Exercises of Intercultural Communication
Intercultural Communication Competence PPT课件
Lack of intercultural competence means failed business ventures, government projects that have not achieved their objectives, and unsuccessful learning experiences for students.
Behavioral Assessment Scale for Intercultural Competence (BASIC行为评估量表的跨文化能力) developed by Jolene Koester and Margaret Olebe.
Eight categories of communication are described, of which each contributes to the achievement of intercultural competence.
Relational role behaviors might include: harmonizing and mediating conflicts, general displays of interest, and a willingness to compromise one’s position for
BASICs of Intercultural Competence
8) Interaction Posture: The ability to respond to others in descriptive,
跨文化交流学课后答案
interculural communication:is a face-to-face communication between people from different cultural back-ground. intracultural communication:can be defined as the extent to which there is shared interpersonal communication between of the same culture-----whether this is in the majority, or within minority cultureshost culture:is the mainstream culture of any one particular country.minority culture:is the cultural groups that are smaller in numerical terms in relation to the host culture. subculture: is a smaller, possibly nonconformist, subgroup within the host culture. multiculturalism:is the official recognition of a country’s cultural and ethnic diversitycross-cultural communication:is a face-to-face communication between representatives of business, government and professional groups from different cultures.perception:is an internal process whereby we convent the physical energies of the world into meaningful internal experiencesIndividualism:refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, rights and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence, individual expression, and even privacy.collectivism:means grater emphasis on (1).the views, needs, and goals of the in-group rather than oneself.(2)social norms and duty defined by the in-group rather than behavior to get pleasure.（3）beliefs shared with the in-group, rather than beliefs that distinguish self from in-group .power distance:it’s th e extent to which a society accepts that power in relationship, institutions, and organizations is distributed unequally.context:it’s the information that surrounds an event. It is in extricably bound up with the meaning of the event.high-context communication:it is a kind of communication in which most of the information is already in the person. While very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the message. low-context culture:it is a kind of culture in which the population is less homogeneous and therefore tends to compartmentalize interpersonal contacts.activity orientation:it is the way a culture views activity, which is classified by Kluckhohnshigh-context culture:it is a kind of culture in which people are very homogeneous with regard to experience, information networks, and the like.low-context communication:it is just the opposite of high-context communication. It is the mass of information is rested in the explicit codeNonverbal communication:Involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her used of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.Paralanguage:refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a messageM-time ( Monochronic Time Schedule)M-time cultures tend to think of time as something fixed in nature, something around us and from which we can not escape; an ever-present part of the environment, just like the air we breathe.P-timeP- time cultures deal with time holistically and place great stock in the activity at the moment.1.why is the study of intercultural communication very important?With the development of new technology and information systems, changes in the world’s population and a shift in the world’s economic arena, the study of intercultural communication is getting more and more important.First technology has accelerated intercultural contact by spurring development in two areas of human endeavor: transportation systems and communication systems. Second, the rapid increase in the world’s population has also promoted the intercultural communication. Third changes in the international business community have compelled China to reexamine her business.2.What is fundamental to our approach to intercultural communication?Fundamental to our approach to intercultural communication is belief that all forms of human communication involve action. Put in slightly different terms, communication is an activity that affects us and other people. Whether we are generating as receiving words or movements, we are creating and producing action. Therefore, any study of communication must include information about the choices we make in selecting our messages, plus a discussion of the consequences of those choice.3.What are the hazards of studying intercultural communication?overgeneralized and oversimplified beliefs we use to categorize of people are the hazards of studying intercultural communication. When we study intercultural communication we should take correct methods and philosophical point of views. We cannot assume that all the people are fundamentally the same, or believe that some cultures are better than others, or make assumptions that culture is simply based on people’s nationality. Therefore if we are not able to have a correct understanding of other cultures or if we just have a stereotype of other cultures and believe in ethnocentrism, we are sure to fail in intercultural communication .In a word, the hazards of studying intercultural communication are overgeneralizing and forgetting how complex the nature of human behavior is.1 Why is it important to include unintentionality in a defeinition of intercultural communication.Communication occurs whenever meaning is attributed to behavior as the residue of behavior. Behavior can be intentional or unintentional. When one person deliberately attempts to convey meaning to another , he in tentionally sends message to change or modify the behavior of other people , and therefore he selects his