02 Machine design

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钱瑞明-东南大学-机械设计-第二章Machine Design

Chapter 2 Mechanism Structure in Machine Design
SEU-QRM
12
Sliding Pair or Prismatic Pair(移动副或棱柱副)——两构件之间的相对运动为直线移动(用P表示)，F=1，S=2
Higher Pair(高副)——两构件之间的相对运动为移动和转动，如齿轮副(gear pair)、凸轮副(cam pair)，F=2，S=1
Chapter 2 Mechanism Structure in Machine Design
SEU-QRM
18
Chapter 2 Mechanism Structure in Machine Design
SEU-QRM
19
4. Procedures for Drawing the Kinematic Diagram of a Mechanism(机构运动简图的绘制步骤)
Closed Kinematic Chain
Chapter 2 Mechanism Structure in Machine Design
Open Kinematic Chain SEU-QRM 6
4. Mechanism(机构) ① Quasi-Mechanism(准机构)——将运动链中的一个构件固定作为运动参考系 ② Mechanism(机构)——若准机构中一个或几个构件按给定的运动规律相对于固定构件运动，且其余构件都具有确定运动时，准机构则成为机构 ③ Frame or Fixed Link or Reference Link(机架)——机构中固定不动的构件。机架相对地面可以是固定的，也可以是运动的（如在汽车、飞机等中的机构）
Chapter 2 Mechanism Structure in Machine Design

第二章机械设计总论PPT课件

9
轿车组成：
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什么是机械设计？机械设计是一个工作过程。
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根据社会需求确定设计任务
构思决策分析计算绘图
机械的工作原理
机械的
各个零件的
运动和力的
结构材料、形状、尺寸传递方式
外观
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设计计算书
全套图样
使用说明书 12
机械设计的基本要求
机械的功能指标是机械设计最基本的出发点。
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2．可靠性要求
机械要传递力和力矩
机械零件的内部和表面产生应力和变形
有可能导致零件的失效
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磨损曲轴折断齿轮Βιβλιοθήκη 坏潘存云教授研制17
机械应能保证在规定的使用寿命期限内，零件不发生各种型式的失效。
为此要进行强度、刚度和寿命的计算，这些计算在整个设计工作量中占了很大的比例。
连杆机构
特定轨迹
7
别控各是制部随控装分着制置的2理0的运世论作动纪的用。后发是半展控叶和制以计机来算器现机代在科工学业技上术的的应发用展，，机特器
的组成更复杂了。
发出指令调节伺服电机的运动
传感
驱动装置器传动装置
检测伺服电机的输出转角
执行装置
传感
器
检测执行装置的运动输出
控制装置
由程序给定运动规律
磁铁
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比重不同
重选
磁性不同
磁选
对特定液体泡沫的吸附性不同
浮选 25
螺纹加工的工作原理
选矿机械的工作原理

毕业设计-二自由度机器人的结构设计与仿真

二自由度机器人的结构设计与仿真学院：专业：姓名：指导老师：机械与车辆学院机械电子工程学号：职称：教授中国·XX二○一二年五月毕业设计诚信承诺书本人郑重承诺：本人承诺呈交的毕业设计《二自由度机器人的结构设计与仿真》是在指导教师的指导下，独立开展研究取得的成果，文中引用他人的观点和材料，均在文后按顺序列出其参考文献，设计使用的数据真实可靠。

本人签名：日期：年月日二自由度机器人的结构设计与仿真摘要并联机器人有着串联机器人所不具有的优点，在应用上与串联机器人形成互补关系。

二自由度并联机器人是并联机器人家族中的重要组成部分，由于结构简单、控制方便和造价低等特点，有着重要的应用前景和开发价值。

本论文研究了一种新型二自由度平移运动并联机构，该并联机构采用类五杆机构，平行四边形刚架结构来实现，可有效地消除铰链间隙，提高动平台的工作性能，同时有抵抗切削颠覆力矩的能力。

根据该二自由度平面机构的工作空间，利用平面几何的方法求得连杆的长度，并通过Pro/E软件进行仿真检验，并通过软件仿真的方式，优化连杆长度，排除奇异点，同时合理设计机械结构的尺寸，完成结构设计。

