Summary - Wind Energy in Pacific Islands
Wind Energy Systems
Wind Energy SystemsWind energy systems have become increasingly popular as a sustainable and renewable source of power. These systems harness the power of the wind to generate electricity, providing a clean and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional energy sources. However, like any form of energy production, wind energy systems come with their own set of challenges and limitations. In this response, we will explore the various perspectives surrounding wind energy systems, including their benefits, drawbacks, and potential for future development. Froman environmental perspective, wind energy systems are widely regarded as apositive and sustainable energy source. Unlike fossil fuels, wind energy does not produce harmful emissions or contribute to air and water pollution. This makes it an attractive option for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and combating climate change. Additionally, wind energy is a renewable resource, meaning it will never run out and can be continuously replenished. This stands in stark contrast tofinite resources like coal and oil, which are non-renewable and contribute to environmental degradation. Economically, wind energy systems have the potentialto create jobs and stimulate local economies. The construction, installation, and maintenance of wind turbines require a skilled workforce, providing employment opportunities in communities that host wind farms. Furthermore, wind energy can reduce reliance on imported fossil fuels, which can help stabilize energy prices and reduce the vulnerability of energy markets to geopolitical instability. As technology continues to improve and the cost of wind energy decreases, it has the potential to become a cost-effective alternative to traditional energy sources. Despite these benefits, there are also drawbacks and challenges associated with wind energy systems. One of the most significant limitations is the intermittent nature of wind. Unlike fossil fuel power plants, which can generate electricity consistently, the output of wind turbines is dependent on the speed andconsistency of the wind. This variability can make it difficult to integrate wind energy into existing power grids and may require additional infrastructure for energy storage and backup power sources. Another concern is the visual and auditory impact of wind farms on local communities and wildlife. The installation of large wind turbines can alter the landscape and may be considered unsightly bysome. Additionally, the noise generated by the spinning blades can be disruptive to nearby residents and may have negative effects on wildlife, particularly birds and bats. These aesthetic and environmental concerns can create opposition to the development of wind energy projects in certain areas. From a technological perspective, there are ongoing efforts to improve the efficiency and reliability of wind energy systems. Advances in turbine design, materials, and control systems have led to larger and more efficient wind turbines that can capture more energy from the wind. Additionally, research is being conducted to develop better energy storage solutions, such as batteries and grid-scale storage, to address the intermittent nature of wind energy. These technological advancements have the potential to overcome some of the current limitations of wind energy systems and make them more competitive with traditional energy sources. In conclusion, wind energy systems offer a promising and sustainable solution to the world's growing energy needs. With the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, create jobs, and stimulate economic growth, wind energy has garnered widespread support as a clean and renewable energy source. However, challenges such as intermittency, visual and auditory impact, and technological limitations must be addressed in order to fully realize the potential of wind energy. As research and development in this field continue to progress, it is likely that wind energy systems will play an increasingly important role in the global energy landscape.。
wind energy作文
wind energy作文Title: The Rising Potential of Wind EnergyIn today's world, the need for sustainable and renewable energy sources has become paramount. Among the various renewable energy options, wind energy stands out as a promising alternative to fossil fuels. It offers a clean, efficient, and environmentally friendly way to generate electricity, reducing our dependence on finite and polluting resources.Wind energy harnesses the power of the wind, converting it into mechanical energy and then into electricity. Giant turbines, known as windmills or wind turbines, are strategically placed in areas with strong and consistent wind patterns. These turbines have blades that rotate when the wind blows, driving a generator to produce electricity.The advantages of wind energy are numerous. Firstly, it is a virtually inexhaustible resource. Unlike fossil fuels, which are finite and diminishing, wind is constantly present and renewable. Secondly, wind energy generates no harmful emissions during its operation, making it a clean and green source of power. This helps mitigate the effects of climate change and air pollution caused by the burning of fossil fuels.Moreover, wind energy has the potential to create jobs and economic growth. The installation, maintenance, and operation of wind turbines require skilled workers, leading to job creation in both rural and urban areas. Additionally, the development of wind energy projects often attracts investment, which can stimulate local economies.Despite these significant advantages, there are some challenges associated with wind energy. One of the main challenges is the intermittency of the wind. Since wind speeds vary depending on weather conditions and seasons, it can be challenging to predict and stabilize electricity generation from wind turbines. However, advancements in technology, such as the use of larger turbines and more efficient energy storage systems, are helping to overcome these challenges.In conclusion, wind energy represents a viable and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. Its potential is vast, and with continued investment in research and technology, it can play a significant role in meeting our energy needs while protecting the environment. As we move towards a more sustainable future, wind energy will be a crucial component in our energy mix.。
【大猫英语分级阅读 八级】Pacific Island Scrapbook
Worksheet 2: Festivals and languages of Vanuatu
Three Festivals in Vanuatu
Where
How
Why
Landing diving
Pentecost Island
Doing land diving
Rom Dance
Not known
from this postcard?
