阅读2
跨文化交际英语阅读教程2答案
跨文化交际英语阅读教程2答案I'm sorry, but I cannot provide specific answers to a reading tutorial without knowing the exact content and questions. However, I can provide some tips for cross-cultural communication in English:1. Respect cultural differences: Recognize that different cultures have their own values, beliefs, and communication styles. Be open-minded and respect these differences.2. Use clear and simple language: Avoid using slang, idioms, or complex language that may confuse non-native speakers. Use clear and concise language to ensure your message is understood.3. Be mindful of body language: Non-verbal communication, such as body language and gestures, varies across cultures. Avoid making assumptions or misinterpreting gestures. Be sensitive to cultural differences in non-verbal communication.4. Practice active listening: Give your full attention to the speaker and avoid interrupting. Show that you are actively listening by nodding, maintaining eye contact, and asking questions for clarification when needed.5. Avoid stereotypes and assumptions: Every individual is unique, and cultural stereotypes can be misleading. Avoid making assumptions or generalizations about others based on their culture or nationality.6. Be patient and understanding: Cross-cultural communicationmay involve language barriers, misunderstandings, or different communication styles. Be patient and understanding, and provide necessary clarification or explanations if needed. Remember, effective cross-cultural communication requires empathy, flexibility, and a willingness to learn from others.。
阅读教程2课后习题-答案
蒋静仪阅读教程2 课后习题答案（含quotations）Unit One Human Relationship1. Interpretation of the quotations①No man can be separated from the society and disconnected with other people as an island is isolated from the mankind. The inherent(内在的) oneness of mankind is just like a whole mass land.②. when you deal with issues about yourself, try to be calm, reasonable and intelligent; but when you deal with issues about other people, you need to be affectionate, sincere and sympathetic.③Here is an easy-to-follow, buy established and uncontroversial model for getting along with other people successfully. You just face and accept any serious misfortune or failure peacefully, as if it were something of litter significance or value; but never treat some ordinary, commonplace things as if they were extremely serious.Reference answers to the exercisesReading One:Check your comprehension1-5 ADCCBCheck your vocabulary1.Fisher and Ury’s theory is based on the belief that the “win or lose”model does not workwhen two sides try to reach an agreement.e positive statements surrounding ideas that are negative.3.You can often successfully resolve differences if you try this collaborative approach. Reading TwoCheck your vocabularyResisted; frustration; fluttered; jerked; restless; haltingly; gratefully; thoughtlessReading ThreeCheck your comprehension1-7 FTFFTFTCheck your vocabularyAdministrative; meekly; hysterical; requisition; deposit; severeConfronted; spluttered; irate; bogus; purchaseReading fourCheck your comprehension1-6 FTTTFTCheck your comprehension1.How often does this seriously affect people’s communication and make them fail in buildinggood relationships?2.Every time parents and children disagree with each other, specialists often explain that“generation gap” is the reason.3.We are not sure whether the term is an acceptable explanation because the word “generation”is used, but the other word “gap” can be applied when analyzing people’s different opinions.4.Specialists in communication immediately challenge this belief and view it in a different way.5. A speaker may not speak as fast as the listener can think.6.Because they have free time to spend by themselves, the listeners probably think of otherthings and no longer concentrate.7.As people’s interests vary, when the topic does not attract them, the listeners stop listening.8.If the speaker does not give a good impression because of his looks or other matters, thelistener would probably refuse to follow what the speaker says.Check your vocabulary A1.give rise to2.arise from3.imply4.facilitate5.sound6.carry away7.gesture8.exercise9.tune inCheck your vocabulary Bdisposal; distractions; facilitate; resort; skip; contributes; deserted; solutionPost-readingA.Through several incidents in childhood, Mary learned from her father how to listen to other’scriticisms, hear the truth in the criticisms, and respect her own opinion. When she grew up, she did her Daddy advised and made achievements in her career.B.1-5 DBDABUnit Two1. Interpretation of the quotations①Little children, headache; big children, heartache.(Italian Proverb)In terms of problems that children give to their parents, big children are far troublesome than little children.②Mother Nature is providential. She gives us twelve years to develop a love for our children before turning them into teenagers. (William Galvin)Mother Nature has designed everything for us. She gives us twelve years to establish a close and affectionate parent-child bond before they become troublesome teenagers who keep giving us headaches.③. Adolescents are not monsters. They are just people trying to learn how to make it among the adults in the world, who are probably not so sure themselves. ~Virginia Satir, The New Peoplemaking, 1988Adolescents are not frightening creatures. They are just people trying to learn how to make it among the adults in the world, who are properly not so sure themselves. (Virginia Satir)Reference answers to the exercisesReading OneCheck your compression A1-6 TFTTFFCheck your comprehension B1.to be independent/ independence/ freedom/ their own lives2.primitive/ simple/ tribal way3.become adults4.frustrated, rebellious, restless5.became/ were furious6.the house keyCheck your vocabularyshelter; sit up; rein; adapt; primitive; puberty; lenient; worked outReading twoCheck your comprehension B1-6 FFTTFTCheck your vocabulary1-5 ACAACReading ThreeCheck your comprehension A1-5 TFTFTCheck your comprehension B1.One child sits in a chair and sticks out his/her leg so that another one running by is launchedlike a space shuttle.2.Several children run to the same door, grab the same handle, and beat each other up, ignoringthe fact that there are other doors available.3.In restaurants, small children cast their bread on the water in the glasses the waiter has justbrought.4. A child uses a chair to slip to the floor.5.They yell at each other with one sticking his/her foot inside the door and waving it around,and the other being disgusted but refusing to close the door.Check your vocabulary A1.You have decided to give up the joys of producing copies of some great art pieces at your ownease in order to instead produce copies of yourselves, who keep you on the edge of desperation.2.“Well,” I said, searching deep inside myself to give a paternal suggestion, “The best way is toclose your door.”]3.And we decided to have children not for the reason of making my wife look older.4.We did not plan to lose the days when we went shopping after enjoying a comfortable brunchtogether on fine Saturdays.Check your vocabulary Bintimate; confess; make up; ceaseless; yell; paternal; rewardingReading FourCheck your comprehension A1-4 DADBCheck your comprehension B1-6 TTTFFTCheck your vocabulary Amanipulative; thrives; squeaked; sabotaged; penetrated; suffocating; juggle; personaCheck your vocabulary B.nasty; sting; addiction; sneak; lease; rigidtactics; unconditional; verge; encounter; franklyPost ReadingB. 1-8 TTTF FTFTUnit Three1. Interpretation of the quotations①Beauty more than bitterness makes the heart break.(Sara TeasdaleBeauty is good and of value. But the pursuit of beauty at the cost of other things may cause even bigger trouble than what pain and hardship will bring about.②There is no excellent beauty that hath not some strangeness in the proportion.(Francis Bacon) Any beautiful thing is not perfectly proportional. Some deviation from standard is not only allowed but also necessary for beauty to show its characteristics.③. If you get simple is beauty and nought else, you get about the best ting God invents.(Robert Browning)Simple beauty is the best thing that you can be awarded of all the things in the world.Robert Browning (7 May 1812 – 12 December 1889) was an English poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse, especially dramatic monologues, made him one of the foremost Victorian poets.Reference answers to the exercisesReading oneCheck your comprehension1-7 TTFTTFFCheck your vocabulary1.Some people prefer black hair, but other people like brown hair more.2.You have been so greatly influenced by the environment you are in that you tend to look atbeauty that way.3.Women’s magazines, advertisements and the media all focus their topics on appearance andlooks, and they keep warning you about the harm and risk of bad breath, sweat, being too fat or too thin.4.The image you form about yourself may be very inaccurate.5.Good looks shouldn’t exactly follow the model of any particular individual.Reading twoCheck your comprehension A1.They were 202 primary school students, most of them aged eight and nine.2.Children as young as seven were unhappy with their bodies and nearly one-in-three girls andboys wanted to thinner.3.It was “worrying that a number of the children have these sorts of beliefs and attitudes,” andthat there are more children with early-onset anorexia, which “is usually a lot more difficult to treat and usually a lot more severe,” though only a minority would go on to develop an eating disorder.4.Ms. Thomas said children needed to learn that any body shape was acceptable and they shouldbe proud of their body.5.He felt sad and guilty as a professional on the eating disorder research program.Check your comprehension B1-5 TFTFTCheck your vocabularyindictment; predisposes; purge; specialist; dietary; nominated; onsetReading threeCheck your comprehension A1-5 CCDACCheck your comprehension B1-5 FFFTTCheck your vocabularyperused; previous; desperately; convince; belittle; complimented; elated; addictedReading FourCheck your comprehension A1-6 FTFFTFCheck your vocabulary Apeck away; stand out; mould; advance; release...from; normality; hailedPost-readingB. 