New material of Cordaites baodeensis Sun from Lower Permian Shanxi Formation of Baode, Shanxi
A new species and a new record subspecies of the genus
A new species and a new record subspecies of the genus Euops Schoenherr (Coleoptera:Attelabidae)from ChinaZhi-Qin Li,Cheng-De Li ⁎,Jue-Wen LiNortheast Forestry University,School of Forestry,Harbin,Heilongjiang,150040,ChinaA B S T R A C TA R T I C L E I N F O Article history:Received 9January 2008Revised 2April 2008Accepted 26April 2008Keywords:Attelabidae EuopsNew speciesNew record subspecies ChinaA new species,Euops pseudlespedezae Li.sp.nov.,is described from China,which was collected from Tianqiaoling,in the Jilin Province of China.The new species is closely related to Euops lespedezae lespedezae Sharp,which was also recorded for the first time in China.©Korean Society of Applied Entomology,Taiwan Entomological Society and Malaysian Plant ProtectionSociety,2008.Published by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.IntroductionEuops Schoenherr is an Old World monophyletic genus of leaf-rolling weevils (Attelabidae).Its distribution extends from South Australia through Asia to Africa and Madagascar,with the majority of the species con fined to wet tropical regions (Riedel,1998,2001).Riedel (1998)has recorded 37species belonging to a genus primarily distributed in the Oriental region (except Wallacea),and 7species from Palearctic region.Several years later,Riedel (2002)again reported 184species of a genus from Papuan region,accounting for approximately 58%of the world's fauna (320ascertained species).Liang and Li (2005)described 6new species along with a new subgenus from China and provided a key to 19species from China and Japan,of which 14species were distributed in China,and only one subspecies (Euops lespedezae koreanus Voss.)in Northeast China (Jilin Prov.).Up to now,326species were recognized worldwide and 14species were recorded from China.In this paper,Euops pseudolespedezae Li.sp.nov.,which was collected from Tianqiaoling,in the Jilin Province of China is described as a new species to science along with Euops lespedezae lespedezae Sharp as a new record species from China.All the type specimens were added to the insect collection at Northeast Forestry University,Harbin,China.Systematic accountsEuops pseudolespedezae Li.,sp.nov.Male.Body dark blue with slight metallic lustre.Prothorax,head,antennae and legs bluish black;eyes dark brown;scutellum metallic blue with green lustre.Abdominal surface dark blue (Figs.1–6).Head slightly constricted behind eyes,with fine punctures on dorsum and transversely winkled at base of head,and with sparse fine punctures on both sides.Rostrum 1.43times as long as the base,evenly dilated toward apex,with sparse punctures.Eyes large and moderately convex,contiguously contacted at a point,around eyes with blue lustre and coarse punctures.Antennae normal,scape and 1st segment of funicle thick but longer than broad,scape more longer;2nd and 3rd funicular segments long-trapezoid,longer than 4th;4th trapezoid,longer than 5th;5th and 6th subtrapezoid,6th longer than 5th and 7th;7th moniliform,a little longer than width.Club with densely yellow brown setae,1st and 2nd trapezoid,2nd longer than 1st and 3rd,and shorter than apical two segments combined,4th cone-shaped.Prothorax 1.03times as long as wide;broadest in the middle,not constricted near base,narrowed anteriorly.Dorsum not constricted,punctures roundly expanded in the middle and an oblique depression at middle of each side,with sparse and shallow punctures;winkled punctate on lateral surfaces,a fine concave line in the middle at base.Scutellum slightly longer than broad,with more or less concaved longitudinal groove.Elytra at humeri simple (Fig.1),1.21times as long as wide;broadest at bases,then slightly narrowed and subparallel laterally,striae pun-ctate,weakly fine toward apex;punctures of striae not de finitelyJournal of Asia-Paci fic Entomology 11(2008)69–71⁎Corresponding author.Fax:+8645182190608.E-mail address:Heilongjiang_1981@ (C.-D.Li).1226-8615/$–see front matter ©Korean Society of Applied Entomology,Taiwan Entomological Society and Malaysian Plant Protection Society,2008.Published by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.aspen.2008.04.010Contents lists available at ScienceDirectJournal of Asia-Paci fic Entomologyj o ur n a l h o m e p a g e :ww w.e l s e v i e r.c o m/l o c a t e /j a p eseparated anteriorly,striae slightly lower than intervals;intervals smooth,sometimes with inconspicuous transverse wrinkles;1st striae gradually approaching to the sutural ridge from base to declivity.Mesepisterna and mesepimera sparsely punctate mesosternum with punctures,microreticulate at sides;metepisterna densely and coarsely punctate.Metepimera punctate.Metasternum densely and finely punctate at sides,with short hair in them,sparsely punctate in middle.Ventral side of abdomen flat (Fig.2),1st to 4th ventrites flat and weakly concaved in the middle,each with a transverse row of hairs except 4th ventrite,hairs becoming longer outwards (Fig.3),sparsely punctuate on lateral surfaces,and with fine hairs,finely punctate on the middle surface.Pygidium with dense punctures and fine hairs.Outer margin of sternite VIII (Fig.4)weakly concave at apex;lateral margin in the middle concaved,near apex setose with long setae.Legs stout.Femora clavate,almost of the same length in three pairs.Tibiae each with an uncus;outer edges costate;fore tibiae slightly curved at base,a little longer than the others.Male genitalia.Tegminal plate and aedeagus as in Figs.5,6.Pedon without well-de fined apical scoop;lateral margins weakly converging,evenly continuous to rounded apex.Tectum with arms of sclerotized frame leading converging from junctions with apodemes,halfway to midline weakly bent apically,apex of tectum subacute.Phallobasal apodeme round at apex,and with simple endophallic sclerites.Dorsal plate and basal sclerite lesssclerotized.Figs.1–6.Euops pseudlespedezae Li.,sp.nov.(♂).(1)Dorsal aspect of adult.(2)Male venter.(3)Tergite.(4)Sternite VIII.(5)Dorsal plate of tegmen in ventral aspect.(6)Aedeagus in dorsal aspect;(p:pedon;t:tectum;a:apodeme;d.pl.:dorsal plate;b.s.:basal sclerite;d.e.:ductus ejaculatorius;TA:transferapparatus).Figs. 7– 10 . Euops lespede z ae lespedezae Sharp, 1889. (♂). (7) Dorsal aspect of adult . (8) Male venter. (9) Dorsal plate of tegmen (ventral aspect). (10) Aedeagus (dorsal aspe c t). (p:pedon;t:tectum;a:apodeme;d.pl.:dorsal plate;b.s.:basal sclerite;d.e.:ductus ejaculatorius;TA:transfer apparatus).70Z.-Q.Li et al./Journal of Asia-Paci fic Entomology 11(2008)69–71Female.Similar to the male.Elytra purple.Fore tibiae bisinuate internally,middle tibiae curved but without sharp apical projection. Abdomen with double rows of pubescence on each of basal three ventrites and a single row on the4th ventrite.Body length(excluding rostrum). 3.91–3.94mm and rostrum length about0.40–0.43mm in both sexes.Holotype.♂,Tianqiaoling,Jilin Province,China,5VIII2007 (Zhi-qin Li).Paratypes.2♂♂,1♀,same data as Holotype.Remark.The new species is similar to Euops lespedezae lespedezae Sharp,a new record subspecies to China,but can be distinguished from the latter by the following characters.1.Body smaller than the latter.2. Elytra withfine punctures.3.Oblique depression at middle on prono-tum.4.Middle tibiae of male scarcely laminated.5.Base of tegmen not fan-shaped(Fig.5).6.Ductus ejaculatorius of male genitalia(Fig.6) longer;apodeme shorter;dorsal plate and basal sclerite incompletely sclerotized.Euops lespedezae lespedezae Sharp,1889Euops lespedezae Sharp,1889,Trans.Ent.Soc.London1889:55(TL: Japan);Matoba,1975:19;Sawada and Morimoto,1985:179;Sawada and Morimoto1986:197,205;Yoon and Bae,1986:35;Morimoto, 1992:5(Figs.7–10).Attelabus lespedezae:Lewis,1879:22;Kôno,1927:40;Hirano,1954: 6;Yoon and Bae,1986:35.Attelabus(Euops)lespedezae:Schönfeldt,1891:264.Cyplus lespedezae:Schönfeldt,1887:147.Euops punctatostriatus:Djukin,1915:411.Euops splendens Var.b Schilsky,1903:61;Sawada and Morimoto, 1985:190.Euops splendens f.unicolorata Voss,1924,Deut.Ent Zschr.1924:43, 56(TL:Saga,Hakone);Voss,1925:297;Kôno,1927:39,41;Dalla Torre and Voss,1930:35;Hirano,1954:6;Matoba,1975:20;Sawada and Morimoto,1985:190;Yoon and Bae,1986:34.Euops splendida f.unicolorata:Yuasa and Kôno,1950:1285;Dalla Torre and Voss,1930:35;Iga,1955:143;Sawada and Morimoto,1985: 190.Diagnosis.Elytra generally dark blue,regularly punctate-striate. Head elongate,constricted behind eyes.Frons grooved longitudinally in female.Pronotum constricted in the middle and the punctates roundly expanded,with transverse depression at a little behind the middle(Fig.7).In male,eyes separated,at most contacted each other at a point; pronotum humped at middle and sides,partially wrinkled.Fore tibiae elongate and arcuate;middle tibiae strongly laminated.Middle offirst four ventrites concave with a longitudinal hair tuft in them(Fig.8).Genitalia as in Figs.9,10,ventral plate of penis almost as broad as apex of tegmen,base of tegmen fan-shaped,dorsal plate and basal sclerite strongly sclerotized.Body length(excluding rostrum).7.8–7.9mm.Distribution.China(new record—Heilongjiang),Japan(Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu).Host plant.Lespedeza bicolor Trucz.Materal examined:1♂,Suifenhe,Prov.Heilongjiang,22VII 2007(Zhi-qin Li);1♂,Maoer mountain,Prov.Heilongjiang,13VI 1959.Remarks.The species is reported for thefirst time from China in this study.It is similar to E.lespesezae koreanus Voss,1924which distributed in China,but differs in that the latter body dark violaceous,more thin;dorsum of elytra more convex;the male genitalia is different from the new record,especially the transfer apparatus(see the Diagram).ReferencesLiang,X.C.,Li,X.Y.,2005.Study on the genus Euops Schoenherr(Coleoptera: Attelabidae)from China,with descriptions of a new subgenus and six new species.Zool.Sci.22,257–268.Riedel,,A.,1998.Catalogue and bibliography of the genus Euops Schoenherr(Insecta, Coleoptera,Curculionoidea,Attelabidae).Spixiana21(2),97–124.Riedel,A.,2001.evision of the simulans-group of Euops Schoenherr(Coleoptera,Curcu-lionoidea,Attelabidae)from the Papuan region.Dtsch.Entomol.Z.48(2),137–221. Riedel,A.,2002.Revision of the subgenus Neosynaptops Voss of Euops Schoenherr (Coleoptera,Curculionoidea,Attelabidae)from the Papuan region.Zool.Scr.31, 135–165.。