• What’s special aboቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱt Vanuatu?
• What’s Port Villa like?
• Where is Vanuatu and Port Villa?
Group
1: A1A2A3A4... 2: B1B2B3B4... 3: C1C2C3C4...
Page
• PP6-11 • PP12-17 • PP18-21
Worksheet 1: Traditional village life in Vanuatu
How they get food: _______
Food
Water
Rivers are important because____
Village life
Coming-of-age celebration
Tanna Island
Question1 : Which festival do you like best? Why? _________________________________________________________________
• For example:
Sentences or pictures
我的冒险英文作文
我的冒险英文作文I was standing at the edge of a cliff, feeling the rush of adrenaline as I prepared to jump. The wind was whipping through my hair, and the sound of the waves crashing against the rocks below was deafening. I took a deep breath and leaped into the unknown.The next thing I knew, I was deep in the heart of the Amazon rainforest, surrounded by lush greenery and the sounds of exotic birds and animals. I had always dreamed of exploring this remote and mysterious place, and now I was finally living out my adventure.As I trekked through the dense jungle, I encounteredall sorts of challenges and obstacles. From crossing treacherous rivers to evading dangerous predators, every moment was a test of my courage and resourcefulness. But with each challenge I overcame, I felt more alive and invigorated than ever before.One day, I stumbled upon a hidden temple deep in the heart of the rainforest. It was a breathtaking sight, with ancient carvings and intricate architecture that spoke of a long-lost civilization. As I explored the temple, Icouldn't shake the feeling that I was on the brink of a momentous discovery.Suddenly, I found myself in the middle of a high-speed chase through the bustling streets of Tokyo. I had unwittingly stumbled upon a gang of art thieves, and now I was racing to outmaneuver them and recover the stolen treasures. The adrenaline was pumping through my veins as I dodged through traffic and narrowly escaped capture at every turn.After my thrilling escapade in Tokyo, I found myself on a remote island in the South Pacific, searching for a legendary buried treasure. Armed with nothing but a map and my wits, I delved into the island's treacherous caves and hidden coves, determined to unearth the riches that had eluded so many before me.As I stood on the deck of a pirate ship, the wind in my hair and the taste of salt on my lips, I knew that my adventure was far from over. There were still countless unexplored corners of the world waiting to be discovered, and I was ready to dive headfirst into whatever came my way.。
太平洋战争的名词解释英文
太平洋战争的名词解释英文The Pacific War, also known as the Asia-Pacific War, was a major conflict that took place during World War II. This article aims to provide an in-depth explanation of key terms and phrases associated with the Pacific War, focusing on their English translations.1. Pearl Harbor AttackThe Pearl Harbor Attack refers to the surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941. This event marked the entry of the United States into World War II and was a significant turning point in the Pacific War.2. Battle of MidwayThe Battle of Midway was a crucial naval battle fought between the United States and Japan from June 4 to 7, 1942. It took place near the Midway Atoll and resulted in a decisive victory for the United States. The battle not only halted the expansion of Japanese forces but also shifted the balance of power in favor of the Allies in the Pacific.3. Island HoppingIsland hopping is a military strategy employed by the United States in the Pacific War to advance towards Japan. The strategy involved selectively capturing and occupying certain islands while bypassing others, aiming to establish forward bases for airfields and naval operations. Island hopping allowed the Allies to approach Japan from multiple directions, putting increasing pressure on Japanese forces.4. KamikazeKamikaze, meaning "divine wind" in Japanese, refers to a tactic used by Japanese forces in the latter stages of the Pacific War. Kamikaze pilots would purposefully crash their aircraft into enemy ships, sacrificing their lives to cause maximum damage. It was seen as a desperate attempt to repel the advancing Allied forces and showcased the extreme mindset prevalent in Japan at the time.5. Guadalcanal CampaignThe Guadalcanal Campaign was a series of battles fought between the United States and the Empire of Japan on and around the island of Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands from August 1942 to February 1943. The campaign was the first major offensive by the Allies against Japan and played a significant role in turning the tide of the war in the Allies' favor.6. Hiroshima and NagasakiHiroshima and Nagasaki are the two Japanese cities that were targeted by atomic bombs dropped by the United States in August 1945. These bombings, which resulted in massive casualties and the destruction of the two cities, led to Japan's surrender and the end of the Pacific War. The bombings also marked the first and only use of nuclear weapons in warfare to date.7. Bataan Death MarchThe Bataan Death March was a forced march of approximately 75,000 Filipino and American troops by Japanese forces in April 1942. After the fall of the Bataan Peninsula in the Philippines, the prisoners of war were subjected to inhumane treatment, including physical abuse, torture, and deprivation of food and water. The march resulted in numerous deaths and is considered a war crime by many.8. Battle of Leyte GulfThe Battle of Leyte Gulf, fought from October 23 to 26, 1944, was the largest naval battle of the Pacific War. It took place in the waters off the island of Leyte in the Philippines and resulted in a decisive Allied victory over Japanese forces. The battle marked the first time that Japanese battleships were defeated in a direct confrontation, further crippling Japan's naval power.In conclusion, the Pacific War was a complex and devastating conflict that shaped the course of history. By understanding the key terms and phrases associated with thiswar, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the sacrifices made and the significance of the events that unfolded in the Pacific theater during World War II.。