1-5 CACCDUnit four①Sleep is better than medicine.(Proverb)Good health relies more on a good night’s sleep than on medicine.②A dream is a wish your heart makes, when you’re fast sleep.(Disney World advertisement)A dream reflects what you really feel in your subconscious world.③. A light supper, a good night’s sleep, and a fine morning have often made a hero of the same man who, by indigestion, a restless night, and a rainy morning, would have proved a coward.(Lord Chesterfield 1694-1773, British Statesman, Author)When one refrains from having a big supper, enjoys a good night’s sleep, and wakes up to a beautiful morning, he/she will feel like a hero. But if the same person eats too much in the evening, not sleeping well throughout the night, and wakes up to rainy morning, he/she may suffer from a lack of confidence.Reference answers to the exercisesReading OneCheck your comprehension1.By sleeping in total darkness during the day and working under bright lights that simulatesunlight, rather than conventional indoor lighting.2.It relaxes muscles and stimulates the release of endorphins—chemicals that act as natural painrelieves.3.No.4.We need to keep a meal schedule to get a good sleep.5.We should refrain from a) eating too late in the evening; b) eating heavy or spicy food in theevening; and c) snacking in the middle of the night.6.The side effects of taking sleeping pills are: a) feeling groggy; b) insomnia getting worse; c)developing a tolerance for sleeping pills: and d) a potentially fatal blood disorder with some sleeping pills.7.Alcohol suppresses restorative dream sleep, causes numerous short awakenings and may butunrepressed toward morning.8.We can read a book, listen to quiet music, take a hot bath or try relaxation techniques, such asmeditation or yoga.9.Lights absorbed through the eyes can reset our biological clocks and make our sleep problemsworse.10.We should stay in bed because we would still get some rest that way.Check your vocabulary1.Because exercise can relax muscles and increase the release of endorphins, which arechemicals that are natural agents to reduce or get rid of pain, it helps to overcome stress.2.There are no special foods to help you sleep, but you can have a regular timetable for yourmeals, just like a regular sleep timetable. A regular timetable for your meals helps keep your body clock running smoothly.3.Your body can also become used to the pills, and after a while they are no longer effective andyou need larger doses or stronger drugs.4.Alcohol reduces refreshing dream sleep, causes numerous short awakenings and, once itscalming effects have disappeared, may leave you wide awake but unrepressed toward mooring.5.The researches used bright light which is as strong as natural sunlight just after dawn (at least100 times stronger than ordinary room light), which reset subjects’ body clocks by as much as12 hours and made them as alert at midnight as they would ordinarily be at noon.Reading TwoCheck your comprehensionFTFFFTTCheck your vocabulary1. spontaneous;2. provoke;3. integrity;4. thrives;5. inflict;6. universal;7. illusion;8. revertReading Three1.a;2. d;3. b;4. c;5. cCheck your vocabulary1. aggression;2. symbolic;3. disguise;4. fulfillment;5. represent;6. reconstruct;7. anxious;8. guilt; 9. therapist; 10. illuminate; 11. random; 12. spareReading FourCheck your comprehension ATFTTTFTCheck your vocabulary A1. image;2. mood;3. up-bringing;4. inanimate;5. folkloric;6. depressed;7. acknowledge; 8 in combination with; 9. relieveCheck your vocabulary B1. indifferent;2. revolve;3. monochrome;4. passionate;5. decipher;6. inspired;7. allusion;8. correlatedPost-readingA.Getting to sleep at night and waking up in the morning are two perennial problems forhuman beings, who do not always regard sleep as very important. The importance we attach to sleep is correlated with what kind of beds we use for sleep and how highly we rate beds in our life.B. 1. b; 2. c; 3. d; 4. a; 5. aUnit Five1. Interpretation of the quotations①The physical dimension involves caring effectively for our physical body—eating the right kinds of foods, getting sufficient rest and relaxation, and exercising on a regular basis. (Stephen R. Covey)The measurement of the elements relating to our body involves paying close attention to our body and keeping it in a healthy state by eating the right kind of food, getting enough rest and relaxation, and exercising regularly.②Early in life, people give up their health to gain wealth…In later life, people give up some of their wealth to regain health! (Ken Blanchard)When people are still young, they earn money at the expense of their health…When they get old, they spend money in order to restore their health.③. Remind yourself of the exorbitant price you can pay for worry in terms of your health. Those who do not know how to fight worry die young. (Dale Carnegie)Remember that worrying beyond a reasonable limit can affect your health adversely. Those who do not know how to control worry die at an early age.Reference answers to the exercisesReading OneCheck your comprehension ATFTFTFTCheck your vocabulary1.While many people in China and Chinatowns in other parts of the world have already knowna lot about Tai Chi, the western researchers are just coming up from behind to reach the levelof knowledge about Tai Chi from different perspectives.2.You can learn Tai Chi by following an instruction book or attending a Tai Chi class. Eitherway the aim is to practice it in accordance with your physical health.3.Tai Chi is a mixture of relaxation and safety. If pains is experienced, it means you areoverdoing it and getting nothing.4.You may need to practice Tai Chi for several months before you can feel the effects it maybring. But when you start enjoying the effects, you’ll find yourself on your way to a new lifestyle.5.For older people, Tai Chi will not be the solution to all health problems.6.Though young people might prefer athletic activities that are more physically demanding,they can also benefit from practicing Tai Chi as it helps to reduce stress.Reading TwoCheck your comprehension1.d;2.b;3. d;4. a;5. c;6.dCheck your vocabulary A1. scooped up;2. prone;3. inflicted;4. cut back on;5. set in;6. shed;7. modest; 8. bypassCheck your vocabulary B.1.I thought I could not be affected by the gradual weakening of the body that other peopleseemed to be afflicted with when getting old.2.Your body is till in very good condition considering the fact that you are elderly. I hopedoctors like me will be out of work because old people like you are healthy.3.Now as I began to walk the distance painstakingly, walking only two street blocks took me anhour.4.Once again I can compete with younger players.Reading ThreeCheck your comprehension BTTFTFFCheck your vocabulary A1. put an end to…;2. counterproductive;3. refined;4. blink;5. spill over;6. view…as;7. account for;8. withholdCheck your vocabulary B.1. in response to;2. was denounced;3. elicited;4. devastating;5. hold back;6. welled up; 7 film;8. bidReading FourCheck your comprehension AFTTFFTCheck your vocabulary A1. quantify;2. to date;3. subsequent;4. exposure;5. promptly;6. conceivable;7. precaution;8. preliminary;9.boutCheck your vocabulary B1.Previous studies suggested that patients who had been given medial treatment fornonmelanoma skin cancers ran a greater risk of developing new tumors. But these studies were too limited to lead to authoritative and complete results.2.It is shown in the findings that people with prior skin cancers are at much greater risk thanresearchers have thought.3.The researcher team followed every participant and trailed each case of new skin cancer thatdeveloped fro a continuation of five years.4.When exposed to the sun, people who easily get sunburned were at a greater risk of gettinganother nonmelanoma skin cancer.5.The older you are, the more likely you will be affected by skin cancers. That’s because theamount of damage to health caused by the exposure to the sun is increased year after year.Post-reading1-5 B C A A DUnit SixPart One: Interpretation of the quotations1.True friendship is like good health. We often do not appreciate its existence until we lose it.2. A good wish to make friends may come to our minds easily and quickly, but establishing atrue friendship takes a long time and efforts, in the same way as fruit slowly ripens.3.If you want to succeed in gaining the support and loyalty of a man with his dedication to yourgoal, you have to first prove to him that you are his true friend.Reference answers to the exercisesReading OneCheck your comprehension A.FTTFFTCheck your vocabulary1.Friendship does not rely on judgment. You may feel the goodness in a friend, but the goodnesswas acknowledged after you had made friends with him.2.If you only want those who possess good qualities to be your friends because you have goodqualities, you are far from getting true friendship just as you can hardly build up true friendship if you are after friendship out of the motivation of gaining profits.3.So if one knows what friendship really means, he would never put an end to it only becausehis friend happens to be lacking respectability in character.4.We should remain humble before friendship and love because we are granted this free gift. Weshould feel ashamed rather than pleased and happy when we are no longer humble because friendship and love are gone.5.Our judgments and penalties have to be part of our life as we pay men and dress them in thecourt suit and let them be the judges to make judgments on other men.Reading TwoCheck your