words or actions with some degree of consciousness. However sometimes messages are conveyed intentionally .For example, the seemingly innocent acts of showing the soles of your feet to a stranger in Korea or touching a woman you are introduced to in Sandi Arabia cold send negative messages even if the sender of the message does not expect his or her action to be communicated. So it is important to include unnitentionality in a definition of intercultural communication.2 characteristics of communication include:no direct mind-to-mind contact ,we can only infer ,communication is symbolic, time-binding links us together,we seek to define the world,communication has a consequence ,communication is dynamiccommunication is contextual ,communication is self reflective3 People are alike (1) people are identical in numerous physiological and chemical ways (2) people also seek emotional pleasure and flee injury to our feelings (3) all people must eventually face four fundamental People are different : this belief is predicated on the simple fact that people experience of the world is internal.In a word , a common beginning ,anatomy,gender,age,culture and the like may bind us , but our isolated minds and unique experience keep us apart. Cultrual differences also keep us apart. While the four philosophical issues of deathm,isolation,free choice and meaning confront everyone,the resolutions we decide upon have their roots deep in each culture. So intercultural communication exists whenever people from different cultures communicate with each other.4 .Were your inferences correct? How do you know?Miss wang and miss zhang are good friends the ofen go shopping together on Sunday. One Sunday, miss wang says to miss zhang Today is Sunday and miss zhang responds :OK let go. From their short dialogue , we can infer that miss wang is asking miss zhang to go shopping and miss zh ang accepts miss wang ‘s proposal. According to the inferential approach to communication , linguistic communication is successful when the hearer ,upon hearing an expresspeaker and the hearer share a system of inferential strategies leading from the utter ances of an expression to the hearer’s recognition of the speaker’s communicative intent , so we an say our inference is correct.what the aim of integrating culture into the language classroom?the aim of integrating culture in to the language classroom is to develop both teacher’s and student’s ability to identify areas of possible misunderstanding in intercultural communication so as to avoid miscommunication.it is also to develop skills allowing participants in a situation to recognize when miscommunication has occurred, to analyze its probable cause and therefore to attempt to repair.one cannot learn a language well without learning its culture, because language and culture are inextricably linked.what do you define culture as?(Daniel Bates and Fred Plog point out that, culture is a system of shared beliefs,values,customs,behaviors,and artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another,and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.therefore,we define culture as the deposit of knowledge,experience,beliefs,values, Attitudes,meanings,hierarchies,religion,notions of time,roles,spatial relations,concepts of universe and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generation s through individual and group striving.What does the model of intercultural communication demonstrates? demonstrates the influence of culture on individuals, and the problems inherent in the production and interpretation of intercultural messages.culture is one factor influencing how we perceive and interact with the world. Although culture is the dominant force shaping an individual within any culture, people vary to some extent from each other. when a message it is to interpreted, the meaning is gain modified. there can be a wide variation of intercultural communication due to cultural differences.1 Communication (occurs) whenever meaning is attributed to behavior or the residue of behavior.2 All communication have seven components:The source,encoding, the message,the channel,the receiver,decoding,feedback3 The Inferential Model of communication proposes four presumptionslinguistic presumption,communicative presumption,presumption of literalness.conversational presumption4 five aspects1 relevance2 sincerity3 truthfulness4 quantity5 quality5 Messagemodel cannot account for:1 disambiguation2 underdetermination of reference3 underdetermination of communicative intent4 nonliterality 5indirction 6 noncommunicative acts.1.The world is a confusing place(explain)the world (reduces)confusion.2. six characteristics(learned)(transmitted from generation to generation)(based on symbols)(subject to change)(integrated)(Ethnocentric)3.one element of intercultural(perception)(beliefs)(values)(attitude systems)(verbal)(culture)4.(intercultural)communication is communication between people.6.from (interethnic) races.7.(intracultural)communication is communication between members.8.with language am culture (more)(than to)culture differ in their attitudes toward(collectivism)(avoidance)(distance)(masculinity)(nature)(nature)(informality)(inter personal)Activities:1. American proverbs:God help those who help themselves. In this proverb, the individualism is stressed.2.Money is everything .in this proverb, material value is stressed in American culture.3.Discussion ideas:American cultural Chinese cultural Black: death,eveil,mouming,sexy. Wicked,shady,malicious White: good,innocent,peaceful,pure. Horror,death,reactionaryRed:anger,hot,love,sex Happiness,profit,beauty,popular,revolutionPink: feminine,shy,softness softnessBlue: cold,masculine,sad,sky solemn originalGreen: envy,greed,money. Spring,hope,freshYellow: caution,happy,sunshine,warm Obscene,golden,pornographic。
商务英语阅读(基础篇) Unit 1 Intercultural Communication
I. Reading Practice
Text A
On the other hand, once a given agreement is made, it is the Japanese who sometimes wonder at the slow pace in which Westerners implement the decision. The Japanese are eager to move forward and Westerners, perhaps, lag behind as they take the time for in-depth planning.