四川省成都蓉城名校2024-2025学年高二上学期期中考试英语(word版含解析,含听力原文)
2024~2025学年度上期高中2024级期中考试英语考试时间120分钟，满分150分注意事项：1. 答题前，考生务必在答题卡上将自己的姓名、座位号和准考证号用0.5毫米黑色签字笔填写清楚，考生考试条形码由监考老师粘贴在答题卡上的“贴条形码区”。
2. 选择题使用2B铅笔填涂在答题卡上对应题目标号的位置上，如需改动，用橡皮擦擦干净后再填涂其它答案；非选择题用0.5毫米黑色签字笔在答题卡的对应区域内作答，超出答题区域答题的答案无效；在草稿纸上、试卷上答题无效。
3. 考试结束后由监考老师将答题卡收回。
第一部分听力(共两节，满分30分)第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1. How will the speakers go to the concert hall?A. By subway.B. On foot.C. By taxi.2. What do the speakers need to buy now?A. Some bread.B. Some eggs.C. Some butter.3. What are the speakers talking about?A. A CD.B. A gift.C. A musician.4. What is the weather like in the west of the man’s country?A. Sunny.B. Windy.C. Rainy.5. What does the man like doing now?A. Drawing.B. Practicing calligraphy.C. Playing the piano.第二节(共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。
#Plant and Animal Life of the Pacific Islands
Plant and Animal Life of the Pacific IslandsParagraph 1There are both great similarities and considerable diversity in the ecosystems that evolved on the islands of Oceania in and around the Pacific Ocean. The islands, such as New Zealand, that were originally parts of continents still carry some small plant and animal remnants of their earlier biota (animal and plant life), and they also have been extensively modified by evolution, adaptation, and the arrival of new species. By contrast, the other islands, which emerged via geological processes such as volcanism, possessed no terrestrial life, but over long periods, winds, ocean currents, and the feet, feathers, and digestive tracts of birds brought the seeds of plants and a few species of animals. Only those species with ways of spreading to these islands were able to undertake the long journeys, and the various factors at play resulted in diverse combinations of new colonists on the islands. One estimate is that the distribution of plants was 75 percent by birds, 23 percent by floating, and only 2 percent by wind.1. The word “remnants” in the passage is closet in meaning toA. remaindersB. remindersC. reproductionsD. resemblances2. The passage supports which of the following statements about species on volcanic islands?A. Volcanic island species are unlike the species found in other Pacific Ocean locations.B. Volcanic islands lack the diversity of species found elsewhere in the Pacific.C. Volcanic Island species are all transplants from distant locations and exist in combinations not found elsewhere.D. Volcanic island species differ from those on other islands in that animal species show greater diversity than plant species do.3. According to paragraph 1, how did the majority of plant species arrive on islands created by geological processes such as volcanism?A. They were transported by ocean currents.B. They were carried to the islands by birds.C. They were brought to the islands by humans.D. They were transported by winds.Paragraph 2The migration of Oceanic biota was generally from west to east, with four major factors influencing their distribution and establishment. The first was the size and fertility of the islands on which they landed, with larger islands able to provide hospitality for a wider range of species. Second, the further east the islands, generallythe less the species diversity, largely because of the distance that had to be crossed and because the eastern islands tended to be smaller, more scattered, and remote. This e asterly decline in species diversity is well demonstrated by birds and coral fish. It ise stimated that there were over 550 species of birds in New Guinea, 127 in theS olomon Islands, 54 in Fiji, and 17 in the Society Islands. From the west across theP acific, the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands have more than 90f amilies of shore fish (with many species within the families), Fiji has 50 families,and the Society Islands have 30. Third, the latitude of the islands also influenced the biotic mix, as those islands in relatively cooler latitudes, notably New Zealand, were unsuited to supporting some of the tropical plants with which Pacific islands are generally associated.4. The word “remote” in the passage is closet in meaning toA.unknownB. isolatedC. hostileD. infertile5. In paragraph 2, what is the author’s purpose in mentioning the estimated numbers o f birds and coral fish species on various Oceanic islands?A. To give examples of the wide range of species that can be found on Oceanic islandsB. To demonstrate how much knowledge about Oceanic species has been accumulatedC. To illustrate the decline in species diversity from west to east on Oceanic islandsD. To identify the influence of latitude upon Oceanic plants and animals6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Because of its latitude, New Zealand had a relatively cooler climate than other Pacific islands.B. New Zealand, like other Pacific islands, showed the effects of latitudes on its richt ropical plants.C. Because the latitudinal position of an island also affected its biotic mix, islands in cooler latitudes did not support some tropical species typical of the Pacific islands.D. Pacific islands were notable for their impressive biotic mix and association with t ropical plants.7. According to paragraph 2, all of the following types of islands are associated withhigher species diversity EXCEPTA. islands that are large in sizeB. islands located in cool latitudesC. islands located in the western part of OceaniaD. islands located near other landmassesParagraph 3Finally, a fourth major factor in species distribution, and indeed in the shaping ofP acific ecosystems, was wind. It takes little experience on Pacific islands to be aware t hat there are prevailing winds. To the north of the equator these are called n orth-easterlies, while to the south they