chapter 7 changes in word meaning
英文专业词汇学考试复习资料
Chapter 1 The Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1、The Definition of a WordLexicology focuses on the study of meanings and origins of words.According to semanticists（语义学家）, a word is a unit of meaning.A word is a minimal（最小的）free form of a language that has a given sound, meaningand syntactic function（句法功能）.2、 VocabularyAll the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary.3、 Sound and MeaningThe relationship between sound and meaning is no logic4、 Sound and FormThere was more agreement between sound and form in Old English than in Modern English.With the development of the language, more and more differences arose between sound and form.（1）、What is the relationship between sound and meaning? Give examples to illustrate it.The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary and conventional. In differentlanguages, the same concept can be shown by different sounds. “Woman”, for example,becomes “Frau” in German, “Femme” in French and “fu nv” in Chinese. On the otherhand, the same sound [mi:t] is used to mean “meet, meat, mete”, denoting differentthings.（2）、What are the four major reasons for the differences between sound and form?The first reason (he internal reason) is that there are more phonemes （音素）than lettersin English. Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly thanspelling over the years. The third reasons that some of the differences more created bythe early scribes. The fourth reason is the borrowing.（3）、How are words classified in the course book?Words can be classified by different criteria and for different purposes. Words may fallinto: the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency; content words andfunctional words by notion; native words and borrowed words by origin; simple words,compounds and derived words by morphology.（4）、What is the difference between denizens and aliens?Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated（完全同化）into the English language. But aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. These words are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin.Chapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary1、The Indo-European Language FamilyThe prehistoric Indo-European parent language, thought to be a highly inflected （内部曲折语）language.The first peoples who inhabited the land were Celts.The second language known in English was Latin of the Roman Legions.（1）、Old English（450-1150）In the 9th century England was invaded by Norwegian and Danish Vikings.（2）、Middle English（1150-1500）The French influence on English vocabulary was one of the significant points of theMiddle English period.The most important fact of the Middle English period was the steady erosion of theinflectional systems of Old English.（3）、Modern English（1500-present）In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancientGreek and Roman classics.It is estimated that about one fourth of modern English vocabulary has come from French.3、 Foreign Elements in the English VocabularyIn earlier stages of English, Latin, Greek, French and Scandinavian were the four major contributors.The simultaneous existence of French, Latin and English lasted for a century.4、 Modes of Vocabulary DevelopmentModern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, semantic change（旧词新义）and borrowing.Creation is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.5、简答What are the characteristics of Old English?Old English also known as the Anglo-Saxon, has a vocabulary of about 50000 to 60000 words, which are almost monogeneous and entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian. Old English was a highly inflected language.It was a synthetic language（综合性语言）.（Modern English is an analytic language）Chapter 3 Morphological Structure of English Words1、 MorphemesThe minimal meaningful units in English are known as morphemes（词素）.Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs.4、 Allomorphs（词素变体）An allomorph refers to a member of a set of morphs, which represent one morpheme.6、A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss ofidentity.7、简答（1）、What is the difference between free morphemes and bound morphemes?Free morphemes which have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as freegrammatical units in sentences are independent of other morphemes, but boundmorphemes which cannot occur as separate. Words are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function.（2）、What is the difference between derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes?Derivational morphemes are used to derive new words, but inflectional morphemes areemployed used to indicate the syntactic （句法）relationship between words and functionas grammatical markers.Chapter 4 Word FormatioThe most productive ways of creating new words are affixation, compounding, and conversion. 1、AffixationThe words created by adding word forming or derivational affixes to bases are calledderivatives.2、Compounding（复合法）Example: workfare(work+welfare)In adjective-plus-noun compounds, the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes.Verb compounds are created either though conversion or through back-formation.3、Conversion（转类法）The conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs is the most productive.The conversion of two syllable nouns into verbs involves a change of stress.Nouns fully converted from adjectives have all the characteristics of nouns.4、 Blending（拼缀法）The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns5、Back-formation（逆身法）Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation.6、简答（1）、What is the main difference between prefixes and suffixes?Unlike prefixes which primarily effect a semantic modification of the base, suffixeshave only a small semantic role, their primary function being to changes thegrammatical function of a base, i.e. the change of the word class with a slightmodification of meaning.（2）、What are the three main features of compounds?The three main features of compounds are phonological features, semantic features and grammatical features. The word stress of a compound usually occurs on the first element.Each compound should express a single idea just as one word. A compound tends to playa single grammatical role in a sentence.（3）、What is back-formation? What are the characteristics of back-formation?Back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.Words created through back-formation are verbs. Stylistically, back-formed words are largely informal and some of them have not successfully gained currency.（4）、What is acronymy? What is the difference between initialisms and acrnyms?Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of composite names of social and political organizations or phrases used as technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms. Initialisms are pronounced letter by letter, but acronyms are pronounced as normal words7、论述题1、“Medicare” and “sitcom” are blends. “Medicare” is formed by combining the head of “medical’and the word “care”, and “sitcom” is formed by combining the head of “situation” and that of “comdey’.2、”Memo” and “flu” are clipped words. “Memo” is formed by clipping the lack of“memorandum” and “flu” is formed clipping the front and lack of “influenza”.3、”TB” and “NATO” are new words created through acronymy. “TB” from “tuberculosis” is aninitialism, while “NATO” from “the North Atlantic Treaty Organization” is an acronym.Chapter 5 Word Meaning and Componential Analysis（成份分析法）1、ReferenceWords are but symbols, many of which have meaning only when they have acquiredreference.2、Concept（概念）Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical.Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.3、SenseUnlike reference, sense denotes the relationships inside the language.4、Motivation（理据）（1）、What is reference? What are the characteristics of reference?Reference is the relationship between language and the world. By means of reference, a speaker indicates which things in the world are being talked about. The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional. Although reference isa kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something definite.（2）、What is conceptual meaning? What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning?Conceptual meaning known as cognitive, denotative, or designative is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as The same word generally has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same speech community. (language).（3）、What is the difference between conceptual meaning and associative meaning?Conceptual meaning known as cognitive, denotative, or designative is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. But Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual meaning because it is open-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc. .（4）、What is collocative meaning? What are the characteristics of collocative meaning?Collocative meaning is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words with which it co-occurs. It is again noticeable that collocative meaning overlaps with connotative and affective meaning because in a sense both connotative and affective meanings are revealed by virtue of collocations or contextuality.Chapter 6 Sense Relations（语义关系）The first meaning of a word is called primary meaning. Later meanings are called derived meaningsThe meaning of a more specific word is include in that of another more general word.