fundamentally, engineering is an end-product-oriented discipline that is innovative, cost-conscious and mindful of human factors. It is concerned with the creation of new entities, devices or methods of solution: a new process, a new material, an improved power source, a more efficient arrangement of tasks to accomplish a desired goal or a new structure. Engineering is also more often than not concerned with obtaining economical solutions. And, finally, human safety is always a key consideration.从根本上，工程是一个以最终产品为导向的行业，它具有创新、成本意识，同时也注意到人为因素。
它与创建新的实体、设备或解决方案有关：新工艺、新材料、一个改进的动力来源、任务的一项更有效地安排，用以完成所需的目标或创建一个新的结构。
工程是也不仅仅关心获得经济的解决方案。
最终，人类安全才是一个最重要的考虑因素。
Engineering is concerned with the use of abstract scientific ways of thinking and of defining real world problems. The use of idealizations and development of procedures for establishing bounds within which behavior can be ascertained are part of the process.工程关心的是，使用抽象的科学方法思考和定义现实世界的问题。
同济大学地下建筑结构期末复习重点
衬砌结构主要是起承重和围护作用。
承重，即承受岩土体压力、结构自重以及其它荷载作用；围护，即防止岩土体风化、坍塌、防水、防潮等。
土层地下建筑结构型式:（一）浅埋式结构：（二）附建式结构：（三）沉井结构（四）地下连续墙结构：（五）盾构结构（六）沉管结构：（七）桥梁基础结构（八）其它结构：还包括顶管结构和箱涵结构等地下建筑与地面建筑结构的区别:（1）计算理论、设计和施工方法（2）地下建筑结构所承受的荷载比地面结构复杂。
（3）地下建筑结构埋置于地下，其周围的岩土体不仅作为荷载作用于地下建筑结构上，而且约束着结构的移动和变形。
计算理论上最主要差别：在地下建筑结构设计中除了要计算因素多变的岩土体压力之外，还要考虑地下结构与周围岩土体的共同作用。
岩石地下建筑结构形式:主要包括直墙拱形、圆形、曲墙拱形等。
（一）、拱形结构1．贴壁式拱形结构（1）半衬砌结构（2）厚拱薄墙衬砌结构（3）直墙拱形衬砌（4）曲墙拱形衬砌结构2．离壁式拱形衬砌结构（二）喷锚结构（三）穹顶结构（四）连拱隧道结构（五）复合衬砌结构最常用的是拱形结构，具有以下优点：（一）地下结构的荷载比地面结构大，且主要承受垂直荷载。
因此，拱形结构就受力性能而言比平顶结构好（二）拱形结构的内轮廓比较平滑，只要适当调整拱曲率，一般都能满足地下建筑的使用要求，并且建筑布置比圆形结构方便，净空浪费也比圆形结构少。
（三）拱主要是承压结构。
适用于采用抗拉性能较差，抗压性能较好的砖、石、混凝土等材料构筑。
材料造价低，耐久性良好，易维护。
普氏压力拱理论：洞室开挖后如不及时支护，洞顶岩土将不断垮落而形成一个拱形，又称塌落拱。
其最初不稳定，若洞侧壁稳定，则拱高随塌落不断增高，如侧壁不稳定，则拱高和拱跨同时增大。
当洞的埋深较大时塌落拱不会无限发展，最终将在围岩中形成一个自然平衡拱。
荷载种类:按存在状态分为静荷载、动荷载和活荷载;按其作用特点:永久（主要）荷载、可变（附加）荷载和偶然（特殊）荷载.水土压力分算：砂性土和粉土.水土压力合算：粘性土围岩压力是指位于地下结构周围变形及破坏的岩层，作用在衬砌或支撑上的压力。
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• 剪胀 • swelling • 收缩 • shrinkage • 地压 • Ground pressure • 弹性系数 • Modulus of elasticity • 冲击阻力 • Impact resistance
• 孔隙率 • Porosity ratio • 硬度 • hardness • 设计 • design • 分析 • Analysis • 计算 • calculation
• 公路
• road • 人行道 • pedestrian • 车站 • Station • 上水道 • Water supply
• 水利发电 • Hydraulic power • 有压与无压隧洞 • Pressure or non pressure tunnels • 分水渠 • River diversion • 洪水 • Storm water • 排水 • Drainage • 水渠 • Aqueduct
• 岩石力学 • Rock mechanics • 土力学 • Soil mechanics • 地震活动 • Seismicity • 钻孔或钻探 • boring • 地质物理调查 • Geophysical investigation • 室内试验 • Laboratory test
• 现场试验 • In situ test • 事前调查 • Probing ahead • 地质勘探 • Geologid • 硬岩 • Hard rock • 完整岩石 • Sound rock