对该二自由度并联机器人，以Pro/E为平台，建立两自由度平移运动并联机器人运动仿真模型，验证了机构的实际工作空间和运动情况。

最后指出了本机构的在实际中的应用。

并使用AutoCAD软件进行了重要装置和关键零件的工程图绘制工作，利用ANSYS 软件分析了核心零件的力学性能。

研究结果表明，本文所设计的二自由度机器人性能良好、工作灵活，很好地满足了设计指标要求，并已具备了一定的实用性。

关键词：二自由度；并联机器人；仿真；结构设计；Pro/E2-DOF robot structure design and simulationAbstractParallel robot has a series of advantages of the robot does not have to form a complementary relationship between the application and the series robot. The 2-DOF parallel robot is an important part of the family of parallel robots. The structure is simple, convenient and cost control and low, with significant potential applications and the development value. In this thesis, a new 2- DOF translational motion parallel mechanism, the analogous mechanism for class five institutions, parallelogram frame structure, which can effectively eliminate the hinge gap and improve the performance of the moving platform, while resistance to cutting subvert the torque capacity.The working space of the 2-DOF planar mechanism, the use of plane geometry to obtain the length of the connecting rod, and the Pro/E software simulation test, and software simulation to optimize the connecting rod length, excluding the singular point, while the size of the rational design of mechanical structure, complete the structural design. And important equipment and key parts of the engineering drawings using AutoCAD software, using ANSYS software to analyze the mechanical properties of the core parts.The 2-DOF parallel robot to the Pro/E platform, the establishment of the 2-DOF of translational motion parallel robot simulation model to verify the organization's actual work space and movement. Finally, this institution in the practical application. The results show that the combination of good motor performance of the 2-DOF parallel robot，good to meet the index requirements, and already have a certain amount of practicality.Keywords: 2-DOF; parallel robot; simulation; structural design; Pro/E目录1前言 (1)1.1本课题的研究背景及意义 (1)1.1.1什么是机器人 (1)1.1.2机器人技术的研究意义 (1)1.2机器人的历史与发展现状 (2)1.2.1机器人的发展历程 (2)1.2.2机器人的主要研究工作 (3)1.2.3少自由度机器人的发展历程 (4)1.3本课题的研究内容 (5)2二自由度机器人系统方案设计 (7)2.1二自由度并联机器人机构简介 (7)2.2执行机构方案设计及分析 (7)3二自由度机器人的结构设计与运动分析 (8)3.1已知设计条件及参数 (8)3.1.1连杆机构自由度计算 (8)3.1.2五杆所能达到的位置计算 (8)3.2对机构主体部分的运动学逆解分析 (10)3.2.1位置分析 (10)3.2.2速度与加速的分析 (11)3.3受力分析 (12)4基于Pro/E软件环境下二自由度机器人的结构设计 (16)4.1 Pro/E软件简介 (16)4.2驱动元器件的选择 (17)4.2.1步进电机的选择 (17)4.2.2联轴器选择 (18)4.3平面连杆机构的结构参数确定 (19)4.4输入轴的设计 (20)4.5安装支架的参数确定 (21)5基于Pro/E软件环境下的机器人装配及动态仿真 (23)5.1虚拟装配过程 (23)5.1.1连杆机构的装配 (23)5.1.2安装支架的装配 (24)5.1.3完成二自由度机器人的最终装配 (24)5.2基于Pro/E软件环境下的动态仿真 (25)6基于AutoCAD软件环境下的机械结构设计 (31)6.1AutoCAD软件简介 (31)6.2平面连杆机构的结构设计 (32)6.3机架的结构部件图绘制 (33)6.4二自由度机器人工程图绘制 (34)7基于Ansys软件环境下的有限元分析 (36)7.1Ansys软件简介 (36)7.2对输入轴的有限元分析 (37)7.3对输入连杆的有限元分析 (37)8 总结与展望 (40)8.1课题研究工作总结 (40)8.2研究展望 (41)参考文献 (42)致谢 (44)附录（一） (45)附录（二） (52)1前言机器人技术是一门光机电高度综合、交叉的学科，它涉及机械、电气、力学、控制、通信等诸多方面。

马铃薯切片机设计

青岛农业大学本科生毕业论文（设计）题目：马铃薯切片机的设计**：***学院：食品科学与工程专业：食品科学与工程班级：10级1班学号：************：***完成时间：2014.06.102014 年6 月10 日目录摘要 (1)Abstract (1)1 前言 (2)2 选题背景 (2)2.1 国外切片技术发展概况 (2)2.2 国内切片机技术发展概况 (2)3 离心式切片机总体方案的确定 (3)3.1 结构特点及工作原理 (3)3.2 结构的组成部分及特点 (4)4 电机的选择 (5)5 轴的选择 (6)5.1 计算轴的最小直径 (6)5.2 轴尺寸的确定 (6)5.3 轴的校核 (7)5.4 按弯扭合成应力校核轴的强度 (8)6 轴承的选择和校核 (9)6.1 轴承的选择 (9)6.2 轴承的校核 (9)7 键的选择及校核 (10)7.1 键的选择 (10)7.2 键的校核 (10)8 V带传动的设计计算 (11)8.1 求计算功率P C (11)8.2 选V带的型号 (11)8.3 求大小带轮d2、d1基准直径 (11)8.4 验算带速V (12)8.5 计算V带的基准长度Ld和中心距a (12)8.6 验算小带轮包角α1 (13)8.7 求V带的根数 (13)8.8 求作用在带轮轴上的压力FQ (13)9 V带轮的设计 (14)9.1 V带轮材料的选择 (14)9.2带轮的结构尺寸的设计 (14)10 刀片的设计 (16)10.1 刀片类型的选择 (16)10.2 刀盘的总成结构设计 (18)11 机架的设计 (18)11.1 机架设计要求 (18)11.2 机架材料的选用及壁厚选择 (19)11.3 机架整体设计 (19)12 机体结构的设计 (20)总结 (22)致谢................................................................................................................................................... ..... .22 参考文献 (23)马铃薯切片机的设计摘要：马铃薯营养价值丰富，是人们主要的杂粮之一，而在很多情况下都需要将马铃薯切片或切丝，因而马铃薯切片（切丝）机应运而生。