国外天然产物化学成分实物库及数据库建设概况
国外天然产物化学成分实物库及数据库建设概况天然产物是新药发现的重要源泉，天然产物化学成分实物库和数据库的建设对天然产物的研究与开发具有重要意义。
目前国外建设的小分子化合物库多为合成或组合合成分子，天然产物实物获取较困难。
在信息数据库建设方面由于使用标准不同，信息不统一，开发规范、实用、智能型、综合型的大规模天然产物数据库还存在一定困难。
该文就目前国外可以公开查询到的有关天然产物的实物库及数据库建设情况进行了概述和分析，以期对天然产物研究与开发，特别是天然产物化学成分实物库和数据库的建设提供参考。
标签：天然产物;实物库;数据库2014-09-241实物库建设概况国外很多制药公司和研究机构都建有自己的化合物库，如美国辉瑞、德国拜耳、瑞士诺华、英国葛兰素史克、美国国立癌症研究所等，都在以多种方式大力扩建自己的化学成分库，占领新药研发的源头——分子资源，但多不公开共享，其库存成分多为合成或组合合成分子，分子结构多样性较少，其天然分子多从国外如中国大量收购或合作收集。
一方面，由于植物、微生物等天然产物的化学结构独特，一些人工很难合成的化合物在生物体内通过酶的作用就容易形成;另一方面，生物在不断进化的过程中其天然成分大多具有某些生物活性，从中寻找先导化合物比人工合成成功率更高。
因此天然产物备受世界各国医药研发者的青睐。
目前，美国、欧盟、日本、韩国等一些国家和地区的许多医药研究机构都在加紧进行有关天然植物药的研发工作。
不少大型制药公司正尽力把大量的植物物种送入实验室进行大规模筛选，以便从中发现任何可能的生物学功效。
如美国国立癌症研究所通过与世界各地的高校或研究所建立合作关系，收集大量的植物、海洋生物、真菌等样品，建立了其天然产物筛选库，据报道，到2009年末已收集并制备了230 000多个样品<sup>[3]</sup>。
虽然国外目前专门从事天然产物实物库建设的单位不多，但由于在世界各地都有不少从事天然产物的研究和开发的研究单位和公司，且其大多为微生物和海洋天然产物，表1列举了一些国外建有天然产物实物库或可提供天然产物的研究单位或公司。
静电纺丝
Carbohydrate Polymers 92 (2013) 1012–1017Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirectCarbohydratePolymersj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /c a r b p olAntimicrobial activity of carboxymethyl chitosan/polyethylene oxide nanofibers embedded silver nanoparticlesMoustafa M.G.Fouda a ,b ,∗,M.R.El-Aassar c ,Salem S.Al-Deyab aaPetrochemical Research Chair,Chemistry Department,College of Science,King Saud University,P.O.Box 2455,Riyadh 11451,Saudi Arabia bTextile Research Division,National Research Center,Dokki,Cairo,P.O.Box 12622,Giza 12522,Egypt cPolymer Materials Research Department,Institute of Advanced Technology and New Material,City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications,New Borg El-Arab City 21934,Alexandria,Egypta r t i c l ei n f oArticle history:Received 22September 2012Received in revised form 10October 2012Accepted 19October 2012Available online 26 October 2012Keywords:ChitosanPolyethylene oxide Silver nanoparticles Electrospinning Antimicrobiala b s t r a c tA facile method to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)using carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCTS),which act as reducing agent for silver ions as well as protecting agent for the formed AgNPs,is reported.CMCTS embedded AgNPs are mixed with polyethylene oxide (PEO).The blend polymers containing AgNPs are electrospun resulting in blend nano-fiber mats.The formation of AgNPs has been confirmed using UV–vis and TEM.The diameter range of 12–18nm of well-dispersed AgNPs with a concentration of 100ppm was obtained.The electrospun mats are characterized using SEM,EDX as well as TGA.Antimicrobial activity against different species of pathogenic/nonpathogenic;Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923,Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922in addition to the fungus Candida albicans ATCC 10231was studied.The results show excellent antimicrobial activity compared with nanofibers without AgNPs and AgNPs alone.© 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.1.IntroductionIn electrospinning,the simplest and most cost-effective method of fabricating polymer nanofibres,various polymers have been electrospun into ultrafine fibers with diameters range of 20–400nm (Huang,Zhang,&Kotaki,2003).In electrospinning,the polymer solution is placed into syringe with millimeter size nozzle.Strong electric field is applied on a droplet of polymer solution held by its surface tension at the tip of a syringe’s needle.As a result,the pendent drop becomes highly electrified and the induced charges are distributed over its surface.Increasing the intensity of electric field,the surface of the liquid drop will be distorted to a conical shape known as the Taylor cone (Taylor,1969).Once the electric field strength exceeds a threshold value,the repulsive electric force dominates the surface tension of the liquid and a stable jet emerges from the cone tip.The charged jet is then accelerated toward the target and rapidly thins and dries as a result of elongation and sol-vent evaporation.As the jet diameter decreases,the surface charge density increases and the resulting high repulsive forces split the jet to smaller jets.Ultimately,solidification occurs and fibers are deposited on the surface of the collector as randomly oriented∗Corresponding author at:Petrochemical Research Chair,Chemistry Department,College of Science,King Saud University,P.O.Box 2455,Riyadh 11451,Saudi Arabia.E-mail addresses:m gaballa@ ,mmfoudah@.sa (M.M.G.Fouda).nonwoven mats (Derch,Greiner,&Wendorff,2004).Besides charge density and applied voltage other parameters also influence the final nanofibrous structure and its properties,for example:polymer types and concentration,type of solvent,presence of electrolyte,type and concentration of electrolyte,viscosity,surface tension,tip-to-collector distance,flow rate of the polymer solution,inner diameter of the tip,material of the tip,etc.The field of nanoparticle research has witnessed tremendous growth due to the unique chemical and physical properties from the bulk.Silver nanoparticles have gained considerable attention today due to their potential applications in medical field,since it has been widely used in the production of biodegradable surgical sutures.Recently,electrospun nanofibers embedded AgNPs have a great antimicrobial potential.Different methods have been used to prepare AgNPs,where one of these is chemical reduction method in which the polymer can be used as both reducing and stabilizing agents for the formed AgNPs (Abou-Okeil,2012;Abou-Okeil,Amr,&Abdel-Mohdy,2012;El-Rafie et al.,2011;Hebeish,El-Naggar,et al.,2011;Textor,Fouda,&Mahltig,2010).Chitosan is one of the most important biopolymers,obtained from chitin,the second most abundant natural polysaccharide present on the earth next to cellulose (El-Shafei,Fouda,Knittel,&Schollmeyer,2008;Hebeish,Abdel-Mohdy,et al.,2011).The poor solubility of chitosan in water,due to its rigid crystalline structure,limits its effective utilization in electrospinning process.To overcome this drawback,it is necessary to convert chitosan to water-soluble derivative (El-Shafei et al.,2008).Chemical0144-8617/$–see front matter © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved./10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.10.047M.M.G.Fouda et al./Carbohydrate Polymers92 (2013) 1012–10171013Fig.1.Schematic diagram of the typical electrospinning setup.modification is anticipated to be quite promising.Carboxymethy-lation is one of the chemical methods to prepare water-soluble chi-tosan.This reaction takes place preferentially either at C-6hydroxyl groups or at the NH2-group resulting in N/O–carboxymethyl chi-tosan(CMCTS).Both products are water-soluble and contain an amino group either as the primary(NH2)or as secondary amine (NH CH2COOH).Polyethylene oxide(PEO)is one of the few biodegradable syn-thetic polymers approved for internal use in food,cosmetics, personal care products,and pharmaceutical.PEO is an effective ion conductive polymer(Morgado et al.,1999).Therefore,it is added in order to enhance the spinnability of the modified natural polymer.The objective of this research work is to synthesize well-stabilized AgNPs using CMCTS followed by electrospinning of CMCTS–AgNPs/PEO solution.The structure,morphology and the antimicrobial activity of the resulted nanofiber mats are character-ized.2.Experimental2.1.MaterialsPolyethylene oxide(PEO)(≥95%,average Mw124–186kg/mol) was obtained from Scientific Polymer Products,Inc.Silver nitrate (AgNO3)(99.998%)was purchased from Aldrich,Germany.Chi-tosan,DDA95%was obtained from Aldrich Chemical Co.,Germany. All other solvents and reagents were used as received without any further purification.2.2.Synthesis of carboxymethyl chitosan(CMCTS)The experimental technique adopted for carboxymethylation of chitosan was as follows:certain volume of sodium hydroxide solution(30%,w/v)was added to16g chitosan suspended in iso-propyl alcohol.The mixture was left under stirring for30min at room temperature.To this mixture34g of monochloroacetic acid was added and the content of theflask was subjected to continuous stirring for3h.At the end,the excess alkali was neutralized using glacial acetic acid and chitosan was precipitated by adding acetone. Finally,modified chitosan wasfiltered and washed with isopropyl alcohol/water(70:30)several times and dried at60◦C(El-Shafei et al.,2008).Thefinal product was soluble in water.2.3.Synthesis of silver nanoparticles(AgNPs)Silver nanoparticles(AgNPs)were prepared according to the procedure described by El-Rafie et al.