A second characteristic is based on “consensus opinion” and “bottom-up direction”. In Japan great consideration is given to the thoughts and opinions of everyone at all levels. This is true of both private enterprises and government ministries. In Japan there is a drive for unity within the group— whether it is family, company, or Parliament.
I. Reading Practice
Text A
In Japan, the most important thing is what organization you work for. This is of extreme importance when trying to analyze the direction-taking or decision-making process. At the least, it explains the greater job stability in Japan, in contrast to the great job mobility in America.
Intercultural conmmunication Exercises
Intercultural CommunicationExercisesPart I True or FalseDirections: There are 40 statements in this part. Read each statement and decide whether it is true or false. If it is true, choose “T”; if it is false, choose “F”. You should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single letter through the centre.1. A language is a set of symbols that a cultural group has agreed to use to create meaning andthe symbols and their meanings are often arbitrary.2.What we can see about culture is just the tip of the iceberg; the majority of it is intangible,beyond sight.3.Culture can be compared to the rules of the game everybody is playing in any particularsociety.4.Parents often teach us the norms and rules of our culture by modeling how to behave andcorrecting us when we violate them.5.In China, most children are asked from a very early age to make their own decisions.6.Culture is a static entity while communication is a dynamic process.7.Culture is a dynamic system that is changing constantly.8.The idea of saving and thrift is considered as a very important Confucian principle.9.In its most general sense communication refers to the share or exchange of information, ideas,views, feelings, emotions, etc.10.Individualism, often regarded as the fundamental value held by Westerners, places moreimportance on personal competence and interdependence.11.Chinese people are more assertive and tend to make decisions for themselves instead ofconsulting their colleagues or others around them.12.Nowadays, with the rise of globalization, the two values: individualism and collectivismbegin to merge.13.In collectivistic society, people are encouraged to speak their mind and tell the truth, so theyshow their opinions directly.14.In individualistic cultures, it is more likely that children are encouraged to form and expressopinions.15.Americans generally do not try to mask their emotions and are much less concerned with“face” - avoiding embarrassment to themselves or others.16.In low-context culture, much information is implied in the context.17.Most cultures contain both high-context characteristics and low-context characteristics, butusually there is a clear tendency toward one end of the continuum or the other.18.Conversations in a low-context culture tend to be clear, to the point, and more explicit, withlow dependence on the use of nonverbal codes.19.One reason for the indirect and subtle nature of the low-context communication is people’sgreat concern over “face”.20.The notions of equality lead Americans to be quite informal in their general behavior and intheir relationships with other people.21.Americans are generally more concerned about history and traditions than Chinese.22.For most Americans, voluntary idleness often is seen as a severely threatening and damagingsocial condition.23.For most Americans, work represents a cluster of moral and affective conditions of greatattractiveness.24.It is very common in the West to ask someone how much they paid for a particular item.25.In the individualistic culture, the interest of the individual prevails over the interests of thegroup.26.All cultures require and value politeness, but the ways in which politeness is achieved mayvary significantly.27.The Chinese way of showing concern is usually appreciated by the Westerners.28.Chinese people give more compliments in daily life than Americans.29.Americans tend to be self-effacing in their compliment responses.30.Sometimes the Chinese way of showing modesty may be considered as fishing forcompliments.31.Chinese hospitality toward the Westerners is always greatly appreciated.32.In past-oriented cultures, there is a strong belief that the past should be the guide for makingdecisions.33.People, who are future-oriented, consider how much they may earn in the future and decidethe expenditure.34.Chinese TV and radio broadcasters speak faster than their American counterparts.tin American, African, Arab and most Asian cultures are M-time cultures.36.Chinese people tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or standingbeside them.37.Euphemism means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh,blunt, or offensive.38.Honeymoon period is the first period of the culture adaptation where everything is new andexciting.39.Stereotype is assuming that a person has certain qualities (good or bad) just because the person is amember of a special group.40.Ethnocentrism