Simcenter SPEED Rapid Electric Machine Design 2019

Simcenter SPEEDRapid Electric Machine DesignVersion 2019.2Realize Innovation.Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2019SpotlightOn…Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 2Siemens PLM SoftwareTable of ContentsOverviewWhy is rapid E-machine design necessary today?Rapid E-machine design using Simcenter SPEED Deep Dive: Rapid Electric Machine Design •Overview•Performance Requirements •Data Input•Performance Calculation •Numerical Analysis•Data Output•Power Electronics and Control •Scripting, Automation &OptimizationWhy is Rapid E-machine Design Necessary Today?•Fast analysis of many design variants•Fewer time-consuming prototypes•Better insight earlier in development•“What if” studies and intelligent designexploration•Fewer costly prototypes•Less reliance on simplified modelsUnrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 4Siemens PLM SoftwareUnrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 5Siemens PLM SoftwareHow Can Rapid E-machine Design Address the Challenges?•••••••Fast analysis of many designs variants •Fewer time-consuming prototypes•Better insight earlier in development •“What if” studies and intelligent design exploration•Fewer costly prototypes•Less reliance on simplified modelsUnrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 6Siemens PLM SoftwareElectric Machine ApplicationsAerospace Automotive Computer and Office Consumer ElectronicsPower Generation Optical InstrumentsIndustrial Machinery Marine MedicalPublic Transportation Research and Academia Semi-conductorUnrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 7Siemens PLM SoftwareKey RequirementsComplete solution for E-machines:•Covering a wide range of different types of E-machines •Including all the necessary theoretical and physics modelsUnrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 8Siemens PLM Software•Simcenter SPEED offers six E-machine types:•Synchronous machines PC-BDC •Induction machinesPC-IMD •Switched reluctance machines PC-SRD •Brushed PM-DC machines PC-DCM •Wound-field commutator machines PC-WFC and •Axial flux machinesPC-AXM•General purpose 2D and 3D electromagnetic finite element solver within Simcenter STAR-CCM+or the dedicated 2D magneto-static PC-FEA program or any other e.g.Magnet .Breadth of CapabilityUnrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 9Siemens PLM SoftwareKey Requirements•Application-specific workflow with dedicated input editors •Terminology and inputs that are familiar to the E-machine designer •Automated post-processing tailored for E-machine applicationsUnrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 10Siemens PLM Software•Graphical outline editor showing•Parameter list (enables geometry modifications)•Radial/axial E-machine cross section •Winding editor showing•Single and multiple phases coil distribution •MMF and harmonics •Görges diagram•Winding scheme and the wire distribution in the slot •Template editor to collect all input parameters •Design sheet with•Numerical output data•Formats: block, tab or customized•Output graphs similar to oscilloscope graphs showing •Various physics values•Examples: currents, bemf, torque, flux density waveforms, efficiency mapQuick and easy SetupUnrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 11Siemens PLM SoftwareKey RequirementsFlexible approach combining methods to balance Simcenter SPEED and accuracy:•Analytical methods for almost instantaneous results •FE electromagnetic analysis to model the magnetic saturated regions more precisely if neededUnrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 12Siemens PLM Software•Achieve fast calculations with simple magneticequivalent-circuit methods•Get additional accuracy by accounting forsaturation level and complex flux path effects using:•An embedded FE solver in Simcenter SPEED •An external loop accessing 2D electromagnetic static FE programs in PC-FEA or Simcenter STAR-CCM•Uses a fast and automated script (GoFER)•Enables quick return of data back to SimcenterSPEED to calibrate settings or compare resultsFast but also accuratePC-FEASimcenter STAR-CCM+Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 13Siemens PLM SoftwareKey Requirements•Quick access to a common database for material property data.•Easily create and edit records of material property data •Access to material plots and chartsUnrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 14Siemens PLM Software•Material databases available in SimcenterSPEED•Includes steels, magnets and brushes•Can be edited/created using dedicateddatabase programs•New material records are saved in adatabase and can be accessed and re-used from the interface.•Includes various charts such as B/H and V/IcurvesFlexible material databaseUnrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 15Siemens PLM SoftwareKey Requirements•Intelligent design-space exploration algorithm to gain better insight and find better E-machine designs faster •Maximize overall performance •Maximize efficiency and minimize losses •Reduce overall costUnrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 16Siemens PLM Software•HEEDS is a powerful software packagepart of the Simcenter Portfolio thatautomates the design spaceexploration process•Simcenter SPEED provides an in-builtGUI to access HEEDS in two ways:•A full HEEDS installation•An integrated HEEDS Add-on toolIntelligent Design ExplorationUnrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 17Siemens PLM SoftwareKey Requirements•Enable scripting to link libraries and make analysis easily available for design exploration studies •Automated workflow that links geometry and analysis tools and facilitates quick design changes •In using scripts to automate the various workflows including detailed multi-physics analyses such as electro-magnetics, thermal, mechanical stress and vibro-acoustic.Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 18Siemens PLM Software•The Simcenter SPEED workflow can be run manually, automated by scripting or even driven by an optimizer.•Users can connect the necessary tools for the complete E-machine solution usingvarious scripting or programming languages.•Pre-defined scripts to augment Simcenter SPEED with Simcenter STAR-CCM+ are available with download of the software:•Electromagnetic analysis (GoFER),•Thermal analysis (GoTAR) and•Mechanical stress analysis (GoSAR).Scriptable & Workflow AutomationUnrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 19Siemens PLM SoftwareKey Requirements•Simcenter SPEED supports direct data exchange with several software packages from the Simcenter portfolio but as well as 3rd party products •mainly through data exchange by files or using scripts driving the linking processUnrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 20Siemens PLM Software •Simcenter SPEED supports direct data exchange with several programs from the Simcenter portfolio but as well as 3rd party products mainly through data exchange by files with:•Simcenter STAR-CCM+•Simcenter HEEDS•Simcenter AMESIM•Simcenter MotorSolve (BDC-Importer)•Motor-CAD•FLUX•JMAG•Matlab/Simulink Openness & LinkingElectromagnetic equivalent circuit parameters Flux linkage data files Iron losses data fileThermal equivalent circuit parametersSummary•Quickly and easily analyze the most E-machine problems•Incorporate design exploration to discover better designs earlier in the development timeline•Simcenter SPEED enables fast design of a wide range ofelectric machine types•Very fast computation due to the analytic approach•Higher accuracy with easily linkable FE based electro-magnetic solver (PC-FEA, Simcenter STAR-CCM+)•Workflow automation allows participation of a the multi-physics platform Simcenter STAR-CCM+•Integrated, intelligent design exploration using SimcenterHEEDS•Open to link with other programs, e.g. Simcenter AmesimUnrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 21Siemens PLM SoftwareUnrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 22Siemens PLM SoftwareTable of ContentsOverviewWhy is rapid E-machine design necessary today?Rapid E-machine design using Simcenter SPEEDDeep Dive: Rapid Electric Machine Design•Overview•Performance Requirements•Data Input•Performance Calculation•Numerical Analysis •Data Output •Power Electronics and Control •Scripting, Automation &OptimizationUnrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 24Siemens PLM SoftwareOverview of Simcenter SPEED workflow10MotorPerformanceRequirements Calibration MeasurementsScripting,Automation,OptimizationData Input E-machine Analysis Results, Post-processing 234567891109Siemens PLM SoftwareUnrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 28Siemens PLM Software Geometry Input –The Outline Editor (i)10The Outline Editor is the main editor for modifying the cross and axial section motor dimensionsGeometry can be selected from various pre-defined standard templates including:•Inner/outer rotor•Surface PM, IPM or electric excitation•Single or double bar/cage•Square/round slot•Parallel tooth/slot123456789Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 29Siemens PLM Software Geometry Input –The Outline Editor (ii)10•All templates are fully parametrized allowing modifications to be made easily•1000+ combinations for all six main programs •Templates can be scaled to suit requirements •Automatic scaling using initial sizing function 123456789Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 30Siemens PLM Software Winding Input –The Winding Editor 10The Winding Editor displays:•Winding layout with single & all phase representation •MMF (magneto-motive force)•Harmonics•Winding factors•Görges Diagram•Developed winding•Wire distribution•Standard as well as custom windings are assembled automatically from the parameters in the edit box 921345678Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 31Siemens PLM Software General Input –The Template Editor 10•The Template Editor (TED) summarizes input parameters, e.g. electrical, magnetic, drive, loss,thermal and several other inputs arranged in different topological blocks and several tabs•TED is used for entering or editing all the inputparameters of a design and may therefore contain over 100 parameters•Many non-numerical parameters have a dropdown list box from which a selection can be made•Unsaved changes are indicated in red214356789Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 32Siemens PLM Software Materials –Selection and Material Databases10•The Data Base Manager(DBM) allows users to create,load and edit material data bases for steel,magnet andbrushes•Database Editor for•Creating/editing DB•Creating/editing material•Steel Comparator for displaying different materials’characteristics•Database Translator to convert between different database