• 溶解度 • solubility • 可钻性 • Drillability • 抗压强度 • Compressive strength • 抗拉强度 • Tensile strength • 抗剪强度 • Shear strength • 内摩擦力 • Internal friction • 粘结力 • cohesion
• 卵形 • Egg shape • 箱形 • Box shape • 内部净空断面形状 • Inside shape • 开挖断面形状 • Outside or excavation shape
• 埋深 • Tunnel depth • 明挖回填 • Cut and cover • 浅埋 • Shallow depth • 中埋 • Medium depth • 深埋 • Deep depth • 特深埋 • Very deep depth
Special words for Tunnel Prof., Dr.zixin zhang
• 岩土工程
• Part 1 Types of underground works
隧道 • Tunnel • 水平隧道 • Horizontal gallery • 明挖法 • Cut and cover • 沉管法 • Immersed tube • 入口隧道或引道隧道 • Access tunnel •
• 中断面 • Medium section • 特大断面 • Very large section • 短 • Short length • 中长 • Medium length • 长大 • Long length
• 特长大 • Very long length • 断面形状 • Section shape • 圆形 • Circular shape • 马蹄形 • Horseshoe shape • 矩形 • Rectangular shape
• 用途 • Purpose or use • 调查 • investigation • 地质调查 • Ground investigation • 导洞 • Pilot tunnel • 调查孔或坑道 • Pilot bore • 铁路 • rail
• 干线 • Main line • 地铁 • metro
• 竖井 • shaft • 斜井 • Inclined shaft • 洞室 • cavern • 天然洞室 • Natural cavern
• 人工洞室 • Artificial cavern • 地下综合建筑 • Underground complex
• 尺寸
• Size,dimension • 特小断面 • Mini section • 小断面 • Small section
• 经济比较 • Economic study • 标准化 • Standardization • 计划 • Plan, planing program • 设计数据 • Design data • 垂直荷载 • Vertical load • 水平荷载 • Horizontal load • 浮力 • Uplift
• 拱部或拱顶部 • roof • 拱顶 • crown • 拱脚 • Springer • 拱肩 • shoulders • 刹尖 • key
• 边墙 • wall • 墙脚 • feet • 腿部 • leg • 膝部 • knee • 开挖面或掌子面 • face
• • • •
形状 shape 衬砌 lining
• 风化岩 • Weathered rock • 破碎岩 • Fissured rock • 软弱围岩 • Soft ground • 塑性围岩 • Plastic ground • 流动围岩 • Running ground • 减压区 • Decompressed zone
• 混合围岩 • Mixed ground • 卵石 • boulder • 夹层 • seam • 层理 • bedding • 节理 • Joint • 不透水围岩 • Impervious ground
• 透水围岩 • Pervious ground • 蠕变 • creep • 风化，蚀变 • alteration • 透水性 • permeability • 地下水 • Ground water • 湿度 • moisture
• 岩溶 • karst • 断层 • fault • 围岩的物理力学性质 • Ground character • 密度 • density • 比重 • Specific gravity • 磨损度 • abrasivity
• 冷气 • cooling air • 冷却水排水 • Cooling water outfall • 航道 • navigation • 下水道 • Sewerage • 地域暖气 • District heating
• 电缆 • cable • 热水 • Hot water • 电力－通信 • Power-telecommunication • 通风 • Ventilation • 煤气 • Gas • 工厂 • factory
• 曲隅部 • bend • 交叉部 • crossing • 正面部 • Face,front
• 入口部 • access • 洞门 • portal • 接头部 • junction • 分岔部 • bifurcation • 开口部 • Opening window
• 加宽部 • enlargement • 避难洞 • Recess • 筛子 • 围岩 • Surrounding rock • 地质学 • geology • 水文地质学 • hydrogeology
• 发电所 • Generating station • 储藏 • storage • 流体和固体储藏 • Fluids and solids storage • 停车 • parking • 办公室，商店 • Office,shop • 军事 • Military
• 人防 • Defence,protection • 多目的，多功能 • Multi service • 采矿 • Mining • 地下建筑物各部分名称 • Parts of cross section • 仰拱 • Invert arch • 底板 • floor