Chemical mass transfer in magmatic processes
地球化学专业英语词汇
地球化学专业英语词汇摘要：地球化学是一门研究地球及其组成、结构、演化和变化的自然科学。
地球化学专业的学习需要掌握一些基本的英语词汇，以便阅读和理解相关的文献、报告和数据。
本文根据地球化学的主要内容，将英语词汇分为以下几个部分：地球构造、岩石和矿物、地球化学过程、地球化学分析和方法、地球化学应用和专业术语。
每个部分给出了一些常用或重要的英语词汇，并列出了中文和英文的对照。
一、地球构造地球构造是指地球内部的结构和组成，以及它们之间的相互作用。
地球构造是影响地球表面形态和动力学的重要因素，也是地球化学研究的基础。
以下是一些与地球构造相关的英语词汇：中文英文地球Earth地核core内核inner core外核outer core地幔mantle上地幔upper mantle下地幔lower mantle地壳crust大陆地壳continental crust海洋地壳oceanic crust岩石圈lithosphere滑动圈asthenosphere板块plate板块运动plate tectonics板块边界plate boundary构造带tectonic belt构造单元tectonic unit构造环境tectonic setting构造活动tectonic activity二、岩石和矿物岩石和矿物是地球化学研究的主要对象，它们记录了地球历史上发生过的各种物理、化学和生物过程。
岩石是由一个或多个矿物组成的固态聚合体，根据形成方式可以分为火成岩、沉积岩和变质岩。
矿物是具有一定的化学成分和结晶结构的自然形成的无机固体。
以下是一些与岩石和矿物相关的英语词汇：中文英文岩石rock火成岩igneous rock沉积岩sedimentary rock变质岩metamorphic rock岩浆岩magmatic rock火山岩volcanic rock侵入岩intrusive rock喷出岩extrusive rock碎屑岩clastic rock化学沉积岩chemical sedimentary rock生物沉积岩biogenic sedimentary rock原生变质岩protolith metamorphic rock接触变质岩contact metamorphic rock区域变质岩regional metamorphic rock热变质岩thermal metamorphic rock压力变质岩pressure metamorphic rock矿物mineral晶体crystal晶面crystal face晶轴crystal axis晶系crystal system对称元素symmetry element对称性symmetry矿物学mineralogy矿物化学mineral chemistry矿物物理mineral physics矿物光学mineral optics三、地球化学过程地球化学过程是指地球内外发生的各种化学反应和物质迁移，它们造成了地球各部分的化学组成和同位素比例的差异和变化。
地球元素丰度及其演化规律激光探针以及激光探针(LA-ICPMS)在地学方向的应用
地球元素丰度及其演化规律激光探针以及激光探针（LA-ICPMS）在地学方向的应用木言（大学地球科学学院，湖北武汉55106）摘要：激光探针在各个学科应用广泛，对于微区分析及材料分析有着重要作用。
激光探针在当前分析化学技术正向着痕量微区方向发展。
这使得我们能够用更小更少的样品直接得到更多的地球化学信息。
在诸多微区测试技术中,激光剥蚀等离子质谱(LA-ICPMS)技术发展最快。
其地质应用较广,激光探针等离子体质谱能够进行固体样品的微区微量元素和同位素的分析,具有灵敏度高、简便、快速的特点,同样具有在同位素定年上的潜力。
近年来又研制出激光剥蚀多道接收等离子质谱(LA-MC-ICPMS)仪,使得微区同位素分析开始了新的革命。
而多种微区技术综合应用为近几年分析地球化学新的趋势。
关键词：同位素；激光探针；微区分析；质谱；等离子体1.引言激光探针亦称激光诱导击穿光谱分析仪，是以激光诱导击穿光谱技术为基础的物质成分分析仪，激光诱导击穿光谱利用高能量激光激发样品表面产生高温高电子数密度的等离子体，对等离子体发射光的离子或原子光谱进行分析，由其谱线波长和强度对样品元素进行定性和定量分析。
激光探针亦称激光诱导击穿光谱分析仪，是以激光诱导击穿光谱技术（LIBS)为基础的物质成分分析仪，激光诱导击穿光谱利用高能量激光激发样品表面产生高温高电子数密度的等离子体，对等离子体发射光的离子或原子光谱进行分析，由其谱线波长和强度对样品元素进行定性和定量分析。
[1]2.应用领域激光探针弥补了传统元素分析方法的不足，尤其在微小区域材料分析、镀层/薄膜分析、缺陷检测、珠宝鉴定、法医证据鉴定、粉末材料分析、合金分析等应用领域优势明显，同时，还可以广泛适用于地质、煤炭、冶金、制药、环境、科研等不同领域的应用。
3.产品特点与其他常用元素分析的方法相比，激光探针主要优点有:[2]（1）利用激光特有的性能，可实现远程、实时、在线元素检测。
（2）仪器体积相对较小，适用于现场分析、可在恶劣条件下进行测定。
UPLC-MS
UPLC-MS/MS法测定膨化食品中环己基氨基磺酸钠的含量汪 强1，刘 燕1，王双寿2，唐文屹1，秦雅丽1，张月松1（1.马鞍山市食品药品检验和药品不良反应监测中心，安徽马鞍山 243000；2.安徽工业大学，安徽马鞍山 243000）摘 要：建立了一种高效、简便、准确的测定膨化食品中环己基氨基磺酸钠的超高效液相串联三重四极杆质谱法。
样品以甲醇+水（1+1）提取，以亚铁氰化钾溶液和乙酸锌溶液为沉淀剂，经过涡旋振荡、超声提取以及离心之后，取上清液过滤膜上机。
采用C18色谱柱进行分离，MRM负离子模式检测，基质外标定量。
结果表明，环己基氨基磺酸钠在0～200 ng·mL-1线性关系良好，相关系数＞0.999，该方法检出限为0.03 mg·kg-1，定量限为0.10 mg·kg-1。
在0.200 mg·kg-1、0.500 mg·kg-1加标水平下，回收率分别为84.0%～95.0%、96.2%～99.2%，相对标准偏差均＜10%。
本方法快捷、灵敏、准确，可用于膨化食品中环己基氨基磺酸钠的检测。
关键词：环己基氨基磺酸钠；膨化食品；超高效液相串联三重四极杆质谱法Determination of Cyclamate in Puffed Food by Ultra HighPerformance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem TripleQuadruple Mass SpectrometryWANG Qiang1, LIU Yan1, WANG Shuangshou2, TANG Wenyi1, QIN Yali1, ZHANG Yuesong1(1.Maanshan Institute for Food and Drug Control and Adverse Drug Reaction, Maanshan 243000, China; 2.AnhuiUniversity of Technology, Maanshan 243000, China)Abstract: To establish a efficient, simple and accurate method for the determination of cyclamate in puffed food by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadr-upole tandem mass spectrometry. The sample was extracted with methanol + water (1+1), and potassium ferricyanide solution and zinc acetate solution were used as precipitants, extracted by vortex and ultrasound, centrifuged and the supernatant was taken over the membrane and put on the machine. The separation was carried out on a C18 column, detected by MRM negative ion mode and quantified by matrix external standard. The results showed that the correlation coefficient of sodium cyclamate in the range of 0～200 ng·mL-1 was good with the correlation coefficients＞0.999. The limit of detection of the method was 0.03 mg·kg-1, and the limit of quantification was 0.10 mg·kg-1. The recoveries of sodium cyclamate at the spiked levels of 0.200 mg·kg-1, 0.500 mg·kg-1 were 84.0%～95.0% and 96.2%～99.2%, respectively, and the relative standard deviations were less than 10%. The method is rapid, sensitive and accurate, it can be used for the determination of cyclamate in puffed food.Keywords: cyclamate; puffed food; ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry现代食品企业对食品添加剂的使用，必须遵守《食品安全国家标准食品添加剂使用标准》（GB 2760—2014）[1]规定，违者必被行政处罚，情节严重的会被移送司法机关。
有机化学专业术语中英对照大全
Angular methyl group角甲基Alkylidene group亚烷基Allyl group烯丙基Allylic烯丙型[的]Aryl group芳基Activating group活化基团Auxochrome助色团Acyl cation酰[基]正离子Arenirm ion芳[基]正离子Aci form酸式Asymmetric atom不对称原子Asymmetric carbon不对称碳Absolute configuration绝对构型Achiral非手性[的]Anomer端基[差向]异构体Anti conformation反式构象Anti periplanar conformation反叠构象Atropismer阻转异构体Axial bond直[立]键Aromaticity芳香性Aromatic sexter芳香六隅Antiaromaticity反芳香性Alternant hydrocarbon交替烃Antarafacial reaction异面反应Ambident两可[的]Acid-base catalyxed reaction酸性溶剂Acid-base catalyzed reaction酸碱催化反应Anomeric effect端基异构效应Aromatic nucleophilic substitu-tion芳香亲核取代Anti-Markovnikov addition反马氏加成Addition-elimination mechanism加成消除机理Apofacial reaction反面反应Aryl action芳正离子Anti-Zaitsev orientation反札依采夫定向Anionic cleavage负离子裂解Alkylation烷基化Arylation芳基化Acylation酰化Amination氨基化acyloxyation酰氧基化Allylic halogenation烯丙型卤化Additive dimerization加成二聚Alkylolysis,alkyl cleavage烷基裂解Acylolysis,acyl cleavage酰基裂解Alcoholysis醇解Aminomethylation氨甲基化Aldol condensation羟醛缩合Acyloin condensation偶姻缩合Annulation,annelation增环反应Autoxidation自氧化Allylic hydroperoxylation烯丙型氢过氧化Aromatization芳构化Abstraction夺取[反应] Aminomercuration氨汞化Allylic migration烯丙型重排Allylic migration烯丙型迁移Acyl rearrangement酰基重排Anionotropy负离子转移Anionotropic rearrangement负离子转移重排Aliphatic compound脂肪族化合物Alkane烷Alkene烯Alkyen炔Acetylide炔化物Active hydrogen compounds活泼氢化合物Allene丙二烯Alkyl halide卤代烷Alcohol醇Amine胺Amine oxide氧化胺Aldehyde醛Aldehyde hydrate醛水合物Acetal缩醛Aminal缩醛胺Aldimine醛亚胺Aldimine醛肟Azine嗪Acyl halide酰卤Acyl fluoride酰氟Acyl chloride酰氯Acyl rtomide酰溴Acyl iodide酰碘Acyl tosylate酰基对甲苯磺酸酐Acyl peroxide酰基过氧化物Amide酰胺Acyl azide酰叠氮Amidine脒Acyl cyanide酰腈Allophanate脲基甲酸酯Amino acid氨基酸Aldol羟醛Acyloin偶姻Aldose醛糖Aglycon苷元Alditol糖醇Alicyclic compound 脂环化合物Aromatic compound稠环化合物Arene芳香化合物Alkylbenzene芳烃Aiaryl联苄Acene并苯Aryne芳炔Annulene烨烯Azulene？Alkaloid生物碱Azoxy compound氧化偶氮化合物Azlactone二氢？唑酮Azepine氮杂？