versions215346789Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 34Siemens PLM Software Performance Calculation (i)10•The analysis is conducted either at a single operatingpoint or over a whole speed/torque range and includes virtually all the electrical and electromagneticperformance of the machine including torque, efficiency,currents, current waveforms, EMF•In most cases it includes a time-stepping model of thedrive, so that current and torque waveforms can be obtained and peak, mean and RMS currents arecalculated in the main power transistors and diodes for a range of different drive circuits and control strategies216345789Data Input E-machineAnalysis Results,Post-processingUnrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 35Siemens PLM Software Performance Calculation (ii)10•Electrical parameters such as winding parameters withresistances and inductances are presented in detail in the Design Sheet after the performance calculation •There are many dimensional and mechanicalparameters including weights and inertias, and acomprehensive set of thermal calculations is included as well•Magnetic flux densities are given in various parts of themachine, together with a detailed breakdown of losses216345789Data Input E-machineAnalysis Results,Post-processingUnrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 37Siemens PLM Software Numerical Analysis (i)10•All Simcenter SPEED programs are closely linked to thefinite-element program PC-FEA via the GDF editor or Simcenter STAR-CCM+ through a .xgdf definition file and Java scripts•Simcenter STAR-CCM+ provides•3D-CAD modeler allowing easily geometrymodifications if needed•Full transient solver with electric circuit descriptionfor e.g. short circuit studies Simcenter STAR-CCM+217345689PC-FEAUnrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 38Siemens PLM SoftwareNumerical Analysis (ii)10•The link to the electromagnetic numerical analysis is fastand it has many ways to return data back to theSimcenter SPEED programs•The so-called GoFERs ("Go to finite elements and return") set up many FE electromagnetic calculations automatically including geometry, materials andboundary conditions, the appropriate symmetriesand excitations•In some cases an embedded form of the GoFER is used to provide specialized results with automaticadjustment of the equivalent analytic magnetic circuit 217345689PC-FEA Simcenter STAR-CCM+Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 40Siemens PLM Software Data Output10Performance calculation results are presented in the following forms:•The DESIGN SHEET containing complete listings ofinput and output parameters displayed in different colors and grouped/ arranged in thematic blocks or on tabbed pages•Graphs and waveforms with additional further analysisoptions such as harmonic analysis•2D/3D plots, e.g. 2D or 3D contour plot of efficiency •Phasor diagram•Customized Output Table or Sheet218345679Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 42Siemens PLM Software Power Electronics and Control10In most cases the drive (electronic control) is modelledin some detail, so that current and torque waveforms canbe obtained and peak, mean and RMS currents arecalculated in the main power transistors and diodesA range of different drive circuits and control strategies aresupported, including:•AC Volt•Square-wave•Sine-wave219345687Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 44Siemens PLM Software Scripting, Automation & Optimization (i)•Scripting enables users to customize functionality asneeded. This could include automated designexploration or user defined calculations or outputs•ActiveX technology used allows Simcenter SPEED to bedriven using many scripting languages including VisualBasic, Matlab, Python and more Design file Script (VBA, Matlab,…)SetVariable SetVariable SetVariable DoSimulationGetVariable GetVariable GetVariable21345697810Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 45Siemens PLM Software Scripting, Automation & Optimization (ii)•Simcenter SPEED includes several built-in workflows toenable:•Electromagnetic (GoFER)•Thermal (GoTAR)*•Mechanical Stress (GoSAR)*•The built-in workflows are based on scripts which allowSimcenter SPEED to interact with Simcenter STAR-CCM+ or PC-FEA*workflows available in beta form, please contact SPEED support for more information 21345697810Simcenter STAR-CCM+Thermal analysis Simcenter SPEED E-machine Design Geometry Losses TemperaturesUnrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 46Siemens PLM Software Scripting, Automation & Optimization (iii)•Automated design exploration and optimization studiescan be carried out using HEEDS•Simcenter SPEED includes an in-built GUI toautomatically generate the Python script needed forcommunication with HEEDS 21345697810HEEDS OptimizationSimcenter SPEED E-machine DesignGeometryUnrestricted © Siemens AG 2019Page 47Siemens PLM Software Scripting, Automation & Optimization (iv)Optimization Case Study:Permanent magnet surfacesynchronous machineParameters:HEEDS is allowed to vary six designparameters to vary motor geometryObjective:Minimize cogging torqueConstraints:Maintain shaft power above a minimum limit(this ensures that adequate machine performance ismaintained)Result:>90% reduction in cogging torque21345697810Simcenter SPEEDRapid Electric Machine Design Version 2019.2Realize Innovation.Unrestricted © Siemens AG 2018SpotlightOn…。

