农科院写译课讲义及答案

英译汉40篇历年考题（1～9）：1. （2005.01）Quitting smoking is more of a matter of willpower than of individual choice, for smoking is widely recognized as addictive. Although counseling and medication can increase the odds that a smoker quits permanently, the best way to avoid dilemmas is never to take up smoking to begin with.The irreversible effects of cigarette smoking vary in intensity and are related both to the amount and duration of exposure and the age at which the person is initially exposed. This report challenges the notion that a few years of exposure to smoking will have no lasting harmful consequences. We hope to discourage this prevalent but vital habit and suggest that tobacco-related health effects decline substantially as time away from smoking increases.人们普遍认为吸烟成瘾，所以戒烟主要是意志力的问题，而不是个人选择的问题（与其说戒烟是个人选择的问题，不如说是意志力的问题）。

虽然心理咨询和药物治疗能增加永久戒烟的概率，但避免进退两难的最好方法是一开始就不吸烟。

吸烟带来的不可逆的影响程度不同，且与烟瘾和烟龄（年头）有关，也与最初接触烟的年龄有关。

本报告挑战的是一种观点，即几年的吸烟史不会产生长期的不良后果。

我们希望劝说人们不要染上此常见但致命的习惯，并指出随着戒烟时间的增加，烟草对健康产生的影响就会大幅度减少。

2.（2005.06）This book derives from decades of teaching in various schools across the country. It is based on the belief that philosophy is a genuinely exciting subject, accessible not only to gifted undergraduate majors but to everyone. Everyone is a philosopher, whether enrolled in a philosophical course or not. The difference is that someone who has studied philosophy systematically has the advantage of having encountered stronger and more varied arguments than might have been available otherwise. What is special about this book is that it offers introductory students the opportunity of having direct contact with substantial readings from significant books on philosophy, but without the unreasonable demand that they confront these books in full, which are often incomprehensible.参考译文：本书是在全国不同学校讲课几十年的结晶。

它基于以下观点：哲学的确是一门有趣的学科，不仅专家和一些有天赋的本科专业生可以使用哲学，人人都可使用。

不论是否上过哲学课，每个人都是哲学家。

区别在于：系统学习过哲学的人具有这样的优势，他们遇到的论点要比以其他方式遇到的论点更有说服力、种类更多。

该书的特点是：它使初学者有机会直接接触选自重要哲学著作并有实质内容的读物，但并不过分地要求学生必须通读这些很难读懂的书籍。

3. （2006.06）Social progress has done away with the need for backbreaking work and has provided time and leisure for personality development. With it, indeed because of it, today the middle-class family expects each of its members to develop his unique personality, and so does each individual, more or less, himself. This new obligation of the family to provide a setting for the development of a unique personality makes family consensus extremely difficult, if not impossible. Nothing is more problematic for a small group of quite different, unique individuals than to live in close quarters, in close harmony with each other. Besides, the necessity of cultivating teenagers’ moral character adds to the difficulty in parenting.社会的进步使人们摆脱了繁重的工作，并有时间和余暇发展个性。

随着社会的进步，实际上是由于社会的进步，目前中产家庭期望其每一成员发展独特的个性，每一个人也在某种程度上期望发展自己的独特个性。

家庭担负的新责任是为发展独特个性创造环境，结果使家人很难达成共识，有时甚至不可能达成共识。

对于一个由迥异的个人组成的小群体来说，最棘手的是在同一房檐下十分和谐地生活。

此外，家庭还必须要培养青少年的品德，这又增添了当父母的困难。

4. （2007.01）One of the unintended consequences of the globalization is that it puts different societiesand cultures in much greater direct contact with one another. It connects people to people much faster than people and cultures can often prepare themselves. Some cultures thrive on the sudden opportunities for collaboration that this global intimacy makes possible. Others are frustrated, and even humiliated by this close contact, which, among other things, makes it easy for people to see where they stand in the world in relation to everyone else. All of this helps to account for the emergence of one of the most devastating forces today – terrorist organizations which have no regard for human lives and which it is in our best interest to wipe out.世界变平产生一些意外的后果，其一就是不同的社会和文化可以更多地直接接触。

人们之间连接的速度之快使人和社会措手不及。

一些文化凭借全球亲密接触突然带来的合作机遇兴旺发达（蓬勃发展）。

另一些文化却由于这种亲密接触而感到灰心丧气，甚至感到自尊受到伤害，原因是这种亲密接触的后果之一是使人们轻易地发现彼此在世界中的位置。

所有这一切有助于说明为什么现在会出现一种最具有杀伤力的力量——恐怖组织。

这些组织不顾人们的死活，消灭它们最符合我们的利益。

5. （2007.06）In this book, we offer advice that we hope will seem reasonable and worth seriousconsideration. But as any experienced writer knows, there are occasions when even the best advice may not apply. The demands of writing for different audiences, with different purposes, on different subjects, at different levels of formality are so varied that they cannot begin to be anticipated in a book like this, and we recognize that what is appropriate for one piece of writing may not be appropriate for another. In most cases, you will have to avoid ambiguity at all costs so as not to leave your words open to misinterpretation.在本书中，我们提出一些建议，我们希望这些建议看起来合理并值得认真考虑。