Arsine胂Arsenic ylide 砷叶立德Azo cimpound偶氮化物Benzyl group苄基Benzylic苄型[的]Bridged-ring system桥环体系Benzylic cation苄[基]正离子Bisecting conformation等分构象Boat conformation船型构象Banana bond香蕉键Basic solvent碱性溶剂B strain后张力Bimolecular nucleophilic sub-stitution双分子亲核取代Bimolecular nucleophilic substi-tution(with allylic rearrange-ment)双分子亲核取代（含烯丙型重排）Bimolecular electrophilic substi-tution双分子亲电取代Bimolecular elimination through the conjugate base双分子共轭碱消除Bimolecular elimination双分子消除Bimolecular elimination with for-mation of a carbonyl group双分子羰基形成消除Bimolecular base-catalyzed acyl-oxygen cleavage双分子碱催化酰氧断裂Bimllecular base-catalyzed al- kyl-oxygen cleavage双分子碱催化烷氧断裂Borderline mechanism边理机理Backside attack背面进攻Briddgehead displacement桥头取代Benzyne苯炔Bredt rule布雷特规则Bisamination双氨基化Bimolecular reduction双分子还原Benzilic rearrangement二苯乙醇酸重排Betaine甜菜碱Bibenzyl烷基苯Biphenyl 联芳Biphenyl联苯Benzvalene盆苯Barrelene桶烯Benzoin苯偶姻Benzil偶苯酰Chromophore生色团Common ring普通环Conjugation共轭Conjugated-system共轭体系Configuration构型Chirality手性Chiral手性[的]Chiral center手性中心Chiral molecule手性分子Cahn-Ingold-Prelon sequence顺序规则Cis-trans isomerism顺反异构Conformation构象Conformational构象分析Conformational inversion构象反转Chair conformation椅型构象Cisoid conformation顺向构象Conformer构象异构体Conformational effect构象效应Cram’s rube克拉姆规则Conformational transmission构象传递Cross conjugation交叉共轭Conrotatory顺旋Cycloaddition环加成Coordinate-covalent bond配位共价键Conjugate base共轭酸Conjugate base 共轭碱Counrer[gegen]ion反荷离子Carbocation碳正离子Carbanion碳负离子Carbenoid卡宾体Carbene卡宾Carbine碳炔C- alkylation C-烷基化Carbalkoxylation烷氧羰基化Carboamidation氨羰基化Carboxylation羧基化Cine substitution移位取代Chlorosulfonation氯磺酰化Chlorosulfenation氯亚磺酰化Coupling reaction偶联反应Cross-coupling reaction交叉偶联反应Conjugate addition共轭加成carbonylation羧基化Cyanoethylation氰乙基化Chiletropic reaction螯键反应Chelation螯环化Cyanomethylation氰甲基化Cholromethylation氯甲基化Condensation缩合Cross aldol condensation交叉羟醛缩合Cyclization环化Catalytic hydrogenation催化氢化Catalytic dehydrogenation催化脱氢Cationotropic rearrangement正离子转移重排Carbon acid碳氢酸Ccumulene累积多烯Cellosolve溶纤剂Crown ether冠醚Cyanohydrin羟腈Carboxylic acid羧酸Carbobenzoxy chloride苄氧甲酰氯Carbon suboxide二氧化三碳Carbammic acid氨基甲酸Carbamate氨基甲酸酯Cyanamide氨腈Carbodiimide碳二亚胺Carbohydrate碳水化合物Cycloalkene环烷Cage compound 螺烷Catenane轮烷cyclophane环芳Chalcone查耳酮Chloroborane氯硼烷carotene胡萝卜素Charge-transfer spectrum电荷转移光谱Chemical shift reagent化学位移试剂Circularly polarized light圆偏振光Cotton effect卡滕效应Chiron,chiral building block手性子Chiral induction手性诱导Chiral reagent手性试剂Chiral catalyst手性催化剂Chiral solvent手性溶剂Chiral auxiliary [reagent]手性助剂Convergent synthesis汇集合成Diastereotopic非对映异位[的]D-L system of nomenclatureD-L命名体系Diastereomer非对映[异构]体Delocalezed bond离域键Diamagnetic ring cruuent抗磁环电流Disroatatory对旋Dielectric constant介电常数Diaxial addition双直键加成Deactivating group钝化基团Demethylation脱甲基化Decarboxylative nitration脱羧卤化Dehalogenation脱卤Decarboxylative nitration脱羧硝化Nitrosation亚硝化Desulfonation脱磺酸基Diazotization重氮化Diazo transfer重氮基转移Diazonium coupling重氮偶联Dimerization二聚Decarbonylation脱羰Decyanoethylation脱氰乙基Diene synthesis 双烯合成Dienophile 亲双烯体Diels-Alder reaction 第尔斯-尔德反应Dipolar addition 偶极加成Dehydrohalogenation 脱卤化氢Deamination 脱氨基Decarboxylation 脱羧Decarboxamidation 脱酰胺Decyanation 脱氰基Dissolving metal reduction 溶解金属还原Deoxygenation 脱氧Desulfurization 脱硫Deselenization 脱硒Double bond migration 双键移位Diene 双烯Diyne 二炔Diazoalkane 重氮烷Detone 酮Dithiane 二噻烷Dewar benzene 杜瓦苯 Diazo compound 重氮化合物 Diazohydroxide 重氮氢氧化物 Diketopiperazine 哌嗪二酮 Diazine 二嗪 Diterpene 二萜 Diasteromeric excess,de 非对映体过量 Enantiotopic 对映异位[的] Enantiomer 对映[异构]体 Epimer 差向异构体 Erythro configuration 赤型构型 Erythro isomer 赤型异构体 E isomerE 异构体Endo isomer 内型异构体Exo isomer 外型异构体Eclipsed conformation 重叠构象Envelope conformation 信封[型]构象Equatorial bond 平[伏]键Electrocyclic rearrangement 电环[化]重排Electrical effect 电场效应Electron donof-acceptor complex,EDAcomplex电子给[体]受体络合物Eclipsing effect 重叠效应Eclipsing strain 重叠张力Electrophilic addition 亲电加成 Electrophile 亲电体 Electrophilic aromatic substitu-tion 亲电芳香取代 Electron transfer 电子转移 Electron-donating group 给电子基团 Electron-Withdrawing group 吸电子基团 Electrofuge 离电体 Exhaustive methylation 彻底甲基化 Ethylation 乙基化 Endo addition 内型加成 Exo addition 外型加成 Ene synthesis 单烯合成 - elimination-消除 Elimination-addition 消除-加成 Esterification 酯化 Ethanolysis 乙醇解 Enolization 烯醇化 Epoxidation 环氧化 Electrochemical oxidation 电化学氧化 Electrochemical reduction 电化学还原 Electrophilic rearrangement 亲电重排 Enyne 烯炔 Ether 醚 Epoxide 环氧化物 Enol 烯醇 Enol ether 烯醇醚 Enol ester 烯醇酯 Ester 酯 Enantiomeric excess,ee 对映体过量 Fluxional structure 循变结构Fischer projection 费歇尔投影式 Field effect 场效应 F strain 前张力 Flash pyrolysis 闪热裂 Fragmentation 碎裂 Forbidden transition 禁阻跃迁 Fluorene 芴 fulvene 富烯 Furan 呋喃 Flavone 黄酮 Ferocene 二？铁 Formal synthesis 中继合成 Gauche conformation, skew con-formation邻位交叉构象Guest客体Glycidic acid 环氧丙酸Glycol二醇Glycoside糖苷Glucoside葡[萄]糖苷Grignard reagent格氏试剂Helical molecule螺旋型分子Homotopic等位[的]Heterotopic异位[的]Half-chair conformation半椅型构象Homolog同系物Hyperconjugation超共轭Huckel’rule休克尔规则Homoaromaticity同芳香性Host主体Hammond postulate哈蒙德假说Homochiral纯手性[的]Homolysis均裂Heterolysis异裂Heterolytic michanism异裂机理Hofmann’s rule霍夫曼规则Hydroxylation羟基化Hydroboration硼氢化Hydroformylation加氢甲酰基化Hydroacylation加氢酰化Hydrocarboxylation氢羧基化Homologization同系化Hydroxymethylation羟甲基化Hydroxyalkylation羟烷基化Haloalkylation卤烷基化Haloform reaction卤仿反应Heterogeneous hydrogenation多相氢化Homogeneous hydrogenation均相氢化Hydrogenolysis氢解Hydrometallation氢金属化Homosigmatropic rearrangement同迁移重排Hpdrocarbon碳氢化合物Homoallylic alcohol高烯丙醇Hydrazone腙Hydrazide酰肼Hydantion乙内酰脲Helicene螺旋烃Hydrazo compound氢化偶氮化物Hydroquinone氢醌Heterocyclic compound杂环化合物Isomerism异构[现象]Ipso position本位Isovalent hyperconjugation等价超共轭Inductive effect诱导效应Imine-enamine atutomerism亚胺-烯胺互变异构Inverse isotope effect逆同位素效应Intermediate 中间体I strain内张力Isoinversion等反转Isoracemization等消旋Internal nucleophilic substiru-tion分子内亲核取代Ion pair 离子对Internal return内返Inversion反转Insertion插入imine亚胺Isonitrile 异腈Imide二酰亚胺Indene茚Imidazole咪唑Isoquinoline异喹啉Isoflavone异黄酮Large ring大环Laevo isomer左旋异构体Leois structure路易斯结构Linear free energy线性自由能Large angle strain大角张力Leaving group离去基团Lithiation锂化Lactone内酯Lactol内半缩醛Lactam内酰胺Lipid 类脂Linear synthesis线性合成Magnetically anisotropic group磁各向异性基团Medium rimg中环Mirror symmetry镜面对称Meso compound内消旋化合物Meta position间位Para position对位Molecular orbiral method分子轨道法Mesomeric effect中介效应Mobius system默比乌斯体系Mechanism机理Masked carbanion掩蔽碳负离子Markovnikov’s rube马尔科夫尼科规则Michael addition迈克尔加成Meta directing group间位定位基Mitallation金属化Mercuration汞化Migratory aptitude迁移倾向Migration迁移Mercaptan硫醇Macrolide大环内酯Monoterpene单萜Neoman projection纽曼投影式No-bond resonance无键共振Non-alternant hydrocarbon非交替烷Non-bonded interaction非键相互作用Nonclassical carbocation非经典碳正离子Nitrene氮宾Nucleophilic reaction亲核反应Nucleophilicity亲核体Nucleofuge离核体Neighboring group participation邻基基参与Neighboring proup assistance,anchimeric assistance邻助作用Neighboring group effect邻基效应N-alkylationN-烷基化Nitration硝化Netro compound 硝基化合物Nitrile腈Nitrile oxide氧化腈N-bromo compound N-溴化物Nitrogen ylide 氮叶立德Octahedral compound八面体化合物Optical activity光学活性Quasi recemate准外消旋体Ortho position邻位Orinentation取向Ortho-para directing group邻对位定位基Ortho effect邻位效应O- alkylationO-烷基化Oxyamination羟氨基化Oxo process羰基合成Oxonolysis臭氧解Oxidative decarboxylation氧化脱羧Oxymercuration羟汞化Oxime肟Oxime亚硝基化合物orthoester原酸酯Oligosaccharide寡糖Osazone脎Oxazine？嗪Organometallic有机金属化合物Optical purity光学纯度Optical induction光学诱导Spiroannulation螺增环Prototropic rearrangement质了转移重排Pinacol rearrangement频哪醇重排Prototropy质子转移Photosensitization光敏化photooxidation光氧化Photoisomerization光异构化Photochemical rearrangement光化学重排Paraffin wax石蜡Peracid过酸Perester过酸酯Peptide肽Pyranose吡喃糖Polysaccharide多糖Propellane笼型化合物Pyrrole吡咯Pyrazole吡唑Porphyrin卟啉Pyridene吡啶Piperidine哌啶Phosphine膦Phosphonium salt？