refers to negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards ofone’s own culture.Part II Language Appropriacy and AccuracyDirections: There are 50 statements or questions in this part. Each has a part underlined which describes a verbal or nonverbal behavior in intercultural interaction. Read each statement or question and decide whether the underlined part is appropriate or inappropriate. If it is appropriate, choose “A”; if it is inappropriate, choose “I”. You should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single letter through the centre.1.When the guests arrive, Western hosts or hostesses usually say, “Thank you for coming!”2.You lent money to an American generously, and said, “Don’t mention it again. You don’thave to pay me back.”3.On a cold winter day Wang Ping met Professor Brown on his way to the library. Wang saidto him: “It’s rather cold. You’d better wear more clothes.”4.In a Western meal, you’re offered a second helping, but you have already had enough. Yousay: “That is delicious, but I've already had plenty, thanks.”5.In a factory, Li, the guide, is interpreting for a group of foreign guests. When they havefinished visiting one workshop, he would like the group to follow him to the next workshop.He says: “Follow me!”6.On the way to the school cinema, Li saw Professor Blake walking to the cinema, too. Liasked: “Are you going to the film?”7.Jack phones Jane’s office. Jack: “Hello, I’d like to speak to Jane, please.” Jane: “This isJane speaking.”8.In America, a man was trying to make his way through the gangway (过道) of a crowdedtrain. The way to his seat was blocked by a lady carrying several packages. He wanted to ask her to make a way for him, saying, “Excuse me. Make a way please.”9.Your friend’s mother, Mrs. Keeler, asked if you would like something to eat. You refusedpolitely: “No, thanks. I’ve just had lunch.”10.In London, you want to go to the Heathrow Airport by taxi, you say to the taxi driver:“Excuse me, would you possibly take me to Heathrow airport?”11.Simon, from America, taught English in a Chinese university, One day, the director of theEnglish Department informed Simon that he planned a journey to the nearby mountains.Simon said, “Sorry, I have a plan this weekend.”12.Mrs. Brown, in her late forties, came to lecture, wearing a new dress. One of her studentssaid to her: “You look nice and younger wearing this dress.”13.Patrick is sitting in a car with some friends. He has just asked if anyone minds him smoking.One of the friends in the car, Gillian, is allergic to smoke. She says: “Would you mind if I say no, Patrick?”14.Betty is a foreign student in China. She has met Peng Fei. Betty: “I was told that you wonthe 100-metre race in the all-city track meet this morning. Congratulations!” Peng:“I can’t say I did well this morning.”15.Xu Cheng happened to meet Jones at the bank when Jones was withdrawing money. Xusaid jokingly to him: “You’re really a millionaire.”16.You have spent an afternoon with your foreign teacher, Mr. Good. You have just got to go.Mr. Good: “Do drop around and visit us some time.” You: “Thank you, I will.”17.You address Jason Douglas, who is a lawyer, as “Lawyer Douglas”.18.You are a guest in a British or American friend’s home. Your friend asks if you would likesomething to drink. You really would like a drink. You say: “Yes, that would be lovely.”19.Yang Yang invited a Canadian friend, Julia, to her home for a meal. The dinner was readyand they were sitting at the table. There were so many dishes and they all looked delicious.Yang Yang said, “I’m sorry I’m not a very good cook and have just prepared so little.”20.Wang Lin called at one of his foreign friend’s house. He was really impressed by thebeautiful curtains made by his friend’s wife. He said to her: “Well, I didn’t expect you could make such pretty curtains.”21.Li Ming had something to tell Mr. Smith, the head of the department, so he went to hisoffice, entered it and said to him: “Can I have a word with you, Mr. Smith?”22.Li Hua invited an American friend, Ann, to his home. After Ann entered the room, Li Huasaid, “My room is very small and untidy. Please sit down and have a cup of tea. You must be tired.”23.Mary came to Zhang Mei’s birthday party and brought her a present wrapped in a nice box.Zhang Mei unwrapped the box in M ary’s presence and praised the present.24.Dr. Jones, your supervisor, telephoned to invite you to have dinner with his family. Youreplied: “Thank you. All right. I’ll try to come.”25.If you have a question to ask your foreign teacher of English, you may say goodbye to himand leave immediately after you have got the answer and expressed your gratitude.26.Dr. Smith, over 60, invited Li Bing to his birthday party. Li Bing brought him a China godof longevity as a present.27.When you want to compliment your English f riend’s new coat, you can say: “I like yournew coat.”28.If you are invited to dinner by one of your English-speaking friends, you may bring thehostess some fruit as a present.29.In English speaking countries, if one touches another person accidentally, he