简答What is the difference between radiation and concatenation（连锁型）?Unlike radiation where each of the derived meanings is directly connected to the primary meaning, concatenation describes a process where each of the later meanings is related only to the preceding one like chains.Chapter 7 Changes in Word MeaningThe vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in the sign-shapes and sign contents.（1）、What is semantic transfer? What are the four main types of transfer?Some words which were used to designate/indicate one thing but later changed to meansomething else have experienced the process of semantic transfer. The four main typesof transfer are the associated transfer, the transfer between abstract and concretemeanings, the transfer between subjective and objective meanings and the synesthesim.（2）、What are the two factors causing changes in meanings? How are they classified?The two major factors that cause changes in meaning are the extra-linguistic factors andthe linguistic factors. The extra-linguistic factors include the historic reason, the classreason and the psychological reason. The linguistic factors include shortening,borrowing and analogy.（类比）Chapter 8 Meaning and Context（语境）1、 Types of ContextWithout context, there is no way to determine the meaning that the speaker intends to convey.When we talk about context, we usually think of linguistic context, hardly aware of theAmbiguity often arises due to polysemy, homonymy and grammatical structure. When a word with multiple meanings is employed in inadequate context, it creates ambiguity.3、简答（1）、what is the difference between linguistic context and extra-linguistic context?Linguistic refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears and it is known as linguistic context or co-text may extend to embrace a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book. But extra-linguistic or non-linguistic context refers to the participants, time, place, and even the whole cultural background（2）、What is the difference between lexical context and grammatical context?Lexical context refers to the words that co-occur with the word in question. The meaning of the word is often affected and defined by the neighbouring words. But grammaticalcontext refers to the structure which may influence the meaning of a polysemant.4、论述题Read the sentence carefully. If you find anything inappropriate, explain the reasons and then improve the sentence.a.He is a hard businessman.John ran the egg and spoon race.1、The sentence is ambiguous. The ambiguity is caused by polysemy.2、The word “hard” in this sentence can be understood as “hardworking” or “difficult”.The context fails to narrow down the meaning so that it is difficult for the reader todecide what exactly the speaker means.3、The ambiguity can be eliminated by altering the context a little. There would be nomisunderstanding of the original sentence if it is expanded as “He is a hardbusinessman to deal with ”, or “He is a hard businessman and he is often praised by hisemployer”.（participated or organized John ran the egg and spoon race and got second place. orJohn ran the egg and spoon race and gain a larger number of money.）b.They saw her duck.The ball was attractive.1、The sentence is ambiguous. The ambiguity is caused by homonymy.2、The word “ball” in this sentence can be understood as a noun, which refer to “roundobject to play in a game” or a “dancing party”. The context fails to narrow down themeaning so that it is difficult for the reader to decide what exactly the speaker means.3、The ambiguity can be eliminated by altering the context a little. It is clear if it isexpanded as “The ball was attractive with nice music and a lot of peoples ”, or “Theball made of leather of different colors was attractive”.（kind of poultry or verb meaning ”lower one’s head or body quickly, dodge”They saw her duck or swimming in the river or They saw her duck her body.）c、The fish is ready to eat.I like Mary better than Jean.1、The sentence is ambiguous. The ambiguity is caused by inadequate grammaticalstructure..2、The sentence has two different interpretations. It may mean “the fish is cooked orserved, so ready for people to eat or a “the fish is ready to eat things”. The context fails to narrow down the meaning so that it is difficult for the reader to decide what exactly the speaker means.3、The sentence can be improved as “How nice the fish smell! The fish is ready to eat.” or“The fish is ready to eat things.（I like Mary better than I like Jean or I like Mary better than Jean likes MaryI like Mary better than Jean does. or I like Mary better than I do Jean.）Chapter 9 English IdiomsStylistically, idioms are generally felt to be informal and some are colloquialisms（口语体）and slang.（1）、What are the characteristics of English idioms?The two main characteristics of English idioms are semantic unity and structural stability.Idioms each consist of at least two or more constituents, but each is a semantic unity. The structure of an idiom is to a large extend invariable.（2）、What are the rhetorical features of English idioms?The rhetorical features of English idioms include the phonetic manipulation, the lexicalmanipulation and the semantic manipulation. The phonetic manipulation includesalliteration and rhyme（叠韵）. The lexical manipulation includes reiteration, repletionand juxtaposition. The semantic manipulation includes (Figures of speech) Simile,Metaphor, Metonymy, Synecdoche, Personification, Euphemism.Chapter 10 English DictionariesThe main body of a dictionary is its definitions of words.3、Dictionaries（1）、Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English-English-Chinese（LDCE《朗文高级当代英语词典英汉双解》）Features: Clear Grammar Codes, Usage Notes, Language Notes, New words（2）、Collins COBUILD English Dictionary（CCED《柯林斯COBUILD英语词典》）Features: Definition, Extra Column, Frequency Marker, Pragmatics（词语用法说明）4、British or AmericanAmerican dictionaries contain more encyclopaedic information in the main body than British one whereas British dictionaries, especially learner’s dictionaries, embrace more grammatical information.5、简答What is a dictionary? What is the relationship between a dictionary and lexicology?A dictionary is a book which presents in alphabetical order the words of English,with information as to their spelling, pronunciation, meaning, usage, rules of grammar, and in some, their etymology. It is closely related to lexicology because both deal with the same problems: the form, meaning, usage and origins of vocabulary units.。
词汇学全十章
Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1.What is a word?/ The definition of word.（名词解释）A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2. The relationship between sound and meaning.（填空或简答）The relationship between sound and meaning are arbitrary and conventional. （这两个单词要会拼写）3.Why are there differences between sound and form?/ Explain the reasons that sound isdifferent from form.（简答）1）The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.2）Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years3）A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.4）Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary.4.V ocabulary(简答)All the words in a language make up its vocabulary. The term ‘vocabulary’ is used in different senses. Not only can it refer to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect,a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person.5.The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over one million words. Classification of words(P10这一小节是重中之重，大题小题都会出到，请结合课本认真复习)6.分类标准(选择填空)Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into contents words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words by origin.7.The characteristics of basic words stock (简答)1)All national character2)Stability3)Productivity4)Polysemy5)Collocability8.All national character is the most important of all features that may differentiate words ofcommon use form all others. （选择或填空）9.nonbasic words(名词解释)1)Terminology (术语) consist of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academicareas.(重点)2)Jargon（行话）refers to the specialized vocabulary by which members of particular arts,sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves.（重点）3)Slang（了解）4)Argot （黑话）generally refers to the jargon of criminals.5)Dialectal words （方言）are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.6)Archaisms （古语）are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restrictedonly to specialized or limited use.7)Neologisms（新词）are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken onnew meanings.（重点）10.Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. (名词解释或填空)11.Functional words do not have notions of their own. (名词解释或填空)12.Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.13.Functional words are also called empty words or form words. They include prepositions,conjunctions, auxiliaries, articles and pronouns.14.the functions of native words:Native words form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language. Therefore, what is true of the basic word stock is also true of native words.15.Apart from the characteristics mentioned of the basic word stock, in contrast to borrowedwords, native words have two other features: (选择填空或简答)1)Neutral in style2)Frequent in use 要注意native words一共有5+2=7个特点16.