On the Cross-Cultural Awareness of an Interpreter
CATTI英语一级笔译实务考前模拟试题完整版
CATTI英语一级笔译实务考前模拟试题完整版以下是CATTI英语一级笔译实务考前模拟试题完整版，供您参考和理解实际考试内容和要求。
Part I：选择题Section A：选择正确的词语填空1. The newly implemented policy aims to promote ____________ and reduce social inequality.a) localizationb) globalizationc) regionalizationd) decentralization2. It is important for translators to maintain a high level of____________ when dealing with confidential information.a) accuracyb) discretionc) precisiond) proficiency3. The recent economic downturn has had a significant impact on____________ sectors, such as manufacturing and retail.b) volatilec) thrivingd) stagnant4. He is renowned for his ability to ____________ complex ideas into simple and accessible language.a) conveyb) interpretc) originated) manifest5. The report provides a ____________ overview of the current market trends and projections for the next fiscal year.a) comprehensiveb) superficialc) fragmentedd) peripheralSection B：选择正确的选项完成句子6. The translator managed to ____________ the cultural nuances in the source text, ensuring a faithful rendition.a) preservec) eliminated) undermine7. The conference was a great opportunity for industry leaders to exchange ideas and ____________ best practices.a) promoteb) implementc) incorporated) share8. The translator's extensive background in business and finance enables her to accurately translate ____________ documents.a) technicalb) legalc) literaryd) scientific9. The candidate was asked to provide ____________ examples of her previous translation work during the interview.a) arbitraryb) arbitraryc) specificd) generic10. The company values its employees' ____________ and encourages open communication at all levels.a) feedbackb) resistancec) critiqued) indifferencePart II：简答题Section A：回答问题1. Explain the concept of "consecutive interpreting" and its importancein the field of translation and interpretation.Consecutive interpreting refers to the technique of orally translating a speaker's message after he or she has finished speaking. The interpreter listens to a part of the speech, takes notes, and then delivers the translation while the speaker pauses. This allows for a more accurate and comprehensive interpretation as the interpreter has time to process and analyze the information before translating.Consecutive interpreting is important in various contexts such as conferences, business meetings, and legal proceedings. It allows for effective communication between individuals who speak different languages, ensuring that the intended message is accurately conveyed. The interpretermust have strong listening and note-taking skills, as well as cultural awareness, to provide an accurate interpretation.2. Discuss the role of technology in the field of translation and its impact on the work of translators.Technology has significantly impacted the field of translation, revolutionizing the way translators work and improving efficiency. Computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools, such as translation memory systems, help translators store and reuse previously translated segments, ensuring consistency and reducing the time required for translation.Machine translation technologies, such as Google Translate, have also become popular tools for translators. While machine translation can provide a quick draft translation, human intervention is still necessary to ensure accuracy and quality. Translators rely on their language skills and cultural knowledge to refine and optimize machine-generated translations.Additionally, technology has facilitated communication and collaboration among translators and clients through online platforms and project management tools. Translators can easily access reference materials, communicate with clients, and work on projects remotely.3. Describe the challenges faced by translators when translating idiomatic expressions and cultural references.Translating idiomatic expressions and cultural references presents several challenges for translators. Idioms often have a specific meaning that may not be directly translatable into another language. Translators mustcarefully consider the context and intended meaning of the idiom to find an equivalent expression or construct a new one that conveys the same idea.Cultural references, such as jokes, puns, or historical events, can be particularly challenging to translate. These references may not have direct equivalents in the target language, requiring the translator to find alternative ways to convey the intended humor or cultural significance.Translators must possess strong cultural knowledge and understanding of both the source and target languages to effectively navigate these challenges. They need to strike a balance between maintaining the original meaning and adapting the expression or reference to the target audience.Part III：翻译题Translate the following passage into English:在全球化的时代，跨国企业在全球范围内展开业务活动已成为常态。
跨文化交际(含教案)(高中英语选修课)
跨文化交际一、课程基本信息1、课程中、英文名称：跨化交文际、Cross-cultural Communication2、课程类别：专业专选课程3、课程学时：18学时4、学分：2分二、课程的目的与任务：跨文化交际作为一门学科涉及到文化和交际的各个层面，包括语言交际、非语言交际、人们之间的相互交往，以及不同文化之间的观念和信仰等。
该课程的目的在于通过不同文化差异的比较研究，分析跨文化交际案例，提高学生对文化差异的敏感性，提高不同文化语境中语言交际的能力，从而更好地适应不同文化环境。
使学生了解其他文化的社会文化习俗和价值观念；在语言学习的同时，更多关注相关国家的文化，特别是通过与本族文化的对比，提高跨文化交际能力，以适应社会发展和国际交流的需要,增加跨文化交际意识，并最终形成跨文化交际能力。
三、课程的重点和基本要求：（一）课程的重点本课程教学的重点是增强学生对跨文化交际中文化差异的敏感性，帮助学员解决在跨文化交际中因文化的差异而产生的种种问题。
通过典型实力分析，模拟交流联系，交际失误分析，英汉双向练习等多种形式，使学生认识语言，文化和交际三者之间的关系，加深对对象国文化的了解，掌握在处理跨文化交际中一些微妙问题时所需要的基本知识和技巧，提高跨文化交流的质量。
（二）．基本要求：1、了解跨文化交际研究的范围和目前发展的动向。
2、掌握跨文化交际研究的基本方法，并运用来解决一些实际问题。
3、奠定向该学科研究纵深发展的理论基础。
四、教学内容及要求本课程以语言学习为前提，强调在语言学习的过程中提高利用外语进行跨文化交际的能力，通过对交际与语言，语言与文化，文化与价值观的学习和讨论，提高跨文化交际意识；通过对文化现象的思考和讨论，反思语言学习过程，增加对文化差异的敏感性；通过课堂活动和案例学习，提高跨文化交际意识和能力，达到有效交流的目的。
1．通过学习，学生能够了解语言及非语言交际在跨文化交际中的重要作用及应用规则。
英语翻译中跨文化视角转换及翻译技巧
英语翻译中跨文化视角转换及翻译技巧【摘要】This article explores the importance of cross-cultural perspectives in English translation and the impact of translation techniques on cross-cultural translation. Understanding the cultural background is crucial for accurate translation, as language habits and expression vary across cultures. Cultural factors also influence language comprehension. Effective cultural perspective conversion and the utilization of translation techniques are essential for overcoming cultural barriers. In conclusion, cross-cultural perspective conversion is an indispensable part of translation, and translation techniques are effective tools for overcoming cross-cultural obstacles.【关键词】跨文化视角转换、翻译技巧、文化背景、语言习惯、文化因素、文化转换、翻译障碍、结论、英语翻译、跨文化翻译。