are called south-easterlies. Further south, from about 30° south, the winds are generally from the west. As a result, on nearly e very island of significant size there is an ecological difference between its windward a nd leeward (away from the wind) sides. Apart from the wind action itself on plants and soils, wind has a major effect on rain distribution. The Big Island of Hawaii offersa prime example: one can leave Kona on the leeward side in brilliant sunshine and drive across to the windward side where the city of Hilo is blanketed in mist and rain.8. The Big Island of Hawaii discussed in the passage as an example ofA. the relationship between latitude and windB. how prevailing winds influence rainfall patternsC. the relationship between rainfall and species distributionD. the effects of wind action upon plants and soils9. What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about Kona and Hilo?A. The ecosystems of Kona and Hilo differ from each otherB. Kona and Hilo have approximately the same rainfall in a given year.C. Kona receives northeasterly winds while Hilo receives southeasterly winds.D. Both Kona and Hilo have plants and soils that are often damaged by winds. Paragraph 4While such localized plant life and climatic conditions are very noticeable, over Oceania as a whole there is relatively little biodiversity, and the smaller the island and the further east it lies, the less there is likely to be. When humans moved beyond the islands of Near Oceania (Australia, New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands), they encountered no indigenous mammals except for flying foxes, fruit bats, and seals on some islands. Other vertebrate species were restricted to flying animals and a few small reptiles. However, local adaptations and evolution over long periods of isolation promoted fascinating species adaptations to local conditions. Perhaps most notable, in the absence of mammals and other predators, are the many species of flightless and ground-nesting birds. Another consequence of evolution was that many small environments boasted their own endemic (native) species, often small in number, unused to serious predation, limited in range, and therefore vulnerable to disruption. In Hawaii, for example, the highly adapted 39 species and subspecies of honeycreepers, several hundred species of fruit flies, and more than 750 species of tree snails are often cited to epitomize the extent of localized Oceanic endemism (species being native to the area).10. The word “cited” in the passage is closet in meaning toA. expectedB. believedC. comparedD. mentioned11. According to paragraph 4, why have species of flightless andground-nesting birdsb ecome so numerous on Oceanic islands?A. They have no predators on the islands.B. They were some of the strongest species to arrive on the islands.C. They live closer to their food sources than other species do.D. They are affected less by climatic changes than other animals are.12. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 4 about the species that live on Oceanic islands?A. Certain species are native only to particular islands.B. Species that are native to Oceanic islands include relatively few mammals.C. Populations of most species are small in number.D. Some species have evolved over time to become predators.Paragraph 1T here are both great similarities and considerable diversity in the ecosystems that e volved on the islands of Oceania in and around the Pacific Ocean. ■The islands, such a s New Zealand, that were originally parts of continents still carry some small planta nd animal remnants of their earlier biota (animal and plant life), and they also haveb een extensively modified by evolution, adaptation, and the arrival of new species. ■By contrast, the other islands, which emerged via geological processes such as volcanism, possessed no terrestrial life, but over long periods, winds, ocean currents, and the feet, feathers, and digestive tracts of birds brought the seeds of plants and a few species of animals. ■Only those species with ways of spreading to these islands were able to undertake the long journeys, and the various factors at play resulted in diverse combinations of new colonists on the islands. ■One estimate is that the distribution of plants was 75 percent by birds, 23 percent by floating, and only 2 percent by wind.13. Look at the four squares [■]that indicate where the following sentencecan be added to the passage.When varied ecosystems are present, they can be explained as resulting in part from the process that formed the islands.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentenceto the passage.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage isprovided below.Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the mostimportant ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas inthe passage.This question is worth 2 points.Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click on View Text.Biodiversity on Oceanic islands is dependent on a number offactors. ● ● ●Answer ChoicesA. Unlike Oceanic islands that were once part of continental landmasses, islandsformed by such geological processes as volcanism contain only plants and animals that could be transported there.B. An island’s size is less important than its latitude in determining species diversity.C. Though biodiversity is low on many Oceanic islands, many native species haveevolved that are uniquely adapted to their local environments.D. Species distribution in Oceania is determined by the location of islands, their size,and the direction of the wind.E. Most Oceanic islands are similar to one another in latitude and contain plants andanimals typical of tropical islands.F. The absence of natural predators on the eastern Oceanic islands allowed manyspecies of large mammals to evolve that were capable of inhibiting a wide range of territory.。
英语作文mysteryisland