外来语的分类：(选择填空或简答)According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing, we can bring the loan-words under four classes.1)denizens2)aliens3)Translation-loans4)Semantic-loans17.Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now well assimilated into the Englishlanguage. （名词解释）18.Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. （名词解释）19.课本第20页练习中的选择、判断、填空都要仔细看，可能会出到原题Chapter 2 The Development of The English Vocabulary1.英语的三个发展阶段及其时间（简答，填空，选择，三个阶段及其时间都要记住）1)Old English (450-1150)2)Middle English (1150-1500)3)Modern English (1500-up to now)2.Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as Old English （选择，填空）3.Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000words. It was highly inflectedlanguage just like modern German. （古英语的特点，选择，填空）4.Middle English retained much fewer inflection. If we say that Old English was a fullendings, Middle English was one of leveled endings.(中期英语的特点，选择，填空)5.In modern English, word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions. It can beconcluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present analytic language. (现代英语的特点，选择，填空)6.There are three main sources of new words:1)the rapid development of modern science and technology2)social, economic and political changes3)the influence of other cultures and languages7.Modes of vocabulary development (重点，简答)1）Creation2）Semantic change3）Borrowing8.Creation is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.9.第33页课后题中的天空、判断好好看看Chapter 3 Word Formation 11.morpheme: the morpheme is ‘the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.’ (名词解释)2.allomorphs: Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to theirposition in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs.(名词解释)3.types of morphemes （要求会画42页的表）4.free morpheme: Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to befree. (名词解释)5.We might see that free morphemes are free root.6.bound morphemes: morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. (名词解释)7.bound root: a bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just likea free root. It is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. (名词解释)8.what is affixes? Illustrate it with examples. 论述题,这是个重点，课本第41页整页，按上课时画的来回答9. A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed withhold total loss ofidentity. (名词解释)10.A stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in iron or of two root morphemes as in acompound like handcuff. It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes as in mouthful, underestimate.11.we will use stem only because it can replace root and also refer to any form which is largerthan a root.12.第44页课后题三个都要好好看一下Unit 4 Word Formation II1.The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word-formation. Themost productive are affixation, compounding and conversation.（选择，填空）2.Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming orderivation affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation. (名词解释)3.Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. (名词解释)4.Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning.(前缀的特点)5.We classify prefixes on a semantic basis into nine groups:1)Negative prefixes:2)Reversative prefixes3)Pejorative prefixes: mal-, mis-, pseudo-4)Prefixes of degree or size5)Prefixes of orientation and attitude6)Locative prefixes7)Prefixes of time and order8)Number prefixes9)Miscellaneous prefixes（这九种及其例子都要记住，选择题给出例子要知道是属于哪种前缀）6.Suffixes is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. （名词解释）7.Suffixes has only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change thegrammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class. (后缀的特点)8.记住几种后缀及其例子，给出一个后缀要选出是什么意义的后缀pounding: Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words byjoining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compoundings.（名词解释）pounds can be written solid, hyphenated and open.11.Characteristics of compounds/ The differences between compounds and free words (简答)1)Phonetic features2)Semantic features3)Grammatical features12.动词复合词的两种构成形式：(简答)1）Conversation2）Backformation13.Conversation is the formation of new words by conversation words of one class to anotherclass. (名词解释)14.短语动词转换成名词的两种方法：1)Words like hand-out, stand-by are all converted from phrasal verbs. Such conversation isvery common in English. The examples cited here keep their original order, hand-out from hand out, stand-by from stand by.2)Sometimes, when a phrasal verb is turned into a noun, the verb and particle should beinverted.15. Characteristics of full conversation: a noun fully converted from an adjective has all the characteristics of nouns. It can take an indefinite article or –(e) to indicate singular or plural number.16. 熟记以下例子，给出例子，要知道是属于完全转类，一般出选择题或判断题：Common adjectives:a white; a native; finals; drinkables; a liberal; a Republican; necessaries; valuablesParticiples and others:a given; a drunk; young marrieds; newly-weds17. Characteristics of words partially conversation:Nouns partially converted from adjectives do not possess all the qualities a noun does. They must be used together with definite articles. What’s more, they retain some of the adjective features18. 部分转类例子（同16）the poor, the rich, the young, the wounded, the poorer, the more affluent, the most corrupt19. Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. (名词解释)20. Four groups of blends(简答)1) head + tail2) head +head3) head +word4) word +tail21. examples: (选择或判断，要求同前)motel (head + tail)sitcom(head + head)medicare (head +word)22. clipping is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. (名词解释)23. Four common types of clipping (简答)1) Front clipping2) Back clipping3) Front and back clipping4) Phrase clipping24. examples(要求同前)quake, phone (front clipping)flu, fridge, (front and back clipping)pub, pop, zoo (phrase clipping)25. Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.（名词解释）26. Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter. (首字母缩略词)Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word. (首字母拼音词)27. examples：VOA, c/o, p.c. TV (Initialisms)AIDS, N-bomb (Acronyms)28. Back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.(名词解释)29. examples:donate, beggar, babysitter (back-formation)30. Words from Proper Names include names of people, names of places, names of books and trade names.31. examples:Faraday, Ohm, Volta, Quixote (names of people)China (names of places)Utopia, odyssey, Babbit (names of books)Nylon, orlon, Dacron, rayon (trdaenames)31.课本第73页练习，选择，填空和判断都要仔细看Chapter 5 Word Meaning1.Reference is the relationship between language and the world. (名词解释)2.Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objectiveworld in the human mind. It is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on whereas meaning belongs to language, so is restricted to language use. (名词解释)3.Sense denotes the relationships inside the language. (名词解释)4.注意1、2、3的区别5.Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. As weknow, the relationship between the word-form and meaning is conventional and arbitrary, and most words can be said to be non-motivated. That is, the connection of the sign and meaning does not have a logical explanation. Nevertheless, English does not have words whose meanings can be explained to a certain extent. (名词解释或简答)6.Four motivations:（简答）1)Onomatopoeic motivation (拟声理据)2)Morphological motivation (形态理据)3)Semantic motivation (语义理据)4)Etymological motivation (词源理据)7.types of meaning 要会画表8.grammatical meanings refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicatesgrammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs), singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms. (名词解释)9.Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word-meaning. It is known thatgrammatical meaning surfaces only in use. But lexical meaning is constant in all the content words within or without context as it is related to the notion that the word conveys. Lexical meaning itself has two components: conceptual meaning and associative meaning.10.Conceptual meaning (also known as denotative meaning ) is the meaning given in thedictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. (名词解释)11.概念意义的特点：constant and relatively stable12.Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. (名词解释)13.four types of associative meaning: connotative, stylistic, affective and collective.（填空，选择或简答）14.connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptualmeaning. (名词解释)15.stylistic meaning: Apart from their conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic features,which make them appropriate for different contexts. (名词解释)16.stylistic meaning normally classify into formal, neural and informal.17.examples:domicile (very formal, official) residence(formal)abode(poetic)home(general)diminutive (very formal) tiny (colloquial)wee(colloquial, dialectal)记住这些例子，要知道这些是说的词的”stylistic meaning”18.affective meaning: Affective meaning indicated the speaker’s attitude towards the person orthing in question. (名词解释)19.Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative or pejorative.20.collocative meaning: this meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in itscollocation.21.课本第92页课后题选择，填空，判断Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field1.