(2011)and can be summa-rized as follows:0.5g of CMCTS is dissolved in100ml of distilled water,the temperature of the reaction is raised to60◦C and the pH is adjusted to11.5by using10M NaOH.1ml of AgNO3(1.7M) is added dropwise to the previous solution under continuous stir-ring for almost1h.The formation of silver nanoparticles solution was observed by monitoring the color change(visually,when the color of the solution started to change from its original color to the different degrees of the yellow color,then the reduction reac-tion started to work and silver nanoparticles started to seed).The AgNPs formed are characterized by(UV–vis),transmission electron microscope(TEM).2.4.Electrospinning of CMCTS–AgNPs/PEO solution2g of CMCTS is added to CMCTS solution containing sil-ver nanoparticles(0.5wt%)while stirring.To this solution,PEO (5wt%)is added slowly under continuous stirring till homogeneity occurs.Electrospinning of the prepared blend polymers solution containing AgNPs was carried out using two different methods; typical electrospinning technique and Nanospider technology as a modified electrospinning technique.A schematic diagram of the complete electrospinning apparatus is shown in Fig.1.It consisted of a syringe and stainless needle,a grounded electrode,an iron plate covered by aluminum foil as a collector,and an adjustable high voltage supply.2.5.Testing and analysisUV–vis spectrum was used to prove the formation of AgNPs (Hebeish,El-Naggar,et al.,2011).Particle shapes and sizes of AgNPs were obtained by transmission electron microscope(TEM); JEOL-JEM-1230.Scanning electron microscope(SEM)(JEOL GSM-6610LV)and(JEOL GSM-7600F)field emission scanning electron microscope were used to study the surface characteristics of elec-trospun nanofibers.Specimen in the form offilms was mounted on the specimen stabs and coated with thinfilm of gold by the sputtering method.The micrograph was taken at magnifica-tion of1000×using(KV)accelerating voltage.FT-IR spectra were obtained using FT-IR spectrometer,Bruker,TENSOR Series FT-IR1014M.M.G.Fouda et al./Carbohydrate Polymers 92 (2013) 1012–1017Fig.2.Solid state 13C NMR spectrum typical for O -carboxymethyl chitosan.Spectrometer,Germany,connected to a PC,and the data were analyzed by IR Solution software,where analytical methods are standard in OPUS TM software.2.6.Antimicrobial evaluation of electrospun nanofibersIn order to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of electrospun nanofiber mats with/without AgNPs against microbial pathogens and to compare this effect with the commonly used antibiotics in addition to AgNPs alone as +ve control,the zone of inhibition test was performed against the gram positive bacterium Staphylococ-cus aureus ATCC 25923,the gram negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922in addi-tion to the fungus Candida albicans ATCC 10231.To perform the test,several colonies of each strain,obtained from a fresh cul-ture in blood agar plate,were suspended in 5ml of Mueller-Hinton broth to achieve turbidity equal to the 0.5Mac-Farland standards.The suspensions were inoculated with sterile swabs onto 150mm diameter Mueller-Hinton agar plates and after the agar surfaces were allowed to dry,tested disks were applied on each plate.Plates were incubated at 37◦C for 24h and the zones of inhibition (IZ)were measured.Same was performed for the Candida except that it was inoculated in Sabouraud dextrose agar medium and incu-bated for 2–3days at 37◦C.The antimicrobial agents tested in this study were CMCTS–PEO nano-fiber incorporated with silver nano-particles (CMCTS–AgNPs/PEO),the antibiotic Amikacin (AK),ampicillin/clavulinic acid (AMC),100ppm AgNPs solution (10L per disk)as a positive control,in addition to negative controls as empty disks of CMCTS–PEO nano-fibers.3.Results and discussion3.1.Characterization of (CMCTS)by solid state 13C NMRCarboxymethylation of chitosan (CTS)is achieved with monochloroacetic acid and sodium hydroxide.According to El-Shafei et al.(2008)this reaction takes place preferentially either at C-6hydroxyl groups or at the NH 2-group resulting in N/O–carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCTS).The solid state 13C NMR spectrum for a typical N-carboxymethyl chitosan shows sig-nals attributed to the N-carboxymethyl substituent,at 47.7and 168.7ppm,for N CH 2and COOH,respectively (El-Shafei et al.,2008).But in case of our results,the solid state 13C NMR described in Fig.2shows signals at 73and 175ppm which attributed to O CH 2and COOH respectively.This downfield shift of thecarbon indicates the formation of O -carboxymethyl chitosan.The formation of this product agrees with the higher reactivity of hydroxyl group of C 6in this heterogeneous reaction.The N -carboxymethyl substituent is not present because of the absence of peaks at 47and 168ppm for N CH 2and COOH respectively.3.2.Characterization of the synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)In this research work,CMCTS was used as reducing and as stabi-lizing agent too.The formation of AgNPs could be visualized from changes in the color of the solutions from colorless to light yellow.The reduction of Ag +could occur via the reduction effect of CMCTS at 60◦C and pH 11.5for 30min.Fig.3shows the UV–visible absorp-tion spectra of AgNPs.The surface plasmon absorption bands are centered around 409nm (El-Rafie et al.,2011).The absorption band at 405nm becomes stronger and narrower which means higher conversion of Ag +to Ag 0with smaller nanoparticles size.Fig.4a and b shows the TEM image and the histogram of the size and size distribution of the AgNPs.Results revealed that the size range of prepared AgNPs was between 12and 18nm.3.3.Morphology of the CMCTS–AgNPs/PEO-electrospun nanofibersThe performance and morphology of the electrospun fiber were affected by the electrospinning process parameters.In the present study,two different electrospinning setups were used.In the first setup,a typical electrospinning setup was used (Fig.1)alongwithFig.3.UV–vis spectra of silver nanoparticles embedded in CMCTS.M.M.G.Fouda et al./Carbohydrate Polymers92 (2013) 1012–10171015Fig.4.(a and b)TEM image and the histogram of the size and size distribution of the AgNPs.Nanospider technology.Both electrospinning setup and Nanospi-der are used in order to prepare nanofiber mats,but,Nanospider is used in large scale/sample production of the selected and best nanofiber mats from the results obtained,in addition,no differ-ence in morphology of the resulted mats for both techniques is observed.Generally,the electrospun mat is opaque due to light scattering from thefibrous structure.The obtainedfibers(Fig.5a and b)had cylindrical morphology and nofiber bundles,indicat-ing that applied parameters were adequate for the formation of fibers and proper evaporation of the solvent.On the other hand, the presence of AgNPs in CMCTS has little effect on the electrospun fiber morphology.Thefiber diameter ranged from50to300nm. In addition,after the encapsulation of AgNPs into CMCTS–PEO nanofiber,thefiber diameter decreases compared tofibers consist-ing of CMCTS–PEO without AgNPs,due to the high conductivity, which plays a key role in decreasing of thefiber diameter during electrospinning(Sheikh et al.,2010).The presence of AgNPs results in high electric charge and subsequently high conductivity of the polymer solution which leads to high charge values during elec-trospinning process and possibly forming thinnerfiber diameter (Nirmala et al.,2010;Nirmala,Navamathavan,Kang,El-Newehy, &Kim,2011;Nirmala,Park,et al.,2011).At the same timethe Fig.5.SEM images of electrospun nanofibers containing AgNPs;(a)CMCTS;(b)CMCTS–Ag,(c)CMCTS/PEO–Ag and(d)CMCTS/PEO–Ag(EDX).1016M.M.G.Fouda et al./Carbohydrate Polymers 92 (2013) 1012–1017Fig.6.FT-IR spectra of electrospun nanofibers;(a)PEO and (b)PEO–AgNPs.fibrous structure assures much more loading of AgNPs into the fibers.EDX was used to analyze the elemental constitution of solid samples.Elementary analysis of CMCTS–PEO/silver nanocompos-ite was carried out by using SEM–EDX.Fig.5c displays a spectrum of CMCTS–PEO/silver nanocomposite obtained by elemental micro-probe analysis of EDX.The results show that carbon,oxygen,and Ag were the principal element of CMCTS–PEO/silver nanocomposite.EDX analysis,as a result,provides direct evidence that AgNPs are embedded in the CMCTS–PEO composite.The quantitative analysis of CMCTS–PEO/silver nanocomposite is presented in Table 1.At the same time,Fig.5a and b shows SEM images of CMCTS–PEO/AgNPs