1. 引言1.1 跨文化视角在英语翻译中的重要性Cross-cultural perspective plays a crucial role in English translation as it enables translators to bridge the gap betweendifferent cultures and languages. When translating text from one language to another, it is essential to take into account the cultural nuances and differences that exist between the source and target languages. Understanding these cultural differences is key to producing an accurate and culturally appropriate translation.1.2 翻译技巧对跨文化翻译的影响Another important aspect of translation techniques in cross-cultural translation is the use of cultural references and idiomatic expressions. Translators must be well-versed in both the source and target cultures to effectively convey the intended message without losing its cultural significance. By utilizing techniques such as cultural substitution, paraphrasing, and explanation, translators can bridge the gap between languages and cultures, ensuring that the essence of the original text is preserved while also making it accessible to the target audience.2. 正文2.1 理解文化背景对于准确翻译的重要性Understanding cultural background is crucial for accurate translation. Cultural background includes a wide range ofaspects such as history, beliefs, traditions, values, social norms, and behaviors of a particular society or community.2.2 语言习惯和表达方式的跨文化差异Additionally, the use of humor and wordplay can vary significantly across cultures. What may be considered funny or clever in one language may not have the same effect when translated into another language. Translators need to be sensitive to cultural nuances and find creative ways to convey humor and wordplay in their translations.2.3 文化因素对语言理解的影响文化因素对语言理解的影响在跨文化翻译中起着至关重要的作用。
新编跨文化交际英语教程 复习总结
Unit 11.The definition of INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION1.1“Inter-" comes from the Latin word for "between",and dictionaries define communication as exchanging information.Inter-"来自拉丁语，意思是"在之间"，字典把交流定义为交换信息。
Intercultural Communication refers to the exchange of information between people from different cultures.跨文化交际是指来自不同文化的人之间的信息交流。
As the very phrase suggests, Intercultural Communication emphasizes cross-cultural competence rather than language only.正如这句话所暗示的，跨文化交际强调的是跨文化能力，而不仅仅是语言。
1.2 what makes IC a common phenomenon: new technology, innovative communication system,globalization of the economy , changes in immigration patterns 新技术、创新的通讯系统、经济全球化、移民模式的变化2.The definition of globalizationGlobalization is the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through communication, transportation,and trade between nations.全球化是区域经济、社会和文化通过国家之间的交流、运输和贸易而变得一体化的过程。
Cross-Cultural Communication
ZHANG WEIJIA1183107Cross-Cultural CommunicationAbstractNowadays, many countries in the world will communicate with each other and cross-cultural communication have become increasing frequently. People who have different cultural background and use different languages work in some multinational companies play a huge role in promoting. Cross-Cultural communication is becoming very important in modern society. Because of the people living in different cultural backgrounds, have different faith of religion, personal values and so on, this differences will lead to unnecessary conflicts. Even in the same country, different areas of the people in business communication because of local cultural differences which take intervene to the communication of people. So it is very important for us to have a good understand of the barriers that exist in business communication and to surmount these barriers.1. What are the barriers to effective cross-cultural communication?1.1 Language BarriersIn cross-cultural communication language diversity and complexity are the main cause of communication barriers because different cultures create different languages. Languages have its own unique cultural intensions. I n general, the cooperation partners who have language barriers will communicate with each other through someinterpreters. However the interpreter in the process of translation sometimes will be make the information translated into different degrees or even distorted, resulting in poor quality of communication or even failure. In some countries people with high implicit expression and situational characteristics. On many occasions is not used clear text or symbol information instead of use body language to communicate a particular scene or by context, when the high context and low context language that also easy to produce communication barriers, if do not solve the organizational communication problems caused by languages and different cultural, will lead to cross-cultural adaptation ability and operating efficiency.Language is the convey information and feelings, expression of ideas and important tools of communication, but people from different cultural backgrounds and the same the symbolic meanings of cultural symbols are very different. In fact for language translation, it is very difficult to find the corresponding word perfect and even if people use the same language because differences in age, education and cultural background will also affect their language styles and the definition of the meaning of words, which are bound to affect the accuracy of the information exchanges between the both, thus causing misunderstanding. The language problem makes business environment more complex, market operations more difficult.1.2 Personal ValuesPersonal values are a comprehensive standard for people to distinguish between good and evil, mainly displays in the people to the moral, the society, the benefit, the religion and other aspects of judgment and trade-offs. But probably you have taken yourown cultural identity and values when you was born in your country. So in cross-cultural communication, if we cannot understand personal values of each other, these will lead to a barrier to cross-cultural communication.Differences values are the most difficult to grasp in different countries. As Cassirer (1985) said, As Cahill said, "The real difference between languages is not in speech or mark difference, but ‘world