论述题(按课堂上讲答)Please illustrate two approaches to polysemy with examples.The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be dealt with from two different angles: diachronic approach and synchronic approach.2.The development of word-meaning from monosemy to polysemy follows two courses,traditionally known as radiation and concatenation.3.Homonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both insound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. (名词解释)4.Types of Homonyms (简答)1）Perfect homonyms2）Homographs3）Homophones5.Perfect homonyms are identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. （名词解释）6.Homographs are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning. （名词解释）7.Homophones are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning. （名词解释）8.Homophones constitute the largest number and the most common. (填空或选择)9.Origins of Homonyms (简答)1）Change in sound and spelling2）Borrowing3）Shortening10.Differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemants (难点，这个课本上整段都要仔细看，不一定会出什么形式的题)Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with regard to spelling and pronunciation. This creates the problem of differentiation. 1) The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings. 2) One important criterion is to see their etymology. 3) The second principle consideration is semantic relatedness. 4) In dictionaries, a polysemant have meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries. 11.Synonyms: one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or verynearly the same essential meaning. In other words, synonyms share a likeness in denotation as well as I part of speech. (名词解释)12.Synonyms can be classified into two major groups: absolute synonyms and relativesynonyms.13.Absolute synonyms: Absolute synonyms also known as complete synonyms are words shichare identical in meaning in all its aspects, i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including conceptual and associative meaning.14.Discrimination of synonyms:（论述或简答，注意如果出简答题，则不用举例子，直接答每一段的前一句话就行，但如果是论述，以下都答）The differences between synonyms boil down to three areas: denotation, connotation, and application.1)Difference in denotation. Synonyms may differ in the range and intensity ofmeaning. For example,timid and timorous are synonymous, but the former isapplied to both the state of mind in which a person may happen to be at the moment,and to the habitual disposition, and the latter only to the disposition. Therefore,timid has a wider range of meaning than timorous.2)Difference in connotation. By connotation we mean the stylistic and emotivecoloring of words. For example, among the group of policeman, constable, bobbyand cop. Policeman and constable are stylistically neutral, yet the former is usedboth in British English and American English while the latter is only British. B obbyis colloquial, used only in British English and cop is slangy.3)Difference in application. Many words are synonymous in meaning but different inusage in simple terms. They form different collocations and fit into differentsentence patterns. For example, answer and let are synonyms, but we allow sb to dosth and let sb do sth.15.Antonymy （同上题，简答或论述,另外这里面的例子要记住，选择填空或判断中出现要知道属于哪一类反义词）Antonymy is concerned with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning. There are a variety of ‘oppositeness’. They can be classified into three major groups.1)Contradictory terms. These antonyms truly represent oppositeness of meaning. Theyare so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit nopossibility between them. The assertion of one is the denial of the other. In otherwords, if one of the pair is true, then the other cannot be. For example, an animal iseither dead or alive, and there exists no such a case where the animal is both deadand alive. The same is applicable to present/absent, male/female, boy/girl, true/false,same/different and so on.2)Contrary terms. Antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale runningbetween two poles or extremes. Antonyms such as rich/poor, old/young, big/smallrepresent two points at both ends of the pole. The two opposites are gradable andone exists in comparison with the other. (other examples: old/young, open/close,rich/poor, hot/cold, beautiful /ugly这几个答大题是不用写，小题时认识就行)3)Relative terms. This third type consist of relational opposites such as parent/child,husband/wife, predecessor/successor, employer/employee, sell/buy, give/recive. 16.Hyponymy 这部分题量不多，记住其中的例子，可能会出选择、填空或判断，比如flower是rose 的什么词？答案：superordiante17.Semantic field这一部分也是出小题，比如给出一堆蔬菜名称，问这是什么语义场，答案a field of vegetable. 或者其他的语义场，fruit, color, relatives and so on.仔细看一下课本上的例子18.课本123页课后题，选择，填空，判断Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning1.Word-meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation, andtransfer. Of these, extension and narrowing by far the most common.2.Extension is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has nowbecome generalized. （名词解释）3.Narrowing is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specializedsense. (名词解释)4.examples: meat, wife, girl （例子要求同前）5.Elevation refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to position ofimportance. (名词解释)6.Degradation or pejoration of meaning is the opposition of semantic elevation. It is processwhereby of good origins fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.(名词解释)7.examples: silly, knave, criticize8.Transfer: words which were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean somethingelse have experienced the process of semantic transfer.(名词解释)9.causes of changes (简答)1）Extra-linguistic factorsa.historical reasonb.class reasonc.psychological reason2) Linguistic factorsa. shortening of phrasesb. borrowingc. analogyChapter 8 Meaning and Context1.linguistic context : Context is used in different sense. In a narrow sense, it refers to the words,clauses, sentences in which a word appears. This is known as linguistic context, which may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book. (名词解释)2.extra-linguistic context: Context is used in different sense in a broad sense, it includes thephysical situation as well. This is called extra-linguistic or non-linguistic context, which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background. (名词解释)3.Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and grammatical context.4.Lexical context refers to the words that occur together with the word in question. Themeaning of the word is often affected and defined by the neighboring words.(名词解释)5.Grammatical context: In some case, the meaning of a word may be influenced by the structurein which it occurs. This is what we call grammatical context. (名词解释)6.The role of context: (简答)1)elimination of ambiguity2)indication of referents3)provision of clues for inferring word meaning7.Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy, homonymy and grammatical structure.8.课后习题Chapter 9 English Idioms1. Characteristics of idioms(简答)1)semantic unity2)structural stability2. Please explain the structural stability of idioms(简答)1) The constituents of idioms cannot be replaced.2) The word order cannot be inverted or changed.3) The constituents of an idiom cannot be deleted or added to, not even an article.4) Many idioms are grammatically unanalysable.3. According to grammatical functions we classify idioms into five groups.4. Idioms can be classified into 5 groups: (简答)1) Idioms nominal in nature2) Idioms adjectival in nature3) Idioms verbal in nature4) Idioms adverbial in nature5) Sentence idioms5. Idioms nominal in nature: Idioms of this class have a noun as the key word in each and function as a noun in sentences. （名词解释）6. Idioms verbal in nature can be divided into phrasal verbs and verb phrases.7. Phrasal verbs are idioms which are composed of a verb plus a prep and/or a particle. (名词解释)8. As far as sentence types are concerned, sentence idioms embrace declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamative sentences. In terms of complexity they can be further divided into simple, compound and complex sentences.9. Idioms are generally felt to be informal.10. Apart from the stylistic features, idioms manifest apparent rhetorical colouring in such respects as of phonetic manipulation, lexical manipulation and figures of speech. （填空或简答）11. Phonetic manipulation: (1) Alliteration (2) Rhyme12. 应用举例：eat like a horse -----simileBlack sheep, a dark horse------metaphor13. Metonymy: This refers to idioms in which the name of one thing is used for that of another associated with it. (名词解释)14. 课本179页练习，选择，填空，判断，简答。
英语语言学chapter 7