棘轮机构

棘轮机构
链条 1
2 n
3 4
图 8 - 8 自行车后轴上的飞轮超越机构
机械设计基础
Machine Design Foundation
棘轮机构
棘轮机构还可以起到制动的作用。在一些起重设备或牵引设备中，经常用棘轮机构作为制动器，以防止机构的逆转。图 8 - 7 所示为起重机的棘轮制动器。
机械设计基础
机械设计基础
Machine Design Foundation
3
棘轮机构 1
2
图 8 - 2 摩擦式棘轮机构
机械设计基础
Machine Design Foundation
棘轮机构
2. 根据啮合方式分类
根据棘轮机构的啮合方式，棘轮机构又可分为外啮合棘轮机构和内啮合棘轮机构两种。外啮合棘轮机构的轮齿分布在棘轮的外缘，如图 8 - 1所示；内啮合棘轮机构的轮齿分布在棘轮的内缘，如图 8 - 8所示。图8-1Βιβλιοθήκη 棘轮机构工作原理机械设计基础
Machine Design Foundation
棘轮机构
2. 工作原理
如图8-1，棘轮机构主要由棘轮、棘爪、摇杆和机架等组成。棘轮2与传动轴固连在一起，驱动棘爪3铰接于摇杆1上，摇杆1空套在与棘轮2固连的从动轴上，并可绕其来回摆动。当摇杆1逆时针方向摆动时，与它相联的驱动棘爪3插入棘轮的齿槽内，推动棘轮转过一定的角度；当摇杆顺时针方向摆动时，驱动棘爪3便在棘轮齿背上滑过，这时，片簧6迫使制动棘爪5插入棘轮的齿间，阻止棘轮顺时针方向转动，故棘轮静止。因此，当摇杆往复摆动时，棘轮作单向的间歇运动。
机械设计基础
Machine Design Foundation

世界级制造造世界级产品

世界级制造造世界级产品作者：来源：《驾驶园》2016年第04期为向用户提供更高品质的重卡产品，50余年来，红岩汽车一直秉承着专注、专业、专一的“工匠精神”。

在新的发展进程中，自2012年开始，进一步引进了菲亚特全球WCM世界级制造管理体系。

全面提升了公司的综合制造水平，促进了生产系统性能的彻底改善，把高品质的重卡产品交付用户手中。

WCM——即World Class Manufacturing“世界级制造”，是菲亚特·克莱斯勒集团在全球各个工厂所制定的一种管理体系。

它是贯穿于产品设计、制造全过程的一套集成了众多精益管理工具的体系性方法。

包括人员管理、生产设备与流程，以及物流管理在内的顶级质量和技术，以实现零事故、零错误、零库存、零故障。

WCM也是菲亚特在全球所推广的包括人员培训、制造工艺、技术以及质量管理在内的一套制造方面的管理体系。

WCM管理体系当中有一个非常重要的工具，其对于工艺及质量稳定性的提升起着举足轻重的作用，它就是“4M1D”，即Man（人）、Machine（机）、Material（料），Methods （法）、Design（设计）。

·Man（人），标准操作，避免出错Man（人），即对于所有由人完成的生产操作，都要按工艺规范要求，细化至每个工位步骤及设备操作，编制相应的SOP（标准操作流程书），让操作者能够清晰、明确地按照标准指导完成操作，避免错装、漏装等现象。

·Machine（机），自主维护，提升设备综合效率Machine（机）。

关于设备机器，采用CILR及设备台账方式进行周期维护，CILR，即清洁（C1ean），检查（Inspect），润滑（Lubricate），紧固（Refasten），通过定点目视化。