盐Phosphorus ylide磷叶立德Phospholipid磷脂Pheromone信息素Phytohormone植物激素Polarized light偏振光Partial synthesis部分合成Protecting group保护基Phenyl group 苯基Quinhydrone醌Quinhydrone醌氢醌Quinoline喹啉Radical ion自由基离子Radical cation 自由基正离子Radical anion自由基负离子R-S syytem of nomenclatureR-S命名体系Racemic mixture外消旋混合物Racemic compound 外消旋化合物Racemic solid solution外消旋固体溶液Rotamer旋转异构体Retention of configuration构型保持Regioselectivity区域选择性Regiospecificity区域专一性Resonance共振Resonance effect共振效应Reactive intermediate 活泼中间体Restricted rotation阻碍旋转Racemization外消旋化Ring clsure环合Retro Diels-Alder reaction逆第尔斯-阿尔德反应Retrograde aldol condensation逆羟醛缩合Reductive alkylation还原烷基化Reductive acylation还原酰化Reductive dimerization还原二聚Rearrangement重排Ring contraction环缩小[反应]Ring expansion,ring enlargement扩环[反应] Rotazane螺桨烷Rused ring索烃Retrosynthesis逆合成Relay synthesis接替合成Spiro compound螺环化合物Stereochemistry立体化学Stereoisomerism立体异构[现象] Symmetry factor对称因素Si faceSi面Synperiplanar conformation顺叠构象Synclinal conformation反错构象Synclinal conformation顺错构象Staggered conformation对位交叉构象Steric effect空间效应Steric hindrance位阻Skew boat conformation扭船型构象Stereocelectivity立体选择性Stereospecificty立体专一性Stereochemical orientation立体[化学]取向Symmetry forbidden-reaction对称禁阻反应Synfacial reaction同面反应Solvent effect溶剂效应Solvated electron溶剂化电子Secondary isotope effect二级同位数效应Substrate底物Small-angle strain小角张力Substitution取代Silylation硅烷[基]化Seco alkylation断裂烷基化Sulfonation磺化Sulfenylation亚磺酰化Sulfonylation磺酰化sulfurization硫化Selenylation硒化Saponification皂化Single electron transfer单电子转移Semipinacol rearrangement半频哪醇重排Sigmatropic rearrangement-迁移重排Super acid超酸Sulfonic acid磺酸Sulfoxide亚砜Sulfone砜Semicarbazone缩氯基脲Saccharide糖类Spirane环烯Sydnone悉尼酮Sulfur ylide硫叶立德Sesquiterpene倍半萜Steroid 甾族化合物Sex hormone 性激素Specific rotation比旋光Synthesis合成Synthon合成子Tetrahedral configuration四面体构型Threo configuration苏型构型Threo isomer 苏型异构体Trigonal carbon三角型碳Torsion angle扭转角Twist conformation扭型构象Transoid conformation反向构象Trigonal hybridization三角杂化Tautomerization互变异构化tautomerism互变异构Thermodynamic control热力学控制Therm odynamic acidity热力学酸度Torsional effect扭转效应Transannular interaction跨环相互作用Transannular strain跨环张力Transamination氨基交换Trimefization三聚Transesterification酯交换Transacetalation缩醛交换Transfer hydrogenation转移氢化Transannular insertion跨环插入Transannular rearrangement跨环重排Triene三烯Thioester硫代酸酯Thiol acid 硫羰酸Triazole三唑Triazine三嗪Thiazole噻唑Terpene萜Triterpene三萜Tandem reaction sequence连续反应过程Topochemistry拓扑化学Unimolecular nucleophilic单分子亲核取代Unimolecular electrophilic sub-stitution单分子亲电取代Unimolecular elimination单分子消除Unimolecular elimination through the conjugate base单分子共轭碱消除Unimolecular acid-catalyzed acyl-oxygen cleavage单分子酸催化酰氧断裂Unimolecular acid-catalyzed alkyl-oxygen cleavage单分子酸催化烷氧断裂Umbrella effect伞效应Umpolung极反转Valence bond method价键法Vinylog插烯物Valence tautomerism价互变异构Walden inversion瓦尔登反转Wax 蜡Ylide 叶立德Ynamin炔胺Z isomer Z异构体Zaitsev rule札依采夫规则Zwitterions两性离子。
土力学术语
absorbed water吸着水accumulation sedimentation method累积沉淀法active earth pressure主动土压力Ea activity index活性指数A adamic earth,red soil红粘土additional stress(pressure)of subsoil地基附加应力（压力）zadverse geologic phenomena不良地质现象aeolian soils风积土aeolotropic soil各向异性土air dried soils风干土allowable subsoil bearing capacity地基容许承载力［0］allowable settlement容许沉降alluvial soil冲积土angle between failure plane and major principalplane破坏面与大主平面的夹角angle of internal，external(wall)friction内摩擦角、外(墙背)摩擦角angular gravel,angular pebble角砾anisotropic soil各向异性土aquifer含水层aquifuge,impermeabler layer不透水层area of foundation base基础底面面积Aartesian water head承压水头artificial fills人工填土artificial foundation人工地基Atterberg Limits阿太堡界限attitude产状average consolidation pressure平均固结压力0average heaving ratio of frozen soil layer冻土层的平均冻胀率average pressure,additional pressure offoundation base基底平均压力、平均附加压力p、p0Bbase tilt factor of foundation基础倾斜系数bc、bq、bbase tilt factors基底倾斜系数bc、bq、b bearing capacity承载力bearing capacity factors承载力系数Nc,、Nq,、N[California]Bearing Ratio[CBR]承载比bearing stratum持力层bedrock,original rock基岩beginning hydraulic gradient起始水力梯度(坡降)ioBiot consolidation theory比奥固结理论Bishop’s slice method比肖普条分法bound water结合水(束缚水)boulder漂石Boussinesq theory布辛奈斯克理论bridge桥梁bridge pier桥墩broken stone，crushed stone碎石bulk modulus体积模量buried depth of foundation基础埋置深度dbuoyant density浮密度buoyant gravity density(unit weight)浮重度（容重）’CCalifornia Bearing Ratio(CBR)加州承载比capillary rise毛细水上升高度capillary water毛细（管）水categorization of geotechnical projects岩土工程分级cementation胶结作用central load中心荷载（轴心荷载）characteristic value of subsoil bearing capacity地基承载力特征值fakchemical grouting化学灌浆circular footing圆形基础clay粘土clay content粘粒含量clay minerals粘土矿物clayey silt粘质粉土clayey soils,clayly soils粘性土var cpro_psid ="u2572954"; var cpro_pswidth =966; var cpro_psheight =120;3coarse aggregate粗骨料coarse-grained soils粗粒土coarse sand粗砂cobble卵石Code for design of building foundation建筑地基基础设计规范coefficient of active earth pressure主动土压力系数Kacoefficient of passive earth pressure被动土压力系数KPcoefficient of collapsibility湿陷系数s coefficient of compressibility压缩系数a coefficient of curvature曲率系数Cc coefficient of earth pressure at rest静止土压力系数K0coefficient of lateral pressure侧压力系数K0coefficient of permeability渗透系数k coefficient of secondary consolidation次固结系数coefficient of uniformity不均匀系数coefficient of vertical consolidation竖向固结(压密)系数cv.coefficientof vertical，horizontalpermeability竖向、水平向渗透系数kh coefficient of vertical，horizontal，tangential additional stress beneath a uniform strip load均布条形荷载下竖向、水平向、切向附加应力系数sz、sx、sxz coefficient of vertical additional,average additional stress beneath a uniform round load at centre point均布圆形荷载中点下竖向、平均附加应力系数r、rcoefficient of vertical additional,average additional stress beneath a triangular distributed rectan gle load at corner point三角形分布矩形荷载角点下竖向、附加、平均附加应力系数t1、t2、1t、2t coefficient of vertical additional,averageadditional stress of beneath a uniform rectangle load at corner point均布矩形荷载角点下竖向、附加、平均附加应力系数c、ccoefficient of vertical additional stress beneath a concentration load集中应力系数αcoefficient of viscosity粘滞系数coefficient of volume compression体积压缩系数mV coefficient of weathering风化系数cohesionless soils无粘性土cohesive soils粘性土collapsibility湿陷性compactibility压实性compaction by rolling碾压法compaction test击实试验compaction factor压实系数ccompactness密实度composite ground复合地基compressibility压缩性compression index 压缩指数Cc compression(constrained modulus)压缩（侧限）模量Escompression zone受力层，压缩层compression-curves压缩曲线（e-p和e-logp曲线）compressive strength抗压强度concentrated load集中力P[static]cone penetration test[CPT]静力触探试验confined water head承压水头confining pressure［周］围压[力]consistency稠度consistency limit稠度界限consolidated quick(direct)shear test固结快剪（直剪）试验consolidated quick shear cohesion、angle of internal friction固结快剪粘聚力、内摩擦var cpro_psid = "u2787156";var cpro_pswidth = "966";var cpro_psheight = "120";7liquefaction液化liquefaction resistance抗液化强度liquid limit[LL]液限wL liquidity index[LI]液性指数IL loading test载荷试验local shear failure局部剪切破坏loess黄土logarithmic spiral对数螺旋线low liquid limit clay,mo[CL],[ML]低液限粘土、粉土MMagmatic rock(igneous rock)岩浆岩（火成岩）major,intermediate,minor principle stress大、中、小主应力1、2、3marine soils海积土mass circle sliding method整体圆弧滑动法maximum，minimum void ratio最大、最小孔隙比emax、eminmaximum、minimum pressure of foundation base基底最大、最小压力pmax、pminmaximum,minimum dry density最大、最小干密度dmax、dmin maximum dry density最大干密度maximum expanded depth of plasticity region塑性区最大发展深度zmaxmedian grain diameter中值粒径d30medium sand中砂meniscus弯液面metamorphic rock变质岩method of slice条分法mingle soils混合土miscellaneous fill杂填土mo,silts,silty soils粉土(粉性土、粉质土)modulus of deformation,elasticity变形模量E0弹性模量E modulus of recompression再压缩模量modulus of resilience回弹模量Mohr-Coulomb law摩尔库仑定律moisture-density test击实试验moisture,water content含水量(率)w montmorillonite蒙脱石muck,muck soils淤泥、淤泥质土mulching soils覆盖土mud pumping翻浆冒泥Nnatural angle of repose自然（天然）休止角nomal stress法向应力x、y、z non-cohesive soils无粘性土non-uniform