view’ differences". Therefore, we should be aware of the personal values of cross-cultural communication have an important impacts on cross-cultural communication.For example in modern international trade, Chinese like to discuss some business at the dinner table, they hope to treat business partner as a close friend because the Chinese believe that have a good relationship is the key to ensure the success of the business. Chinese always make friends with other people in business communication in order to build a stable relationship with partner. However the Westerners believe that business is a serious thing, should not be subject to any interference. It can also reflect the two different values in different cultural backgrounds.1.3Different Modes of Thinking and Different Communication StylesDifferent countries, different cultural have different ways of thinking, these will lead to differences in cognitive and communication styles.In the cross-cultural communication, people have to solve a lots of problems, but different ways of thinking perhaps lead to different negotiating styles.Cross-communication is a two-way interactive process, if the communication between different styles, it may bring communication barriers.The cross-cultural communication barriers between managers and employees ismostly due to the different cognitive level because the enterprise managers and employees of the cultural backgrounds are different that the perception of things and modes of thinking are different. This will lead employees to produce negative ideas, affecting the development of enterprises.2. How might these be surmounted?2.1 Respect Differences and Working TogetherThere is a certain difference between different countries and nationalities in cross-cultural communication which is an objective fact, and it also a prerequisite for cross cultural communication. In order to achieve the success of cross-cultural communication, firstly we should be learn to respect others and treat others sincerely.Before the cross-cultural communication, the two sides should be understand the differences in each other culture and their own cultural existence, make psychological preparation in differences and the more detailed the better. What is more, in the process of communication, we can able to adopt as flexible as possible measures for communication to overcome the problems. After we communication with other people, we need to try to summarize the experiences and lessons. What’s more in several communication that we should to explore the relevant communication rules from communication.2.2Cultural EmpathyCultural empathy means that a person to get rid of their own cultural constraints in another culture mode, according to the experience, insight and understanding of another culture.Hogan (1969) proposed empathy has two elements: first, the personal feelingof self-awareness: Second, the recognition of others.In the process of communication, the two sides should be obtain the feedback information from the other immediately, only through empathy obviously, we can determine both the mentality and knowledge structure. Otherwise they would not exchange ideas. Therefore, the cultural empathy plays an important role in cross-cultural communication.In order to ensure the communication between the two parties in different cultural backgrounds can be achieved successful, it is necessary to understand the culture related to the language, but also to consciously carry out cultural empathy.In cross-cultural communication, we should set up immerse yourself into the experience in the cultural atmosphere of each other, and obtain the relevant knowledge.The use of various forms, through various channels, to understand the culture of the other people.2.3 Correct use of verbal and nonverbal communicationA good language skills can not only make the cross-cultural management successfully communicate with the local people, but also can make the local people treat you as your own. Compared with use translation to communicate with people on cross-cultural communication, which it is a kind of competitive advantage. Although sometimes we cannot familiar with each other’s language, but in the communication of non-verbal communication in the communication activities accounted for 90%, which is an important factor in cross-cultural communication effectively. Therefore, before we communicate, we must know the aspects of language of the other country and non-verbal what is different with your country.We need to pay attention to the use of nonverbal communication carefully, such as the same nonverbal communication mayhave different meanings in two different cultures and some nonverbal may be meaningless in one culture, but it has significance in another culture.3. Two Theories of Cross-Cultural Communication3.1 Face-negotiation theoryFace-negotiation theory was first proposed by Brown and Levinson (1978)to understand how to manage the relationship between people of different cultures and differences.Goffman, the American sociologist who first systematically explored the face-negotiation theory, uses the analogy of drama as a way of thinking that people interact with others and always want to make a certain impression on others by means of techniques and skills. The same as the actors during the performance, the use of reasonable performance skills to control the audience's own views.The so-called face, it is the people in the process of communication with others, showing an image of self. The image of self is including two aspects: first "self-image" is my image in the eyes of others; second, the "my image" can be manipulated. People have a natural tendency to manage and maintain an image of self. People pay more attention to their own face, which is the main psychological factor affecting our daily communication behavior.In recent years, many scholars are more concerned about the face-negotiation theory proposed by Stella Ting-Toomey (1998), this is a kind of diversified theory. The theory is that the face-negotiation of the construction must be the process of negotiation, success depends on the efforts of the two sides of communication. In the process of communication, communication between the two sides actively construct their own face. At the same time also should be maintain