chapter 7Ⅱ. Fill in each of the blanks below with one word which begins with the letter given:1. The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech c_________.2. Speech v_________ refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers.3. From the sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a d_________ variety ofa language.4. Language standardization is also called language p_________.5. Social variation gives rise to s_________ which are subdivisible into smaller speech categories that reflect their socioeconomic, educational, occupational background, etc.6. S_________ variation in a person’s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.7. A regional dialect may gain status and become standardized as the national or o_________ language of a country.8. The standard language is a s_________, socially prestigious dialect of language.9. Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or v_________ languages.10. A pidgin typically lacks in i_________ morphemes.11. Linguistic taboo reflects s_________ taboo.12. The avoidance of using taboo language mirrors social attitudes, emotions and value judgments and has no l_________ basis.13.The four-letter words like “hell”, “shit” in English are called_________ .14.The process from pidgin to Creole is called .15.The term _________was first put forward by linguist Feuguson.16. _________is the type of British Standard English pronunciation which has been regarded as the prestige variety and which shows no regional variation.17.British educational sociologist_________ first made the distinction between elaborated code and restricted code.18. _________is a neutral term, and it can be used instead of regional dialect, social dialect, or pidgin.19.Linguist _________published his paper “The social stratification of English in New Y ork City” in 1966.20.L.L. Zamenhof invented the artificial language .21.Gumperz divided code switching into situational code switching and_________.22. _________is the language system of an individual as expressed by the way he or she speaks or writes within the overall system of a particular language.Ⅲ.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. _______ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech ommunities.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Historical linguisticsD. General linguistics2. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its _____.A. use of wordsB. use of structuresC. accentD. morphemes3. ____ is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.A. Regional variationB. Language variationC. Social variationD. Register variation4. _______ are the major source of regional variation of language.A. Geographical barriersB. Loyalty to and confidence in one’s native speechC. Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to changeD. Social barriers5. _________ means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.A. Language interferenceB. Language changesC. Language planningD. Language transfer6. _________ in a person’s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.A. Regional variationB. Changes in emotionsC. V ariation in connotationsD. Stylistic variation7. A ____ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.A. lingua francaB. registerC. CreoleD. national language8. Although _______ are simplified languages with reduced grammatical features, they are rule-governed, like any human language.A. vernacular languagesB. creolesC. pidginsD. sociolects9. In normal situations, ____ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ____ counterparts with the same social background.A. female; maleB. male; femaleC. old; youngD. young; old10. A linguistic _______ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.A. slangB. euphemismC. jargonD. taboo11. The sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society is called _______.A. SociolinguisticsB. NeurolinguisticsC. MacrolinguisticsD. Microlinguistics12. Which of the followings doesn’t belong to dialectal varieties? _______.A. Regional dialectsB. SociolectC. IdiolectD. Diglossia13. The dialect which is cause by social status is _______.A. regional dialectsB. sociolectC. idiolectD. diglossia14. Standard dialect is _______.A. designated as the official or national language of a countryB. a dialect a child acquires naturally like his regional dialectC. used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposeD. used by people who belong to the higher social status15. Sometimes, two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play. This phenomenon is ______.A. bilingualismB. diglossiaC. pidginD. creole16. Which of the followings does NOT constitute the reason for regional dialect?A. Geographical barrier.B. Loyalty to one’s native speech.C. The existence of standard dialect.D. Physical and psychological resistance to change.17. Which of the following statements is not the concern of sociolinguists?A. The language a person uses reveals his social background.B. There exist social norms that determine the type of language to be used on a certain occasion.C. How does the human mind work when they use language.D. To investigate the social aspects of language.18. The word “language” is someti mes used to refer to the whole of a person’s language. This is called ________.A. scientific languageB. idiolectC. colloquial languageD. formal language19. The form of a given language used in a certain geographical space is called ______.A. styleB. dialectC. registerD. pidgin20. According to Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, which of the following is NOT true?A. Different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around.B. Language filters people’s perception and the way they categorize experiences.C. Language patterns determine or influence people’s thinking and behavior.D. Language structure people habitually uses hows no influence on people’s behavior.21. Which of the following about the relationship between language and culture is NOT true?A. Language use is tinted with its culture.B. Language expresses cultural reality.C. The relationship is analogous to that of structures and processes.D. The relationship of language to cultures that of part to whole.22. The famous line “My love is a red, red rose”, stirs up vividly the imagination of a beautifullady. This is the ________meaning of “rose”.A. denotativeB. connotativeC. iconicD. dictionary23. The meaning that can be found in the dictionaries the _______ meaning of a word.A. denotativeB. connotativeC. iconicD. culture24. In English, “green” in the phrase “green-eyes” is associated with _______.A. unhappy feelingsB. high social positionsC. envy or jealousyD. negative qualities25. France has made special efforts to protect its language from being corrupted by other languages especially American English. This is a kind of ______.A. linguistic imperialismB. linguistic nationalismC. cultural imperialismD. cultural diffusion26. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is about_______.A. language and thoughtB. language and translationC. grammatical structureD. second language acquisition27. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is also known as linguistic ________.A. reliabilityB. relativityC. reversibilityD. reach ability28. Which of the following statements about nonverbal communication is NOT true?A. Nonverbal communication and culture are similar in that both are learned, both are passed on from generation to generation, and both involve shared understandings.B. Studying nonverbal behavior can lead to the discovery of a culture’s underlyi ng attitudes and values.C. Nonverbal actions always occur in isolation.D. Nonverbal communication has five basic functions: to repeat, to complement, to substitute for a verbal action, to regulate, and to contradict a communication event.29. Which statement is NOT right in describing the behaviorists’ view?A. Behaviorists view stresses imitation, stimulation and reinforcement.B. Behaviorists offer a reasonable account of how children acquire some of the regular and routine aspects of the language.C. Behaviorists hold that children learn the language gradually in much the same way as habit-forming.D. Behaviorists’ accounts are convincing especially when it is used to explain children’s acquiring complex system.30. According to Chomsky, the Universal Grammar is ______.A. got through imitation and practiceB. acquired through the interaction with the environmentC. pre-equipped in children’s brainsD. gained specifically for each language31. Which of the following statement is true?A. All normal children plays equal ability in learning their first language.B. Linguistic environment plays an important role in first language learning.C. A child can begin his first language acquisition at any time.D. It is easy for parents to teach their children grammar.32. The child may get confused at hearing the color of white used for paper when he/she first thought is as the word for snow. This is an example for ______.A. under-extensionB. over-extensionC. hearing impairmentD. mental retardation33. Around the age of two, children begin to produce two-word utterances such as “mommy sock”, which of the following statements about this is NOT true. (B)A. This kind of speech is called telegraphic speech.B. This kind of speech is called caretaker talk.C. There are content words in the speech.D. There are not function elements in the speech.34. The children know the taboo words, the polite forms of address during______. (A)A. Pragmatic developmentB. Atypical developmentC. Grammatical developmentD. V ocabulary development35. The theory of universal grammar was proposed by _______.A. Noam ChomskyB. FirthC. F.D. Saussure D. Sapir。
lecture 7
Let us examine just a few words taken from Hamlet :
1. The rivals of my watch, bid them make haste. (partners) 2. …as common as any the most vulgar thing to sense…. (common) 3. I’ll wipe away all trivial fond records. (foolish) 4. How pregnant sometimes his replies are. (meaningful)
The original meaning of “room” is “space; place”, which still remains in such sentences as “There is still room for improvement” and “Give me some room （给我让点地方）”.