帮助设备操作者高效有序地完成自主维护，提升设备基础条件。

另外专业维修团队结合现场设备台账，固定时间、固定频率地对设备进行点检，可有效预防设备故障，提升设备综合效率，保障生产。

现代机械设计制造工艺综述

现代机械设计制造工艺综述李美波（郓城县工业行业服务中心，山东菏泽274700）【摘要】现代机械设计制造工业已经进入了新的发展阶段。

与此同时，我国的机械制造工作也有了显著的发展和创新，现代机械设计制造工艺的出现带给传统机械制造行业极大的挑战。

从事机械制造行业的工作人员要熟悉现代机械设计制造工艺特点和加工流程，这样才可以高效应用现代机械设计制造工艺，充分发挥该技术的积极作用。

本文主要针对现代机械设计制造工艺有关内容进行分析，希望可以丰富该方面的研究内容，使现代机械设计制造工艺得到广泛的应用。

关键词：现代机械；制造工艺；工艺流程；发展趋势中图分类号：TH122文献标识码：BDOI：10.12147/ki.1671-3508.2023.09.087Modern Machinery Design and Manufacturing Technology SummaryLi Meibo（Yuncheng County Industrial Service Center,Heze,Shandong274700,CHN）【Abstract】Modern machinery design and manufacturing industry has entered a new stage of de⁃velopment.At the same time,our country's machinery manufacturing work has also had the re⁃markable development and the innovation,the modern machinery design manufacture craft ap⁃pearance brings the traditional machinery manufacturing profession the enormous challenge.In or⁃der to make full use of the modern machine design and manufacture technology,the workers who are engaged in the machine manufacture industry should be familiar with the characteristics and process flow of the modern machine design and manufacture technology.In this paper,the de⁃sign and manufacturing process of modern machinery is analyzed,hoping to enrich the research content,so that the design and manufacturing process of modern machinery is widely used.Key words:modern machinery；manufacturing technology；process flow；development trend在科学技术迅速发展的背景下，我国现代机械设计制造行业有了显著发展。