each other face and maintain is complementary.Face-negotiation theory involves many aspects, including intercultural communication, conflict, politeness and "face saving". The application of this theory in cross-cultural communication research is the most outstanding.Different types of culture determine different ways of saving face, which determines the different ways of dealing with conflict.Ting-Toomey thought that the face has a negative face and positive face. Negative face means to maintain independence and freedom,individualistic culture is the pursuit of a negative face. Positive face is that we want to be important people like and worship, collectivism culture is the pursuit of a positive face. Negative faces include "Face-restoration" and "Face-saving."On my experience in China, Chinese pay attention to “to honor somebody.” and to avoid "to lose face", sometimes we also need to “to show due respect for someone's feelings”. For example, when we are going to speak something, such as asking for, criticizing, or accusing, expressing comfort. In order to take care about both sides of the face and feeling, the Chinese strategy is often agree with your opinion firstly and then said your insufficient that is the so-called "seek common ground".In the Chinese culture only noticed yourself and other people's identity and social status, know how to protect others "face", and the implementation of the speech act of proportion, to harmony, will be considered to be polite.In additional, sometimes in China he Chinese people in the banquet advised you to eat a little food in order to show hospitality, which is actually a threat to each other's negative face, is reluctant to each other, hinder each other's personal freedom.3.2Communication Accommodation TheoryCommunication accommodation theory (CAT) is a theory of communication developed by Howard Giles (1988).When people talk with each other, they often imitate each other's speech style and behavior. In general, we communication with people who speak the same language, have similar movements, or even speak the speed of speech. Of course, we will also respond to other communicators in the same way. If you are talking to someone who has not attended college, you will avoid the use of special terms that are only used in high school or college - for example, during a mid-term or final exam, study, cafeteria, etc.when the conversation interaction, they will adjust the way of speaking, pronunciation and posture to adapt to others. Giles and his colleagues argue that speakers adapt to others for a variety of reasons because some of them want to get approval from the listener, others want to communicate more effectively, and others want positive social identity. But we do not always achieve our goals.For example, during my studying in Japan, beginning Japanese will suddenlyrecognize me not their country, but after a period of time when I slowly adapt to the use of their language and imitation behavior will gradually integrate them, and cultural differences will become smaller.4. What do these theories explain?Face - negotiation theory has played an important role in the development of intercultural communication research.Face-negotiation theory provides a new perspective for us to better understand intercultural communication and gives us a chance to think about how to solve the communication barrier between different cultures. And it also explains the different definitions of compromise in different cultures.Communication accommodation theory also has played an important role in our lives. This theory is used by a large number of studies.In cross-cultural communication, it has been to explain cross-cultural communication behavior in many ways, such as why do we learn from each other in the second language and to use non-verbal express their own views. In additional when people enter a new environment for cross cultural communication, the speed of learning language and understanding of other country cultural can be very rapid.What do they fail to explain?An important aspect of the Face - negotiation theory is the study of differences in the differences in face work and conflict resolution styles between individualistic culture and collectivist culture, but the theory cannot fully explain or interpret the cultural differences among them.Some elements of the abstract is too abstract to explain some specific issues.In communication adaptation theory, Jane Zuengler (1991) believes that over adaptation is used to indicate the speaker in the process of speaking too much to consider, too far. This concept is the expression of people although the behavior is good, but too much of each other, but each other as condescending, but give a person a kind of superior, favors in people's feeling.This cannot be a very good application in cross-cultural communication to solve the problem of language and culture conflict. On my opinion, there is still not enough to explain the degree of communicationaccommodation.What are the implications of your insights for cross-cultural communicationin international business organizations?Because of the difference of culture and national psychology will be affects the management and decision, and this decision than a technical problem in the agreement is more complex in international business activities. The cultural differences between different countries make between different countries. For example in the Sino-US joint venture, the Americans are mainly forced on profits, while the Chinese are interested in market share. In China, collectivism has a very big impact on our lives, but in the United States, individualism is more respected. People who speak different languages with different ways of thinking, have different insights for the world with different eyes, make different decisions in the same thing. Sometimes they seem to be talking about the same things, but actually does not know the true meaning of each other. The rigorous German Americans, flexible, calm the French, enthusiastic The Spaniard, Japanese and so on are elusive and is closely related to their language and cultural background. Therefore, in international business activities not only we need to be master the business rules, but also require to understand how they think about things. So as to be able to strategize in international business activities, invincible.I think that the use of cross-cultural communication strategies flexibly, will be promote the success of the communication in international business organizations. Business cooperation should be well known with each other.To improve the sensitivity of cultural differences, which will cut down the instability because of cultural differences, so as to increase the behavior with each other. This will make the business communication more smoothly, and increase cooperation opportunities.The cultivation of cross cultural awareness is important for business activities, with the awareness of intercultural communication, which is not only helps to overcome cultural barriers but also we can able to found that the cause of misunderstanding or opposing each other.1. Hogan, R. Development to fan Empathy Scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 19692.