nanofibers,which revealed that the AgNPs were evenly distributed in the CMCTS–PEO ultrafine fibers with an average size less than 12–18nm.This suggested that the AgNPs were well stabilized by CMCTS during the preparation of AgNPs.Table 1Stoichiometric ratio of CMCTS–AgNPs.ElementWeight%Atomic%(PEO)/Ag C K 83.9088.17O K 14.8111.68Ag L1.290.15Total100.003.4.FT-IR spectra of electrospun nanofibersFT-IR spectra of electrospun CMCTS–PEO and CMCTS–AgNPs/PEO are shown in Fig.6.The frequencies and assignments for the pristine PEO are indicated asfollows:Fig.7.Diameter inhibition zone (cm)of electrospun nanofibers against Staphylococcus aureus (Sa),Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ps)and Escherichia coli (Ec).M.M.G.Fouda et al./Carbohydrate Polymers92 (2013) 1012–101710172882cm−1due to the CH2group stretching vibration,1097cm−1 and841cm−1due to the C O C asymmetric stretch and bending vibrations.On the other hand,for the electrospun CMCTS–AgNPs nanofiber shows the same characteristic bands,in which the intensity of the bands at2882cm−1and at841cm−1was increased due to the CH2and C O C stretching vibration upon the presence of AgNPs.3.5.Antimicrobial of electrospun nanofibersFig.7shows chart of inhibition zone of the tested antimicrobial samples and the corresponding plates(a,b,c).Results illustrated that S.aureus was the most sensitive microbe against antimicro-bial disk(AMC),CMCTS–PEO–AgNPs nanofiber,and AgNPs solution with inhibition zone30,22and15millimeters(mm)respectively.C.albicans was the least sensitive against all tested antimicrobial agents with IZ of0mm,except for CMCTS–PEO–AgNPs that showed IZ of12mm.It was found that the CMCTS–PEO–AgNPs nanofibers were the most effective silver containing material with IZs of20, 18,15and12against S.aureus,P.aeruginosa,E.coli and C.albicans, respectively.In contrast,the AgNPs showed the least antimicro-bial activity among silver containing nanofibers with IZ of13,7, 6and0mm against S.aureus,P.aeruginosa,E.coli and C.albicans, respectively.It was observed that CMCTS–PEO–AgNPs nanofibers are the most effective silver containing material against all tested microbes.Also,it was found that CMCTS–PEO–AgNPs nanofiber was more than twofold strength of the positive control(AgNPs).How-ever,its efficacy was less than any of the tested antibiotics,but this can be compensated with the less hazardous effect of antibi-otics and the less chance of resistance development compared with silver nanoparticles.4.ConclusionSilver nanoparticles(AgNPs)have been successfully prepared using carboxymethyl chitosan(CMCTS)which acts as both reduc-ing and stabilizing agent for the formed AgNPs.CMCTS–AgNPs with polyethylene oxide(PEO)are well mixed together and subjected to electrospinning process.The resulted nanofiber mats’embedded AgNPs are characterized using different analytical tools.The pres-ence of silver ions in the polymer structure was found to be strongly affecting the electrospun nanofibers diameters due to enhance-ment of electrical conductivity of the nanofibers.The obtained results indicated that the number of Ag+ions that were converted into Ag0increased with increasing the aging time.Antimicrobial activity of the prepared sample was evaluated against different types of microorganisms.It was observed that CMCTS–PEO–AgNPs nanofibers are the most effective silver containing material against all tested microbes.Also,it was found that CMCTS–PEO–AgNPs nanofiber was more than twofold strength of the positive con-trol(AgNPs).Finally,the prepared CMCTS–AgNPs/PEO nanofibers matrix could be properly employed as recommended candidate for many biological applications such as prolonged antimicrobial wound dressing materials.AcknowledgementThe authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scien-tific Research at King Saud University for funding this work through research group no.RGP-VPP-201.ReferencesAbou-Okeil,A.(2012).Ag nanoparticles growing onto cotton fabric using chitosan as a template.Journal of Natural Fibers,9,61–72.Abou-Okeil,A.,Amr,A.,&Abdel-Mohdy,F.A.(2012).Investigation of silver nanopar-ticles synthesis using aminated-beta-cyclodextrin.Carbohydrate Polymers,89, 1–6.Derch,R.,Greiner,A.,&Wendorff,J.H.(Eds.).(2004).Polymer nanofibers prepared by electrospinning.Dekker encyclopedia of nanoscience and nanotechnology.New York:CRC.El-Rafie,M.H.,El-Naggar,M.E.,Ramadan,M.A.,Fouda,M.M.G.,Al-Deyab,S.S., &Hebeish,A.(2011).Environmental synthesis of silver nanoparticles using hydroxypropyl starch and their characterization.Carbohydrate Polymers,86(2), 630–635.El-Shafei,A.M.,Fouda,M.M.G.,Knittel,D.,&Schollmeyer,E.(2008).Antibacte-rial activity of cationically modified cotton fabric with carboxymethyl chitosan.Journal of Applied Polymer Science,110(3),1289–1296.Hebeish,A.,Abdel-Mohdy,F.A.,Fouda,M.M.G.,Elsaid,Z.,Essam,S.,Tammam,G.H.,et al.(2011).Green synthesis of easy care and antimicrobial cotton fabrics.Carbohydrate Polymers,86(4),1684–1691.Hebeish,A.,El-Naggar,M.E.,Fouda,M.M.G.,Ramadan,M.A.,Al-Deyab,S.S.,& El-Rafie,M.H.(2011).Highly effective antibacterial textiles containing green synthesized silver nanoparticles.Carbohydrate Polymers,86(2),936–940. Huang,Z.M.,Zhang,Y.Z.,&Kotaki,M.(2003).A review on polymer nanofibers by electrospinning and their applications in posites Science and Technology,63(15),2223–2253.Morgado,J.,Friend,R.H.,Cacialli,F.,Chuah,B.S.,Moratti,S.C.,&Holmes,A.B.(1999).Journal of Applied Physics,86,6392.Nirmala,R.,Nam,K.T.,Park,S.J.,Shin,Y.S.,Navamathavan,R.,&Kim,H.Y.(2010).Formation of high aspect ratio polyamide-6nanofibers via electrically induced double layer during electrospinning.Applied Surface Science,256,6318–6323. Nirmala,R.,Navamathavan,R.,Kang,H.-S.,El-Newehy,M.H.,&Kim,H.Y.(2011).Preparation of polyamide-6/chitosan composite nanofibers by a single solvent system via electrospinning for biomedical applications.Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces,83,173–178.Nirmala,R.,Park,H.-M.,Navamathavan,R.,Kang,H.-S.,El-Newehy,M.H.,&Kim,H.Y.(2011).Lecithin blended polyamide-6high aspect ratio nanofibers scaf-folds via electrospinning for human osteoblast cell culture.Materials Science and Engineering C,31,486–493.Sheikh, F. A.,Barakat,N. A.M.,Kanjwal,M. A.,Jeon,S.H.,Kang,H.S.,& Kim,H.Y.(2010).Self synthesize of silver nanoparticles in/on polyurethane nanofibers:Nano-biotechnological approach.Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 115,3189–3198.Taylor,G.I.(1969).Proceedings of the Royal Society of London,313,453.Textor,T.,Fouda,M.M.G.,&Mahltig,B.(2010).Deposition of durable thin silver layers onto polyamides employing a heterogeneous Tollens’reaction.Applied Surface Science,256(8),2337–2342.。
Unit4 History and traditions Reading for Writing
By stopping by a village pub
and relaxing with a drink
and traditional meal while
listening to music and
watching dance.
恩 信
实
traditions and culture
验
Read the content in blank together loudly and find sensory details.
smell
while birds greet the new day with their morning song.
touch
在山里宁静的早晨，感受阳光洒落在你身上，呼吸着鲜花的芬芳，而鸟儿则
用清晨的pe歌rs声on迎ifi接ca新tio的n 一天的到来。 拟人
hearing
恩 信 实 验
P44 Activity 2-2
(Beautiful Ireland)
No Image
恩 信 实 验
Read the text and discuss the questions in pairs
2.What are the best ways to experience some Irish
traditions and culture?
Make the reader eager to read your writing.
It is believed in common that beauty exists everywhere on my campus as long as you have an eye for it.
恩 信 实 验
Cordylactam,anew...
Cordylactam,a new alkaloid from the spider pathogenic fungus Cordyceps sp.BCC 12671Masahiko Isaka*,Panida Chinthanom,Pranee Rachtawee,Wiwat Somyong,J.Jennifer Luangsa-ard, Nigel L.Hywel-JonesNational Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology(BIOTEC),113Thailand Science Park,Phaholyothin Road,Klong Luang,Pathumthani12120,Thailand1.IntroductionCordyceps is a diverse genus of invertebrate pathogenic fungi inthe Cordycipitaceae(Ascomycota,Hypocreales)with more than100currently described species.Most species of Cordyceps are specificto certain groups of invertebrates with one group especiallyspecific to spiders.Several species in the genus have been sourcesof bioactive secondary metabolites(Paterson,2008;Molna`r et al.,2010)such as cordycepin(30-deoxyadenosine)from Cordycepsmilitaris(Cunningham et al.,1951;Bentley et al.,1951),cordypyridones(antimalarial N-hydroxypyridones)from Cordy-ceps nipponica BCC1389(Isaka et al.,2001),cicadapeptins(antibacterial peptaibol-type peptides)from Cordyceps heteropodaARSEF#1880(Krasnoff et al.,2005),and cordyheptapeptides(antimalarial and cytotoxic cycloheptapeptides)from Cordyceps sp.BCC1788(Rukachaisirikul et al.,2006)and BCC16176(Isaka et al.,2007).However,many rare species remain chemically unexplored.We have been conducting research on novel bioactive secondarymetabolites of invertebrate pathogenic fungi(Isaka et al.,2005).Recently we have focused on rare species,which are beingevaluated for taxonomic reclassification,to demonstrate themetabolite diversity of specific groups of fungi,and for applicationto chemotaxonomy studies to support the fungal taxonomy(Isakaet al.,2009,2011;Luangsa-ard et al.,2009).Spider