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periphery n. 周围,圆周, 边缘, 圆柱(体)表面, 外围,外部 groove n. 沟槽 axis 轴线 is perpendicular to 与…垂直 plane 平面 impart vt. 分给, 传给，传授, 告诉, 通知(to) Reciprocate 直线往复运动 oscillate vi. 振动, 振荡, 颤振, 摇摆, 动摇 injector n. 注射器, 针管【机】喷射[注]器, 喷油器, 喷嘴[头], 发[引]射器, 灌浆机
imaginative adj. 想象的; 富于想象力的; 幻想的, 虚构的 ingenious adj. 足智多谋的, 有发明天才的, 智巧的, 灵敏的设计精巧的, 巧妙的 lift truck 叉车 match 匹配 die 模具 costly 昂贵 mismatch n. 错配, 不重合, 未对准 , 零件配错失配
projection n. 投射, 射出, 投影法, 投影, 放映, 计划, 规划, 方案, 设计,估计, 突出部分 circumference n. 周长, 圆周, 周线, 周边 respectively 分别地 are proportional to 与…成比例 parabola 抛物线 parabolic 抛物线的 successive 连续的 increment 增加，增量 reversed 相反的
PART TWO Machine Design
2.1 Introduction construction n. 建设, 结构, 构造, 工程 a wide variety of 各种各样的，很多的 characteristics 特性，特征，特点 single-cylinder four–stroke 单缸四冲程 internal combustion engine 内燃机 as follows 如下 piston 活塞 translate v. 翻译, 解释, 转化, 转变为，移动，平移，使（作）直（线运）动
mating parts 配（合零）件 fitting 配合, 安装, 装置 rugged adj. 崎岖的, 凹凸不平的,粗犷的, 刺耳的, 难听的; 艰难的(生活等) gap 间隙 hood 头巾, 兜帽, 车蓬, 引擎罩 disguise 假装, 伪装, 掩饰 fit-up n. 设备, 准备, 装备 fender n. 防御者, 防御物, (车辆的)挡泥板, 翼子板
outline n. 大纲, 轮廓, 略图, 外形, 要点, 概要 vt. 描画轮廓, 略述 displacement 位移 schedule n. 目录, 一览表, 清单，计划表,时间表, 课程表, 日程表, 火车时刻表 sequential 顺序的 establish 建立，确定 radius 半径 base circle 基圆 diameter 直径 cam periphery 凸轮外围
follower 从动件 rigid 刚性 Reciprocation 往返 assembly 集合,装配, 部件, 组(合)件 coupler body 连杆体 cover 盖，封皮 nut 螺母 bolt 螺栓 rigid structure 刚性结构 kinematics n. 运动学 link 连杆 as described above 如上所述 function 功能，作用，函数 slider-crank mechanism 曲柄滑块机构 gear mechanism 齿轮机构 frame 机架 cam mechanism 凸轮机构
compact 紧凑的 timing n. 适时, 时间选择, 定时, 调速 transmission 传动，变速器 efficiency 效率 cleanliness n. 清洁（度）, 洁净 alignment n. 列队, 成直线, 校直, 调整, 调准, 定线合作, 结盟, 同轴性 case 壳体 with provision for 考虑到 planar 平面的 spatial 空间的
Page 18, first paragraph actuation 驱动 indexing devices 分度机构 radial 径向的 centerline 中心线 intersect 横断, (直线)相交, 交叉 The line AB intersects the line CD at E. 直线AB与直线CD相交于E点。 offset n. 偏移量, 抵销, 弥补, 分支 vt. 弥补, 抵销, 用平版印刷 vi. 偏移, 偏置
ecology n. 生态学 conservation n. 保存,保藏,(水土的)保持,保护【物】守恒,不灭 miscellaneous adj. 各种的,不同性质的,五花八门的, 多方面的, 多才多艺的 reliability 可靠性 maintainability 可维护性 substantially adv. 实质上，充分地，事实上 asthetics 美学的 incompatible 不相容的, 不协调的, 不相配的
abrupt adj. 突然的, 陡峭的, 生硬的 light loads 轻载
harmonic adj. 谐和的, 和声的, 融洽的 n. 谐波, 和声, 谐函数 constant acceleration and deceleration curves 等加速等减速曲线 sine function 正弦函数 sinusoidal adj. 正弦曲线 gradual 逐渐的
2.2 Overall design considerations multitude n. 大量, 许多, 大批, 大群多倍 a multitude of reasons. 多种原因。 proportion 比例，部分 bulk n. 容积, 厚度, 大批, 货舱,散装货, 主要部分, 大多数，(生物的)躯体,堆,整体 deflection n. 偏转, 偏斜, 挠曲,偏差, 变位, 变形,偏转角 wear 耐磨性 lubrication 润滑 corrosion 耐腐蚀性 frictional force 摩擦力
2.4 Gear mechanisms successively adv. 接连着, 继续地，连续地 engage [机]接合, 啮合 B.C. adj.公元前 be known to 为...所知 chariot n. 战车 incorporate v. 合并, 组成公司，包含 commonplace adj. 平凡的，普通的，陈腐的 A.D. adj. 公元 in comparison with 和...比较起来 belt and chain drives 带传动和链传动
connecting rod 连杆 coupler 连杆 reciprocation 往复运动 ,互换 transform v. 转换, 改变, 改造, 使...变形 A steam engine transforms heat into power. 蒸汽机将热能转变成动力。 crank 曲柄 flywheel 飞轮 4´ four prime 4" four double prime; four second prime inertia 惯性
Stroke 冲程 camshaft 凸轮轴 cam 凸轮 pinion 小齿轮 revolution 转 rpm revolution per minute coordinate v. （使）互相配合 (使)同等， (使)同位,（使）协调，调整 inlet valve 进气阀，进油阀 outlet valve 排气阀，出油阀
2.4.2 Geometry of gear tooth provision n. 供给[应], 提供, 准[预、防]备, angular velocity ratio 角速比 exactly adv. 确切地, 精确地, 正好, 恰好 inaccuracy 误差 profiles 概况 deviation n. 偏离, 背离(from); 偏向, 偏差 criterion n. 标准, 规范, 准则, 依据, 指标, 尺度, 规模 conjugate 共轭的 common normal 公法线 pitch point 节点
hub 轮毂 integral adj. 完整的, 整体的, [数学] 积分的, n. [数学] 积分, 完整, 部分 horizontal line 水平线 flatten vi. 变平, 变单调 vt. 使平, 变平, 打倒 outward adj. 外面的, 外表的, 公开的, 向外的 adv. 向外, 在外, 表面上 n.外表, 周围世界 constant velocity 等速度
swing v. 摇摆, 摆动, 回转, 旋转 n. 秋千, 摇摆, 摆动 hinge n. 铰链 v. 用铰链连接 circular arc 圆弧 roller 辊子 spring-loaded 弹簧加载的 sensitivity n. 敏感, 灵敏(度), 灵敏性 profile 轮廓
2.3.2 Determination of contour of a plate cam
weldment 焊接件 handhold n. 握住, 把柄, 线索，栏杆 pod n. 容器; (发动机)吊舱; 箱 pylon n. 塔门，(机场的)标塔, 标杆, 柱台, 支架 tolerance 公差 uncluttered adj. 整齐的，整洁的 oscillatory adj. 振动的，摆动的 cyclical adj. 周期的，循环的 cylindrical 圆柱形的 contour n. 外形，轮廓线 vt. 勾画...的轮廓
2.3 Cam mechanisms 2.3.1 Types of cam and follower oscillatory adj. 振动的，摆动的 cyclical adj. 周期的，循环的 plate cams 盘形凸轮 cylindrical cams 圆柱形的凸轮 conical cams 锥形凸轮 spherical cams 球形凸轮 contour n. 外形，轮廓线 vt. 勾画...的轮廓