2012高考定语从句

高考英语语法系列之——定语从句一、定语从句的意义形容词性从句一般称为定语从句，在句子中起定语作用，修饰一个名词或代词，有时可修饰一个句子。

被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。

定语从句的位置：一般置于先行词之后，由关系代词和关系副词引导。

二、关系词的用法引导定语从句的关系代词有which，that，who，whom，whose。

关系副词有when，where，why等。

关系代词和关系副词不仅有连接先行词和从句的作用，而且在从句中担当一个句子成分。

1.关系代词的用法：1)由who引导的定语从句关系代词who只能指人，在从句中作主语或宾语。

如：A teacher is a person who passes knowledge to the student.教师是传授知识的人。

（关系代词在从句中作主语）2)由whom引导的定语从句关系代词whom只能指人，是who的宾格，在从句中作宾语，在口语中常常省略。

The man whom you met on the street is my father.你在街上碰到的那个人是我父亲。

（关系代词who在从句中作宾语，可以省略）3)由that引导的定语从句关系代词that在从句中既可以作主语，又可作宾语；既可指人，又可指物。

如：She is the woman that often comes here. 她就是常常来这儿的那个妇女。

（关系代词that在从句中作主语，指人） The book that is on the desk was written by my grandfather.桌子上的那本书是我祖父写的。

（关系代词that在从句中作主语，指物。

此句中的that可以用which替换） Is there anything that I can do for you? 我能为你做点什么呢？（关系代词that在从句中作宾语，指物。

此句中的that不能用which替换）The passenger and the suitcases that were still waiting had to be transferred to another plane. 仍在等待的乘客和行李只得改乘另一架飞机。

(这句的关系代词that不能用which替换，因为它在此句中既指人又指物)4)由which引导的定语从句关系代词which一般指物，在从句中可作主语，也可以作宾语。

如：He came late，which made the teacher angry.他来晚了，这使老师很生气。

（which引导非限定性定语从句，在从句中作主语）That is the pencil which I lost yesterday.那就是我昨天丢失的铅笔。

（which引导限定性定语从句，在从句中作宾语，which可以省略）5)由whose引导的定语从句关系代词whose是who的所有格，在从句中作定语，既可指人，又可指物。

如：This is the boy whose parents died last year. 这是那个父母去年去世的男孩。

（whose作定语，指人）注：“whose+名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语，又能作宾语。

whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which”。

如：They came to a house whose back wall had broken down.(= the back wall of which)他们来到后墙已经倒塌的一个房子。

2.使用关系代词引导定语从句时应注意的几点1)当先行词指人时，许多情况下既可以用that也可以用who，但在下列情况下，宜用who而不用that。

先行词是one，ones，anyone时，宜用who。

如：Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. 任何触犯法律的人都应该受到 惩罚。

先行词为those时，宜用who。

如：Those who want to see the film sign up here. 想看电影的人在这儿签名。

一个句子带有两个定语从句时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用that，另一个用who。

The boy that you met at the school gate yesterday morning is our monitor who studies very hard.昨天早上你在校门口遇到的那个男孩是我们班学习很用功的班长。

2)当先行词指物时，许多情况下，既可以用关系代词which，也可用关系代词that，但在下列情况中，只能用关系代词that，而不用which。

在there+be 的句型中，句子的主语是先行词，而且又是物。

如：There are two novels that I want to read.我要读的有两本小说。

当先行词为主句的表语或者关系代词为从句的表语时。

如：This is the book that was bought yesterday.这就是昨天买的书。

以Here is (are)开头的句子时。

如：Here is a film that will move anyone.这是一部将使任何人受感动的电影。

It is (high)time+定语从句中。

如：It is time that we should have a rest.我们应该休息了。

当先行词是way等词时，关系代词用that或者in which在定语从句中作方式状语时，在口语中，常可省略。

如： This is the way that my father did this work.这就是我父亲做此工作的方式。

在双重限定性定语从句中，如果一个从句用who或者which引导时，那么另一个从句用that引导。

如：He is the student that I have ever see who can jump highest. 他是我曾经看到过跳的最高的学生。

当先行词被the last ，the very 和the only修饰时。

如：This is the very pen that I am looking for.这正是我找的钢笔。

The only book I want to read is missing.我惟一想看的书不见了。

在强调句子中，并且以who，which，what开头时。

如：Who was it that was lost ?究竟是谁迷路了？（此句中，最好不用who来代替that，避免重复）What was it that you did last week?你上周究竟做什么了？当先行词前有序数词时。

如： You are the first person that I want to ask for. 你是我要见的第一个人。

当先行词被all，every，no，some，few，little，much，both等修饰时，如：This is all that I want to say at the meeting.这就是我在会上要说的。

当先行词既指人又指物时。

如：The professor and his achievement that I heard about are admired by them.我听说的那位教授和他的成就得到他们的赞美。

当先行词为anything，everything，nothing时，关系代词用that,不用which；但用something时，用which或者that均可。

如：Everything we have seen in China is moving.我们在中国看见的东西件件感人。

当先行词是疑问代词who时。

如：Who that you have ever seen can beat him in chess? 你曾见过谁能在棋艺上打败他？3)that，which，whom在定语从句中作宾语可以省略。

如：This is the book (which)you were looking for yesterday. 这就是你昨天找的那本书。

4)定语从句中关系代词作主语时，从句的人称、数与先行词一致。

如：Those who are in their forties are required to have a physical examination this afternoon.请那些年龄在四十几岁的人于今天下午去进行体检。

（先行词those是复数，关系代词who也就看作是复数，所以从句的谓语动词就用了复数形式are了）This is the magazine which was sent to me by post.这是通过邮局寄给我的杂志。

（先行词the magazine是单数，关系代词which也就看作是单数，所以从句的谓语动词就用了单数形式was sent） 5)定语从句的时态不要求与主句时态一致。

如：The story which I read last night is very interesting. 我昨天晚上看的那则故事非常有趣。

3.关系副词的用法1)when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有time，day，morning，night，week，year 等。

如：I still remember the ti m e when I first became a college student. 我仍然记得我成为大学生的那个时刻。

注：when时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。

如：Each time he came，he did his best to help us.每次他来，都尽他所能帮我们。

2)where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。

它的先行词通常有place，spot，street，house，room，city，town，country 等。

如：This is the hotel where they are staying.这是他们住的旅馆。

注：where有时也可以省略。

如：This is the place (where)we met yesterday. 这是我们昨天见面的地方。

3)why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。

如：That is the reason why he is leaving so soon.那就是他为什么要离开的原因。

注：why时常也可以省略。

如：That is the real reason he did it.那就是他做此事的真正原因。