comprehension AFFFTTCheck your vocabulary A1. knot;2. accommodate;3. slip away;4. be treated like dirt;5. loosen the rein;6. promptly;7. kiss up to;8. stretch;9. halt; 10. keep bottled upCheck your vocabulary B1. ram;2. dissipate;3. smashed;4. were ostracized;5. rein;6. briefly;7. gave way;8. were goingabout; 9. slashed; 10. stoically; 11. clunkedCheck your vocabulary C1.So I never said anything to show my unwillingness of going to the boarding school, though allmy senses could feel the reluctance of such a trip.2.I got to know later that the school’s counselor had asked my mother to leave unnoticedwithout saying goodbye to me in order to avoid the outburst of sad emotions.3.Not only did we refuse to admit the feeling of missing our dead parents, but also the fact thatthey were with us before. And we kept it as secret deep in our mind.4.The only thing we can complain about is that Carneys are too good to us and some of you aremaking use of their goodness.5.Everyone thinks you were making up to the Carneys. Many boys are angry at your act offlattery.6.It was a place where the restraints and the outward aggressive appearance of being unwillingto compromise gave way to something subtle that started changing our behavior.7.Like the other boys, I also wanted to free myself of the burden I could no longer carry inmind.8.But we didn’t carry a photo of our dead fathers with us, and we even didn’t keep one in ourrooms. Photos were generally regarded as something that could too easily remind us of the happy life we had spent with our dead parents; much happier and more normal than the life we had now.Reading ThreeCheck your comprehension BFFTFTCheck your vocabulary1. address;2. shift; 3 prior; 4. circled; 5. stung; 6. weaves; 7. makeup; 8.retrieved; 9. dampened;10. deserve; 11. faithfully; 12. tinfoil; 13. crushes; 14. glamourReading FourCheck your comprehensionTFTTFTCheck your vocabulary1. collapsed;2.ignited;3. a handful of;4. clean up;5. shut off;6. spark;7. forecasted;8. hangs out;9. rush; 10. in advancePost-readingB.1-5DCBCBCUnit seven culture and customsPart One; interpretation of the quotations1.Culture is not only the positive result of meaningful education, but also the results of people’sfeeling, judgments about things and ways of behaving.2.Culture is not only reflected in books and architectures, but also in our clothing, gestures ashead movements and postures as the way we talk and so on.3.People are tending to be satisfied with the most ordinary things around them; they mark fewimpressions of the beautiful and perfect things in mind, though they should appreciated those to keep their feelings alive. Therefore, everyone ought to do at least one thing, such as hearinga little song, reading a good poem, seeing a beautiful picture, or even speaking a fewreasonable words.Reference answers to the exercisesCheck your comprehension BFFTTTCheck our vocabulary1. resorted to;2. aversion;3. adaptation;4. deprived of;5. detrimental;6. generate;7. nurtureReading TwoCheck your vocabulary1. prestige/status;2. defined;3. respectively;4. scheduled;5. average;6. status;7. prestige;8. latenessReading ThreeCheck your comprehension AFTFTFTCheck your vocabulary1.The boy felt apprehensive of the day for him to return home.2.The student was brought in front of the blackboard to account for his behavior.3.Although they are brothers, they have little in common.4.When he first came to America, he couldn’t adapt to the rapid pace of change.5.They felt puzzled when they were doing the project, because the principles were alien tothem.pared with other women of her age, she was indeed luckier.Reading Four1.She would accompany us across the seven long, hilly blocks and put us before theserious-looking principal though we were unwilling and crying.2.Very often I tried to avoid being connected to my annoying, loud grandmother who followedafter me when I was walking around casually in the nearby American supermarket outside Chinatown.3.He treated my mother severely and unkindly and very often criticized her substandard English,which was mixed with Chinese.4.When he made a mistake in English, he would blame her for it.Check your vocabulary B1. heritage;2. dissuade;3. mustiness;4. outshout;5. chaotic;6. be hard on someone;7. cornerPost-reading1. US;2. J;3. J;4. J;5. US;6. J;7. US;8. J;9. US; 10. USUnit Eight About LanguagePart One: Interpretation of the quotations1.The language ability is the only human characteristic that makes a human being different fromother forms of life.2.If all other things remain equal, every human brain has the same structure that can react to anyfactors which cause a reaction. This is why a baby can learn any language because it has the same reaction to the same stimulus as any other baby.nguage is not the work of the intellectuals or dictionary-makers. Rather, it is the product ofgenerations of people’s work, needs, relationships, and happiness and it is broadly and deeply rooted among common people.Reference answers to the exercisesCheck your vocabulary1.The international languages for pilots and air traffic controllers, airspeak, and for forpolicemen, policespeak, have English as their base.2.Because of the influence of Hollywood movies and pop music, many new learners of Englishhave already learned some English.3.Some countries think that the use of English can damage or call into question their identity aspeople or nation.4.For people with different first language, English, as a second language, has enabled them tocommunicate with each other without difficulty.Reading TwoCheck your comprehension BTTFTFCheck your vocabulary1. origin(s);2. speculate;3. predispose;4. Syntax;5. contentment;6. eventuallyReading ThreeCheck your comprehension A.1-5 FTTFT; 6-10 TFTFFCheck your comprehension B。
托福TPO27阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO27阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
The Formation of Volcanic I Earth’s surface is not made up of a single sheetof rock that forms a crust but rather a number of“tectonic plates”that fit closely,like the pieces of agiant jigsaw puzzle.Some plates carry islands orcontinents others form the seafloor.All are slowly moving because the plates float on a densersemi-liquid mantle,the layer between the crust and Earth’s core.The plates have edges thatare spreading ridges(where two plates are moving apart and new seafloor is being created),subduction zones(where two plates collide and one plunges beneath the other),or transformfaults(where two plates neither converge nor diverge but merely move past one another).Itis at the boundaries between plates that most of Earth’s volcanism and earthquake activityoccur. 地球的外壳并不是由单块岩石形成的，而是许多的“构造板块”严密的组合在一起的，就像是一个巨大的拼图。
剑桥雅思真题6-阅读Test 2(附答案)
剑桥雅思真题6-阅读Test 2（附答案）Reading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Advantages of public transportA new study conducted for the World Bank by Murdoch University's Institute for Science and Technology Policy (ISTP) has demonstrated that public transport is more efficient than cars. The study compared the proportion of wealth poured into transport by thirty-seven cities around this world. This included both the public and private costs of building, maintaining and using a transport system.The study found that the Western Australian city of Perth is a good example of a city with minimal public transport. As a result, 17% of its wealth went into transport costs. Some European and Asian cities, on the other hand, spent as little as 5%. Professor Peter Newman, ISTP Director pointed out that these more efficient cities were able to put the difference into attracting industry and jobs or creating a better place to live.According to Professor Newman, the larger Australian city of Melbourne is a rather unusual city in this sort of comparison. He describes it as two cities: 'A European city surrounded by a car-dependent one'. Melbourne's large tram network has made car use in the inner city much lower, but the outer suburbs have the same car-based structure as most other Australian cities. The explosion in demand for accommodation in the inner suburbs of Melbourne suggests a recent change in many people's preferences as to where they live.Newman says this is a new, broader way of considering public transport issues. In the past, the case for public transport has been made on the basis of environmental and social justice considerations rather than economics. Newman, however, believes the study demonstrates that' the auto-dependent city model is inefficient and grossly inadequate in economic as well as environmental terms'.Bicycle use was not included in the study but Newman noted that the two most 'bicycle friendly cities considered -Amsterdam and Copenhagen -were very efficient, even though their public transport systems were 'reasonable but not special'.It is common for supporters of road networks to reject the models of cities with good public transport by arguing that such systems would not work in their particular city. One objection is climate. Some people say their city could not make more use of public transport because it is either too hot or too cold. Newman rejects this, pointing out that public transport has been successful in both Toronto and Singapore and, in fact, he has checked the use of cars against climate and found 'zero correlation'.When it comes to other physical features, road lobbies are on stronger ground. For example, Newman accepts it would be hard for a city as hilly as Auckland to develop a really good rail network. However, he points out that both Hong Kong and Zurich have managed to make a success of their rail systems, heavy and light respectively, though there are few cities in the world as hilly.A In fact, Newman believes the main reason for adopting one sort of transport over another is politics: 'The more democratic the process, the more public transport is favored.' He considers Portland, Oregon, a perfect