卡西尔［Ｍ］．上海译文出版社，1985年P1543.Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1978). Universals in language usage: Politeness phenomena. In Questions and politeness: Strategies in social interaction (pp. 56–311). Cambridge University Press.4. Zuengler, J., and Bent, B. 1991. "Relative Knowledge of Content Domain: An Influence on Native-Nonnative Conversations."5. Ting-Toomey, S., & Kurogi, A. (1998).Intercultural conflict styles: A face negotiation theory.6.Giles, Howard; Henwood, Karen (1988)."Accommodating the elderly: Invoking and extending a theory". Language in Society。
湖北省部分市州2022-2023学年高二7月期末联合调研考试英语试题
湖北省部分市州2022-2023学年高二7月期末联合调研考试英语试题学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、阅读理解First released in the late 1950s, Lego has become an iconic toy, which is loved and appreciated by millions around the world. Here, we’ve put together some of the Lego sets that may appeal to you.Darth Maul Lego HeadCost: $1, 255If you don’t know who he is, then I suggest you watch Star Wars: Episode I-The Phantom Menace. This Lego set contains over 1, 800 small individual pieces, making one hell of a set to complete. If you have the time, patience and desire to put together a set like this, you can earn yourself some serious bragging (吹嘘) rights in your Lego social circle!Rebel Blockade RunnerCost: $1, 330One of the biggest Lego sets on the list is the Rebel Blockade Runner. It’s pretty giant, to say the least, and is made up of over 1, 700 pieces and is from Star Wars: Episode IV-A New Hope. If you’re also a Star Wars fan, you should seriously think about adding this to your collection!Eiffel TowerCost: $1, 455Breaking out of the Star Wars is the Eiffel Tower, released in 2007. With 3, 428pieces, this is the tallest Lego set on the market and should only be attempted if you have the determination and patience to see it through! It was built to 1: 300 scale (比例尺) from the real tower.LECA Automobile (LEGO Inside Tour Exclusive 2005 Edition)Cost: $2, 350As one of the top 5 most expensive Lego sets in the world, it’s not the coolest or most pretty looking Lego set. However, it’s different and rare, and includes 4, 060 pieces. So, if cars are your thing, please click here to know more about it.1．What do the Darth Maul Lego Head and Rebel Blockade Runner have in common?A．They are sold at the same price.B．They contain the same pieces.C．They relate to the same movie.D．They were released in the same year. 2．What do we know about the Eiffel Tower?A．It is the most expensive Lego set.B．It is a mini version of the real tower.C．It is relatively easy to put it together.D．It is the biggest Lego set in the world. 3．Where can we probably read the text?A．In a science report.B．In a newspaper.C．In a fashion magazine.D．On a website.Rose Ayling-Ellis is making history — and learning to jive (跳牛仔舞). She will be the first-ever deaf competitor on Strictly Come Dancing.When the 26-year-old was announced as a competitor in August, people were very shocked, not least because many still hold the baseless belief that deaf people can’t enjoy music or dance.Rose Ayling-Ellis takes the opportunity to appear on the show for the same reason why other competitors do — to have the time of her life. But as she outlines the barriers that deaf athletes face on TV, it is obvious that she wants to use her platform to address them. “We need more behind the camera because that’s what makes it real to what deaf people’s experiences are like.”On Strictly Come Dancing, the staff have been given professional deaf awareness training, including the judges, and presenters Tess Daly and Daniel Winkleman. The professional dancers and producers have learned a little British Sign Language, and Rose will have an interpreter on set. She believes that deaf people deserve nothing less. “If you put the right support in place and get it all set up, I can do my job as easily as anyone else.”Rose wants to be the representation that she herself did not see on screen growing up. Many deaf children come from hearing families, and some are perhaps the only deaf student in their school. “Hopefully, it will give them the realization that they can do whatever career they want,” she says. “Nothing is impossible, and I know that a lot of deaf children grow up in society that thinks it’s not possible for them to succeed. But no — you can do it.”She has two missions: to dance her way home with the first prize, and to show deaf people are limitless when the barriers are removed. No matter how well she dances, it is the latter goal that may have the biggest influence.4．Why does Rose want to appear on the show?A．To tackle the difficulties that deaf competitors face on TV.B．To make herself the first-ever deaf competitor on the show.C．To show her talent for dancing and singing on the platform.D．To challenge the belief of deaf people’s inability to perform.5．What have the staff done for Rose’s competition?A．Tess Daly has served as an interpreter on set.B．The hosts have received deaf awareness training.C．The producers have learned Sign Language well.D．The dancers have got professional dance training.6．What does Rose think of deaf people?A．They will give way to the barriers they face.B．They deserve more than theable-bodied.C．They can do their jobs as easily as others.D．They can pursue whatever they please. 7．Which of the following words can best describe Rose?A．