settlement不均匀沉降normally consolidation归一化normally consolidated soils[N.C.soils]正常固结土Ooptimum moisture content最优含水率organic soil有机质土Oedometer modulus侧向压缩模量Eoed、Es oedometer固结仪、压缩仪、渗透仪one-dimensional consolidation单向固结（压密）optimum moisture，（water）content最优含水量(率)woporganic soil有机质土，有机土organic substance,organic matter有机质original rock基岩over coarse-grained soils巨粒土overburden soils覆盖土overconsolidated soils[O.C,soils]超固结(过压密)土overconsolidation ratio[OCR]超固结（过压密）比Pparameters of shear strength抗剪强度参数partical size粒径partical size analysis颗粒分析试验passive earth pressure被动土压力Ep path of percolation渗[透途]径H peat泥炭pebble圆砾penetration resistace贯入阻力8percent of soil particles土粒百分含量pi perched water上层滞水perennially frozen soil多年冻土permeable layer,pervious stratum透水层permeability渗透性permeability test渗透试验phreatic line浸润线phreatic water潜水、地下水physical properties of rock岩石的物理性质piezocone test[CPTU]孔压静力触探试验piezometric head测压管水头piezometer head测压管水头h piping管涌plane strain test平面应变试验plastic failure塑性破坏plastic flow塑流plastic limit[PL]塑限wP plastic strain塑性应变plastic zone塑性区plasticity chart塑性图plasticity index[PI]塑性指数Ip plate loading test平板载荷试验point loading点荷载试验Poisson’s ratio泊松比μpoorly-graded soils不良级配土pore air pressure孔隙气压力pore water pressure(stress)孔隙水压力（应力）upore pressure(stress)parameters孔隙压力（应力）系数A、B pore pressure ratio孔隙压力比porewater孔隙水porosity孔隙率n preconsolidation pressure先（前）期固结压力pc preloading method预压法pressure bulb压力泡pressuremeter test[PMT]旁（横）压试验primary consolidation主固结primary mineral原生矿物principal stress主应力1、2、3principle of effective strress有效应力原理proctor［compaction］test普罗克特［击实］试验proportional limit load比例界限荷载ppr pumping test抽水试验punching-shear failure冲[切]剪[切]破坏Q quality of soil,soil particles(solids),water土、土粒、水的质量m、ms、mwQuaternary deposit第四纪沉积层quicksand流砂[现象]quick shear cohesion,angle of internal friction快剪粘聚力、内摩擦角cq、q quick[shear]test快剪试验RRadius of influence影响半径Rankine’s theory of earth pressure朗肯土压力理论rate of settlement沉降速率ratio of length to width长宽比m rebound modulus回弹摸量recompression curve再压缩曲线rectangular footing矩形基础red clay,adamic earth红粘土regional soils特殊[性]土，区域性土relative density[RD]相对密(实)度Dr residual deformation残余变形residual soils残积土residual strength残余强度rubble，rubble-stone块石running sand流砂[现象]rupture surface破坏面Ssaline soil盐积土sand drain排水砂井sand particle content砂粒含量sand boiling砂沸（涌）现象、喷水冒砂9sandy silt砂质粉土sandy soils,sands砂土(砂类土、砂性土、砂质土)saturated density饱和密度ρsatsaturated gravity density饱和重度sat scale effect尺度效应screw plate loading test[SPLT]螺旋板载荷试验seasonally frozen soil季节冻土secondary compression（consolidation）index次压缩（固结）指数Csecondary compression(consolidation)settlement,creep settlement次压缩（固结）沉降sssecondary mineral次生矿物secondary red clay次生红粘土seepage[flow]渗流（漏）seepage deformation渗透变形seepage failure渗透破坏seepage discharge渗流量Q seepage force渗流力（动水力）GD seepage line浸润线(渗流线)seepage velocity渗流速度v seepage path渗径[verticale]self weight(geostatic)stress(pressure)[竖向]自重应力（压力）σcz、σcsemi—infinite elastic半无限弹性体sensitivity灵敏度Stsettlement calculation depth沉降计算深度zn shallow foundation浅基础shape factor of foundation基础形状系数sc、sq、s shear failure剪切破坏shear modulus剪切模量Gshear resistance剪阻力或抗剪力shear strain剪应变shear strength抗剪强度fshear strength envelope抗剪强度包线shear stress剪应力sheet pile wall板桩墙shrinkage limit[SL]缩限ws sieve analysis test筛分试验silty clay粉质粘土silty sand粉砂silty soils,silts,mo粉土(粉性土、粉质土)single-grained structure单粒结构size fraction粒组slip surface滑动面slope stability土坡稳定性slope wash,slope materials坡积土slow shear cohesion，angle of internal friction慢剪粘聚力、内摩擦角cs、s slow(direct)shear test慢剪试验soft clay软粘土soft foundation软弱地基soil土soil classification土的分类soil cohesion，angle of internal friction土的粘聚力c、内摩擦角soil dynamics土动力学soil fabric土的组构soil flow流土soil mechanics土力学soil nailing土钉soil sampler取土器soil skeleton土骨架soil structure and texture土的结构和构造soil supporting layer，substrate地基持力层、下卧层soil，foundationandsuperstructureinteraction地基、基础与上部结构相互作用soils and Foundations地基及基础soils improvement地基处理special soils特殊（性）土specific gravity of soil particles土粒比重Gsspecific penetration resistance比贯入阻力ps10specific surface比表面（积）split test劈裂试验(巴西试验)SPT blow count标[准]贯[入试验锤]击数N square footing方形基础stability of foundation soil地基稳定性stability against sliding抗滑稳定性stability number稳定数Ns stability number method稳定数法standard penetration test[SPT]标准贯入试验static penetration test[CPT]静力触探试验static failure strength静力破坏强度f stip foundation条形基础Stokes’law司笃克斯定律Stones,stoney soils碎石[类]土stress、strain应力、应变stress history，path,level应力历史、路径、水平stress concentration应力集中strength envelope强度包线strength of active earth pressure主动土压力强度astrength of passive earth pressure主动土压力强度pstrength of earth pressure at rest静止土压力强度0strip load条形荷载subgrade路基、地基subgrade reaction地基反力superimposed pressure of foundation base基底平均附加压力p0superimposed stress（pressure）of subsoil地基附加应力(压力)z surcharge[load]超载surface tension表面张力surface water地表水surface wave velocity method表面波法Swedish circle method瑞典圆弧法swelling force膨胀力swelling，expansion index回弹(膨胀)指数Ce swelling ratio膨胀率syncline向斜T[ground]table地下水Terzaghi’s theory of one dimensional consolidation太沙基一维固结理论Terzaghi’s ultimate bearing capacity太沙基极限承载力thaw collapse融陷thick wall sampler厚壁取土器thinwall sampler薄壁取土器thixotropy触变性three phase diagram三相图tilt factors of load荷载倾斜系数ic、iq、i time factor时间因数total stress总应力total stress path[TSP]总应力路径transducer传感器triaxial compression test三轴压缩试验true triaxial test真三轴试验two-dimensional consolidation二维固结（压密）two-dimensional flow二维流turbulent flow紊流Uultimate bearing capacity极限承载力unconfined compression strength of remolded soil重塑土的无侧限抗压强度qu'unconfined compressive strength无侧限抗压强度quunder consolidated soil欠固结土underground diaphragm wall地下连续墙underlying stratum下卧层undisturbed soil sample不扰动土样(原状土样)uniformly distributed load均布荷载undrained shear strength cohesion,angle of internal f riction不排水抗剪强度τu、粘聚力cu、内摩擦角11[unconsolidation]undrained triaxial compression test[UU-test][不固结]不排水三轴压缩试验unit weight容重[un]uniformity coefficient不均匀系数Cu unsaturated soil非饱和土VVan der Waals’[bonding]forces范德华（键）力[field]Vane shear test[FVT][现场]十字板剪切试验vertical average degree of consolidation竖向平均固结度zUvertical force of foundation top基础顶面竖向力Fvertical time factor竖向时间因数Tv Vesic’s formula of ultimate bearing capacity魏锡克极限承载力公式vibration frequency振次n［dynamic］viscosity［动力］粘[滞]度ηvoid ratio孔隙比e volumetric strain体应变volume of soil，soil particles(solids),water,air土、土粒、土中水、土中气的体积V、Vs、Vw、Vavolume of void孔隙体积Vvvolume shrinkage ratio体缩率WWater，moisture content含水量(率)wwater content ratio含水比u water table地下水位weak ground软弱地基weathering风化weighted average gravity density(unit weight)加权平均重度(容重)0well-graded soil良好级配土wet density湿密度width of foundation base基础底面宽度byeilding flow塑流。
超分子溶剂萃取
第42 卷第 5 期2023 年5 月Vol.42 No.5559~567分析测试学报FENXI CESHI XUEBAO（Journal of Instrumental Analysis）超分子溶剂萃取/超高效液相色谱－串联质谱法测定血浆中他克莫司含量谢以清1，2，吕悦广2，孟宪双2，雷海民1*，马强2*（1．北京中医药大学中药学院，北京102488；2．中国检验检疫科学研究院，北京100176）摘要：该文建立了血浆中免疫抑制剂他克莫司（TAC）的超分子溶剂（SUPRAS）萃取/超高效液相色谱－串联质谱分析方法。
通过单因素实验结合响应面设计对超分子溶剂组成、用量及涡旋萃取时间等关键因素进行优化后，血浆样本以正戊醇、四氢呋喃和水形成的超分子溶剂进行高效萃取。
萃取液经Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18（50 mm × 2.1 mm，1.7 μm）色谱柱分离后，在电喷雾质谱正离子模式下，以多反应监测（MRM）模式对他克莫司进行测定，内标法定量。
结果表明，他克莫司在0.5 ~ 30 ng/mL质量浓度范围内的线性关系良好，相关系数（r）为0.998 6；方法检出限和定量下限分别为0.1、0.5 ng/mL；在低、中、高3个加标水平下，平均回收率（n = 3）为91.9% ~ 99.9%，相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.7% ~ 5.7%。