example of this. Some years ago, federal money was granted to build a new road. However, local pressure groups forced a referendum over whether to spend the money on light rail instead. The rail proposal won and the railway worked spectacularly well. In the years that have followed, more and more rail systems have been put in, dramatically changing the nature of the city. Newman notes that Portland has about the same population as Perth and had a similar population density at the time.B In the UK, travel times to work had been stable for at least six centuries, with people avoiding situations that required them to spend more than half an hour travelling to work. Trains and cars initially allowed people to live at greater distances without taking longer to reach their destination. However, public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl, causing massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher.C There is a widespread belief that increasing wealth encourages people to live farther out where cars are the only viable transport. The example of European cities refutes that. They are often wealthier than their American counterparts but have not generated the same level of car use. In Stockholm, car use has actually fallen in recent years as the city has become larger and wealthier. A new study makes this point even more starkly. Developing cities in Asia, such as Jakarta and Bangkok, make more use of the car than wealthy Asian cities such as Tokyo and Singapore. In cities that developed later, the World Bank and Asian Development Bank discouraged the building of public transport and people have been forced to rely on cars creating the massive traffic jams that characterize those cities.D Newman believes one of the best studies on how cities built for cars might be converted to rail use is The Urban Village report, which used Melbourne as an example. It found that pushing everyone into the city centre was not the best approach. Instead, the proposal advocated the creation of urban villages at hundreds of sites, mostly around railway stations.E It was once assumed that improvements in telecommunications would lead to more dispersal in the population as people were no longer forced into cities. However, the ISTP team's research demonstrates that the population and job density of cities rose or remained constant in the 1980s after decades of decline. The explanation for this seems to be that it is valuable to place people working in related fields together, 'The new world will largely depend on human creativity, and creativity flourishes where people come together face-to-face.'Question 1-5Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-E.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-viii in boxes 1 -5 on your answer sheet.1 Paragraph A2 Paragraph B3 Paragraph C4 Paragraph D5 Paragraph EQuestion 6-10Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage6. The ISTP study examined public and private systems in every city of the world.7. Efficient cities can improve the quality of life for their inhabitants.8. An inner-city tram network is dangerous for car drivers.9. In Melbourne, people prefer to live in the outer suburbs.10. Cities with high levels of bicycle usage can be efficient even when public transport is only averagely good.Question 11-13Look at the following cities (Questions 11-13) and the list of descriptions Mow. Match each city with the correct description, A-F.Write the correct letter, A-F, into boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.11Perth12Auckland13PortlandReading Passage 2You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Greying Population Stays in the PinkElderly people are growing healthier, happier and more independent, say American scientists. The results of a 14-year study to be announced later this month reveal that the diseases associated with old age are afflicting fewer and fewer people and when they do strike, it is much later in life.In the last 14 years, the National Long-term Health Care Survey has gathered data on the health and lifestyles of more than 20,000 men and women over 65. Researchers, now analysing the results of data gathered in 1994, say arthritis, high blood pressure and circulation problems — the major medical complaints in this age group are troubling a smaller proportion every year. And the data confirms that the rate at which these diseases are declining continues to accelerate. Other diseases of old age - dementia, stroke, arteriosclerosis and emphysema - are also troubling fewer and fewer people.'It really raises the question of what should he considered normal ageing,' says Kenneth Manton, a demographer from Duke University in North Carolina. He says the problems doctors accepted as normal in a 65-year-old in 1982 are often not appearing until people are 70 or 75.Clearly, certain diseases are beating a retreat in the face of medical advances. But there may be other contributing factors. Improvements in childhood nutrition in the first quarter of the twentieth century, for example, gave today's elderly people a better start in life than their predecessors.On the downside, the data also reveals failures in public health that have caused surges in some illnesses. An increase in some cancers and bronchitis may reflect changing smoking habits and poorer air quality, say the researchers. 'These may be subtle influences,' says Manton, 'but our subjects have been exposed to worse and worse pollution for over 60 years. It's not surprising we see some effect.'One interesting correlation Manton uncovered is that better-educated people are likely to live longer. For example, 65-year-old women with fewer than eight years of schooling are expected, on average, to live to 82. Those who continued their education live an extra seven years. Although some of this can be attributed to a higher income, Manton believes it is mainly because educated people seek more medical attention.The survey also assessed how independent people over 65 were, and again found a striking trend. Almost 80% of those in the 1994 survey could complete everyday activities ranging from eating and dressing unaided to complex tasks such as cooking and managing their finances. That represents a significant drop in the number of disabled old people in the population. If the trends apparent in the United States 14 years ago had continued, researchers calculate there would be an additional one million disabled elderly people in today's population. According to Manton, slowing the trend has saved the United States government's Medicare system more than $200 billion, suggesting that the greying of America's population may prove less of a financial burden than expected.The increasing self-reliance of many elderly people is probably linked to a massive increase in the use of simple home medical aids. For instance, the use of raised toilet seats has more than doubledsince the start of the study, and the use of bath seats has grown by more than 50%. These developments also bring some health benefits, according to a report from the MacArthur Foundation's research group on successful ageing. The group found that those elderly people who were able to retain a sense of independence were more likely to stay healthy in old age.Maintaining a level of daily physical activity may help mental functioning, says Carl Cotman, a neuroscientist at the University of California at Irvine. He found that rats that exercise on a treadmill have raised levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor coursing through their brains. Cotman believes this hormone, which keeps neurons functioning, may prevent the brains of active humans from deteriorating.As part of the same study, Teresa Seeman, a social epidemiologist at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, found a connection between self-esteem and stress in people over 70. In laboratory simulations of challenging activities such as driving, those who felt in control of their lives pumped out lower levels of stress hormones such as cortisol. Chronically high levels of these hormones have been linked to heart disease.But independence can have drawbacks. Seeman found that elderly people who felt emotionally isolated maintained higher levels of stress hormones even when asleep. The research suggests that older people fare best when they feel independent but know they can get help when they need it.'Like much research into ageing, these results support common sense,' says Seeman. They also show that we may be underestimating the impact of these simple factors. 'The sort of thing that your grandmother always told you turns out to be right on target,' she says.Question 14-22Complete the summary using the list of words, A-Q, below.Write the correct letter, A-Q, in boxes 14-22 on your answer sheet.Research carried out by scientists in the United States has shown that the proportion of people over 65 suffering from the most common age-related medical problems is 14 ………… and that the speed of this change is 15………… . It also seems that these diseases are affecting people 16 ………… in life than they did in the past. This is largely due to developments in 17 ………… , but other factors such as improved 18 ………… may also be playing a part. Increases in some other illnesses may be due to changes in personal habits and to 19………… . The research establishes a link between levels of 20 ………… and life expectancy. It also shows that there has been a considerable reduction in the number of elderly people who are 21 …………, which means that the 22 …………involved in supporting this section of the population may be less than previously predicted.Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-H, below.Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.23 Home medical aids24 Regular amounts of exercise25 Feelings of control over life26 Feelings of lonelinessYou should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.NumerationOne of the first great intellectual feats of a young child is learning how to talk, closely followed by learning how to count. From earliest childhood we are so bound up with our system of numeration that it is a feat of imagination to consider the problems faced by early humans who had not yet developed this facility. Careful consideration of our system of numeration leads to the conviction that, rather than being a facility that comes naturally to a person, it is one of the great and remarkable achievements of the human race.It is impossible to learn the sequence of events that led to our developing the concept of number. Even the earliest of tribes had a system of numeration that, if not advanced, was sufficient for the tasks that they had to perform. Our ancestors had little use for actual numbers; instead their considerations would have been more of the kind Is this enough? rather than How many? When they were engaged in food gathering, for example. However, when early humans first began to reflect on the nature of things around them, they discovered that they needed an idea of number simply to keep their thoughts in order. As they began to settle, grow plants and herd animals, the need for a sophisticated number system became paramount. It will never be known how and when this numeration ability developed, but it is certain that numeration was well developed by the time humans had formed even semi-permanent settlements.Evidence of early stages of arithmetic and numeration can be readily found. The indigenous peoples of Tasmania were only able to count one, two, many; those of South Africa counted one, two, two and one, two twos, two twos and one, and so on. But in real situations the number and words are often accompanied by gestures to help resolve any confusion. For example, when using the one, two, many type of system, the word many would mean, Look at my hands and see how many fingers I am showing you. This basic approach is limited in the range of numbers that it can express, but this range will generally suffice when dealing with the simpler aspects of human existence.The lack of ability of some cultures to deal with large numbers is not really surprising. European languages, when traced back to their earlier version, are very poor in number words and expressions. The ancient Gothic word for ten, tachund, is used to express the number 100 as tachund. By the seventh century, the word teon had become interchangeable with the tachund or hund of the Anglo-Saxon language, and so 100 was denoted as hund teontig, or ten times ten. The average person in the seventh century in Europe was not as familiar with numbers as we are today. In fact, to qualify as a witness in a court of law a man had to be able to count to nine!Perhaps the most fundamental step in developing a sense of number is not the ability to count, but rather to see that a number is really an abstract idea instead of a simple attachment to a group of particular objects. It must have been within the grasp of the earliest humans to conceive that four birds are distinct from two birds; however, it is not an elementary step to associate the number 4, as connected with four birds, to the number 4, as connected with four rocks. Associating a number as one of the qualities of a specific object is a great hindrance to the development of a true number sense. When the number 4 can be registered in the mind as a specific word, independent of the object being referenced, the individual is ready to take the first step toward the development of a notational system for numbers and, from there, to arithmetic.Traces of the very first stages in the development of numeration can be seen in several living languages today. The numeration system of the Tsimshian language in British Columbia contains seven distinct sets of words for numbers according to the class of the item being counted: for counting flat objects and animals, for round objects and time, for people, for long objects and trees, for canoes, for measures, and for counting when no particular object is being numerated. It seems that the last is a later development while the first six groups show the relics of an older system. This diversity of number names can also be found in some widely used languages such as Japanese.Intermixed with the development of a number sense is the development of an ability to count. Counting is not directly related to the formation of a number concept because it is possible to count by matching the items being counted against a group of pebbles, grains of corn, or the counter's fingers. These aids would have been indispensable to very early people who would have found the process impossible without some form of mechanical aid. Such aids, while different, are still used even by the most educated in today's society due to their convenience. All counting ultimately involves reference to something other than the things being counted. At first it may have been grains or pebbles but now it is a memorised sequence of words that happen to be the names of the numbers.Question 27-31Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below.Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.27 A developed system of numbering28 An additional hand signal29 In seventh-century Europe, the ability to count to a certain number30 Thinking about numbers as concepts separate from physical objects31 Expressing number differently according to class of itemQuestion 32-Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 32-40 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage32. For the earliest tribes, the concept of sufficiency was more important than the concept of quantity.33. Indigenous Tasmanians used only four terms to indicate numbers of objects.34. Some peoples with simple number systems use body language to prevent misunderstanding of expressions of number.35. All cultures have been able to express large numbers clearly.36. The word 'thousand' has Anglo-Saxon origins.37. In general, people in seventh-century Europe had poor counting ability.38. In the Tsimshian language, the number for long objects and canoes is expressed with the same word.39. The Tsimshian language contains both older and newer systems of counting.40. Early peoples found it easier to count by using their fingers rather than a group of pebbles参考答案1 ii2 vii3 iv4 i5 iii6 FALSE7 TRUE8 NOT GIVEN9 FALSE10 TRUE11 F12 D13 C14 B15 I16 F17 M18 J19 N20 K21 G22 A23 G24 E25 H26 C27 B28 E29 A30C31 G32 TRUE33 FALSE34 TRUE35 FALSE36 NOT GIVEN37 TRUE38 FALSE39 TRUE40 NOT GIVEN。
剑桥雅思真题8-阅读Test 2(附答案)
剑桥雅思真题8-阅读Test 2（附答案）Reading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Sheet glass manufacture: the float processGlass, which has been made since the time of the Mesopotamians and Egyptians, is little more than a mixture of sand, soda ash and lime. When heated to about 1500 degrees Celsius (°C) this becomes a molten mass that hardens when slowly cooled. The first successful method for making clear, flat glass involved spinning. This method was very effective as the glass had not touched any surfaces between being soft and becoming hard, so it stayed perfectly unblemished, with a ‘fire finish’. However, the process took a long time and was labour intensive.Nevertheless, demand for flat glass was very high and glassmakers across the world were looking for a method of making it continuously. The first continuous ribbon process involved squeezing molten glass through two hot rollers, similar to an old mangle. This allowed glass of virtually any thickness to be made non-stop, but the rollers would leave both sides of the glass marked, and these would then need to be ground and polished. This part of the process rubbed away around 20 per cent of the glass, and the machines were very expensive.The float process for making flat glass was invented by Alistair Pilkington. This process allows the manufacture of clear, tinted and coated glass for buildings, and clear and tinted glass for vehicles. Pilkington had been experimenting with improving the melting process, and in 1952 he had the idea of using a bed of molten metal to form the flat glass, eliminating altogether the need for rollers within the float bath. The metal had to melt at a temperature less than the hardening point of glass (about 600°C), but could net boil at a temperature below the temperature of the molten glass (about 1500°C). The best metal for the job was tin.The rest of the concept relied on gravity, which guaranteed that the surface of the molten metal was perfectly flat and horizontal. Consequently, when pouring molten glass onto the molten tin, the underside of the glass would also be perfectly flat. If the glass were kept hot enough, it would flow over the molten tin until the top surface was also flat, horizontal and perfectly parallel to the bottom surface. Once the glass cooled to 604°C or less it was too hard to mark and could be transported out of the cooling zone by rollers. The glass settled to a thickness of six millimetres because of surface tension interactions between the glass and the tin. By fortunate coincidence, 60 per cent of the flat glass market at that time was for six- millimetre glass.Pilkington built a pilot plant in 1953 and by 1955 he had convinced his company to build a full-scale plant. However, it took 14 months of non-stop production, costing the company £100,000 a month, before the plant produced any usable glass. Furthermore, once they succeeded in making marketable flat glass, the machine was turned off for a service to prepare it for years of continuous production. When it started up again it took another four months to get the process right again. They finally succeeded in 1959 and there are now float plants all over the world, with each able to produce around 1000 tons of glass every day, non-stop for around 15 years.Float plants today make glass of