Inspiring and ambitious.B．Devoted and creative.C．Determined and productive.D．Patient and demanding.Our city is in a sorry state. Outdoor pollution kills 4.2 million people a year, according to the World Health Organization. Concrete and tarmac (柏油碎石材料) absorb the sun’s rays rather than reflecting them back into space, and also replace plants which would otherwise cool things down. The continuous spread of buildings and roads thus turns urban areas into heat islands, discomforting residents and worsening dangerous heatwaves.A possible answer is trees. Their leaves may destroy at least some chemical pollutants (污染物) and provide shade. In 2019, researchers at the University of Wisconsin found that American cities need 40% tree coverage to cut urban heat back meaningfully. Unfortunately, not all cities — and especially not those springing up in the world’s poor countries — are blessed with parks, private gardens or even street trees in sufficient numbers.Miyawaki Akira, a plant ecologist at Yorkhama National University, in Japan, has developed a new way to increase unban greening. It is to plant miniature simulacra (微型仿制品) of natural forests in the unpromising abandoned areas. Dr Miyawaki has organised the planting of more than 1, 500 of these miniature forests, first in Japan, then in other parts ofthe world. Others are following in his footsteps. India is particularly keen. In Mumbai, more than 200,000 trees are found in Miyawaki forests throughout the city. Hyderabad started growing the largest individual forest of the lot in 2020.The Miyawaki method will never work out on a large scale. Relying on nature and the passage of time is probably the best for replanting extensive areas of damaged woodlands. But if your goal is to better your immediate neighborhood, rather than to save the planet from global warming, then Dr. Miyawaki might well be your man.8．What do we know from Paragraph 1?A．Plants are replaced to cool things down.B．Urban areas are becoming pollution hotspots.C．Buildings and roads make residents comfortable.D．Concrete and tarmac reflect heat back into space.9．What does the research in 2019 imply?A．Plants provide shade for urban residents.B．Tree coverage needs to be furtherexpanded.C．The situation in urban areas gets steadily worse.D．Trees cut down chemical pollution from factories.10．What can we learn about the Miyawaki method?A．It originated from India.B．It takes effect as expected.C．It makes no difference to Mumbai.D．It is finding increasing favour. 11．What is the passage mainly about?A．A practical strategy to save our planet.B．A flexible schedule to settle a challenge.C．A partial solution to the lack of urban greening.D．An effective measure toprevent global warming.Women in the UK are living shorter lives on average than most other countries in Europe, according to an analysis by Public Health England (PHE).Spanish women have the highest life expectancy (预期) in Europe, at 86. 3 years in2016. The average for the UK is 83, taking 17th place out of 28 European nations. Men in the UK do better, in 10th place and with above-average life expectancy of 79. 4, but men in Italy, the leading nation, can expect to live to 81.“We are in the middle of the pack and we would like to be at the top. There is no reasonwhy we shouldn’t be as healthy as anywhere in Europe,” said Prof. John Newton, director of health improvement at PHE.“It is certain of concern that we have worse outcomes than other European countries,” he added. “We tend to do badly in men with respiratory (呼吸的) diseased and in women with cancer, especially breast cancer. Many of the causes of long term diseases in the UK which shorten lives are preventable.” Obesity (肥胖) is causing a big increase in the numbers of people developing some illnesses. The report shows the numbers with the illness like diabetes are expected to rise swiftly, from just under four million last year to nearly five million in 2035. Along with alcohol, obesity is also one of the factors behind the rise in breast cancer.Most of the strategies to combat obesity are aimed at children. “In many ways it is easier to intervene,” said Newton. “We have a duty to care for children. But it is equally important that adults are encouraged to eat a better diet.”There is strong policy support for childhood obesity programs, he said, such as the sugary drinks tax, restriction on advertising junk food to children and pressures on food companies cutting the sugar, salt and calories in their products. There is little directed specifically at adults. However, Newton said, “Nearly all of the measures will also improve adult obesity.”12．What does the analysis by PHE tell us?A．British women have the lowest life expectancy in Europe.B．Spanish women take the lead in life expectancy in Europe.C．Men in Italy enjoy the highest life expectancy in the world.D．British men live almost as long as British women on average.13．According to Newton, what accounts for the unsatisfying outcomes?A．Poorer living conditions.B．More pressure from work.C．Worse medical treatment.D．Less effort in prevention.14．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “combat” in Paragraph 5?A．Study.B．Discount.C．Fight.D．Assess. 15．What should the government do according to Newton?A．Adopt policies on unhealthy foods.B．Pay due attention to adult obesity.C．Try to regulate food companies by law.D．Develop strategies on childhood obesity.二、七选五Video doorbells, an American import, are now taking off in the UK. 16Historically, cameras around the home have been used only for security, and that’s a pretty good reason to have cameras. 17 It’s more than security. The ones with built-in speakers and microphones enable you to talk to the person at your door, via your smartphone, tablet or laptop. This means you can, for example, ask delivery drivers to drop your package at a neighbour’s house — even if you’re in Australia! 18 And, of course, they record video footage (画面) of potential criminal activity.How do they work? Equipped with motion sensors, video doorbells start recording video when someone approaches your property. 