pathogenicCordyceps species are one group of interest with no previousreports of novel secondary metabolites.In this paper we report theisolation and structure elucidation of a new alkaloid,cordylactam(1),from a spider pathogen Cordyceps sp.strain BCC12671.Although a crude extract from small scale fermentation of thisfungus did not exhibit any activity in our several bioassayscreenings,it displayed a unique1H NMR spectroscopic profilesuggesting the presence of one major secondary metabolite.2.Results and discussionCordylactam(1)was isolated as a pale yellow solid.Themolecular formula of1was established as C13H15NO4on the basisof the sodiated quasi-molecular ion peak at m/z272.0896(calcd forC13H15NO4Na,272.0893)in the HR-ESI–MS.Analysis of the1H and13C NMR,DEPT135,and HMQC spectroscopic data revealed thepresence of six sp2quaternary carbons,a trans olefin(d C118.3/d H6.54and d C136.3/d H6.48;J=16.0Hz),an aliphatic methine,twomethylenes,and two methyl groups(Table1).In addition,the1HNMR spectrum exhibited resonances of two D2O-exchangeableprotons at d H9.61(s)and8.32(s).The g-lactam moiety wasdeduced from the COSY correlations of H-7with H3-8and amideNH(d H8.32),and the HMBC correlations from amide NH to C-4a,C-5,and C-7a,from H-7to C-4a,C-5,C-7a,and C-8,and from H3-8to C-7and C-7a,respectively(Fig.1).A weak4J correlation from NHto a downfield quaternary carbon at d C169.6indicated theconnection of this carbonyl carbon(C-4)to C-4a.The COSY andHMBC correlations revealed the presence of a trans-1-pentenylPhytochemistry Letters6(2013)162–164A R T I C L E I N F OArticle history:Received22November2012Received in revised form13December2012Accepted20December2012Available online20January2013Keywords:CordycepsInvertebrate pathogenic fungiAlkaloidA B S T R A C TCordylactam(1),a new lactam-fused4-pyrone was isolated from the spider pathogenic fungus Cordycepssp.BCC12671.The structure was elucidated on the basis of NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometrydata,which was further confirmed by the spectroscopic analyses of a semisynthetic derivative.This isthefirst report of a new compound from spider pathogenic Cordyceps species.ß2013Phytochemical Society of Europe.Published by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.*Corresponding author.Tel.:+6625646700x3554;fax:+6625646707.E-mail address:***************.th(M.Isaka).Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirectPhytochemistry Lettersj o u rn a l h om e p ag e:w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m/l o c a t e/p h y t ol1874-3900/$–see front matterß2013Phytochemical Society of Europe.Published by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved./10.1016/j.phytol.2012.12.009group(C-9–C-13).HMBC correlations from the enol OH(d H9.61) and the olefinic protons H-9and H-10to a quaternary sp2carbon at d C146.1(C-2)indicated the connections C-3–C-2–C-9.Although the key HMBC correlation from3-OH to C-4was not observed,the molecular formula(HRMS)required the4-pyrone ring,fused with a g-lactam.To further confirm the structure1and to determine the absolute configuration(C-7)by X-ray crystallography,synthesis of the3-O-p-bromobenzyl derivative was examined.Unexpectedly,the reaction of1with excess p-bromobenzyl bromide(K2CO3,DMF,room temperature)gave a C-alkylation product2.The connection of a p-bromobenzyl group to C-7was revealed by the HMBC correlations from the benzylic methylene protons H2-100(d H3.06,2H,m)to C-7 and C-7a,and from H3-8(d H1.61,s)to C-7,C-7a,and C-100.The3-O-p-bromobenzyl group was indicated by the HMBC correlations from H2-10(d H5.18and5.13)to C-3(d C141.9),which confirmed the3-OH functionality in1.This unique reactivity of1suggested that CH-7is acidic and epimerization at this position could occur under mildly basic conditions.The specific rotation of1,½a 25DÀ1.0Æ0.7(c0.21, MeOH),suggested that it was either a non-equal mixture of enantiomers or a50/50racemate due to the facile epimerization. Therefore,the absolute configuration of1remains unassigned.The bicyclic skeleton,g-lactam-fused3-hydroxy-4-pyrone,as shown in cordylactam(1)is rare in natural products,but several related fungal metabolites have been reported.Pyranonigrins isolated from Aspergillus niger possess the closest structures (Schlingmann et al.,2007;Hiort et al.,2004).Curvupallides A–C from Curvularia pallescens(Abraham et al.,1995)and phaeo-sphaerides A and B from Phaeosphaeria avenaria(Maloney et al., 2006)also possess a similar bicyclic ring whose4-pyrone functionality is hydrogenated.These compounds should also be biogenetically related to the g-lactone valiants,massarilactones from Massarina tunicata(Oh et al.,2001).To our knowledge,this is thefirst report of a new compound from a spider pathogenic Cordyceps.There have been a few reports of new compounds from spider pathogens of other genera in the same family(Cordycipitaceae);torrubiellones(pyridone and tetramic acid derivatives)from a Torrubiella sp.(Isaka et al., 2010),and hirsutide(a cyclic tetrapeptide)from a Hirsutella sp. (Lang et al.,2005).3.Experimental3.1.General experimental proceduresMelting points were measured with an Electrothermal IA9100 digital melting point apparatus.Optical rotations were measured with a JASCO P-1030digital polarimeter.UV spectra were recorded on a GBC Cintra404spectrophotometer.IR spectra were taken on a Bruker ALPHA spectrometer.NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AV500D spectrometer.ESITOF mass spectra were measured with a Bruker micrOTOF mass spectrometer.3.2.Fungal materialThe fungus used in this study was isolated from a spider (Araneae)collected in Khao Yai National Park,Nakhon Nayok Province,Thailand.The fungus was deposited in the BIOTEC Culture Collection(BCC)on October28,2002as BCC12671.On the basis of its morphological characteristics and sequence data generated from the28S ribosomal RNA region(GenBank accession number,KC111883),the ITS rDNA(GenBank accession number, KC111884),and the18S ribosomal RNA region(GenBank accession number,KC111885),the strain was assigned to the genus Cordyceps within the family Cordycipitaceae.3.3.Fermentation,extraction,and isolationThe fungus BCC12671was maintained on potato dextrose agar at258C.The agar was cut into small plugs and inoculated intoTable1NMR data for cordylactam(DMSO-d6,500MHz).No.d C,mult.d H,mult.(J in Hz)2146.1,qC3142.1,qC3-O H9.61,s4169.6,qC4a112.4,qC5165.7,qC6(N H)8.32,s750.3,CH 4.58,q(6.8)7a177.9,qC817.8,CH3 1.37,d(6.8)9118.3,CH 6.54,d(16.0)10136.3,CH 6.48,dt(16.0,6.7)1135.1,CH2 2.24,m1223.0,CH2 1.47,m1314.0,CH30.91,t(7.3)Fig.1.Key HMBC correlations for1.M.Isaka et al./Phytochemistry Letters6(2013)162–1641633Â250ml Erlenmeyerflasks containing25ml of potato dextrose broth(PDB;potato starch4.0g/l,dextrose20.0g/l)and incubated at258C for7days on a rotary shaker(200rpm).Each primary seed culture was transferred into a1l Erlenmeyerflask containing 250ml of PDB,and incubated at258C for7days on a rotary shaker (200rpm).The secondary cultures were pooled and each25ml portion was transferred into20Â1l Erlenmeyerflasks containing 250ml of PDB,and thefinal fermentation was carried out at258C for12days under static conditions.The culture wasfiltered to separate broth(filtrate)and mycelia(residue).Thefiltrate was extracted with EtOAc(2Â5l),and the combined organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a dark brown gum (550mg,broth extract).This extract was fractionated by Sephadex LH-20column chromatography(MeOH)to obtainfive pooled fractions.The third fraction(233mg)was triturated in MeOH and filtered to afford1(80mg)as the insoluble residue.3.3.1.Cordylactam(1)Pale yellow solid;mp214–2168C;½a 25DÀ1.0Æ0.7(c0.21, MeOH);UV l MeOHmax(nm)(log e):217(4.18),251sh(3.96),309(4.17); IR n max ATR(cmÀ1):3188,3082,1709,1620;1H NMR(500MHz, DMSO-d6)and13C NMR(125MHz,DMSO-d6)data,Table1;HRESIMS (m/z):272.0896[M+Na]+(calc.for C13H15NO4Na,272.0893).3.4.Synthesis of compound2A mixture of compound1(6.1mg),p-bromobenzyl bromide (15mg),and K2CO3(22mg)in DMF(0.3ml)was stirred at room temperature for17h.The mixture was diluted with EtOAc and washed with H2O,and the organic layer was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by preparative HPLC using a reversed-phase column(Phenomenex Luna C18,21.2mmÂ250mm, 10m m;mobile phase MeCN/H2O=75:25,flow rate8ml/min)to furnish2(2.9mg,t R31min).pound2Pale yellow solid;IR n max ATR(cmÀ1):3294,1713,1650,1186, 1012,802;1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)d7.50(2H,d,J=8.1Hz,H-40 and H-60),7.34(2H,d,J=8.1Hz,H-400and H-600),7.29(2H,d, J=8.1Hz,H-30and H-70),6.89(2H,d,J=8.1Hz,H-300and H-800), 6.44(2H,m,H-9and H-10),5.18(1H,d,J=11.4Hz,Ha-10),5.13 (1H,d,J=11.4Hz,Hb-10),3.06(2H,m,H-100),2.23(2H,m,H-11), 1.61(3H,s,H-8),1.52(2H,m,H-12),0.97(3H,t,J=7.3Hz,H-13);13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3)d178.1(C,C-7a),170.7(C,C-4),165.6 (C,C-5),155.1(C,C-2),141.9(C,C-3),139.7(CH,C-9),135.6(C, C-20),133.1(C,C-200),132.01and131.96(CH,C-40/C-60and C-400/ C-600),122.9(C,C-50),122.0(C,C-500),117.8(CH,C-9),114.6(C,C-4a),73.6(CH2,C-10),60.7(C,C-7),43.8(CH2,C-100),35.4(CH2,C-11), 23.7(CH3,C-8),22.0(CH2,C-12),14.0(CH3,C-13);HRESIMS (m/z):608.0046,610.0025and612.0008[M+Na]+(calc.for C27H25NO4Br2Na,608.0043,610.0024and612.0010).AcknowledgementsFinancial support from the Bioresources Research Network, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC),is gratefully acknowledged.Ms.Rungtip Nasit is thanked for collecting and isolating the fungus.We also thank Ms.Donnaya Thanakitpipattana for assistance in identification of the fungus. ReferencesAbraham,W.