near optical quality. Several processes -melting, refining,homogenising - take place simultaneously in the 2000 tonnes of molten glass in the furnace. They occur in separate zones in a complex glass flow driven by high temperatures. It adds up to a continuous melting process, lasting as long as 50 hours, that delivers glass smoothly and continuously to the float bath, and from there to a coating zone and finally a heat treatment zone, where stresses formed during cooling are relieved.The principle of float glass is unchanged since the 1950s. However, the product has changed dramatically, from a single thickness of 6.8 mm to a range from sub-millimetre to 25 mm, from a ribbon frequently marred by inclusions and bubbles to almost optical perfection. To ensure the highest quality, inspection takes place at every stage. Occasionally, a bubble is not removed during refining, a sand grain refuses to melt, a tremor in the tin puts ripples into the glass ribbon. Automated on-line inspection does two things. Firstly, it reveals process faults upstream that can be corrected. Inspection technology allows more than 100 million measurements a second to be made across the ribbon, locating flaws the unaided eye would be unable to see. Secondly, it enables computers downstream to steer cutters around flaws.Float glass is sold by the square metre, and at the final stage computers translate customer requirements into patterns of cuts designed to minimise waste.Question 1-8Complete the table and diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes on your answer sheet.Early methods of producing flat glassQuestion 9-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage9. The metal used in the float process had to have specific properties.10. Pilkington invested some of his own money in his float plant.11. Pilkington's first full-scale plant was an instant commercial success.12. The process invented by Pilkington has now been improved.puters are better than humans at detecting faults in glass.Reading Passage 2You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.The Little Ice AgeA This book will provide a detailed examination of the Little Ice Age and other climatic shifts, but, before I embark on that, let me provide a historical context. We tend to think of climate - as opposed to weather -as something unchanging, yet humanity has been at the mercy of climate change for its entire existence, with at least eight glacial episodes in the past 730,000 years. Our ancestors adapted to the universal but irregular global warming since the end of the last great Ice Age, around 10,000 years ago, with dazzling opportunism. They developed strategies for surviving harsh drought cycles, decades of heavy rainfall or unaccustomed cold; adopted agriculture and stock-raising, which revolutionized human life; and founded the world's first pre-industrial civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Americas. But the price of sudden climate change, in famine, disease and suffering, was often high.B The Little Ice Age lasted from roughly 1300 until the middle of the nineteenth century. Only two centuries ago, Europe experienced a cycle of bitterly cold winters; mountain glaciers in the Swiss Alps were the lowest in-recorded memory, and pack ice surrounded Iceland for much of the year. The climatic events of the Little Ice Age did more than help shape the modern world. They are the deeply important context for the current unprecedented global warming. The Little Ice Age was far from a deep freeze, however; rather an irregular seesaw of rapid climatic shifts, few lasting more than a quarter-century, driven by complex and still little understood interactions between the atmosphere and the ocean. The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and easterly winds, then switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early summer rains, mild winters, and frequent Atlantic storms, or to periods of droughts, light northeasterly winds, and summer heat waves.C Reconstructing the climate changes of the past is extremely difficult, because systematic weather observations began only a few centuries ago, in Europe and North America. Records from India and tropical Africa are even more recent. For the time before records began, we have only 'proxy records' reconstructed largely from tree rings and ice cores, supplemented by a few incomplete written accounts. We now have hundreds of tree-ring records from throughout thenorthern hemisphere, and many from south of the equator, too, amplified with a growing body of temperature data from ice cores drilled in Antarctica, Greenland the Peruvian Andes, and other locations. We are close to knowledge of annual summer and winter temperature variations over much of the northern hemisphere going back 600 years.D This book is a narrative history of climatic shifts during the past ten centuries, and some of the ways in which people in Europe adapted to them. Part One describes the Medieval Warm Period, roughly 900 t0 1200. During these three centuries, Norse voyagers from Northern Europe explored northern seas, settled Greenland, and visited North America. It was not a time of uniform warmth, for then, as always since the Great Ice Age, there were constant shifts in rainfall and temperature. Mean European temperatures were about the same as today, perhaps slightly cooler.E It is known that the Little Ice Age cooling began in Greenland and the Arctic in about 1200. As the Arctic ice pack spread southward, Norse voyages to the west were rerouted into the open Atlantic, then ended altogether. Storminess increased in the North Atlantic and North Sea. Colder, much wetter weather descended on Europe between 1315 and 1319, when thousands perished in a continent-wide famine. By 1400, the weather had become decidedly more unpredictable and stormier, with sudden shifts and lower temperatures that culminated in the cold decades of the late sixteenth century. Fish were a vital commodity in growing towns and cities, where food supplies were a constant concern. Dried cod and herring were already the staples of the European fish trade, but changes in water temperatures forced fishing fleets to work further offshore. The Basques, Dutch, and English developed the first offshore fishing boats adapted to a colder and stormier Atlantic. A gradual agricultural revolution in northern Europe stemmed from concerns over food supplies at a time of rising populations. The revolution involved intensive commercial farming and the growing of animal fodder on land not previously used for crops. The increased productivity from farmland made some countries self-sufficient in grain and livestock and offered effective protection against famine.F Global temperatures began to rise slowly after 1850, with the beginning of the Modern Warm Period. There was a vast migration from Europe by land-hungry farmers and others, to which the famine caused by the Irish potato blight contributed, to North America, Australia, New Zealand, and southern Africa. Millions of hectares of forest and woodland fell before the newcomers' axes between 1850 and -1890, as intensive European farming methods expanded across the world. The unprecedented land clearance released vast quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, triggering for the first time humanly caused global warming. Temperatures climbed more rapidly in the twentieth century as the use of fossil fuels proliferated and greenhouse gas levels continued to soar. The rise has been even steeper since the early 1980s. The Little Ice Age has given way to a new climatic regime, marked by prolonged and steady warming. At the same time, extreme weather events like Category 5 hurricanes are becoming more frequent.Question 14-17Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-F.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B and D–F from the list of headings below.write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.16Paragraph E17 Paragraph FQuestion 18-22Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.Weather during the Little Ice AgeDocumentation of past weather conditions is limited: our main sources of knowledge of inthedistant past are 18 …………and19 ………… . We can deduce that the Little Ice Age was a time of 20 ………… , rather than of consistent freezing. Within it there were some periods of very cold winters, others of 21 …………and heavy rain, and yet others that saw 22 …………with no rain at all.Question 23-Classify the following events as occurring during theA. Medieval Warm PeriodB. Little Ice AgeC. Modem Warm PeriodWrite the correct letter, A. B or C in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.23. Many Europeans started farming abroad.24. The cutting down of trees began to affect the climate.25. Europeans discovered other lands.26. Changes took place in fishing patterns.Reading Passage 3You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.The meaning and power of smellThe sense of smell, or olfaction, is powerful. Odours affect us on a physical, psychological and social level. For the most part, however, we breathe in the aromas which surround us without being consciously aware of their importance to us. It is only when the faculty of smell is impaired for some reason that we begin to realise the essential role the sense of smell plays in our sense of well-being.A A survey conducted by Anthony Synott at Montreal's Concordia University asked participants to comment on how important smell was to them in their lives. It became apparent that smell can evoke strong emotional responses. A scent associated with a good experience can bring a rush of joy, while a foul odour or one associated with a bad memory may make us grimace with disgust. Respondents to the survey noted that many of their olfactory likes and dislikes were based on emotional associations. Such associations can be powerful enough so that odours