19 That means high definition and colour. Many doorbell cameras also feature night vision technology, which is definitely a benefit if security is high on your agenda. Doorbell cameras can prevent thieves — some even state out loud that they are recording — and also provide the police with invaluable evidence if there should a crime take place. You can also programme your device so it’s right for your home. If you’re close to a road, you don’t want the camera recording every time a car drives past, so you can adjust your doorbell camera accordingly. 20Video doorbells are neat bits of kit, and definitely worth having if you’re away a lot or if security is a concern.A．But why might you need one and how do they work?B．Different video doorbells are powered in different ways.C．However, the new generation of smart doorbells can do so much more.D．The quality of the video tends to be exceptional, even with the cheaper models.E．You can also change the angle of the recording and the type of footage it records.F．Video doorbells allow working parents to check that their kids have arrived home safely.G．You can monitor the elderly and children at home in case something unexpected happen.三、完形填空Going to the hospital can be difficult for anyone. Between all of the machines and beingElla Casano, a 12-year-old Connecticut girl who often gets an IV (输液) for a rare disease, 22 how uncomfortable this environment can be for a kid and decided to create some 23 that would make it less 24 by placing them over the IV machine.“When I had my first IV, I was very nervous at the 25 of so many medical machines,” Casano said. “As I saw more children experiencing the same feelings, I became more interested in creating a 26 experience for young IV patients. So I 27 Medi Teddy. I hope Medi Teddy helps you just as much as it does me.”At age seven, Casano was diagnosed (诊断) with a serious disease. Most children recover by themselves, but Casano is in a 28 situation because her disease has never gone away. Every eight weeks she spends a day in the hospital 29 an IV. Without the 30 , Casano can’t even do daily 31 like running, playing soccer or riding her bike.The girl’s kindness 32 the hospital staff. “Yes, I am proud of her, but 33 that I feel happy for her,” her mother said. “She has 34 so much, and I’m so happy to see her so excited that her 35 is taking off.”21．A．odd B．awkward C．awful D．common 22．A．wondered B．imagined C．studied D．realized 23．A．toys B．games C．pictures D．cards 24．A．puzzling B．frightening C．disappointing D．annoying 25．A．mention B．sight C．sound D．thought 26．A．luckier B．friendlier C．stranger D．deeper 27．A．found B．bought C．borrowed D．created 28．A．rare B．similar C．real D．new 29．A．reserving B．requiring C．receiving D．repeating 30．A．experience B．program C．treatment D．operation 31．A．activities B．homework C．business D．routine 32．A．benefited B．touched C．honored D．changed 33．A．better than B．less than C．rather than D．more than 34．A．got across B．paid back C．gone through D．taken away 35．A．discovery B．career C．progress D．idea四、用单词的适当形式完成短文阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Culture Shock跨文化交际2
Honeymoon phase
Reverse culture shock
Rejection phase
Regression phase Kalvero Oberg
The first 3 stages
Level 1
Cultural differences are exotic
More negative attitudes towards the new culture
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Take energy to express frustration and anger
Reject the new culture
and escape
Practicing English
P330
One night a Chinese student majoring in English sat on the steps of the foreign students’ residence and talked with 2 young male foreign students, one German and one American. They did not speak a word to her on their own initiative, but she asked many questions to get a conversation started. Every time they answered her with only one or two
Become more optimistic
Improve in their language skills
刮痧开题报告
本科毕业论文开题报告中文题目：从电影《刮痧》看中美文化差异英文题目：The difference between Chinese and American cultures reflected in TheTreatment学院名称：外国语学院专业班级：英语101学生姓名：梅洋学号：201006324829指导教师：武永2014 年2月3 日选题目的与意义Since global is impossible to hold back. The communication between different cultures is getting more and more frequently. But the different values and the way deal with things of different cultures lead to culture conflicts in culture communication. And this paper is working on dig deep on the movie The Treatment directed by Zheng Xiaolong on culture difference and the way for main culture conflicts.Because the Inter-culture Communication has been used more and more widely and frequently, but on the other hand people has little knowledge of culture difference. People may learn how dose other country’s people live from different kind of media and news. But it’s not only incompletely but also with political view. So some colleges open some Inter-culture Communication courses to let students learn more about culture difference to adapt to the increasing Inter-culture Communication and gain more competition in their career. But to be honest, those courses can just lead the students to Inter-culture Communication not grapple the matter of Inter-culture Communication. But films have its adventures. It’s less infected by the policy, and it’s much easier for audiences to get the main idea. That’s why film becomes such an important role in learning culture difference. But in the daily life as far as I know a normal problem that student often ignores the teaching part but focus on the entertainment part. So I took Director Zheng Xiaolong’s movie The Treatment as breakthrough point and dig the details to show the matter. I hope this paper could help students in a way.国内外研究概况In 1960s, it’s a time of Information Technology. Canadian specialist Marshall McLuhan came up with an idea of “Global Village”. T hat’s a giant leap in human communication history between country and country. With more and more convenient mass Medias and transportations, people around the world get in touch with each other much more frequently in business, scholar, policy and some other areas. In America, Inter-culture Communication was first set as a course for diplomat training. American humanist Edward T. Hall is usually treated as the father of Inter-culture Communication analysis. His famous work The Silence Language is the foundation of modern Inter-culture Communication analysis. And in recent years, more and more books and magazines on Inter-culture Communication have been published. In China, Inter-culture Communication analysis started at about 1980s. It has been rapidly developed for the reason of opening and reforming. A big number of scholars published their papers on Inter-culture Communication in different ways. It can be concluded in value, thinking ways, relationship, education and language figures and some other ways.论文框架ContentsAbstractKey Words1.Introduction2.The Sentiments and Culture Background of The Treatment3.Different Values Showed in the Movie and the Conclusion3.1 Chinese Value Showed in the Movie3.2 American Value Showed in the Movie4.Different Law Cultures Showed in the Movie and the Conclusion 4.1 Chinese Law Culture Showed in the Movie and Analysis4.2 American Law Culture Showed in the Movie and Analysis5.Different Education Showed in the Movie and the Conclusion 5.1 Chinese Education Showed in the Movie5.2 American Education Showed in the Movie6.Conclusion进度安排1、论文选题（2013.10.10—11.15）：初步阅读文献，明确选题方向，确定选题。