英语作文mysteryisland全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Mystery Island is an enigmatic place located in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. It is rumored to be filled with hidden treasures, ancient ruins, and mystical creatures. Many explorers have tried to uncover the secrets of this island, but few have returned to tell the tale.One fateful day, a group of adventurers set out to explore Mystery Island. They were a diverse group, each possessing unique skills and talents that would prove useful in uncovering the island's mysteries. As they sailed closer to the island, a sense of unease washed over them. The island seemed to be shrouded in a strange mist, making it difficult to see what lay beyond.As they stepped foot on the island's sandy shores, they were greeted by the eerie silence of the tropical forest. The trees towered over them, their branches twisting and turning in unnatural ways. The explorers pressed on, their excitement mingling with a sense of dread.Hours turned into days as they delved deeper into the heart of Mystery Island. They encountered strange creatures that seemed to be guarding the island's secrets, and ancient ruins that told tales of a long-forgotten civilization. Each new discovery only served to fuel their curiosity and fear.One night, as they camped under the starlit sky, a mysterious figure appeared before them. It was an old man, dressed in tattered clothes and speaking in a language they could not understand. He gestured towards the ruins, his eyes filled with both sadness and warning.The next morning, the old man was gone, leaving behind a cryptic message carved into a stone tablet. It spoke of a great treasure hidden deep within the island, but warned of a terrible curse that would befall anyone who dared to claim it. The explorers were torn between their desire for riches and their fear of the unknown.In the end, they decided to continue their quest, guided by the cryptic message and their own sense of adventure. They journeyed through treacherous terrain, facing challenges that tested their courage and strength. And finally, after weeks of exploration, they came upon the legendary treasure hidden within the heart of Mystery Island.As they gazed upon the riches before them, a sense of fulfillment washed over them. They had uncovered the island's secrets and lived to tell the tale. But as they gathered the treasure into their hands, a rumble shook the earth beneath them. The curse had been unleashed, and they knew they had to flee before it was too late.And so, the adventurers left Mystery Island behind, their pockets filled with untold riches and their hearts heavy with the knowledge of what they had done. Mystery Island remained a place of wonder and danger, its secrets still waiting to be discovered by those brave enough to seek them out.篇2Mystery IslandIntroductionMystery Island is a place of wonder and intrigue, shrouded in mystery and surrounded by myths and legends. Located in the middle of the vast ocean, it is a place that few have visited and even fewer have returned from. The island is said to be home to hidden treasures, ancient ruins, and strange creatures unlike anything seen before. Its very existence is a puzzle, with no one quite sure how it came to be or what secrets it holds.ExplorationDespite its reputation as a dangerous and forbidding place, many brave adventurers have set out to explore Mystery Island. Some seek the fabled treasures that are said to be buried there, while others are drawn by the allure of uncovering its secrets. However, few have been successful in their quests, with many disappearing without a trace or returning haunted by the terrors they encountered.The island itself is a place of contrasting landscapes, with dense jungles giving way to barren deserts and towering mountains. The weather is unpredictable, with sudden storms and fog banks making navigation treacherous. Many who have tried to map the island have reported strange occurrences, such as their compasses spinning wildly or their maps changing before their eyes.LegendsThe island is steeped in legends and folklore, with tales of mythical beasts and lost civilizations that have captured the imaginations of storytellers for centuries. One of the most famous legends is that of the cursed city of Eldoria, said to be hidden deep within the heart of the island. According to thelegend, anyone who enters the city will be doomed to wander its streets forever, trapped in a never-ending nightmare.Other legends speak of treasure hoards guarded by fierce dragons, or ancient temples where powerful artifacts lie waiting to be discovered. Some even claim that the island is a gateway to other realms, with portals to distant lands or even other dimensions hidden within its depths.ConclusionMystery Island remains a place of wonder and mystery, a place where the unknown lurks just beyond the horizon. Despite the dangers and the risks, many continue to be drawn to its shores, eager to uncover its secrets and explore its hidden depths. Whether it is the lure of treasure, the thrill of adventure, or simply the desire to test one's courage, Mystery Island continues to hold a fascination for all who hear its siren song.篇3Mystery Island: A Mysterious AdventureHave you ever dreamed of exploring a mysterious island filled with secrets and hidden treasures? Well, imagine a place where ancient ruins, lush jungles, and crystal-clear waters all come together to create a paradise shrouded in mystery. This isMystery Island, a remote and isolated land waiting to be discovered by the brave and adventurous.Located in the heart of the Pacific Ocean, Mystery Island is rumored to be home to a lost civilization that vanished centuries ago. Many explorers have tried to uncover the island's secrets, but few have returned to tell the tale. Despite the dangers that lurk in the shadows, a small group of intrepid adventurers has decided to embark on a journey to unravel the mysteries of this enigmatic land.As our intrepid explorers set foot on the island's sandy shores, they are greeted by the sounds of exotic birds and the rustling of palm