Deer is a typical example. Deer originally means “animal” in general as in Shakespeare’s King Lear: Rats and mice and such small deer Have been Tom’s food for seven long days. Now it is restricted to denote a particular kind of animal. Its original meaning is replaced by Latin word animal and French word beast.
Bullish (股市看涨的 股市看涨的) 股市看涨的
英语语言学判断题
判断题：正确写A，错误写BChapter 1:1. Linguistics is the systematic study of language.True.2. Linguistics deals with a particular language.False.3. Linguistics is scientific because it is helpful to language use.False.4. The task of a linguist is to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system.True.5. Linguistics is generally divided into general and specific linguistics.False.6. General linguistics deals with the general aspects of language application.False.7. General linguistics does not study theories of language.False.8. Phonetics studies human sound patterning and the meaning of sounds in communication.False.9. Phonology studies how a sound is produced.False.10. Morphology is the study of sentences.False.11. Syntax is the study of the rules of words.False.12. Semantics is the study of word meaning.False.13. Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context of language use.True.14. Sociolinguistics deals with the relation between language and society.True.15. Psycholinguistics deals with the relation of language to psychology.True.16. Applied linguistics means the language application to specific areas.False.17. Modern linguistics aims at prescribing models for language users to follow.False.18. Synchronic linguistics deals with a series of language phenomena at the same time.False.19. Diachronic linguistics is also called historical linguistics.True.20. Langue means competence.False.21. Parole is a French word; it means the concrete language events.True.22. F. de Saussure was a Swiss linguist.True.23. N. Chomsky is an American linguist.True.24. According to Chomsky, the internalization of a set of rules about his language enablesa speaker to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous.True.25. Chomsky regards competence as an act of doing things with a sentence.False.26. Performance is the focus of Chomsky’s linguistic study.False.Competence, instead.27. Details of language system are genetically transmitted.False.28. Displacement of language means language use in a far-away place.False.29. Arbitrariness of language means language can be used freely.False.30. Duality of language means language is a two-level system.True.Chapter 2:1. Writing is more basic than speech.False.2. There have been some 2,500 languages in the world.False.3. About two thirds of languages in the world have not had written form.True.4. Linguists are interested in all sounds.False.5. The limited range of sounds that are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language.True.6. Phonetic similarity, not phonetic identity, is the criterion with which we operate in the phonological analysis of languages.True.7. The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the oral cavity.True.8. The narrowing of space between the hard palate and the front of the tongue results in the sound [j].True.9. [k], [g] and [n] are velar sounds.False.10. [i] is a semi-close vowel.False.11. [h] is the glottal sound.True.12. [ei] is a monophthong.False.13. Phonology is of a general nature.False.14. Phonetics deals with speech sounds in all human languages.True.15. A phone does not necessarily distinguish meaning.True.16. A phoneme is a phonetic unit.False.t.17. ‘Tsled’ is a possible word in English.False.18. English is a tone language.False.Chapter 3:1. The word ‘predigestion’ is composed of two morphemes.False.2. ‘Teach-in’ is a compound word.True.3. Pronouns belong to closed class words.True.4. The word ‘unacceptability’ has four morphemes.True.5. The word ‘boy’ is a free morpheme.True.6. T he morpheme ‘–or’ in ‘actor’ is an i nflectional morpheme.False.7. The –s in ‘works’ of ‘He works hard.’ is a bound morpheme.False.8. The word ‘unsad’ is acceptable in English.False.9. Compounding is a very common and frequent process for enlarging the vocabulary of the English language.True.10. The prefix a- in ‘asexual’ means ‘without’.True.Chapter 4:1. Phrases can consist of just one word, but more often they contain other elements as well.True.2. In XP, X refers to any such head as N, V, A or P.True.3. In ‘a book about ghosts’, the complement is ‘ghosts’.False.The complement is ‘aboutghosts’.4. In TG, determiner is often written as Det.True.Chapter 5:1. Hyponymy is a relation of exclusion of meaning.False.2. The words ‘alive’ and ‘dead’ are relational opposites.False.3. The words ‘lead’(领导) and ‘lead’(铅球) are homographs.True.4. The words ‘flat’ and ‘apartment’ are stylistic synonyms.False.5. The words ‘politician’ and ‘statesman’ are collocational synonyms.False.6. The words ‘buy’ and ‘purchase’ are dialectal synonyms.False.7. The words ‘shock’ and ‘surprise’ are semantically different synonyms.True.8. In the sense set <freshman, sophomore, junior, senior>, ‘junior’ and ‘senior’ are co-hyponyms.True.9. The words ‘doctor’ and ‘patient’ are rel ational synonyms.True.10. ‘I have been to Beijing.’ entails ‘I have been to North China.’True.11. ‘His friend is coming.’ presupposes ‘He has a friend.’True.12. ‘Mary is single.’ is inconsistent with ‘Mary is married.’True.13. ‘His dumb boy spoke good English.’ is a contradiction.True.Chapter 6:1. Pragmatics is a linguistic branch that developed in the 1890s.False.2. Course in General Linguistics was published in 1889.False.3. Context refers to the relation between lines or paragraphs of a text.False.4. If I said to you, ‘It’s very stuffy here.’, then my illocutionary act may be asking you to switch on the air-conditioner.True.5. If Smith said to you in a supermarket, ‘I am thirsty now, but I have no money with me’, then his perlocutionary act is your buying him a coca-cola.True.6. According to Austin, ‘He is a boy.’ is a constative.True.7. According to Austin, ‘I bet you sixpence it will be fine this evening.’ is a performative.True.8. ‘Open the door!’ is a directive.True.9. ‘The room is air-conditioned.’ is an expressive.False.10. ‘We have never met before.’ is a representative.True.11. ‘I fire you!’ is a commissive.False.… is a declaration.12. ‘I will return the book to you soon.’ is an expressive.False.13. ‘Do not say what you believe to be false’ is a maxim of relation.False.14. ‘Be brief’ belongs to the maxim of manner.True.15. ‘Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of the exchange).’ belongs to the maxim of q uality.False.16. B’s reply violates the maxim of quality in the dialogue below:A: Where do you live?B: In South China Normal University.False.17. B probably means that he doesn’t want to make any comment on the lecture, in the dialogue below:A: What do you think of the lecture? (The speech maker is coming)B: Do we have classes this evening?True.18. B probably means that it is impolite to ask about her age, in the dialogue below:A: How old are you?B: I am 80.True.19. B probably means that A should not laugh at him since they know each other, in the dialogue below:A: Are you a good student?B: Are you?True.Chapter 7:1. Sound changes tend to be systematic.True.2. The word ‘home’ was written as ‘hām’ in Old English.True.3. The word ‘mice’, which is pronounced as [mais], was pronounced as [mi:s] in Middle English.True.4. In Chaucer’s the Canterbury Tales, we can find ‘his’ to replace ‘it’ in Modern English, as in ‘Whan that Aprille with his shoures sooth’. This reflect s the change in the ‘agreement’ rule.True.5. ‘I love thee not.’ before the 16th century, has now become ‘I do not love you.’ This means the change in negation rule.True.6. The English pronoun ‘our’ has experienced a process of simplification from Old English.True.7. The word ‘fridge’ is a loan word.False.8. The word ‘walkman’ is a blend.False.9. The word ‘mike’ is a clipped word.True.10. The word ‘videophone’ is an acronym.False.11. UNESCO is a blend.False.12. The word ‘quake’ is the result of back-formation.False.13. ISBN means International Standard Book Number.True.14. The word ‘baby-sit’ is a word from back-formation.True.15. The word ‘question’ is a word borrowed from French.True.16. The word ‘tea’ is a loan word from Chinese.True.17. The word ‘education’ comes from Latin.True.18. The word ‘dinner’ comes from French.True.19. The word ‘beer’ comes from German.True.20. The word ‘meat’ we use now has gone through the narrowing of meaning.True.21. The word ‘holiday’ has gone through the widening of meaning.True.22. The word ‘silly’ used to mean ‘happy’ in Old English.True.23. The use of the expressions ‘to update’, ‘to host’ and ‘to check up’ indicates the influence of American English.True.24. Computer language is one of the sources that have influenced the English language.True.25. One possible account of the increasing use of ‘cheap’ instead of ‘cheaply’ in ‘He got it cheap.’ is that of the ‘theory of least effort’.True.26. The expression ‘It’s me’ is Not acceptable in English.False.Chapter 8:1. The term ‘diglossia’ was first used by Ferguson in 1959.True.2. Pidgins came from a blending of a few languages.True.3. A typical example of a bilingual community is an ethnic ghetto where most of the inhabitants are either immigrants or children of immigrants.True.4. Different styles of the same language can be revealed through differences at syntactic, lexical and phonological levels.True.5. One of the most important features of bilingualism is the specialization of function of the two varieties.False.6. Of ‘reply’ and ‘answer’, the latter is more formal.False.7. M.A.K. Halliday is a British linguist.True.8. The deletion of the link verb ‘be’ as in ‘You crazy’ is typical of the syntax of Black English (1, 2).True.9. A prominent phonological feature of Black English is the deletion of the consonant at the end of a word, as in ‘desk’ [des].True.10. The use of such sentences as ‘I ain’t afraid of no ghosts’ to mean ‘I’m not a fraid of ghosts’ is one of the syntactic features of Black English.True.11. Accent is an important marker of sociolect.True.12. Received Pronunciation in British English is a dialect of London that is representative of standard English.False.13. An RP accent often serves as a high status marker.True.Chapter 9:1. The word ‘dog’ often conjures up different images in the US and Hong Kong.True.2. People in the West End in London speak differently from the East Enders.True.3. Language plays a major role in socializing the people and perpetuating culture, especially in print form.True.4. The Eskimos have far more words for snow than the English natives in that ‘snow’ is more crucial to the life of the former.True.5. For the British people, the Chinese greeting ‘Have you had dinner?’ would turn into ‘It’s fine today, isn’t it?’.True.6. It is standard practice for an English native student to greet his teacher before a lecture by saying ‘Good morning, teacher!’.False.7. The Chinese ‘uncle’ means the same as the British ‘uncle’.False.8. It is proper in English to say ‘no, no’ in response to such a praise as ‘You’ve made good progress.’ to show one’s modesty.False.9. You can never ask an English native the question of his name or age.False.10. In English, the word ‘blue’ is associated with unhappy feelings.True.11. It is acceptable to translate ‘Every dog has his day.’into ‘每条狗都有自己的日子。
语言学简明教程Chapter 7
11
Polysemy
Polysemy----the same one word may have more than one meaning, e.g. “table” may mean: A piece of furniture All the people seated at a table The food that is put on a table Orderly arrangement of facts, figures, etc. …… (The word ‘table’ here is polysemous.)
15
My son saw that gasoline can explode.