-R.,Meyer,H.,Abate,D.,1995.Curvupallides,a new class of alkaloids from the fungus Curvularia pallescens.Tetrahedron51,4947–4952.Bentley,H.R.,Cunningham,K.G.,Spring,F.S.,1951.Cordycepin,a metabolic product from cultures of Cordyceps militaris(Linn.)Link.Part II.The structure of cordycepin.J.Chem.Soc.2301–2302.Cunningham,K.G.,Hutchinson,S.A.,Manson,W.,Spring,F.S.,1951.Cordycepin,a metabolic product from cultures of Cordyceps militaris(Linn.)Link.Part I.Isolation and characterisation.J.Chem.Soc.2299–2300.Hiort,J.,Maksimenka,K.,Reichert,M.,Perovic´-Ottstadt,S.,Lin,W.H.,Wray,V., Steube,K.,Schaumann,K.,Weber,H.,Proksch,P.,Ebel,R.,Mu¨ller,W.E.G., Bringmann,G.,2004.New natural products from the sponge-derived fungus Aspergillus niger.J.Nat.Prod.67,1532–1543.Isaka,M.,Tanticharoen,M.,Kongsaeree,P.,Thebtaranonth,Y.,2001.Structures of cordypyridones A–D,antimalarial N-hydroxy-and N-methoxy-2-pyridones from the insect pathogenic fungus Cordyceps .Chem.66, 4803–4808.Isaka,M.,Kittakoop,P.,Kirtikara,K.,Hywel-Jones,N.L.,Thebtaranonth,Y.,2005.Bioactive substances from insect pathogenic fungi.Acc.Chem.Res.38,813–823. Isaka,M.,Srisanoh,U.,Lartpornmatulee,S.,Boonruangprapa,T.,2007.ES-242 derivatives and cycloheptapeptides from Cordyceps sp.strains BCC16173 and16176.J.Nat.Prod.70,1601–1604.Isaka,M.,Hywel-Jones,N.L.,Sappan,M.,Mongkolsamrit,S.,Saidaengkham,S.,2009.Hopane triterpenes as chemotaxonomic markers for the scale insect pathogens Hypocrella t.and Aschersonia.Mycol.Res.113,491–497.Isaka,M.,Chinthanom,P.,Supothina,S.,Tobwor,P.,Hywel-Jones,N.L.,2010.Pyridone and tetramic acid alkaloids from the spider pathogenic fungus Torru-biella sp.BCC2165.J.Nat.Prod.73,2057–2060.Isaka,M.,Sappan,M.,Luangsa-ard,J.J.,Hywel-Jones,N.L.,Mongkolsamrit,S.,Chun-hametha,S.,2011.Chemical taxonomy of Torrubiella s lat.:zeorin as a marker of Conoideocrella.Fungal Biol.115,401–405.Krasnoff,S.B.,Rea´tegui,R.F.,Wagenaar,M.M.,Gloer,J.B.,Gibson, D.M.,2005.Cicadapeptins I and II:new Aib-containing peptides from the entomopatho-genic fungus Cordyceps heteropoda.J.Nat.Prod.68,50–55.Lang,G.,Blunt,J.W.,Cummings,N.J.,Cole,A.L.J.,Munro,M.H.G.,2005.Hirsutide,a cyclic tetrapeptide from a spider-derived entomopathogenic fungus Hirsutella sp.J.Nat.Prod.68,1303–1305.Luangsa-ard,J.J.,Berkaew,P.,Ridkaew,R.,Hywel-Jones,N.L.,Isaka,M.,2009.A beauvericin hot spot in the genus Isaria.Mycol.Res.113,1389–1395. Maloney,K.N.,Hao,W.,Xu,J.,Gibbons,J.,Hucul,J.,Roll,D.,Brady,S.F.,Schroeder,F.C.,Clardy,J.,2006.Phaeosphaeride A an inhibitor of STAT3-dependent signal-ing isolated from an endophytic .Lett.8,4067–4070.Molna`r,I.,Gibson,D.M.,Krasnoff,S.B.,2010.Secondary metabolites from entomo-pathogenic Hypocrealean fungi.Nat.Prod.Rep.27,1241–1275.Oh,H.,Swenson,D.C.,Gloer,J.B.,Shearer,C.A.,2001.Massarilactones A and B:novel secondary metabolites from the freshwater aquatic fungus Massarina tunicata.Tetrahedron Lett.42,975–977.Paterson,R.R.M.,2008.Cordyceps–a traditional Chinese medicine and another therapeutic biofactory?Phytochemistry69,1469–1495.Rukachaisirikul,V.,Chantaruk,S.,Tansakul,C.,Saithong,S.,Chaicharernwimon-koon,L.,Pakawatchai,C.,Isaka,M.,Intereya,K.,2006.A cyclopeptide from the insect pathogenic fungus Cordyceps sp.BCC1788.J.Nat.Prod.69,305–307. Schlingmann,G.,Taniguchi,T.,He,H.,Bigelis,R.,Yang,H.Y.,Koehn,F.E.,Carter,G.T., Berova,N.,2007.Reassessing the structure of pyranonigrin.J.Nat.Prod.70, 1180–1187.M.Isaka et al./Phytochemistry Letters6(2013)162–164 164。
不同因素对电沉积镁薄膜材料影响的研究进展
不同因素对电沉积儀傳膜材科彩响的研究迸展"陈转！，蒋秋娥2,樊建锋3,陈超！，苏永成"(!西安北方光电科技防务有限公司检测计量中心，陕西西安710043 #.江麓机电集团有限公司工艺研究院，湖南湘潭4111113.山西省新材料工程技术研究中心新材料界面科学与工程教育部重点实验室，山西太原030024)摘要#美是近年来可以制备并能够在自然环境中长期保存的轻质金属。
如今，材料的环保要求逐渐被重视起来，金属锾在各个行业内的应用也越来越广泛，很多国防产品、民用产品都在不同程度上用到了金属锾，但锾的制备工艺至今还不能实现工业化的大量生产，因此，对于锾的电沉积工艺的研究，分析其作为电池负极性材料的性能相当有意义。
在总结概括电解质溶液、沉积方法、沉积基体及添加剂对电沉积锾不同工艺的基础上，分析讨论了不同因素对沉积锾层的电化学性能和表面形貌的影响。
关键词：电沉积；锾；电解质溶液；沉积方法；添加剂；沉积基体中图分类号：T Q153 文献标志码：AResearch on E ffects o f V arious Factors on Electrodeposition M agnesium T h in-film M aterialsCHEN Zhuan1, JIANG Qiu?e2 , FAN Jianfeng3, CHEN Chao1, SU Yongcheng2(1. Calibrating and Measuring Center, North Electro-Optic Science L Technology Defense Co. , Ltd. ! Xi’an 710043，China;2. Institute of Process，Jianglu Machinery L Electronics GroupCo. ! Ltd. ! Xiangtang 4111New Materials Interface Science and Engineering of the Education Ministry of China , Shanxi Research Center of A Materials Science and Technology，Taiyuan 030024 , China)Ab str a ct: Magnesium i s a light metal that can be prepared and can be preserved in the natural environment for a longtime in recent years. Nowadays，the requirement of environmental protection of materials has been paid tention ，magnesium was more and more widely used in various industries , many national defense products and civilian industry products used Magnesium in varying degrees，but preparation technology of Magnesium did nottion ，so it had important value to study industrialization pcoess and anylyze it?s property as battery negative electrode materials. On the basis of summarize different process to electrodeposition Magnesium such method，sedimentation basal body，and additive，effects of different factors to electrochemical performance and surface appearance of electrodeposition magnesium were analyzed.Key wo r d s：electrodeposition，magnesium，electrolyte solution，sediment method，additive，sedimentation basal body铝和镁等轻质金属材料广泛用于国防产品和民 用产品中，以满足多种物理化学性能的要求。
News Release For Immediate Release - 公司扩大无石棉纤维
News Release For Immediate Release新闻通告Interface Solutions Inc. Expands Fiber Gasket Production Capacity to Meet Volume Requirements and Cut Lead Time Interface公司扩大无石棉纤维密封材料生产产能用于满足不断增长的市场需求以及缩短交货周期LANCASTER, Pa.—July 07, 2010—In a move that will increase its fiber-based gasket production capacity by up to 7,000 lbs. per hour, Interface Solutions Inc. has added a new manufacturing line at its Fulton, N.Y. facility. The new line, which recently passed a rigorous internal certification process, is expected to shorten lead times for a variety of fiber gasket products.兰卡斯特市,宾夕法尼亚州－2010年7月7日－Interface公司在美国纽约州的Fulton工厂增加了一条全新的无石棉纤维密封材料的生产线,使得生产产能在现有的基础上每小时可以增加7,000磅(约3.2吨). 这条全新的生产线已经通过了公司内部严格的审核认证.预计通过这条全新的生产线可以缩短多种无石棉纤维密封材料的交货周期.According to ISI Chief Executive Officer Frank Fox, the system’s productivity will steadily increase to its maximum capacity over the next several months.根据Interface公司首席执行官 Frank Fox先生描述,新生产线的生产效率将逐步提升,在几个月后将达到最大产能."ISI's capital investment was based on needs for rapid turnaround as expressed by the marketplace and increasing global demand that ISI is enjoying for fiber-based gaskets," says Fox. “Lead times will decrease as orders are strategically channeled to the new forming line. Both existing and futurecustomers can turn to ISI with confidence that large volume fiber gasket orders will be met with quality production and increasingly rapid turnaround.”“Interface公司的资金投入是基于市场对加快交货周期的要求,以及来自于全球市场不断增长的订单需求,”Fox先生说.”通过新生产线的投入使用,部分订单的生产任务将转到新的生产线,这样可以大大缩短交货周期. 对于现有客户以及新客户的大宗的无石棉纤维密封材料的订单,我们有信心可以在保证产品质量的同时,不断提高交货速度.”The equipment installation comes at a time of global economic uncertainty but growing market share for ISI fiber gasket materials. The investment also reflects the Company’s long-term commitment to the fiber gasket business. In addition to reducing lead times, the line will help ISI achieve greater capacity balance, improve its contingency planning and increase production throughput.这条全新的生产线是在全球经济尚未明朗而Interface公司市场份额不断增长的情况下投入使用的.此次投资也充分表明了Interface公司将会长期致力于发展无石棉纤维密封材料业务的决心.在缩短交货周期的同时,新生产线也将有助于Interface公司更好的平衡现有的生产产能,提升生产计划的应变能力以及增加产量.About Interface Solutions, Inc.有关Interface公司Interface Solutions Inc. is a leading manufacturer of sealing systems and engineered composite materials, including a unique line of specialty papers. The organization enjoys long-established cooperative partnerships with customers in an array of worldwide markets. Recent acquisitions, expansions and capital investments in research facilities empower ISI to offer both OEM and aftermarket customers with unmatched technical and design support as well as application testing. ISI has an extraordinary depth of experience and engineering knowledge, with roots to predecessor companies dating back over 90 years. ISI was created as an independent, private corporation in 1999; formed from the organization previously known as Armstrong Industrial Specialties Inc. (AISI).Interface公司是一家以设计密封系统及密封材料包括特种纸张的全球领先的跨国公司.在全球范围内,公司与广大客户在各个行业中都建立起了长期良好的合作关系.近年来，公司更通过不断的扩张、收购、在科研设备上的大量投资，使我们无论是在垫片工艺、还是在密封系统设计、或是在应用试验领域，都能够向主机厂以及售后市场的客户提供一些其他同业无法比拟的技术支持与服务。
美国FDA《联邦规章典集》(CFR)第21篇目录中文版
美国FDA《联邦规章典集》（CFR）第21篇目录中文版发布时间：2010-5-11 13:44:12 发布方：奥咨达医疗器械咨询美国《联邦规章典集》（CFR）第21篇“食品与药品”总目概述：美国《联邦规章典集》（Code of Federal Regulations，CFR）第21篇“食品与药品”（Title 21―Food and Drugs）共有9卷（Volume）、3章（Chapter）、1499部（Parts）。