trees in the wind. The air is thick with mystery and anticipation as they begin to delve deeper into the island's dense jungles, where ancient ruins lie hidden beneath a canopy of foliage.As they trek through the untamed wilderness, our adventurers stumble upon a series of intricate puzzles and traps that must be solved in order to unlock the island's secrets. From deciphering cryptic inscriptions on ancient stones to navigating treacherous labyrinthine passages, every step brings them closer to uncovering the truth behind Mystery Island's dark past.But the island is not without its dangers. Mysterious creatures lurk in the shadows, ready to pounce on any unsuspecting intruders. As night falls, the jungle comes alive with eerie whispers and haunting cries, sending shivers down the spines of even the bravest explorers.Despite the risks and uncertainties, our adventurers press on, driven by a thirst for knowledge and a sense of adventure that cannot be quenched. With each new discovery, they piece together the puzzle of Mystery Island's history, unearthinglong-forgotten legends and uncovering hidden treasures that have been lost to time.Finally, after days of exploration and countless challenges overcome, our adventurers stand before the greatest mystery of all: the fabled Lost City of Atlantis. As they enter the crumbling ruins of this ancient metropolis, they are awestruck by the beauty and grandeur of a civilization that once ruled the seas.But as they delve deeper into the heart of the city, they uncover a dark secret that threatens to consume them all. Will they be able to escape the clutches of the island's past and return to the world beyond, or will Mystery Island claim them as its own?The fate of our intrepid adventurers hangs in the balance as they face their ultimate challenge. But one thing is certain: the mysteries of Mystery Island will always remain, waiting to be discovered by those who dare to seek them out.。
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Japan-IRENA Joint Workshop:Accelerating Renewable Energy Deployment in the Pacific region- Meeting the challenges -26 May 2012, Okinawa, JapanSummaryIntroductionThe energy challenges faced by the Pacific island countries are clear: decreasing the dependency on fossil fuel and diversifying the energy mix. In most countries, the majority of their electricity is generated from imported fossil fuel, mostly from diesel. With volatile fossil fuel prices, long and costly supply routes, and relatively small energy markets, the typical power supply costs are in the range of USD 0.3-0.6 per kWh, even higher for some remote islands due to high transport costs. About three quarters of the imported oil products are used for the transportation sector, while about a quarter is used for electricity generation. A transition to renewable energy and increased energy efficiency can result in a more sustainable and secure energy future in the Pacific region. Many of the Pacific island countries have formulated ambitious targets for renewable energy, some aiming for 100% electricity from renewables. Today, renewables contribute only around 10% to the average energy mix.IRENA has been engaged in the Pacific region since 2011 as part of the IRENA Islands Initiative, established to assist islands in transiting to an increased share of renewable energy, and to learn from their unique experience as lighthouse projects. This year IRENA is expanding its work into other Small Island Developing States (SIDS). To date, IRENA is working with various stakeholders in the Pacific region.A workshop with experts from the region was held in Sydney in October 2011 which resulted in the development of an IRENA work programme for the region. The Pacific Leaders gathered in Abu Dhabi, UAE, in January 2012 and endorsed the implementation of the proposed IRENA activities for the region. Particular activities agreed to include: mapping the renewable energy readiness of the Pacific Island countries; creating a repository of knowledge of relevant technologies; assessing grid stability issues; and integrating these activities into a coherent roadmap for the Pacific Islands.The Government of Japan is currently in the process of reviewing its energy policy from scratch after the Great East Japan Earthquake to include accelerated development and deployment of renewable energies to the maximum degree possible. While the drivers of the transition are different, the challenges of accelerating renewable energy deployment are similar as in the case of Pacific island countries. Japan has also been active for many years in supporting the Pacific island countries to address their socio-economic and climate change issues including the deployment of renewable energy. Sharing Japan’s own experience and expertise in renewable energy technologies can further enhance the efforts in identifying the possible technology solutions in the region.In this context, a workshop was organized jointly by the Government of Japan and IRENA to discuss the specific technology solutions to address the challenges of accelerating renewable energy deployment in the Pacific region, focusing on the issues of grid stability and renewable energy use in the transportation sector. The workshop was held in Okinawa taking the opportunity of the 6th Pacific Island Leaders Meeting (PALM6), where the leaders of the Pacific island countries agreed the importance of renewable energy and energy efficiency for achieving sustainable development as well as reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the region and welcomed this workshop.During the workshop, various technology solutions from different islands around the world were shared and discussed to enable the integration of large share of renewable energy. There was a general understanding that existing technology solutions can address the challenges, but the true challenge is to transform the knowledge and expertise into actions through implementation of the solutions in the region. Participants also recognised that further cooperation among various stakeholders is critical. Stakeholders include governments, regional organisations, private sectors and utilities. The partnership with Japan and IRENA contributes to these efforts.1. Grid stability for integration of high shares of renewable energy∙One of the key challenges is integrating high shares of variable renewable energy sources, mainly solar and wind, into island grid systems. There is a need for identifying the technical criteria for grid stability, including the operation of the system when integrating a high share of renewables, the ways to ensure a reliable power supply during the power sector transition and the better understanding what role electricity storage can play.