My son saw that
Hyponymy----the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. Superordinate(上义词): the word which is more general in meaning. Hyponyms(下义词): the word which is more specific in meaning. Co-hyponyms(同级下义词): hyponyms of the same superordinate. E.g. Superordinate: flower Hyponyms: rose, tulip, lily, chrysanthemum, peony, narcissus, … Superordinate: furniture 14 Hyponyms: bed, table, desk, dresser, wardrobe, sofa, …
英语词汇学试题汇编
英语词汇学试题汇编Chapter 1 Basic Concept of Words and Vocabulary1. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. The English language is noted for its modest borrowings.B. Loan words only refer to those borrowings in form.C. Loan words are all unrecognizable as being foreign in origin.D. Loan words can be grouped according to manner of borrowing.2. The term "vocabulary "is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that_____.A. it can refer to the common core of a languageB. it can refer to the total number of the words in a languageC. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical periodD. it can stand for words in a given dialect or field3. A word is a symbol that________.A. is used by the same speech communityB. represents something else in the worldC. is both simple and complex in natureD. shows different ideas in different sounds4. Some words in the basic word stock are said to be stable because theyA. are complex words.B. are technical wordC. refer to the commonest things in life.D. denote the most important concepts.5. The basic word stock forms the common____of the language.6. The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary or____. 7．Pronouns and numerals enjoy nation-wide use and stability, but have limited_____________概念：jargonChapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary1. __is considered to be a highly-inflected language.A Old English B. Middle EnglishC. Early Modem EnglishD. Late Modem English2. The introduction of______ at the end of the'-6th century had a great impact on the English vocabulary.A. printing, B Christianity C. French words D. all the above3. Though still at work today, ___can hardly compare with what it was inthe past.A. word-formationB. borrowingC. derivationD. conversion4. Early Modern English refers to the language spokenA. from 1066 to 1500B. from 1150 to 1500C. from 1500 to 1700D. from 1600 to 18005. Old English has a vocabulary of about_______words.A. 30,000 to 40,000B. 50,000 to 60,000C. 70,000 to 80,000D. 80,000 to 90,0006. Besides French words, English also absorbed as many as 2,500 words of___in the Middle English period.A. Dutch originB. Danish originC. Latin originD. Greek origin概念：Germanic，Old English简答：Is it true that archaic and obsolete words in English will remainfor ever out of use?Chapter 3 Word Formation I1. A morpheme that can stand alone as a word is thought to be----- .A. affixationalB. derivationalC. freeD. bound2. Affixes added to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationshipsare known as____A. bound rootsB. free morphemesC. inflectional morphemesD. derivational affixes3. ______are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separatewords.A. RootsB. StemsC. Affixes D, Compounds4. Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and____5. Almost all affixes are_____________ morphemes because few can be usedas independent words.概念：morphs，allomorph，morpheme简答：1。
Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning
Types of Changes (词义变化的种类)
Causes of Semantic Change(词义变化的原因)
Page
3
（1） Types of Changes (词义变化的种类)
1.Extension /generalization(词义的扩大): is the name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo. It is a process by which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.(e.g: manuscript, fabulous, picture, mill, journal, bonfire, butcher, companion) 2.Narrowing/ specialization(词义的缩小)：is the opposite of widening meaning. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. In other words, a word which used to have a more general sense becomes restricted in its application and conveys a special meaning in present-day English.(e.g: deer, corn, garage, liquor, meat, disease, poison, wife, accident, girl). [ when a common word is turned into a proper noun, the meaning is narrowed accordingly. ]
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古者尊卑共称朕 蔡邕《 古者尊卑共称朕。——蔡邕《独断》 蔡邕 独断》 谓之室,室谓之宫。 释宫》 宫谓之室,室谓之宫。——《尔雅 释宫》 《尔雅释宫 同心之言, 如兰。 系辞上》 同心之言,其臭如兰。——《易系辞上》 stench, 《 系辞上 “生丈夫，二壶酒，一犬”（《勾践灭吴》） 勾践灭吴》 生丈夫，二壶酒，一犬” one’s Specialized due to one s profession or chief interest, or the influence of local condition
2. Narrowing / Specialization /Restriction
It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrow sense. or specialized sense.
Example： Example：
English Lexicology (IV)
Contents
7. Changes in Meaning
To be continued
Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content. Comparatively, the content is even more unstable than the form.
《出师表》 出师表》
Reasons for degeneration Euphemism Accident： an occurrence, event --->an unfortunate event ：
“你尊堂家下大小事故，一切都在我老汉身上，替你扶持便 你尊堂家下大小事故，一切都在我老汉身上， 你尊堂家下大小事故 了。”
1. Extension / Generalization
word‘s sense； refers to the widening of a word s sense； It is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized or has extended to cover a broader and often less definite concept. concept.
allergic, feedback, catalyst
Words commonized from proper names
Mafia, holiday，Google ，
The changes in meaning are gradual
Lady (the hostess --- noblewoman --- well-cultivated woman -- woman)
It is a process whereby words of good origin or affective neutrality fall into ill reputation or come to be used in a derogatory sense.
这是一个词由原先表示中性意义或褒义转为表示 这是一个词由原先表示中性意义或褒义转为表示 中性意义或褒义 贬义的过程 的过程。 贬义的过程。
3. Elevation / Amelioration
unpleasant-----------sth. Sth. Low, humble, unpleasant------sth. Noble, agreeable, pleasant
ministerminister---a servant or attendant --->head of a state department actoractor---hooligan --->a man who gives performances nicenice---foolish --->good
Describe 3 pieces of music
1 What you see What you hear What you smell What you taste What you touch 2 3
1
The colorful, flexible and rhythmic music—butterfly, flavored with fragrant melody, suddenly takes me to the warmness, tenderness and sweetness of my childhood. I see again the sunny picture that I pick up mushrooms with my grandpa.
There are more specialization than extension
“language in everyday life is directed toward the concrete and specific rather than toward the abstract and general” (Ullmann)
Social prejudice
Villain, boor, peasant, churl; knave, hussy
associations. Influence of certain associations.
Radioactivity
5. Transference
Transference
refers to words which were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else. foreignerforeigner---a person who stays outdoors --->a person who stays in another country
1. associated transfer联想转移
figurative extension of meaning
tongue, leg, head…
2. transfer between abstract and concrete meaning.抽象含义与具
体意义间的转移 Room ; nerve, grasp, aftermath 3. Synaesthesia通感 Loud colour, warm colour, sweet music, clear-sounding
5. Transference
主观意义和客观意义间的转移 Subjective: showing, having, full of Objective: causing, bring deserving Subject respectful unexpressive contemptuous Object respectable inexpressible contemptible
The young girls of the diocese lads as well as the lasses.
(Chaucer)
Rats and mice and such small deer Have been Tom's food for seven long year.
(Shakespeare: King Lear)
If he was outwardly a pretty fellow, his morals remained entirely uncorrupted.
(Fielding: Joseph Andrens)
2. Narrowing / Specialization/Restriction
Meat disease wife, corpse, censure, succend narrowing of meaning are talking about the meaning. changes in conceptual meaning. meaning. Next we will talk about the changes in associative meaning.
“Give us the tools and we ll finish the job.” Give we’ll job.
Churchill’s appeal to US to join WW2
marshal comrade policy nimble smart
4. Degradation / Degeneration
Stone, o, acquisition, clear, soft Democrat, republican
Notes:
Specialization and extension are closely associated
Generous --of noble birth
any one who had all the good qualities of a man of noble birth. a selection of those qualities: selfless
7.1.1 Extension/generalization
of meaning 词义扩大
7.1.2. Specialization/restriction
of meaning 词义缩小 7.1. four tendencies in semantic change
7.1.3. Degeneration/pejoration of meaning 词义降格 7.1.4. Elevation/amelioration of meaning 词义升格 7.1.5. Transference of meaning 词义转换