所建立的方法快速、灵敏、稳定，适用于血浆中他克莫司的准确测定。
关键词：他克莫司；免疫抑制剂；超分子溶剂；血浆；超高效液相色谱－串联质谱中图分类号：O657.7；R917文献标识码：A 文章编号：1004-4957（2023）05-0559-09Determination of Tacrolimus in Plasma by Supramolecular Solvent Extraction/Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatography－Tandem Mass SpectrometryXIE Yi-qing1，2，LÜ Yue-guang2，MENG Xian-shuang2，LEI Hai-min1*，MA Qiang2*（1．School of Chinese Materia Medica，Beijing University of Chinese Medicine，Beijing 102488，China；2．Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine，Beijing 100176，China）Abstract：An analytical method for the determination of tacrolimus（TAC） in blood plasma was estab⁃lished by supramolecular solvent（SUPRAS）extraction combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography－tandem mass spectrometry．After optimizing the key factors such as the composition and amount of SUPRAS，and vortex extraction time through single factor experiment and response sur⁃face design，blood plasma samples were extracted efficiently with SUPRAS formed by pentanol，tetra⁃hydrofuran and water．The extract was separated on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18column （50 mm × 2.1 mm，1.7 μm），analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in positive ion mode under multiple reaction monitoring（MRM） mode，and quantified by internal standard method．Experimental results demonstrated that there was a good linear relationship for TAC in the concentration range of 0.5－30 ng/mL，with a correlation coefficient（r） of 0.998 6．The limit of detection（LOD）and quantitation（LOQ） were 0.1 ng/mL and 0.5 ng/mL，respectively．The average recoveries（n = 3）at low，medium and high spiked concentration levels ranged from 91.9% to 99.9%，with relative stan⁃dard deviations（RSDs） of 1.7%－5.7%．The proposed method is rapid，sensitive and stable，and it was suitable for the accurate determination of TAC in blood plasma.Key words：tacrolimus；immunosuppresive agent；supramolecular solvent；plasma；ultra-high performance liquid chromatography－tandem mass spectrometry免疫抑制剂是用于抑制机体免疫力的药物，多用于抑制肝肾移植术后的免疫反应，以及治疗变态反应性和自身免疫性疾病，如类风湿关节炎、红斑狼疮等［1－3］。
(完整版)地质工程专业常用英文词汇
1论述引入相应的观点概论概率观点化宏观的增补规划证明证明赔偿算法鉴别式有限元方法样本单元法赤平投影法赤平投影扰乱位移法扰乱能量法条分法极限均衡法界面元法摹拟计算程序数值剖析计算工作量解的独一性多层结构模型非线性横观各向同性各向同性各向异性非均质性界限条件本构方程初始条件初始状态岩土工程土木匠程基础工程最不利滑面交替控制论大批现场检查组合式互相作用稳固性评论均质性介质层组构1 地形地貌工程地质条件地形地貌条件地形地貌微地貌地貌单元坡度地形图河谷expound(explain), stateintroduce intocorrespondingconceptionoverviewprobabilityconceptualizemacroscopiccomplementplandemonstrate, certify, attestconfirmationcompensate, make up, imbursealgorithmdiscriminantfinite element method(FEM)sample element method(SEM)stereographic projection method(SPM)stereographic projectioninterference displacement method(IDM)interference energy method(IEM)method of sliceslimit equilibrium methodboundary element methodsimulatecomputer programnumerical analysiscalculation loaduniqueness of solutionlaminated modelnonlinearlateral isotropyisotropyanisotropyheterogeneityboundary conditionconstitutive equationinitial conditionrest conditiongeotechnical engineering,civil engineeringfoundation engineeringthe most dangerous slip 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rockbiolithconglomeratebrecciasandstonequartz sandstonesiltstonecalcareous siltstonemudstoneshalesalinelimestonedolomitemarlargillo-calcareousargillo-arenaceousarenaceousargillaceoussiliceousorganic matter粗粒中粒堆积物漂石、顽石卵石砾石砂粉土黏土粘粒砂质黏土粘质砂土壤土、亚黏土coarse grainmedium-grainedsediment (deposit)bouldercobblegravelsandsiltclayclay grainsandy clayclayey sandloam砂壤土、亚砂土轻亚黏土sandy loam浮土、表土黄土红土泥灰软泥淤泥冲积物(层)冲积的洪积物(层)洪积的坡积物(层)残积物(层)残积的regolith (topsoil)loesslateritepeatoozemire, oozed mud, sludge, warp clayalluvionalluvialproluvium, diluvium, diluviondiluvialdeluviumeluviumeluvial风积物(层)湖积物(层)海积物(层)冰川堆积物(层)崩积物(层)残积黏土变质岩板岩千枚岩片岩片麻岩石英岩大理岩糜棱岩混淆岩碎裂岩3 地质结构地质结构结构结构大地结构结构运动造山运动起落运动水平运动完好性起伏度尺寸效应围压效应产状因素产状走向偏向倾角褶皱褶曲单斜eolian depositslake depositsmarine depositsglacier (drift)depositscolluvial deposits, colluviumresidual claymetamorphic rockslatephylliteschistgneissquartzitemarblemylonitemigmatitecataclasitegeologic structurestructural texturegeotectonictectogenesisorogenyvertical movementhorizontal movementperfection(integrity)wavinesssize effectconfining pressure effectelements of attitudeattitude, orientationstrikedipdip angle, angle of dipfoldfoldmonoclinesedimentaryclastic rockclay rock3向斜背斜穹隆挤压上盘下盘断距订交断层正断层逆断层平移断层层理微层理地堑地垒断层泥擦痕断裂破裂带节理节理组裂隙微裂隙劈理原生裂隙次生裂隙张裂隙剪裂隙卸荷裂隙裂隙率结构种类岩体结构岩块结构体块度结构面脆弱结构面临空面碎裂结构板状结构薄板状块状的层状的巨厚层薄层状的脆弱夹层夹层夹泥层夹泥连通性切层影响带完好性破裂胶结泥化尖灭错动错动层面断续的破裂共轭节理散状透镜状的岩石碎片岩屑薄膜层理高角度缓倾角反倾互层起伏的波状起伏的粒径结构层挤压均一的剪切错动面切割切割的致密结构岩糜棱岩断层角砾岩方解石脉碎块岩角砾岩粉岩屑固结定向摆列结构应力剩余应力4 水文地质条件水文循环大气圈水圈岩石圈地表径流地下径流流域流域面积汇水面积地下水地表水大气水气态水液态水固态水上层滞水潜水承压水吸着水介质缝隙孔隙水压力浸透压力扬压力静水压力外静水压力动水压力crumbleconjugated jointlooselens-shaped a.cragcuttings, debrismembrane, filmstratificationhigh dip anglelow dip angleanti-dipinterbed v.Interbedding n.unplanarundulate, undulatingparticle sizetectonospherecompressionhomogeneousshear faulted, bedding zonedissectiondissectedclose, compacttectonitemylonitefault brecciacalcite veinclastic rockbrecciarock powderdebris, debryconsolidationoriented spreadtectonic stressresidual stresshydrogeological conditionshydrologic cycleatmospherehydrospheregeospheresurface runoffsubsurface runoffvalley, drainage basindrainage area, river basin areacatchment areaground water, subsurface watersurface wateratmospheric wateraqueous (vapour) waterliquid watersolid waterperched waterphreatic waterconfined waterhygroscopic (adsorptive) watermediumvoidpore water pressureosmotic pressure, seepage forceuplift pressurehydrostatic pressureexternal hydrostatic pressurehydrodynamic pressure nsynclineanticlinedomesqueezeupper sectionbottom wall, footwall, lower wallseparationintersectfaultnormal faultreversed faultparallel faultbedding, stratificationlight stratificationgrabenhorst, fault ridgegouge, pug, selvage, fault gougestria, striationfracturefracture zonejointjoint setfissure, crackfine fissure, microscopic fissurecleavageoriginal jointepigenetic jointtension jointshear jointrelief crackfracture porositystructural patternrock mass structureblock massstructural elementblocknessstructural planeweak planefree facecataclastic textureplaty structurelamelloselumpy, massivelaminatedgiant thick-laminatedfinely laminatedweak intercalated layerinter bedding,degree of integralitycrumblecementargillizationtaper-outdiastrophismfaulted bedding planeintermittentclayey intercalationinter-clayconnectivityinsequentaffecting zoneintercalated bed, interlayer, intermediate layerintegrity Integrate.v. & a.4浸透力外水压力内水压力水力联系水力折减系数水头损失浸透门路浸透系数潜水位水位水头含水层seepage pressureexternal water pressure internal water pressure hydraulic interrelation hydraulic reduction coefficient water head lossfiltration path, seepage path penetration coefficientwater table levelwater level, stage levelwater headaquifer弱含水层(弱透水层) aquitardaquicludepermeable layer, pervious layer不透水层(隔水层) aquifuge, impervious layer,潜水含水层承压含水层承压面潜水面浸润线不透水界限地下分水岭粘滞性富水性透水性(浸透性) 淋滤(溶滤作用) 反滤层水锈渗滴饱和潜水位变化带气象因素饱水带包气带包气带水上层滞水孔隙水裂隙水岩溶水联合水吸着水薄膜水毛细水重力水凝固水地下水埋藏条件地下水埋藏深度压水试验抽水试验impermeable layer, aquiclude phreatic aquiferconfined aquifer, artesian aquifer bearing surfacephreatic surface, water table phreatic curveimpervious boundarygroundwater ridgeviscosityabundancepermeabilitylixiviation, leachinginverted gravel filterincrustationseepsaturation, saturatedzone of variable phreatic level meteorological factorzone of saturationaeration zone, zone of aeration aeration zone waterperched waterpore waterfissure waterkarstic waterbound water, combined water hydroscopic waterpellicular watercapillary watergravitational watercondensation watercondition of groundwater occurrence depth of groundwater occurrence packer permeability testpumping test5 物理力学性质物理力学physical mechanics n.Physico-mechanicala.