or she usuallymakes an apology.30.When you are eating with an English friend, you wish him: “Good appetite!”31.Mrs. Godwin was about the same age as Li Ming’s grandmother, so Li called her“Grandma.”32.If you don’t quite understand a native speaker of English and therefore want him to repeatan utterance, you say: “I beg your pardon, please.”33.Liu Hui recently moved to Los Angeles as a sales representative for a company. It’s earlyDecember and Liu knows this is the season many businesses give gifts to their clients. Liu buys a bottle of perfume for one of his client, Ann, and has it wrapped in red paper34.When you break a plate in one of your friend’s house, you say: “I’m awfully sorry, but Iseem to have broken a plate.”35.The best answer to the invitation “You really must come and see us one of these days.” maybe “Thank you very much. I love meeting English people.”36.The appropriate answer to the question “Who’s that crossing the street?” is “She’s Mary.”37.In public places, when a smoker says to you “Would you mind if I smoke?” You mayanswer: “Yes, please.”38.One of your foreign friends gives you a gift. Friend: “Here is a little something for you. Ihope that you like it.” You: “No, no. I really can’t accept it.”39.In America, people often fall in chairs, put their feet on their desks, sit on the carpeted floor,or slouch when they stand.40.One American friend invited a visiting scholar from China to watch a movie. America:What kind of movie do you like? Chinese: I don’t care. It’s up to you. Any movie you like will be fine.41.Mr. Green’s secretary, Pat Kent, went to the airport to meet Mr. Barnes for her boss. MissKent: “Excuse me, would you be Mr. Barnes?”42.If you study as a graduate student in the U.S.A., you should always try to avoid telephoningyour American classmates at sometime later than 11 p.m. unless there is an emergency. 43.In America a Chinese praised one of his colleagues, “Your skin is very white!”44.If you are a male and introduced to an English speaking lady, you do not take the initiativein shaking hands unless she holds out her hand first.45.Li Ming, a Chinese high school English teacher, met his American friend, Sunny, atTian’anmen Square. After greeting and chatting for a while. Sunny said. “Nice meeting you.” The Chinese teacher continued talking.46.In western countries, when you feel ill and want to go and see a doctor, it is good idea tomake an appointment before you go.47.In America, when one person gets in an elevator with another person already in the elevator,they exchange a brief smile.48.In America, in public speaking, a speaker reads a speech instead of looking at and talking tohis audience.49.Western mothers usually like Chinese to touch their babies or small children.50.In U.K., using the “V”sign to mean “victory”, you can do it with the palm facing outwardsor inwards.Part III TranslationDirections: Give the Chinese equivalents of the following expressions. Please write your translation on the Answer Sheet.1.early bird 早起或者早到者2.big bug 大人物3.fat cat 事业成功者4.lucky dog (bird) 幸运儿5.top dog 头领6.white elephant 无用的东西7.night owl 夜猫子8.black sheep 害群之马9.turn chicken 胆怯起来10.talk horse 吹牛11.play the peacock 沾沾自喜12.cry wolf 愚弄他人；发假警报13.drink like a fish 牛饮14.tread upon eggs 如履薄冰15.fish in the air 水中捞月16.rain cat s and dogs 大雨倾盆17.flea market 跳蚤市场（旧货市场）18.crocodile tears 假慈悲19.as wet as a drowned rat 湿得像落汤鸡20.as strong as a horse 壮如牛21.as timid as a hare 胆小如鼠22.as stupid as a goose 蠢得像猪23.like a cat on hot bricks 热锅上的蚂蚁24.the apple of somebody’s eye 掌上明珠25.red light district 红灯区; 色情场所26.catch sb. red-handed 当场抓获27.red rag 让人生气的东西28. a red letter day 节假日; 纪念日29.to be in the red 亏损; 负债; 赤字30.yellow ribbon 黄丝带(表示欢迎归来)31.yellow dog 卑鄙小人32.yellow looks 尖酸多疑的神情33.blue film 黄色电影34.in a blue mood 情绪低落35.white lie不怀恶意的谎言36.grey hair 白头发37.black tea 红茶38.brown sugar 红糖39.green-eyed 眼红的；嫉妒的40. a green hand 生手，易上当受骗的人41.green goods 新鲜货42. a green old age 老当益壮43.shoe rebuilder 修鞋匠ndscape engineer 园林工人45.sanitation engineer 清洁工46.senior citizens 老人47.Spend money like water. 挥金如土48.Haste makes waste. 欲速则不达。
Intercultural-Communication-Competence
BASICs of Intercultural Competence
2) Orientation to Knowledge: The terms people use to explain themselves and the
world around them.
All experiences and interpretations are individual and personal rather than universally shared.
1
Intercultural Communication Competence
Background A staircase Model BASICs of Intercultural Communication
Background
The study of intercultural communication competence has been motivated primarily by practical concerns.
3
4
A Staircase Model
Unconscious Competence Stage Conscious Competence Stage Conscious Incompetence Stage Unconscious Incompetence Stage
5
6
BASICs of Intercultural Competence
different ways.
13
BASICs of Intercultural Competence
6) Relational Role Behavior: Behaviors associated with interpersonal harmony and
Intercultural-Communication-Competence(1)
Lack of intercultural competence means failed business ventures, government projects that have not achieved their objectives, and unsuccessful learning experiences for students.