其中：第1―8卷第1章第1―1299部，为健康与人类服务部食品与药品管理局（Food and Drug Administration，Department of Health and Human Services）的规章；第9卷第2章第1300―1399部，为司法部毒品强制执行局（Drug Enforcement Administration，Department of Justice）的规章；第9卷第3章第1400―1499部，为毒品控制政策办公室（Office of National Drug Control Policy）的规章。
第21篇“食品与药品”（Tit le 21―Food and Drugs）的概况卷（Volume）章（Chapter）部（Parts）规制机关（Regulatory Entity）1 Ⅰ1-99 健康与人类服务部食品与药品管理局（FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES）2 100-1693 170-1994 200-2995 300-4996 500-5997 600-7998 800-12999 Ⅱ1300-1399 司法部毒品强制执行局（Drug Enforcement Administration，Department of Justice）Ⅲ1400-1499 毒品控制政策办公室（Office of National Drug Control Policy）第21篇“食品与药品”（Title 21―Food and Drugs）的章、部目录部(Part) 中译文原英文第Ⅰ章―健康与人类服务部食品与药品管理局（CHAPTER Ⅰ―FOOD AND DRUG ADMINIST RATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES）第A分章―总则（SUBCHAPTER A―GENERAL）1 一般强制执行规章GENERAL ENFORCEMENT REGULATIONS2 一般行政规则与决定GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE RULINGS AND DECISIONS3 产品管辖权PRODUCT JURISDICTION5 组织ORGANIZATION7 强制执行政策ENFORCEMENT POLICY10 行政规范与程序ADMINISTRATIVE PRACTICES AND PROCEDURES11 电子化记录；电子化签名ELECTRONIC RECORDS; ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES12 正式证据的公众听证FORMAL EVIDENTIARY PUBLIC HEARING13 在公众质询委员会前的公众听证PUBLIC HEARING BEFORE A PUBLIC BOARD OF INQUIRY14 在公众咨询委员会前的公众听证PUBLIC HEARING BEFORE A PUBLIC ADVISORY COMMITTEE15 在FDA局长前的公众听证PUBLIC HEARING BEFORE THE COMMISSIONER16 在FDA前的规制性听证REGULATORY HEARING BEFORE THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION17 行政罚款听证CIVIL MONEY PENALTIES HEARINGS19 行为标准与利益冲突STANDARDS OF CONDUCT AND CONFLICTS OF INTEREST20 公共信息PUBLIC INFORMATION21 隐私保护PROTECTION OF PRIVACY25 环境影响考虑ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CONSIDERATIONS26 药品良好制造规范报告、医疗器械质量体系核查报告以及某些医疗器械产品评价报告的互认：美国与欧共体MUTUAL RECOGNITION OF PHARMACEUTICAL GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE REPORTS, MEDICAL DEVICE QUALITY SYSTEM AUDIT REPORTS, AND CERTAIN MEDICAL DEVICE PRODUCT EVALUATION REPORTS: UNITED STATES AND THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY50 人类受试者的保护PROTECTION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS54 临床试验者的财务公开FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE BY CLINICAL INVESTIGATORS56 机构审查委员会INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARDS58 对非临床实验室研究的良好实验室规范GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE FOR NONCLINICAL LABORATORY STUDIES60 专利期恢复PATENT TERM RESTORATION70 色素添加剂COLOR ADDITIVES71 色素添加剂申请COLOR ADDITIVE PETITIONS73 免除认证的色素添加剂的列表LISTING OF COLOR ADDITIVES EXEMPT FROM CERTIFICATION74 适用认证的色素添加剂的列表LISTING OF COLOR ADDITIVES SUBJECT TO CERTIFICATION80 色素添加剂认证COLOR ADDITIVE CERTIFICATION81 用于食品、药品和化妆品的临时性色素添加剂的一般规范和一般限制GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS AND GENERAL RESTRICTIONS FOR PROVISIONAL COLOR ADDITIVES FOR USE IN FOODS, DRUGS, AND COSMETICS82 经认证的临时性列表的色素和规范的列表LISTING OF CERTIFIED PROVISIONALLY LISTED COLORS AND SPECIFICATIONS83-98 [预留的] [Reserved]99 已上市的药品、生物制品和器械的未经批准的/新的用途的信息的发布DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION ON UNAPPROVED/NEW USES FOR MARKETED DRUGS, BIOLOGICS, AND DEVICES第B分章―用于人类消费的食品（SUBCHAPTER B―FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION）100 总则GENERAL101 食品标识FOOD LABELING102 非标准化食品的普通的或者通常的名称COMMON OR USUAL NAME FOR NONSTANDARDIZED FOODS104 食品的营养质量指南NUTRITIONAL QUALITY GUIDELINES FOR FOODS105 特殊膳食用途的食品FOODS FOR SPECIAL DIETARY USE106 婴儿配方母乳替代食品质量控制程序INFANT FORMULA QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURES107 婴儿配方母乳替代食品INFANT FORMULA108 紧急许可控制EMERGENCY PERMIT CONTROL109 在人类食品与食品-包装材料中的不可避免的污染物UNAVOIDABLE CONTAMINANTS IN FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION AND FOOD-PACKAGING MATERIAL110 在制造、包装或者保存人类食品中的现行良好制造规范CURRENT GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE IN MANUFACTURING, PACKING, OR HOLDING HUMAN FOOD113 装在密封容器中的热加工低酸食品THERMALLY PROCESSED LOW-ACID FOODS PACKAGED IN HERMETICALLY SEALED CONTAINERS114 酸化食品ACIDIFIED FOODS115 带壳蛋SHELL EGGS119 存在显著或者不合理风险的膳食补充剂DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS THAT PRESENT A SIGNIFICANT OR UNREASONABLE RISK120 危害分析与关键控制点（HACCP）体系HAZARD ANALYSIS AND CRITICAL CONTROL POINT (HACCP) SYSTEMS123 鱼与渔业产品FISH AND FISHERY PRODUCTS129 饮用水加工与装瓶PROCESSING AND BOTTLING OF BOTTLED DRINKING WATER130 食品标准：总则FOOD STANDARDS: GENERAL131 乳与奶油MILK AND CREAM133 乳酪与相关乳酪产品CHEESES AND RELATED CHEESE PRODUCTS135 冷冻点心FROZEN DESSERTS136 烘焙产品BAKERY PRODUCTS137 谷物粉与相关产品CEREAL FLOURS AND RELATED PRODUCTS139 通心粉与面条产品MACARONI AND NOODLE PRODUCTS145 罐装水果CANNED FRUITS146 罐装水果汁CANNED FRUIT JUICES150 水果黄油、果冻、防腐剂以及相关产品FRUIT BUTTERS, JELLIES, PRESERVES, AND RELATED PRODUCTS152 水果馅饼FRUIT PIES155 罐装蔬菜CANNED VEGETABLES156 蔬菜汁VEGETABLE JUICES158 冷冻蔬菜FROZEN VEGETABLES160 蛋与蛋制品EGGS AND EGG PRODUCTS161 鱼与有壳的水生动物FISH AND SHELLFISH163 可可制品CACAO PRODUCTS164 树坚果与花生制品TREE NUT AND PEANUT PRODUCTS165 饮料BEVERAGES166 人造黄油MARGARINE168 增甜剂与餐桌糖浆SWEETENERS AND TABLE SIRUPS169 食品敷料与调味料FOOD DRESSINGS AND FLAVORINGS170 食品添加剂FOOD ADDITIVES171 食品添加剂申请FOOD ADDITIVE PETITIONS172 允许直接加入用于人类消费食品的食品添加剂FOOD ADDITIVES PERMITTED FOR DIRECT ADDITION TO FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION173 在用于人类消费的食品中允许的次直接的食品添加剂SECONDARY DIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES PERMITTED IN FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION174 间接食品添加剂：总则INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: GENERAL175 间接食品添加剂：胶粘剂与涂层的组分INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: ADHESIVES AND COMPONENTS OF COATINGS176 间接食品添加剂：纸与纸板组分INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: PAPER AND PAPERBOARD COMPONENTS177 间接食品添加剂：聚合体INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: POLYMERS178 间接食品添加剂：辅剂、生产助剂和消毒剂INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: ADJUVANTS, PRODUCTION AIDS, AND SANITIZERS 179 在食品生产、加工和处理中的辐照IRRADIATION IN THE PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND HANDLING OF FOOD180 在额外试验期间临时在食品或者在与食品接触中被允许的食品添加剂FOOD ADDITIVES PERMITTED IN FOOD OR IN CONTACT WITH FOOD ON AN INTERIM BASIS PENDING ADDITIONAL STUDY181 先前核准的食品配料PRIOR-SANCTIONED FOOD INGREDIENTS182 一般认为安全的物质SUBSTANCES GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE184 被确认为一般认为安全的直接食品物质DIRECT FOOD SUBSTANCES AFFIRMED AS GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE 186 被确认为一般认为安全的间接食品物质INDIRECT FOOD SUBSTANCES AFFIRMED AS GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE 189 禁止用于人类食品的物质SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN HUMAN FOOD190 膳食补充剂DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS191-199 [预留的] [Reserved]第C分章―药品：总则（SUBCHAPTER C―DRUGS: GENERAL）200 总则GENERAL201 标识LABELING202 处方药广告PRESCRIPTION DRUG ADVERTISING203 处方药销售PRESCRIPTION DRUG MARKETING205 对批发处方药销售商颁发州执照的指南GUIDELINES FOR STATE LICENSING OF WHOLESALE PRESCRIPTION DRUG DISTRIBUTORS206 人用固体口服剂型药品的印码IMPRINTING OF SOLID ORAL DOSAGE FORM DRUG PRODUCTS FOR HUMAN USE207 药品生产者的登记与商业销售的药品的列表REGISTRATION OF PRODUCERS OF DRUGS AND LISTING OF DRUGS IN COMMERCIAL DISTRIBUTION208 处方药的药物治疗指导MEDICATION GUIDES FOR PRESCRIPTION DRUG PRODUCTS210 制造、加工、包装或者保存药品的现行良好制造规范；总则CURRENT GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE IN MANUFACTURING, PROCESSING, PACKING, OR HOLDING OF DRUGS; GENERAL211 对完成的药品的现行良好制造规范CURRENT GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE FOR FINISHED PHARMACEUTICALS216 药房配药PHARMACY COMPOUNDING225 对含药饲料的现行良好制造规范CURRENT GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE FOR MEDICATED FEEDS226 对A型含药物品的现行良好制造规范CURRENT GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE FOR TYPE A MEDICATED ARTICLES 250 对特殊人用药品的特殊要求SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SPECIFIC HUMAN DRUGS290 管制的药品CONTROLLED DRUGS299 药品；正式名称与已确定的名称DRUGS; OFFICIAL NAMES AND ESTABLISHED NAMES第D分章―人用药品（SUBCHAPTER D―DRUGS FOR HUMAN USE）300 总则GENERAL310 新药NEW DRUGS312 试验用新药申请INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG APPLICATION314 为FDA批准上市新药的申请APPLICATIONS FOR FDA APPROVAL TO MARKET A NEW DRUG315 诊断用放射性药品DIAGNOSTIC RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS316 罕见病药ORPHAN DRUGS320 生物利用度与生物等效性要求BIOAVAILABILITY AND BIOEQUIVALENCE REQUIREMENTS328 含有酒精的预期用于口部摄入的非处方药品OVER-THE-COUNTER DRUG PRODUCTS INTENDED FOR ORAL INGESTION THAT CONTAIN ALCOHOL330 一般认为安全与有效以及不错误标识的非处方人用药品OVER-THE-COUNTER (OTC) HUMAN DRUGS WHICH ARE GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE AND EFFECTIVE AND NOT MISBRANDED331 用于非处方的人类使用的抗酸产品ANTACID PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER (OTC) HUMAN USE332 用于非处方的人类使用的抗胃肠气胀产品ANTIFLATULENT PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE333 用于非处方的人类使用的局部抗菌药品TOPICAL ANTIMICROBIAL DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE335 用于非处方的人类使用的止泻药品ANTIDIARRHEAL DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE336 用于非处方的人类使用的止吐药品ANTIEMETIC DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE338 用于非处方的人类使用的帮助夜间睡眠的药品NIGHTTIME SLEEP-AID DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE340 用于非处方的人类使用的兴奋药品STIMULANT DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE341 用于非处方的人类使用的感冒、咳嗽、过敏症药、支气管扩张以及平喘药品COLD, COUGH, ALLERGY, BRONCHODILATOR, AND ANTIASTHMATIC DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE343 用于非处方的人类使用的内服的止痛、退热以及抗风湿药品INTERNAL ANALGESIC, ANTIPYRETIC, AND ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE344 用于非处方的人类使用的局部的耳部药品TOPICAL OTIC DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE346 用于非处方的人类使用的肛肠药品ANORECTAL DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE347 用于非处方的人类使用的皮肤保护药品SKIN PROTECTANT DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE348 用于非处方的人类使用的外部的止痛药品EXTERNAL ANALGESIC DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE349 用于非处方的人类使用的眼科药品OPHTHALMIC DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE350 用于非处方的人类使用的止汗药品ANTIPERSPIRANT DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE352 用于非处方的人类使用的遮光药品SUNSCREEN DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE [STAYED INDEFINITELY]355 用于非处方的人类使用的防龋药品ANTICARIES DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE357 用于非处方的人类使用的其他内服药品MISCELLANEOUS INTERNAL DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE358 用于非处方的人类使用的其他外用药品MISCELLANEOUS EXTERNAL DRUG PRODUCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE361 一般认为安全与有效以及不错误标识的处方人用药品：用于研究的药品PRESCRIPTION DRUGS FOR HUMAN USE GENERALLYRECOGNIZED AS SAFE AND EFFECTIVE AND NOT MISBRANDED: DRUGS USED IN RESEARCH369 在用于非处方销售的药品与器械上关于警告的解释性声明INTERPRETATIVE STATEMENTS RE WARNINGS ON DRUGS AND DEVICES FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER SALE370-499 [预留的] [Reserved]第E分章―动物药品、饮料和相关产品（SUB CHAPTER E―ANIMAL DRUGS, FEEDS, AND RELATED PRODUCTS）500 总则GENERAL501 动物食品标识ANIMAL FOOD LABELING502 非标准化的动物食品的普通的或通常的名称COMMON OR USUAL NAMES FOR NONSTANDARDIZED ANIMAL FOODS509 在动物食品与食品-包装材料中的不可避免的污染物UNAVOIDABLE CONTAMINANTS IN ANIMAL FOOD AND FOOD-PACKAGING MATERIAL510 新动物药NEW ANIMAL DRUGS511 作为试验用途的新动物药NEW ANIMAL DRUGS FOR INVESTIGATIONAL USE514 新动物药申请NEW ANIMAL DRUG APPLICATIONS515 含药饲料厂执照MEDICATED FEED MILL LICENSE520 口服剂型的新动物药ORAL DOSAGE FORM NEW ANIMAL DRUGS522 植入或者注射剂型的新动物药IMPLANTATION OR INJECTABLE DOSAGE FORM NEW ANIMAL DRUGS524 眼科和局部剂型的新动物药OPHTHALMIC AND TOPICAL DOSAGE FORM NEW ANIMAL DRUGS526 乳房内的剂型INTRAMAMMARY DOSAGE FORMS529 某些其他剂型的新动物药CERTAIN OTHER DOSAGE FORM NEW ANIMAL DRUGS530 在动物中的特别标签药品使用EXTRALABEL DRUG USE IN ANIMALS556 在食品中新动物药残留的容许量TOLERANCES FOR RESIDUES OF NEW ANIMAL DRUGS IN FOOD558 用于动物饲料的新动物药NEW ANIMAL DRUGS FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEEDS564 [预留的] [Reserved]570 食品添加剂FOOD ADDITIVES571 食品添加剂申请FOOD ADDITIVE PETITIONS573 在动物饲料与饮用水中允许的食品添加剂FOOD ADDITIVES PERMITTED IN FEED AND DRINKING WATER OF ANIMALS579 在动物饲料和宠物食品的生产、加工和处理中的辐照IRRADIATION IN THE PRODUCTION, PROCESSING, AND HANDLING OF ANIMAL FEED AND PET FOOD582 一般认为安全的物质SUBSTANCES GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE584 在动物饲料与饮用水中被确认为一般认为安全的食品物质FOOD SUBSTANCES AFFIRMED AS GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE IN FEED AND DRINKING WATER OF ANIMALS589 禁止用于动物食品或者饲料的物质SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED590-599 [预留的] [Reserved]第F分章―生物制品（SUB CHAPTER F―BIOLOGICS）600 生物制品：总则BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS: GENERAL601 颁发执照LICENSING606 对血液与血液组分的现行良好制造规范CURRENT GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE FOR BLOOD AND BLOOD COMPONENTS607 对人类血液与血液制品的制造者的机构登记与产品列表ESTABLISHMENT REGISTRATION AND PRODUCT LISTING FOR MANUFACTURERS OF HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS610 普通生物制品标准GENERAL BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS STANDARDS630 对血液、血液组分和血液衍生物的一般要求GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR BLOOD, BLOOD COMPONENTS, AND BLOOD DERIVATIVES640 对人类血液和血液制品的附加标准ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS660 对用于实验室检测的诊断物质的附加标准ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR DIAGNOSTIC SUBSTANCES FOR LABORATORY TESTS680 对其他产品的附加标准ADDITIONAL STANDARDS FOR MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS第G分章―化妆品（SUBCHAPTER G―COSMETICS）700 总则GENERAL701 化妆品标识COSMETIC LABELING710 化妆品机构的自愿登记VOLUNTARY REGISTRATION OF COSMETIC PRODUCT ESTABLISHMENTS720 化妆品配料构成声明的自愿存档VOLUNTARY FILING OF COSMETIC PRODUCT INGREDIENT COMPOSITION STATEMENTS740 化妆品警告声明COSMETIC PRODUCT WARNING STATEMENTS741-799 [预留的] [Reserved]第H分章―医疗器械（SUBCHAPTER H―MEDICAL DEVICES）800 总则GENERAL801 标识LABELING803 医疗器械报告MEDICAL DEVICE REPORTING806 医疗器械；改正与移动的报告MEDICAL DEVICES; REPORTS OF CORRECTIONS AND REMOVALS807 对器械的制造者与首次进口者的机构登记与器械列表ESTABLISHMENT REGISTRATION AND DEVICE LISTING FOR MANUFACTURERS AND INITIAL IMPORTERS OF DEVICES808 对州和地方医疗器械要求的联邦优先权的豁免EXEMPTIONS FROM FEDERAL PREEMPTION OF STATE AND LOCAL MEDICAL DEVICE REQUIREMENTS809 人用体外诊断产品IN VITRO DIAGNOSTIC PRODUCTS FOR HUMAN USE810 医疗器械召回权MEDICAL DEVICE RECALL AUTHORITY812 试验用器械豁免INVESTIGATIONAL DEVICE EXEMPTIONS813 [预留的] [Reserved]814 医疗器械的上市前批准PREMARKET APPROVAL OF MEDICAL DEVICES820 质量体系规章QUALITY SYSTEM REGULATION821 医疗器械跟踪要求MEDICAL DEVICE TRACKING REQUIREMENTS822 上市后监视POSTMARKET SURVEILLANCE860 医疗器械分类程序MEDICAL DEVICE CLASSIFICATION PROCEDURES861 性能标准制定程序PROCEDURES FOR PERFORMANCE STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT862 临床化学与临床毒理学器械CLINICAL CHEMISTRY AND CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY DEVICES864 血液学与病理学器械HEMATOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY DEVICES866 免疫学与微生物学器械IMMUNOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY DEVICES868 麻醉学器械ANESTHESIOLOGY DEVICES870 心血管器械CARDIOVASCULAR DEVICES872 牙科器械DENTAL DEVICES874 耳、鼻和咽器械EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT DEVICES876 胃肠病学-泌尿学器械GASTROENTEROLOGY-UROLOGY DEVICES878 普通与整形外科器械GENERAL AND PLASTIC SURGERY DEVICES880 普通医院与个人使用器械GENERAL HOSPITAL AND PERSONAL USE DEVICES882 神经学器械NEUROLOGICAL DEVICES884 产科与妇科学器械OBSTETRICAL AND GYNECOLOGICAL DEVICES886 眼科器械OPHTHALMIC DEVICES888 矫形外科器械ORTHOPEDIC DEVICES890 内科学器械PHYSICAL MEDICINE DEVICES892 放射学器械RADIOLOGY DEVICES895 禁止的器械BANNED DEVICES898 电极铅线与患者电缆的性能标准PERFORMANCE STANDARD FOR ELECTRODE LEAD WIRES AND PATIENT CABLES第I分章―乳房造影质量标准法（SUBCHAPTER I―MAMMOGRAPHY QUALITY STANDA RDS ACT）900 乳房造影法MAMMOGRAPHY第J分章―放射学的健康（SUBCHAPTER J―RADIOLOGICAL HEALTH）1000 总则GENERAL1002 记录与报告RECORDS AND REPORTS1003 缺陷与未能守法的通报NOTIFICATION OF DEFECTS OR FAILURE TO COMPLY1004 电子产品的回购、修理或者置换REPURCHASE, REPAIRS, OR REPLACEMENT OF ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS1005 电子产品的进口IMPORTATION OF ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS1010 电子产品的性能标准：总则PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS: GENERAL1020 电离辐射发生产品的性能标准PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR IONIZING RADIATION EMITTING PRODUCTS1030 微波与射电频率发生产品的性能标准PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR MICROWAVE AND RADIO FREQUENCY EMITTING PRODUCTS1040 发光产品的性能标准PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR LIGHT-EMITTING PRODUCTS1050 声波、次声波和超声波发生产品的性能标准PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR SONIC, INFRASONIC, AND ULTRASONIC RADIATION-EMITTING PRODUCTS第K分章―[预留的]（SUBCHAPTER K―[RESERVED]）第L分章―根据由食品与药品管理局行政执行的某些其他法的规章（SUBCHAPTER L―REGULATIONS UNDER CERTAIN OTHER ACTS ADMINISTERED BY THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION）1210 根据《联邦进口乳法》的规章REGULATIONS UNDER THE FEDERAL IMPORT MILK ACT1230 根据《联邦腐蚀性毒物法》的规章REGULATIONS UNDER THE FEDERAL CAUSTIC POISON ACT1240 传染病的控制CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES1250 州际运输卫生INTERSTATE CONVEYANCE SANITATION1251-1269 [预留的] [Reserved]1270 预期用于移植的人体组织HUMAN TISSUE INTENDED FOR TRANSPLANTATION1271 人体细胞、组织以及细胞的和基于组织的产品HUMAN CELLS, TISSUES, AND CELLULAR AND TISSUE-BASED PRODUCTS 1272-1299 [预留的] [Reserved]第Ⅱ章―司法部毒品强制执行局（CHAPTER Ⅱ―DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE）1300 定义DEFINITIONS1301 管制物质的制造者、分销者和调剂者的登记REGISTRATION OF MANUFACTURERS, DISTRIBUTORS, AND DISPENSERS OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES1302 对管制物质的标识与包装要求LABELING AND PACKAGING REQUIREMENTS FOR CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES1303 定额QUOTAS1304 登记者的记录与报告RECORDS AND REPORTS OF REGISTRANTS1305 令的格式ORDER FORMS1306 处方PRESCRIPTIONS1307 杂项MISCELLANEOUS1308 管制物质的表SCHEDULES OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES1309 表I化学品的制造者、分销者、进口者和出口者的登记REGISTRATION OF MANUFACTURERS, DISTRIBUTORS, IMPORTERS AND EXPORTERS OF LIST I CHEMICALS1310 列入表的化学品和某些机器的记录与报告RECORDS AND REPORTS OF LISTED CHEMICALS AND CERTAIN MACHINES 1311 [预留的] [Reserved]1312 管制物质的进口与出口IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES1313 前体与必要化学品的进口与出口IMPORTATION AND EXPORTATION OF PRECURSORS AND ESSENTIAL CHEMICALS1314-1315 [预留的] [Reserved]1316 行政职能、规范和程序ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS, PRACTICES, AND PROCEDURES第Ⅲ章―毒品控制政策办公室（CHAPTER Ⅲ―Office of National Drug Control Policy）1400 [预留的] [Reserved]1401 信息的公众可及性PUBLIC AVAILABILITY OF INFORMATION1402 强制性解密审查MANDATORY DECLASSIFICATION REVIEW1403 对给予州和地方政府资金和合作协议的统一行政要求UNIFORM ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS FOR GRANTS AND COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS TO STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS1404 政府范围的排除与暂停（非获得）GOVERNMENTWIDE DEBARMENT AND SUSPENSION (NONPROCUREMENT)1405 对无毒品工作场所的政府范围的要求（财政援助）GOVERNMENTWIDE REQUIREMENTS FOR DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE (FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE)1406-1499 [预留的] [Reserved]。