折服准则米赛斯折服准则朗肯土压力理论剑桥模型yield criteriaVon Mises yield criteria Ranking’s earth pressure theory Cambridge model, Cam-model邓肯-张模型本构方程局部剪切损坏整体剪切损坏Duncan-chang model constitutive equationlocal shear failuregeneral shear failure岩体完好性指数intactness index of rock mass 安全系数埋深试件挠度里氏震级设计烈度基本烈度场所烈度地震烈度优秀周期持力层超载围岩压力附带压力应力废弛应力路迳卸荷浸透率饱和度含水量均匀粒径颗粒颗粒级配级配粒度factor of safetyembedment depthcouponsdeflectionRichter scaledesign intensitybasic intensitysite intensityseismic intensity, intensity scalepredominant periodsustained yieldsurchargesurrounding rock stresssuperimposed stressstress relaxationstress pathunloadspecific permeabilitydegree of saturationmoisture contentmean diametergrain, granule, particledistribution of grain-size,grain composition, size distributiongraduation,grain-size distribution, gradation, gradingcoarseness grain size, granularity, lump 不均匀系数coefficient of non-uniformity,variation coefficient, variation factorgradation, size gradingpore watervoid ratio (ration)air voidsporositycrackitykarstitydensityunit weight, bulk weightbuoyant unit weightreduction factordissipation of pressurecoefficient of resistancesoftening coefficientwater contentconsistencyplastic limitliquid limitplasticity indexliquidity indexrheologicalcreepplasticbrittleness(fragility)sticknessrigidityelasticviso-elasticityelasto-plasticitycompressibilityhomogeneitynonhomogeneity (heterogeneity)isotropyanisotropytotal stress颗粒分级孔隙水孔隙比缝隙率孔隙率裂隙率溶隙率密度重度浮重度折减系数压力消失抗力系数融化系数含水量稠度塑限液限塑性指数液性指数流变蠕变塑性脆性粘性刚性弹性的粘弹性弹塑性压缩性均质性非均质性各向同性各向异性总应力滞水层透水层5有效应力超孔隙水压力孔隙水压力抗压强度抗拉强度抗剪强度不排水抗剪强度峰值抗剪强度长久抗剪强度剩余抗剪强度负磨擦力磨擦角内磨擦角外磨擦角effective stressexcess pore pressurepore water pressurecompressive strengthtensile strengthshear strengthundrained shear strenghtpeak share strengthlong-term shear strengthresidual shear strengthnegative skin friction, dragdown angle of frictionangle of internal frictionangle of external friction内聚力粘聚力假凝集力粘着力摩尔圆包络线住手角峰值模量弹性模量压缩模量变形模量卸荷模量切线模量剪切模量割线模量旁压模量泊松比固结固结系数固结度超固结比应变压缩比压缩系数压缩指数初始曲线正常固结土欠固结土超固结土被动土压力主动土压力静止土压力覆盖压力初始应力地应力场有效应力动应力动荷载偏爱荷载循环荷载地应力初始应力应力场纵波液化势液化指数交角cohesioncohesionpseudo-cohesionadhesionMohr’s circleenvelopeangle of repose,angle of friction(repose, rest), repose anglepeakmodulusmodulus of elasticity ，Young ’ s modulus, elastic modulusmodulus of compressibilitymodulus of deformationunloading modulustangent modulusshear modulussecant moduluspressurmeter moduluspoisson ’s rationconsolidationcoefficient of consolidationdegree of consolidationover consolidation rationstraincompressibility ratiocoefficient of compressibilitycompression indexvirgin curvenormally consolidated soilunder-consolidated soilover-consolidated soilpassive earth pressureactive earth pressureearth pressure at restoverburden pressureinitial stressground(geostatic) stress fieldeffective stressdynamic stressdynamic loadeccentric loadsinclined loadsground stress, geostatic stressinitial stressstress fieldlongitudinal waveliquefaction potentialliquefaction indexangular岩石抗力系数允许承载力临塑压力接触压力coefficient of rock resistanceallowable bearing capacitycritical pressurecontact pressure6 工程地责问题工程地责问题定性评论定量评论极限均衡法不良地质现象风化变形位移engineering geological problemqualitative estimatequantitative estimatelimit equilibrium methodunfavorable geological conditionweatheringdeformationdisplacement不均匀位移相对位移沉陷山崩崩塌滑坡、地滑切层滑坡深层滑坡浅层滑坡顺层滑坡滑动面differential movementrelative displacementsettlementavalanche, topplingtoppling, toppling collapsecreep, slideinsequent landslidedeep slideshallow slideconsequent landslide滑动带滑床滑坡体古滑坡sliding surface, sliding plane, slip surfacesliding zoneslide bedslide(sliding) massfossil landslide推移式滑坡牵引式滑坡管涌渗漏流砂渗流液化7 工程勘探slumping slideretrogressive slidepiping, internal erosionleakagequicksandseepageliquefactionengineering investigation工程地质勘探engineering geology investigation岩土工程勘探geotechnical investigation工程地质条件engineering geological condition工程地质评论engineering geological evaluation勘察survey岩芯采用率core recovery, core extraction岩芯获取率RQD (岩石质量指标) rock quality designation程序(步骤)勘探阶段选点踏勘初步设计初步规划初步勘探初步踏勘可行性研究阶段初步设计阶段施工阶段踏勘地质测绘工程地质测绘钻探物探洞探钎探procedureinvestigational stagereconnaissanceprimary designpreliminary schemepreliminary prospectingground reconnaissancefeasibility stagepreliminary stageconstruction sagereconnaissance, inspectiongeological surveyengineering geological mappingborehole operation, boringgeophysical explorationexploratory aditsrod sounding钻杆drill rod坑探槽探天然建材检查exploring miningtrenchingnatural materials surveying (examination)岩土工程勘探报告geotechnical investigation report 判定identification, appraisal判定书判定人校核总监比率地形图地貌图地质图expertise report identifier, surveyorverificationchief inspectorproportion geographic map geomorphological map geological map工程地质图engineering geological map 实测地质剖面图field-acquired geological profile(section)结构地质图geological structure map第四纪地质图地质详图quarternary geological map detail map of geology地质柱状图geologic columnar section, geologic log 钻孔柱状图logs of bore hole纵剖面图横剖面图展现图节理玫瑰图基岩等高线层底等高线岩层界限岩面高程坐标分层地质点勘探点勘探线勘探孔平洞竖井探槽探井钻孔机钻孔套钻孔管钻孔岩芯岩芯钻探展转钻探(进) 冲击钻探钢砂钻探铁砂钻进跟管钻进振动钻进泥浆钻探金刚石钻进单动式双层空气钻探钻机钻头螺旋钻头勺钻longitudinal sectioncross sectionreveal detail maprose of jointsbed rock contourcontour of stratum bottomstrata boundaryelevation of bed rock surfacecoordinatebed separationgeological observation point exploratory point (spot)exploratory lineexploration holeaditriser, shaft, vertical shaftexploratory trenchexploratory pitborehole, drill holeordinary drill holesleeve drill holepipe drill holecorecore drillingrotary drillingchurn drilling, percussion drillingshot drillingiron shot drillingfollow-down drillingvibro-boring, vibro-drillingmud flush drillingdiamond drillingsingle actingdouble layerair flush drillingdrilling rigdrill bit, drilling bitaugerspoon bit套管岩芯管冲刷掖正循环冲刷反循环冲刷泥浆泥皮护壁止水扫孔钻进平硐竖井钻探casingcore barrelflush fluiddirect circulation reverse circulationmud, slurrymud cakedadoseal, water sealcleaning bottom of hole drillingaditshaftdrilling boring8 工程地质试验击实试验压缩试验固结试验单轴试验现场剪切试验单剪试验直剪试验慢剪试验单剪试验快剪试验三轴剪切试验三轴压缩试验动三轴试验compaction testcompression testconsolidation test uniaxial compression test in-situ shear testsimple shear testdirect shear testslow testsimple shear testquick testtriaxial shear test triaxial compression test dynamic triaxial test不固结不排水剪试验unconsolidated undrained test(quick test)6固结不排水剪试验consolidated undrained test(consolidated quick test)固结排水试验原位测试现场监测现场检测观察孔静力触探试验标贯试验consolidated drained test(slow test)in-situ teston-site(in-site) monitoringon-site (in-site) inspectionobservation boreholecone penetration test,static penetration test, static cone teststandard penetration test十字板剪切试验vane shear test, vane