3
4
A Staircase Model
Unconscious Competence Stage Conscious Competence Stage Conscious Incompetence Stage Unconscious Incompetence Stage
5
6
BASICs of Intercultural Competence
different ways.
13
BASICs of Intercultural Competence
6) Relational Role Behavior: Behaviors associated with interpersonal harmony and
mediation (personal relationships with group members).
world as others do.
You try to understand another person’s thoughts, feelings, and experiences and show it.
大学英语跨文化交际chapter10 Intercultural Communication Competence
Skills for Improving Intercultural Competence
Chapter 10 Intercultural Communication Competence
a. Work to Emphasize Areas of Similarity with Others b. Try to Accept Differing Opinions c. Make Your Verbal Messages d. Avoid Dominating Conversations e. Avoid Being Submissive in Conversations f. Be an Affirmer
Chapter 10 Intercultural Communication Competence
Text C The Components of Intercultural Competence
Individual Components of Intercultural Competence : Individual components usually include motivation, knowledge, attitudes, behaviors and skills. Contextual Competence Components of Intercultural
Chapter 10 Intercultural Communication Competence
Individual Components of Intercultural Competence
a. Motivation Motivation includes the overall set of emotional associations that people have as they actually communicate interculturally.
Intercultural Communication Unit 1(2011)
Gudykunst, 2003) P32~33 (Intercultural communication in a global workplace
• GudykunstWilliam.docx
Unit 1 A Global Village
1) What is Intercultural Communication? Do I do intercultural communication?
• Marshall McLuhan
July 21, 1911(1911-07Born 21) Edmonton, Alberta, Canada December 31, 1980(1980Died 12-31) (aged 69) Toronto, Ontario, Canada Media theory, Toronto School School of communication theory Main interests Media mass media sensorium New Criticism
5) Academic Journal
• Intercultural Communication Studies (ICS by IAICS),
• 1）80年代初期开始注意此研究方向。（许国璋 1982 <现代外语》
• • • • 5) Being researched and studied in many different circles,.
Idioms Relating to dogs
• Let sleeping dogs lie 不要自惹麻 • Love me love my dog 爱屋及乌 • Every dog has his day 凡人皆有得意日 Give a dog a bad name and hang him 人言可畏 • You can‗t teach old dog new tricks 老年人的旧的习惯难以改掉 Barking dogs do not bite 吠犬不咬人 • die like a dog's death 悲惨或可耻地死去 lead a dog‗s life 过着无忧的日子 • not a dog's chance 毫无希望；一点机会都没有． • treat someone like a dog 把某人不当人对待． • help a lame dog over a stile 济人之急，帮助人渡过危难 • put on the dog 摆架子
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Exercise IⅠ. Matching the terms with their definitions.1.( ) The belief that your own cultural background, including ways of analyzing problems,values, beliefs, language, and verbal and nonverbal communication, is superior.2.( ) The total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions andcommunication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.3.( ) A process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a commonsystem of symbols, signs, or behavior, or the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, signals, writing, or behavior.4.( ) The communication is within business and administration, aiming at a common objectiveand profits for both the individuals and organizations.5.( ) The communication between people from different cultures when a member of oneculture produces a message for consumption by a member of another culture.6.( ) The communication at the same level in an organization.Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1.( ) When culture is contrasted with nature, it can be defined as “life way of a population” inits broad sense, meaning what characterizes the particular way of life of a population.2.( ) Culture is all men’s medium; there is no aspect of human life that is not touched andaltered by culture.3.( ) The culture shown in an onion consists of two levels: a level of norms and values, or aninvisible level of resultant behavior or artifacts of some form.4.( ) The terms of intercultural communication and international communication can be usedinterchangeably.5.( ) With the integration of language into the fabric of culture, confusion and dysfunctionwould reign and the culture would fail.6.( ) Culture cannot be known without a study of communication, and communication canonly be understood with an understanding of the culture it supports.7.( ) Stereotypes, like culture itself, are learned in a variety of ways. They are the products oflimited, lazy, and misguided perceptions.8.( ) In the global village, neighbors communicate free of troubles and difficulties. Exercise IIⅠ. Matching the terms with their definitions.1.( ) It is carried out either in oral or in written form with the use of words.2.( ) It is the study of the meaning of words, a system that relates words to meaning.3.( ) It is a set of symbols and rules for combining those symbols and rules that are used andunderstood by a large community of people.4.( ) It is the study of how speakers use the language to reach successful communication, andthe study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behaviors.5.( ) It is a hard-copy document, used for communicating inside an organization, usually short. Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1.( ) Verbal communication is the transferring of thoughts between individuals only viaspoken messages.2.( ) Verbal communication is not as clarified and efficient as other ways of communication,e.g. written communication.3.( ) Language is a means to express and exchange thoughts, concepts, knowledge andinformation as well as to transmit experience and so on.4.( ) Language and culture are closely related, reflecting, influencing and shaping each other.5.