that we would generally label unpleasant become agreeable, and those that we would generally consider fragrant become disagreeable for particular individuals. The perception of smell, therefore, consists not only of the sensation of the odours themselves, but of the experiences and emotions associated with them.B Odours are also essential cues in social bonding. One respondent to the survey believed that there is no true emotional bonding without touching and smelling a loved one. In fact, infants recognise the odours of their mothers soon after birth and adults can often identify their children or spouses by scent. In one well-known test, women and men were able to distinguish by smell alone clothing worn by their marriage partners from similar clothing worn by other people. Most of the subjects would probably never have given much thought to odour as a cue for identifying family members before being involved in the test, but as the experiment revealed, even when not consciously considered, smells register.C In spite of its importance to our emotional and sensory lives, smell is probably the most undervalued sense in many cultures. The reason often given for the low regard in which smell is held is that, in comparison with its importance among animals, the human sense of smell is feeble and undeveloped. While it is true that the olfactory powers of humans are nothing like as fine as those possessed by certain animals, they are still remarkably acute. Our noses are able to recognisethousands of smells, and to perceive odours which are present only in extremely small quantities.D Smell, however, is a highly elusive phenomenon. Odours, unlike colours, for instance, cannot be named in many languages because the specific vocabulary simply doesn't exist. 'It smells like…., ' we have to say when describing an odour, struggling to express our olfactory experience. Nor can odours be recorded: there is no effective way to either capture or store them over time. In the realm of olfaction, we must make do with descriptions and recollections. This has implications for olfactory research.E Most of the research on smell undertaken to date has been of a physical scientific nature. Significant advances have been made in the understanding of the biological and chemical nature of olfaction, but many fundamental questions have yet to be answered. Researchers have still to decide whether smell is one sense or two -one responding to odours proper and the other registering odourless chemicals in the air. Other unanswered questions are whether the nose is the only part of the body affected by odours, and how smells can be measured objectively given the nonphysical components. Questions like these mean that interest in the psychology of smell is inevitably set to play an increasingly important role for researchers.F However, smell is not simply a biological and psychological phenomenon. Smell is cultural, hence it is a social and historical phenomenon. Odours are invested with cultural values: smells that are considered to be offensive in some cultures may be perfectly acceptable in others. Therefore, our sense of smell is a means of, and model for, interacting with the world. Different smells can provide us with intimate and emotionally charged experiences and the value that we attach to these experiences is interiorised by the members of society in a deeply personal way. Importantly, our commonly held feelings about smells can help distinguish us from other cultures. The study of the cultural history of smell is, therefore, in a very real sense, an investigation into the essence of human culture.Question 27-32Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-F.Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.28Paragraph B29 Paragraph C30 Paragraph D31 Paragraph E32Paragraph FQuestions 33-36Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet.33 According to the introduction, we become aware of the importance of smell whenA we discover a new smell.B we experience a powerful smell.C our ability to smell is damaged.D we are surrounded by odours.34 The experiment described in paragraph BA shows how we make use of smell without realising it.B demonstrates that family members have a similar smell.C proves that a sense of smell is learnt.D compares the sense of smell in males and females.35 What is the writer doing in paragraph C?A supporting other researchB making a proposalD describing limitations36 What does the writer suggest about the study of smell in the atmosphere in paragraph E?A The measurement of smell is becoming more accurate.B Researchers believe smell is a purely physical reaction.C Most smells are inoffensive.D Smell is yet to be defined.Questions 37-40Complete the sentences below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.37 Tests have shown that odours can help people recognise the ………… belonging to theirhusbands and wives.38 Certain linguistic groups may have difficulty describing smell because they lack the appropriate ………… .39 The sense of smell may involve response to ………… which do not smell, in addition to obvious odours.40 Odours regarded as unpleasant in certain ………… are not regarded as unpleasant in others.参考答案1 spinning2 (perfectly) unblemished3 labour/labor-intensive4 thickness5 marked6 (molten) glass7 (molten) tin/metal8 rollers9 TRUE10 NOT GIVEN11 FALSE12 TRUE13 TRUE14 ii15 vii16 ix17 iv18&19 (IN EITHER ORDER) C B20A21H22G23C24C25A26B27 viii28 ii29 vi30 i31 iii32 v33C34A35C36D37 clothing38 vocabulary39 chemicals40 cultures。
托福TPO42阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO42阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Explaining Dinosaur Extinction Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65 million years ago as part of a mass extinction known as the K-T event,because it is associated with a geological signature known as the K-T boundary,usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world(K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous,derived from the German name Kreidezeit).Many explanations have been proposed for why dinosaurs became extinct.For example,some have blamed dinosaur extinction on the development of flowering plants,which were supposedly more difficult to digest and could have caused constipation or indigestion—except that flowering plants first evolved in the Early Cretaceous,about 60 million years before the dinosaurs died out.In fact,several scientists have suggested that the duckbill dinosaurs and homed dinosaurs,with their complex battery of grinding teeth,evolved to exploit this new resource of rapidly growing flowering plants Others have blamed extinction on competition from the mammals,which allegedly ate all the dinosaur eggs—except that mammals and dinosaurs appeared at the same time in the Late Triassic,about 190 million years ago,and there is no reason to believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after 120 million years of coexistence Some explanations(such as the one stating that dinosaurs all died of diseases)fail because there is no way to scientifically test them,and they cannot move beyond the realm of speculation and guesswork. This focus on explaining dinosaur extinction misses an important point the extinction at the end of the Cretaceous was a global event that killed off organisms up and down the food chain.It wiped out many kinds of plankton in the ocean and many marine organisms that lived on the plankton at the base of the food chain.These included a variety of clams and snails,and especially the ammonites,a group of shelled squidlike creatures that dominated the Mesozoic seas and had survived many previous mass extinctions.The K-T event marked the end of the marine reptiles,such as the mosasaurs and the plesiosaurs,which were the largest creatures that had ever lived in the seas and which ruled the seas long before whales evolved.On land,there was also a crisis among the land plants,in addition to the disappearance of dinosaurs.So any event that can explain the destruction of the base of the food chain(plankton in the ocean,plants on land)can better explain what happened to organisms at the top of the food chain,such as the dinosaurs.By contrast,any explanation that focuses strictly on the dinosaurs completely misses the point The Cretaceous extinctions were a global phenomenon,and dinosaurs were just a part of a bigger picture. According to one theory,the Age of Dinosaurs ended suddenly 65 million years ago when a giant rock from space plummeted to Earth.Estimated to be ten to fifteen kilometers in diameter,this bolide(either a comet or an asteroid)was traveling at cosmic speeds of 20-70 kilometers per second,or 45,000-156,000 miles per hour.Sucha huge mass traveling at such tremendous speeds carries an enormous amount of energy.When the bolide struck this energy was released and generated a huge shock wave that leveled everything for thousands of kilometers around the impact and caused most of the landscape to burst into flames.The bolide struck an area of the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico known as Chicxulub,excavating a crater 15-20 kilometers deep and at least 170 kilometers in diameter.The impact displaced huge volumes of seawater,causing much flood damage in the Caribbean.Meanwhile,the bolide itself excavated 100 cubic kilometers of rock and debris from the site,which rose to an altitude of 100 kilometers.Most of it fell back immediately,but some of it remained as dust in the atmosphere for months.This material,along with the smoke from the fires,shrouded Earth,creating a form of nuclear winter.According to computerized climate models,global temperatures fell to near the freezing point,photosynthesis halted,and most plants on land and in the sea died.With the bottom of the food chain destroyed,dinosaurs could not survive. paragraph 1 Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65 million years ago as part of a mass extinction known as the K-T event,because it is associated with a geological signature known as the K-T boundary,usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world(K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous,derived from the German name Kreidezeit).Many explanations have been proposed for why dinosaurs became extinct.For example,some have blamed dinosaur extinction on the development of flowering plants,which were supposedly more difficult to digest and could have caused constipation or indigestion—except that flowering plants first evolved in the Early Cretaceous,about 60 million years before the dinosaurs died out.In fact,several scientists have suggested that the duckbill dinosaurs and homed dinosaurs,with their complex battery of grinding teeth,evolved to exploit this new resource of rapidly growing flowering plants Others have blamed extinction on competition from the mammals,which allegedly ate all the dinosaur eggs—except that mammals and dinosaurs appeared at the same time in the Late Triassic,about 190 million years ago,and there is no reason to believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur eggs after 120 million years of coexistence Some explanations(such as the one stating that dinosaurs all died of diseases)fail because there is no way to scientifically test them,and they cannot move beyond the realm of speculation and guesswork. 