test检层法up-hole method, borehole method旁压试验pressuremeter test动力触探试验dynamic penetration test, dynamic sounding 点荷载试验岩石试验应力排除法应力恢复法套孔法9 岩土体加固掌子面顶拱底拱洞室开挖超挖风钻开挖断面塌落细骨料混凝土细骨料point load testrock teststress relief methodstress recovery methodover-coring methodbreast, driving face,heading face, tunnel facevaultinvertexcavationoverbreakpneumatic drillexcavated sectionslumpconcrete made with fine aggregatefine aggregate, fine adjustment 6料场土料矿渣性能stock groundearth materialcinder, mineral water residue, scoria, slag function, performance, property, nature凝固coagulate, congeal, congealment, coagulation合格初凝初凝时间终凝配合比塌落度水化热水灰比粉煤灰梅花状发射浇注钢筋网加固锚杆锚索锚紧端锚桩采石场开挖清基明挖爆破光面爆破预裂法10 水工概论坝址坝踵坝段坝顶坝肩左坝肩副坝三坝址标高上游水位正常库水位地下洞室压力隧洞无压隧洞交通洞灌浆洞明流洞孔板洞排砂洞尾水洞排水洞导流洞地道围岩围岩应力应力集中覆盖层冒顶底鼓回弹岩爆qualified, on test, up to standardinitial setinitial setting timefinal setmix proportionslumpheat of hydration,hydration heat, setting heatwater-cement ratiofly ashquincuncial patternshotcretepouringcoiremeshreinforceanchored bar, rock boltanchored cableanchor stationanchored pegquarryexcavationcleanup foundationopen-cutexplosionsmooth blastingpresplittingtoe of damheelmonolithcrestshouldersleft dam abutmentsaddle damthe third dam siteheight markheadwaternormal reservoir levelunderground opening (tunnel)pressure tunnelgravity tunnelaccess tunnelgrouting tunnelfree-flow tunnelorifice tunnelsediment tunneltailrace tunneldrainage tunneldiversion tunneltunnelsurrounding rock, ambient rocksecondary stress staticstress concentrateover burdencave in, roof fallbottom heavereboundrock burst冻结法超载衬砌围堰堤近坝岸坡施工(缩短)缝心墙freezing methodover breakliningcofferdamdikeabutmentsconstruction jointcore截水墙防渗墙排水井排水幕减压井反滤层灌浆资料水力劈裂帷幔线上游围堰混凝土防渗墙截流导水墙cutoff walldiaphragm walldrainage wellsdrainage curtainrelief wellsfilter zonegrouthydraulic fracturingcurtain lineupstream cofferdamconcrete cutoff wallinterim completionchannel training wall正常溢洪道渠首工程service spillway headwork消力塘隔墙混凝土护坦副厂房闸门室中闸室开关站电梯井尾沟渠特殊溢洪道lined plunge pooldivider wallsconcrete apronauxiliary powergate chambermid gate chamberswitch yardelevator shafttail raceemergency spillway11 桥梁及基础工程江阴大桥悬索桥锚碇重力式嵌岩锚Jiangyin Bridgesuspension bridgeanchoragegravity socketed anchorage北锚碇前(后)锚面front(back) surface of northern anchorage塔墩墩散索鞍猫道主缆索股主鞍主跨边跨引桥钢箱梁埋深北塔墩基础基础浅基础深基础联合基础筏形基础钢模桩基桩群桩桩基础桩承台towerpiersplay saddlefootbridgemain cablecable strandmain saddle, tower saddlemain spanside spanapproachsteel box main girderembedment depthnorth tower basefoundation, footingshallow foundationdeep foundationcombined footingraft(mat) foundationsteel formpilefoundation pilepile groupsfoundationpile caphouserockpile高桩承台低桩承台磨擦桩端承桩嵌岩桩板桩旋喷桩灌输桩沉管灌输桩支护桩刚性桩柔性桩侧向受荷桩轴向受荷桩预制桩振动打桩振动钻进沉箱沉井(沉箱) 地下连续墙支撑超载接触应力井点降水桩极限承载力承载力阻力桩端阻力表面磨擦力粘着系数负磨擦力安全系数压缩层附带应力持力层地基土临塑压力剪切损坏地基无效冲剪损坏渐进损坏允许荷载极限承载力沉降沉降差尾部倾斜倾斜坑底隆起静止土压力稳固数路堤地基办理垫层加固注浆灌浆帷幕挡土墙锚固喷浆锚杆盲沟振冲法high-rise pile capburied pile capfriction pileend bearing pilesocketed pilesheet pilejet-grouted pilecast-in-place piledriven cast-in-place pilesoldier piles, tangent pilesrigid pileflexible pilelaterally loaded pileaxially loaded pileprecast concrete pilevibratory pile drivingvibratory drillingcaisson(open) caissondiaphragm wall, slurry wallbracingsurchargecontact pressurewell-point dewateringultimate bearing capacity of pilebearing capacityresistanceend resistanceskin frictionadhesion factornegative skin frictionfactor of safetycompressed layeradditional stress, superimposed stressbearing layer, sustaining layerfoundation soil, subsoilcritical pressureshear failurefoundation failurepunching failureprogressive failureallowable loadultimate bearing capacitysettlementdifferential settlementangular distortiontiltingbottom heaveearth pressure at reststability numberembankmentground treatment soil improvementcushionstabilizationinjectiongunitingcurtainretaining wallanchoringgunitingearth anchorFrench drainvibro jet12 监测仪器观察孔仪器观察读数装置传感器探头压力盒振弦式应变计伸长计、变位计板式沉降仪测斜仪测压计，渗压计垂线垂直度13 安全监控靠谱性检查监控模型监测资料靠谱性稳固性安全评估评定评论准则灾祸确立性方法论应急行动计划事故紧迫状态紧迫检查灾情等级灾祸评论风险评估observation bore/holeinstrumentationreadout devicetransducerprobepressure cellvibrating wire strain gaugeextension meterfoundation base/pateinclinometerpiezometerplumbplumbnessreliability checkingmonitoring and prediction modelmonitoringdatum, datareliabilitystabilitysafetyevaluation, appraiseassessment, assess, ratecriterionhazard, calamityDeterministic methodologyEAP(emergency action plan)accidentemergencyemergency inspectionhazard classificationhazard evaluationrisk assessment静力( Static Analysis )动力( Dynamic Analysis )蠕变( Creep Material Model )渗流( Fluid-mechanical Interaction )热力学( Thermal Option )headward erosion 溯源侵害scouring of levee or bank 淘刷strongly weathered siliceous rock mass with quasi-lamellarweakly weathered siliceous rock mass with quasi-lamellarof continually aftershocks of 7 or 8-degree intensityEvidently 显然的Correspondingly adv. 相应地; 有关地; 同样地the hanging wall of triggering seismic faultoblique~bedding bank slope专业外语(为方便记忆,跟上边稍有重复)一．综合类91. geotechnical engineering 岩土工程2. foundation engineering 基础工程3. soil, earth 土4. soil mechanics 土力学cyclic loading 周期荷载 unloading 卸载 reloading 再加载viscoelastic found 粘弹性地基viscous damping 粘滞阻尼 shear modulus 剪切模量5. soil dynamics 土动力学6. stress path 应力路径二． 土的分类1. residual soil 残积土 groundwater level地下水位2. groundwater 地下水groundwatertable 地下水位3. clay minerals 黏土矿物4. secondary minerals 次生矿物5. landslides 滑坡6. bore hole columnar section 钻孔柱状图7. engineering geologic investigation 工程地质勘探 8. boulder 漂石 9. cobble 卵石 10. gravel 砂石11. gravelly sand 砾砂 12. coarse sand 粗砂 13. medium sand 中砂 14. fine sand 细砂 15. silty sand 粉土 16. clayey soil 粘性土 17. clay 黏土18. silty clay 粉质黏土 19. silt 粉土20. sandy silt 砂质粉土 21. clayey silt 粘质粉土 22. saturated soil 饱和土23. unsaturated soil 非饱和土24. fill (soil) 填土三． 土的基本物理力学性质1. c c Compression index2. c u undrained shear strength3. c u /p 0 ratio of undrained strength c u to effectiveoverburden stress p 0(c u /p 0)NC ,(c u /p 0)oc subscripts NC and OC designatednormally consolidated and overconsolidated, respectively4. c vane cohesive strength from vane test5. e 0 natural void ratio plasticity index6. Ip7. K 0 coefficient“ at-rest ” pressure ,for total stresses σ 1and σ 28. K 0 ’ do main for effective stresses σ 1‘an 2 ’9. K 0n K 0 for normally consolidatedstate10. K 0u K 0 coefficient under rapidcontinuous loading ,simulating instantaneous loading or an undrained condition11. K 0d K 0 coefficient under cyclicloading (frequency less than 1 Hz),as a1. soft soil 软土2. (negative) skin friction of driven pile 打入桩(负)摩阻力3. effective stress 有效应力 total stress 总应力4. field vane shear strength 十字板抗剪强度5. low activity 低活性6. sensitivity 敏捷度7. triaxial test 三轴试验8. foundation design 基础设计 9. recompaction 再压缩 10. bearing capacity 承载力 11. soil mass 土体12. contact pressure 接触应力 13. concentrated load 集中荷载14. a semi-infinite elastic solid 半无穷弹性体 15. homogeneous 均质 16. isotropic 各向同性 17o.f strip footing 条基18. square spread footing 方形独立基础19. underlying soil (stratum ,strata) 下卧层(土) 20. dead load =sustained load 恒载 连续荷载 21. live load 活载22. short –term transient load 短期刹时荷载 23. long-term transient load 长久荷载 24. reduced load 折算荷载25. settlement 沉降 deformation 变形 26. casing 套管27. dike=dyke 堤(防) 28. clay fraction 粘粒粒组四． 浸透性和渗流1. Darcy ’ s law 达西定律2. piping 管涌3. flowing soil 流土4. sand boiling 砂沸5. flow net 流网6. seepage 浸透(流)7. leakage 渗流8. seepage (force) pressure 浸透压力 9. permeability 浸透性10. hydraulic gradient 水力梯度11. coefficient of permeability 浸透系数u h19. U,U m degree ofconsolidation ,subscript m denotes mean value of a specimen20. u ,u b ,u m pore pressure, subscripts b and mdenote bottom of specimen and mean value, 21. respectively natural water content, liquid and13. N blow count ,standard penetrationtest14. OCR over-consolidation ratio15. p c preconsolidation pressure ,from 16. oedemeter test effective overburden pressure17. p s specific cone penetration 18. resistance ,from static cone testq unconfined compressive strengt0 L p22. plastic limits, respectively ‘and σ ’pseudo-dynamic test for K 0 coefficientk k permeability in horizontalσ ,σ principal stresses, σ1 2 1 2denote effective principal stressesh , vvertical directions, respectively五．地基应力和变形w w wand12.p。