( ) Written communication is the communication by means of written symbols, eitherprinted or hand written.Exercise IIIⅠ. Matching the terms with their definitions.1.( ) The study of people’s perception and use of space.2.( ) The process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination withverbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages in a given situation or context.3.( ) The nonverbal behavior related to the movement or the body or part of the body.4.( ) It means that nonverbal behavior can support, but could not replace the verbal message incommunication.5.( ) It refers to the space the people have for their own activities.Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1.( ) Nonverbal codes play an important part in communication or interculturalcommunication. But it is not as important as verbal codes.2.( ) Nonverbal behavior is significant because it spontaneously reflects the subconsciousness.3.( ) As many movements are carried out at a subconscious or at least low-awareness level,kinesics movements carry a significant risk of being misinterpreted in an intercultural communication situation.4.( ) We put the index finger and mid-finger apart with palm against the receiver to mean“OK”, which was first used by Winston Churchill.5.( ) Postures send same messages to all people, e.g. when you stand in an upright position,you impress others as being energetic.6.( ) A simple eye gesture might be interpreted in a diversity of meanings across cultures.7.( ) The British, like Americans, believe that looking someone directly in the eye is a markof rudeness until a more intimate relationship is established.8.( ) Eyes looking sideways can show one’s coldness and superciliousness. It is impolite tomove your head side to side while you are communicating with people, e.g. in India or Pakistan.9.( ) Personal territory can be large or small, which is much related to certain elements suchas place, sex, age and character.10.( ) How closely people position themselves to one another during a discussion or talkcannot communicate what type of relationship exists between them.Exercise IVⅠ. Matching the terms with their definitions.1.( ) A learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts.2.( ) The degree to which power differences are expected and accepted by society.3.( ) The degree to which individual decision-making and action is accepted and encouragedby the society.4.( ) The degree to which traditional male values are important to a society.5.( ) The degree to which the society is willing to accept and deal with ambiguity anduncertainty.Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1.( ) Where power distance is large, the society believes that there should be a well-definedorder of inequality in which everyone has a rightful place.2.( ) Large power distance countries such as the United States, Austria, Finland, and Denmarkhold that inequality in society should be minimized.3.( ) Where individualism is high, the society emphasizes the role of the group.4.( ) Individualists prefer self-sufficiency while collectivists give more recognition to theirinterdependent roles and obligations to the group.5.( ) Asian, Latin American, and West African nations are societies high in individualism butlow in collectivism.6.( ) In high masculinity societies, sex roles are clearly differentiated and men are dominant.7.( ) In high masculinity societies, people tend to believe that matters of material comfort,social privilege, etc. are related to ability.8.( ) In feminine societies, men and women are considered socially unequal.9.( ) Where uncertainty avoidance is low, the society is comfortable with a low degree ofuncertainty and is open to the unknown.10.( ) Where uncertainty avoidance is high, the society is concerned with certainty and security.Exercise VⅠ. Matching the terms with their definitions.1.( ) This term expresses the lack of direction, the feeling of not knowing what to do or how todo things in a new environment, and not knowing what is appropriate or inappropriate.2.( ) A stage of culture shock, in which the new arrivals may feel euphoric and be pleased byall of the new things encountered.3.( ) A stage of culture shock characterized by gaining some understanding of the new culture.4.( ) It refers to the “shock”one experiences upon returning to one’s home culture aftergrowing used to a new one.5.( ) A coping mechanism against culture shock in which we pretend that everything isacceptable and nothing bothers us.6.( ) A coping mechanism against culture shock in which we think we don’t need anybody,and we are coping fine alone.7.( ) It refers to groups of cultures that value individual orientation and overt communicationcodes and maintains a heterogeneous normative structure with low cultural demand characteristics.8.( ) It refers to groups of cultures that value group identity orientation and covertcommunication codes and maintains a homogeneous normative structure with high cultural demand characteristics.Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1.( ) People of different cultural backgrounds usually behave and respond in different ways inthe same context.2.( ) The term, culture shock, was introduced to describe the anxiety produced when a personmoves to a completely new environment, especially when a person arrives in a new country where he is confronted with new cultural environment.3.( ) For some multinational firms, they can alleviate culture shock by selecting employees foroverseas assignments who possess certain personal and professional qualifications.4.( ) The easier it is to adjust to a new culture, the easier it is to readjust to home culture.5.( ) In high-context culture, that of North America, for example, a large portion of themessage is left unspecified and accessed through the context.6.