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On the Cross-Cultural Awareness of an Interpreter Abstract: Cross-cultural awareness is one of the basic requirements for interpreters when they participate in intercultural communications, which is a particular way of thinking, a criterion for judgment or an acute sensitivity to be cultivated by the interpreters. Interpreters should remain aware of the possible cultural differences and conduct cultural mediating accordingly in interpretation.Key words:cross-culture awareness interpretation criterion cultivationⅠIntroductionWith the globalization of economy and science, cross-cultural communication is well on its way to becoming an everyday phenomenon[1]. Interpretation is then necessitated, which, as an art of cross-cultural communication, aims at establishing mutual understandings between members of different cultures in accordance with a previously determined communicative target purpose.Therefore, the interpreter, as a cultural and linguistic analyst and a cross-cultural communicator, must be bicultural as well as bilingual.ⅡThe Concept of Cross-Cultural AwarenessThe cross-cultural awareness is one of the basic requirements for an interpreter when he or she participates in the intercultural communication, which is a particular way of thinking, a criterion for judgment or an acute sensitivity to cultivated by the interpreter.According to Hanvey’s view, cross-cultural awareness means a sensitive cognition towards cultural elements of one who attends intercultural communication.Ways of expression differ from others if the speakers come from different culture backgrounds. Thus, successful interpreting is the result of accurate comprehension and reconstruction and application of various skills and techniques in a professional manner and to a professional standard that will be achieved at both discourse and cultural level.ⅢThe Relationship between Cross-Cultural Awareness and Interpretation(1) The role of an interpreterEvery language has its distinct culture background, therefore, interpreting is the communication across cultural barriers, cultural differences and linguistic distances.The absence of a shared code system and common cultural assumption and the ethnocentric thinking often stymie successful intercultural communication. Mr. Wang Zuoliang has said, “An in terpreter deals with a few words, but facing with two distinct cultures.” Therefore, “the interpreter must be a real intellectual. To usher in the effective communication, the interpreter should serve as a bridge between two cultures as well as two languages.Let’s take an example:Baudelaire’s translation of Poe may be “better” poems than those Poe wrote; but those who read them have read Baudelaire’s version of Poe; not Poe.If the interpreter knew the French Poet Charles Baudelaire is famous all over the world for introducing American poet and novelist Edgar Allen Poe, he should easily interpret that as follow:波德莱尔所译的爱伦坡的诗,也许比爱伦坡自己所写得更好;但读那些诗的人只是读了波德莱尔所译的爱伦坡;而并非真正的爱伦坡。
And We would be accustomed to saying“这是我应该做的.” to answer “Thank you for doing it for me.”But because of different customs, an interprete should express it as “With pleasure.” or “It is my pleasure.”Idioms and allusions also must be paid more attention to. We must actively explain “鹤蚌相争” as “We are fighting hard in the boxing match, while the next player is waiting for touch down with a coffee.”(2) The criterion for an interpreterThe correctness of interpretation does not mean correct grammar only, but also possesses other features such as “accurately”, “appropriately” and “culturally”. (准确性、得体性、符合文化性). Therefore, a so-called excellent interpreter could create a relaxed and harmonious atmosphere for intercultural communication. For example, “The children were full of hell” should be interpreted into“孩子们在尽情玩闹”.ⅣSignificances of the Conscious Cultivation of Cross-Cultural Awareness by an Interpreter(1) The reduction of faults in intercultural communicationDue to the cultural and linguistic distances between source language and targetlanguage, an interpreter’s any fault will cause interruption or even failure of discourse.Of all these faults, the first one is completely translation fault; The second one is to make interlocutors misunderstood for they are in different cultures; The third one is mainly pragmatic faults which results from the interpreter neglects intercultural principles and interpret literally.It is hard to avoid faults during interpreting. However, the interpreter can reduce faults through studies on different culture and conscious cultivation of cross-cultural awareness.(2) The promotion of intercultural communicationIn most effective intercultural communication, the interpreter should translate not only at linguistic lever but also at cultural lever. A good interpreter should enhance their competence in both verbal and nonverbal communicative aspects, cultivate cross-cultural awareness, and conduct cultural mediating accordingly in interpretation.References:[1]陈东成.文化差异与翻译[M].长沙:中南大学出版社,2000.[2]李逵六.口译[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1994.[3]Hanvey,R.G.Cross-cultural Awareness. In E.C. Smith and L.F. Luce, Toward Internationalism: Reading in Cross-cultural Communication[C].Rowley,MA: Newbury House Publishers,1979.44-56.[4]王佐良.翻译:思考与试笔[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1989.[5]朱佩芬.实用英汉口译技巧[M]. 上海:华东理工大学出版社,1995.[6]庄恩平.口译原则初探[J].上海科技翻译,1997,(3):21-22.。