【初中地理】地理词汇英语翻译(M开头)
【初中地理】地理词汇英语翻译(M开头) maar低平火山口macedonite方假象橄玄岩maceration冲泡machineproof开印样macroaggregate小团圆体macroclimate大气候macroclimatology小气候学macrometeorology大气象学macromolecule大分子macrophage巨噬细胞macrophyte大型植物macroplankton大型浮游生物macroporosity小孔隙度macrorelief大区地形macrotherm高温植物maelstrom大涡流mafite镁铁矿物magazine暗匣magentacontactscreen品红接触网目片maghemite磁赤铁矿magma岩浆magmachamber岩浆储源magmareservoir岩浆储源magmaticassimilation岩浆同化酌magmaticdifferentiation岩浆分异酌 magmaticevolution岩桨进化magmaticmigration岩浆搬迁magmaticrock岩浆岩magmaticsegregation岩浆分结酌magmaticwater岩浆水magmatism岩浆酌magnesianlimestone含镁石灰岩magnesianskarn镁质夕卡magnesioferrite镁铁矿magnesite菱镁矿magnesitedeposit菱镁矿床magnesium镁magneticaction磁酌magneticamplifier磁放大器magneticanisotropy磁力蛤异性magneticanomaly地磁异常magneticattraction磁吸引力magneticaxis磁轴magneticazimuth磁方位角magneticbearing磁方位magneticchart磁力线图magneticcourse磁针方向magneticdatacarrier磁数据载体magneticdeclination磁偏角magneticdeclinationdiagram磁偏角略图 magneticdeflection杨氏模量偏移magneticdeviation磁力差magneticdomain磁畴magneticequator地磁赤道magneticfield磁场magneticflux磁通量magnetichysteresis电导magneticleakage磁漏magneticmeridian磁子午线magneticmoment磁矩magneticneedle磁针magneticnorth磁北magneticobservatory地磁台magneticorientation磁针定向magneticpermeability导磁系数magneticpolarity磁极性magneticpolarization磁极化magneticpole磁极magneticpotential磁位magneticprospecting磁法勘探magneticrecording磁记录magneticspinquantumnumber磁自旋量子数 magneticstorm磁暴magneticstratigraphy古地磁地层学 magneticsurvey地磁测量magneticsusceptibility磁化率magnetictapedrive磁带机magnetictapeunit磁带机magnetictheodolite罗盘经纬仪magneticvariation磁变magnetite磁铁矿magnetizationofrocks岩石磁化magnetizingforce磁化力magnetograph地磁记录仪magnetometer磁力计magnetomotiveforce磁通势magnetosphere磁圈magnificationfactor放大倍数magnifier放大镜magnifyingglassonastand分划放大镜 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of calculating phase relations in evolving magmatic systems. Although all magmatic processes are by definition irreversible and represent progress of the system toward thermodynamic equilibrium, a prerequisite to understanding them in a quantitative fashion necessitates a fairly detailed description of the equilibrium (or reversible) state of the system. This argument is used below to develop an algorithm to model the precipitation of solid-phases in magmatic systems by utilizing equilibrium phase relations. In an accompanying paper (Ghiorso and Carmichael 1985, hereafter Part II), numerical applications of the algorithm described here are presented and compared to experimental and natural data on the equilibrium and fractional crystallization of basalts. Heat and density effects during crystallization are considered and calculations modelling solid phase assimilation are discussed. Additional aspects of chemical mass transport in magmas, including crystallization kinetics, will be taken up in subsequent contributions to this series. 1 There have been numerous attempts in recent years to quantify certain aspects of mineral-melt equilibria involving natural silicate liquids in order to model equilibrium crystallization or fractionation processes (Hostetler and Drake 1980; Langmuir and Hanson 1981; Nathan and van Kirk 1978; Nielsen and Dungan 1983; Nielsen 1985 unpublished paper). All of these models are based upon statistical evaluations of experimental phase equilibrium data and have been calibrated to empirical or semi-empirical mathematical expressions. As such, none of them provides sufficient information to establish the thermodynamic stability of the calculated phase assemblages. The empirical approaches generate phase relations which are consistent with available experimental data but they do not utilize a thermodynamically valid description of the solid and liquid phases to determine 1 In part III the calculation of crystal growth and nucleation of solid solutions due to successive degrees of under-cooling will be treated and the influence of steady-state phenomena on compositional gradients in multicomponent silicate liquids (i.e., Soret effect) will be examined. In Part IV a recalibration of the silicate liquid solution model of Ghiorso et al. (1983) will be undertaken to account better for leucite-liquid and sanidine-liquid equilibria in more alkalic melts. This will probably entail expanding the number of liquid components that describe potassium interactions in the liquid to account for this element's unusual behavior. Also in Part IV the calculation of crystallization trends in alkalic liquids will be attempted and a method of obtaining the compositions of liquids coexisting with an igneous mineral assemblage of specified composition will be developed
Mark S. Ghiorso Department of Geological Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 Abstract. Thermodynamic and mathematical relations are presented to facilitate the description of an algorithm for the calculation of chemical mass transfer in magmatic systems. This algorithm extends the silicate liquid solution model of Ghiorso et al. (1983) to allow for the quantitative modelling of natural magmatic processes such as crystal fractionation, equilibrium crystallization, magma mixing and solid-phase assimilation. The algorithm incorporates a new method for determining the saturation surface of a non-ideal multicomponent solid-solution crystallizing from a melt. It utilizes a mathematical programming (optimization) approach to determine the stable heterogeneous (solids + liquid) equilibrium phase assemblage at a particular temperature and pressure in magmatic systems both closed and open to oxygen. Closed system equilibria are computed by direct minimization of the Gibbs free energy of the system. Open system equilibria are determined by minimization of the Korzhinskii potential (Thompson 1970), where oxygen is treated as a perfectly mobile component. Magmatic systems undergoing chemical mass transfer processes are modelled in a series of discrete steps in temperature, pressure or bulk composition, with each step characterized by heterogeneous solid-liquid equilibrium. A numerical implementation of the algorithm has been developed (in the form of a F O R T R A N 77 computer program) and calculations demonstrating its utility are provided in an accompanying paper (Ghiorso and Carmichael 1985).