( ) In low-context culture, people judge what someone is talking about not only by what heis saying but also by the context in which the message occurs.7.( ) In high-context communication the listener is already “contexted” and so does not needto be given much background information.8.( ) The French culture is a high-context culture; American culture is a low-context one.Exercise VIⅠ. Matching the terms with their definitions.1.( ) It refers to manners and behavior considered acceptable in social and businesssituations.2.( ) The formal presentation of one person to another, in which people get to know eachother and establish relationships with each other.3.( ) They are behaviors generally expected in specific situations and are established,socially acceptable ways of behaving in given circumstances.4.( ) Beliefs that are inconsistent with the known laws of science or what society considersto be true and rational.5.( ) Practices or verbal expressions considered by a society or culture as improper orunacceptable.Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1.( ) Nonverbal greetings include shaking hands, kissing, bowing and making introductions.2.( ) Shaking hands at different time will leave different impressions upon the person youare addressing.3.( ) In Europe and North America, business cards are far less formalized and are usedmerely to keep track of who’s who during a hectic meeting schedule.4.( ) Clothes make the man or the woman and the reality is that how you look goes a longway toward leaving a great first impression.5.( ) It is rude to season without tasting and this may actually reflect negatively on yourcharacter by implying that you are prone to making hasty decisions before checking out the facts.6.( ) In Europe, people hold the fork in the left hand and the knife in the right handthroughout a meal.7.( ) The goal at a cocktail party is to meet as many people as possible. Everyone expects toget into deep discussions.8.( ) In the United States, a businessman who is invited for dinner to the private home of abusiness contact is expected to write a thank-you note shortly after the event.9.( ) Some businesspersons maintain that American humor is helpful to export andappreciate.10.( ) Taboos often are rooted in the beliefs of the people of a specific region or culture andare passed down from generation to generation.Exercise VII1.( ) A discussion between two or more disputants who are trying to work out a solution totheir problem.2.( ) People who see deal-making as a collaborative and problem-solving process.3.( ) People who see deal-making as confrontational.4.( ) It concerns the approach a negotiator uses to interact with counterparts at the table.5.( ) An aim in negotiation, though providing you with lower interests than the best aim, isfairer for both parties.Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1.( ) Cultures that use communication to encourage harmony, preserve face, and developlong-term relationships are not satisfactory with direct and explicit talk.2.( ) Cultural differences can generate positive impacts on negotiation as people can learnfrom each other.3.( ) American negotiators tend to be competitive in their approach to negotiation, beginningwith a realistic offer.4.( ) German businessmen have serious principles about interpersonal relationship and theyfocus on personal credit.5.( ) People of India approve of displays of emotions, and negotiators must use patience andallow the Indians to take the lead in negotiations.6.( ) Japanese negotiators tend to put more emphasis on the literal meanings of words usedin negotiation and less emphasis on the relationships established before negotiating begins. 7.( ) The best aim is the ideal aim that will benefit you best and help you achieve all desiredresults planned at the beginning of the negotiation.8.( ) It is not advisable to make a high offer at the beginning of negotiation.9.( ) Control of the schedule often leads to control of the negotiating agenda.10.( ) In Asian cultures, signed agreements are far less important than keeping theinterdependent, interwoven organizations involved in a good relationship.Exercise VIIIⅠ. Matching the terms with their definitions.1.( ) A working knowledge of the cultural variables affecting management decisions.2.( ) The culture of an organization which provides a stable environment where employeescan develop and exercise their skills.3.( ) The look, the feel, the atmosphere of an organization and people within it.4.( ) The cooperation among employees and employers.5.( ) The strategic process of marketing among consumers whose culture differs from that ofthe marketer’s own culture at least in one of the fundamental cultural aspects, such as language, religion, social norms and values, education, and living style.Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1.( ) In baseball team culture, the most important thing for employees is to fit into the group.2.( ) Culture serves to create a general consensus on fundamental issues and facilitatesdecision-making during crises.3.( ) Though culture can eliminate the need to make new decisions for every case, it cannotsubstitute for structural and human resources management.4.( ) Culture offers ways of identifying with the organization and creates a “you-feeling.”5.( ) The different levels of culture, that is, individual, organizational or national, do notexist in isolation. They are always linked together.6.( ) The effective management principle and method for a local corporation might notachieve expected result if employees come from different countries in international corporation.7.( ) A company’s culture is influenced by all members of the organization.8.( ) Marketing has to be adapted to the local cultures.。