∙The majority of island networks are old with average diesel generators more than 20 years and the power supply is relatively inefficient with high system losses. The Pacific Power Association (PPA) has recently conducted an energy loss study for 20 island utilities which observed an average of 12.8% of utility system losses. With the increased variable renewables integration, stability problems are being experienced already in Niue and Cook Islands.∙IRENA has initiated a grid stability assessment for the Pacific island grids to seek how much the island grids can absorb variable renewable energy without affecting the power quality. A database has been developed of all diesel generators in the region including their technical characteristics. Assessment of diesel generators on islands showed that the engines can be operated at around 30% partial load but in some cases, especially for the older generators, this may require a retrofit of the controller. It is also necessary to assess the impact of variable renewable energy on the frequency and voltage in island grids. IRENA thus started to look into software packages which allow dynamic modeling of the power grids to simulate the variation.Various software packages are available but so far with limited validation for small island grid operation.∙Okinawa has been active in promoting renewable energy introduction along with various measures including energy saving houses, ocean energy, and EV buses to achieve a smart energy island as a whole. Miyako island of Okinawa is promoting a micro grid project integrating 4,200 kW wind and 4,000 kW solar PV with 4,100 kW of batteries. The batteries ensure grid stability, helping to limit frequency fluctuations and accommodate varying PV output.∙Hawaii is also a leading group of islands aiming for high shares of renewables in their power supply. To better integrate wind and PV and improve grid reliability, their projects have extended to the concept of smart grids which will incorporate advanced information and communication technologies to control the power system.∙ A case study in Rokkashomura-Futamura wind power station in Aomori Japan was introduced. It operates in an island mode, consisting of 51 MW wind power and 34 MW batteries. It was the only part of the Northern Tohoku electricity system that continued to operate in the aftermath of the Great East Japan Earthquake in March 2011.∙The case of King Island in Tasmania, Australia, has shown that renewable energy can reduce the cost of island energy supply substantially by curving the consumption of diesel fuel. Over the past 10 years, the island was successful in reducing its diesel use by 45%, which represents a financial saving of over 2 million dollars a year. This has been achieved through a series of development steps using energy storage, dynamic resistive frequency controller, a flywheel based UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) and further demand side management to achieve zero diesel operation.∙“Off the shelf”technologies are available today which can possibly deliver up to 30% diesel savings. However higher shares will require infrastructural and operational changes.∙Grid stability control is more challenging in island systems than in large grids. Modern inverters for PV systems can help in frequency and reactive power control. Smart grids with remote control of feed-in can also help.∙State of the art batteries (e.g., sodium-sulphur (NaS), lithium-ion, vanadium redox flow) can store electricity, one strategy to accommodate variable renewable energy generation. In combination with intelligent inverter technologies, batteries can maintain grid stability even with 100% renewable energy generation and diesel generators turned off. Those modern batteries such as NAS, vanadium redox flow and lithium-ion batteries do not require high maintenance and even though they seem to be expensive, they can contribute to an energy system with high share of renewables at lower electricity generation costs which are competitive with existing diesel engine systems. The experiences with the batteries in the Pacific island countries are still limited. Nevertheless, with the implementation of batteries, it is possible to achieve 100% renewable energy systems that are technically and economically feasible in the Pacific region.∙Demand management can also help to integrate variable renewables. Excess electricity can be used for desalination, Electric Vehicles, water pumping and cooling/freezing.∙The importance of modeling analysis tools to assess different scenarios of combinations of various components was emphasized when planning the integration of renewable energy to island grids. Such tools will allow the maximum share of renewable energy in the grid and help to develop solutions for grid stability.∙There is no only one tool for assessing island grid stability and to determine the penetration level of renewables. There are many available tools but they need to be customized for the sizes and characteristics of the island grids. The analyst/tool user is as important as the tool itself.2. Use of renewable energy in the transportation sector∙In the Pacific island countries, approximately 75% of the fossil fuel is used for transportation sector, while 25% goes to the electricity generation. It therefore makes sense that any effort to reduce the reliance on fossil fuel must target the transport sector. However among many regional energy projects over the past 30 years, only about 10% of all funding has been spent on the transportation sector. More attention is warranted in this field.∙There are three modes of transportation: land, sea, and air. The energy share for the transportation modes depends on the island area and quality of infrastructure, population, principal economic activities, and number of the outer islands. Detailed statistics are not available and needs to be addressed as a priority.∙ A renewable energy option in the land transport is biofuel from coconut oil which has been promoted with varying degree of success in some islands including Fiji, the Republic of Marshall Islands, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu.∙For air transport, various airlines operating in the region have tested the use of biofuels. For sea transport, there are some options based on wind, solar power, and even hydrogen but all need further developments. A wind propulsion system for ships was presented which uses kites to propel and pull ships to reduce their energy consumption. Depending on the strength and direction of wind and the type of ship, it can reduce the daily fuel consumption between 1 to3 tons (e.g. 3 tons on a vessel that consumes 30 tons equals 10% savings). The system is alreadyinstalled on different types of vessels and being used in daily operation. In addition, just by an optimized piloting scheme of cargo ships, supported by software, about 9% of fuel savings can be achieved.∙In Iejima island of Okinawa, an innovative approach has been taken to raise sugar and fiber sugarcane yield through interspecific hybridisation of different sugarcane species. Okinawa has also started to introduce bioethanol blending to gasoline, targeting 3% ethanol in the gasoline pool by the fiscal year 2015.∙Some challenges to introduce biofuels in the Pacific region discussed include the lack of land area and natural biomass resources to produce biofuel, the possible conflict between fuel and food supply, lack of regulatory instruments to support the biofuels, and coordination between the government and private sector.Further opportunities for accelerated renewable energy deployment in the Pacific region ∙Many of the islands worldwide are in transition to increased introduction of renewable energy to reduce their high dependency on fossil fuel and diversifying the energy sources. The workshop raised the understanding of technical challenges and possible solutions from the knowledge and experiences around the world.∙In addition to the technical challenges in accelerating renewable energy deployment in the Pacific region, it was pointed out that there are no clear energy policies in a number of countries and current policies are not effective and/or properly enforced. Adopting proper legislations, technical standards and financial incentives can create the enabling environment to support the acceleration of the renewable energy penetration. For example, policy instruments such as net-metering have been successful in the increased deployment of renewable energy in some of thePacific island countries including Cook Islands and Palau.∙Moreover, in order to move from knowledge to actions to increase renewable energy deployment, most important issues are the power sector planning and prioritization of investments as well as ensuring proper sector governance, regulation, and legislative frameworks are in place to promote private sector participation, competitions and investments. ∙For instance, although there is increasing interests in Independent Power Producers (IPPs), it is still an early stage and the governments need to put in place proper policies and regulations to govern those interests and reinforce the deployment of the standardised Power Purchase Agreement (PPA). Samoa has set up a regulator for the energy sector which intends to balance the interest between the power utility and the IPPs.∙Technical capacity development for sustainable operation and maintenance of renewable energy technologies was also raised as one of the key challenges for the region.∙Currently, 75% of the Pacific Power Association member utilities are Government owned. It was pointed out that more private sector engagement in investment, equipment supply and technical exploitations is needed.∙Almost all the renewable energy developments are funded by the donors and developers; hence there are no economies of scale and very little commercial investments.∙It is important that renewable energy projects implemented by development partners and donors are aligned with the national plans and energy roadmaps of the Pacific island countries so that they become sustainable.∙It was also suggested that more effective integration and coordination of project financing and technical cooperation activities by various bilateral partners, regional and international organizations can increase efficiency and effectiveness. Developing a good business model is the key to a success.∙Further cooperation and work are required in the Pacific region, building up on the experiences and knowledge available worldwide. IRENA can facilitate the cooperation among countries.IRENA will look forward to close cooperation with governments, private sectors, and regional institutions to make a transition in the power and transportation sectors happen. IRENA has already started its collaboration with the Pacific Power Association in grid stability assessment.An IRENA regional coordinator will be hosted by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community in Fiji. ∙Transition of islands to renewables can act as a light house for other regions. IRENA with the support of its member countries including the Government of Japan will continue the engagement with the Pacific region to implement solutions to the challenges in accelerating renewable energy deployment.-.-.-.-。