1.In paragraph 1,why does the author include a discussion of when flowering plants evolved? 【事实信息题】 A.To help explain why some scientists believe that the development of flowering plants led to dinosaur extinction。
2022 考研英语阅读真题Text 2(英语二)
2022 Text 2（英语⼆）"不退休"的晚年⽣活More Americans are opting to work well into retirement, a growing trend that threatens to upend the old workforce model.One in three Americans who are at least 40 have or plan to have a job in retirement to prepare for a longer life, according to a survey conducted by for TD Ameritrade.Even more surprising is that more than half of "unretirees" — those who plan to work in retirement or went back to work after retiring — said they would be employed in their later years even if they had enough money to settle down, the survey showed.Financial needs aren't the only culprit for the "unretirement" trend.Other reasons, according to the study, include personal fulfillment such as staying mentally fit, preventing boredom or avoiding depression.About 72% of "unretire" respondents said that they would return to work once retired to keep mentally fit while 59% said it would be tied to making ends meet."The concept of retirement is evolving," said Christine Russell, senior manager of retirement at TD Ameritrade. "It's not just about finances. The value of work is also driving folks to continue working past retirement."One reason for the change in retirement patterns: Americans are living longer.越来越多的美国⼈选择在退休后好好⼯作，这⼀⽇益增⻓的趋势有可能颠覆旧的劳动⼒模式。
剑桥雅思真题14-阅读Test 2(附答案)
剑桥雅思真题14-阅读Test 2（附答案）READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Alexander Henderson (1831-1913)Born in Scotland, Henderson emigrated to Canada in 1855, and became a well-known landscapephotographerAlexander Henderson was born in Scotland in 1831 and was the son of a successful merchant. His grandfather, also called Alexander, had founded the family business, and later became the first chairman of the National Bank of Scotland. The family had extensive landholdings in Scotland. Besides its residence in Edinburgh, it owned Press Estate, 650 acres of farmland about 35 miles southeast of the city. The family often stayed at Press Castle, the large mansion on the northern edge of the property, and Alexander spent much of his childhood in the area, playing on the beach near Eyemouth or fishing in the streams nearby.Even after he went to school at Murcheston Academy on the outskirts of Edinburgh, Henderson returned to Press at weekends. In 1849 he began a three-year apprenticeship to become an accountant. Although he never liked the prospect of a business career, he stayed with it to please his family. In October 1855, however, he emigrated to Canada with his wife Agnes Elder Robertson and they settled in Montreal.Henderson learned photography in Montreal around the year 1857 and quickly took it up as a serious amateur. He became a personal friend and colleague of the Scottish-Canadian photographer William Notman. The two men made a photographic excursion to Niagara Falls in 1860 and they cooperated on experiments with magnesium flares as a source of artificial light in 1865. They belonged to the same societies and were among the founding members of the Art Association of Montreal. Henderson acted as chairman of the association's first meeting, which was held in Notman's studio on 11 January 1860.In spite of their friendship, their styles of photography were quite different. While Notman's landscapes were noted for their bold realism, Henderson for the first 20 years of his career produced romantic images, showing the strong influence of the British landscape tradition. His artistic and technical progress was rapid and in 1865 he published his first major collection of landscape photographs. The publication had limited circulation (only seven copies have ever been found), and was called Canadian Views and Studies. The contents of each copy vary significantly and have proved a useful source for evaluating Henderson's early work.1 This text is taken, for the most part, verbatim from the Dictionary of Canadian Biography's biography, Volume XIV (1911-1920). For design purposes, quotation marks have been omitted. Source: http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/henderson_alexander_1831_1913_14E.html. Reproduced with permission.In 1866, he gave up his business to open a photographic studio, advertising himself as a portrait and landscape photographer. From about 1870 he dropped portraiture to specialize in landscape photography and other views. His numerous photographs of city life revealed in street scenes, houses, and markets are alive with human activity, and although his favourite subject was landscape he usually composed his scenes around such human pursuits as farming the land, cutting ice on a river, or sailing down a woodland stream. There was sufficient demand for thesetypes of scenes and others he took depicting the lumber trade, steamboats and waterfalls to enable him to make a living. There was little competing hobby or amateur photography before the late 1880s because of the time-consuming techniques involved and the weight of the equipment. People wanted to buy photographs as souvenirs of a trip or as gifts, and catering to this market, Henderson had stock photographs on display at his studio for mounting, framing, or inclusion in albums.Henderson frequently exhibited his photographs in Montreal and abroad, in London, Edinburgh, Dublin, Paris, New York, and Philadelphia. He met with greater success in 1877 and 1878 in New York when he won first prizes in the exhibition held by E and H T Anthony and Company for landscapes using the Lambertype process. In 1878 his work won second prize at the world exhibition in Paris.In the 1870s and 1880s Henderson travelled widely throughout Quebec and Ontario, in Canada, documenting the major cities oft he two provinces and many of the villages in Quebec. He was especially fond of the wilderness and often travelled by canoe on the Blanche, du Lièvre, and other noted eastern rivers. He went on several occasions to the Maritimes and in 1872 he sailed by yacht along the lower north shore of the St Lawrence River. That same year, while in the lower St Lawrence River region, he took some photographs of the construction of the Intercolonial Railway. This undertaking led in 1875 to a commission from the railway to record the principal structures along the almost-completed line connecting Montreal to Halifax. Commissions from other railways followed. In 1876 he photographed bridges on the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental Railway between Montreal and Ottawa. In 1885 he went west along the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) as far as Rogers Pass in British Columbia, where he took photographs of the mountains and the progress of construction.In 1892 Henderson accepted a full-time position with the CPR as manager of a photographic department which he was to set up and administer. His duties included spending four months in the field each year. That summer he made his second trip west, photographing extensively along the railway line as far as Victoria. He continued in this post until 1897, when he retired completely from photography.When Henderson died in 1913, his huge collection of glass negatives was stored in the basement of his house. Today collections of his work are held at the National Archives of Canada, Ottawa, and the McCord Museum of Canadian History, Montreal.1 This text is taken, for the most part, verbatim from the Dictionary of Canadian Biography's biography, Volume XIV (1911-1920). For design purposes, quotation marks have been omitted. Source: http://www.blographi.ca/en/bio/henderson_alexander_1831_1913_14E.html. Reproduced with permission.Questions 1-8Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1 Henderson rarely visited the area around Press estate when he was younger.2 Henderson pursued a business career because it was what his family wanted.3 Henderson and Notman were surprised by the results of their 1865 experiment.4 There were many similarities between Henderson's early landscapes and those of Notman.5 The studio that Henderson opened in 1866 was close to his home.6 Henderson gave up portraiture so that he could focus on taking photographs of scenery.7 When Henderson began work for the Intercolonial Railway, the Montreal to Halifax linehad been finished.8 Henderson's last work as a photographer was with the Canadian Pacific Railway. Questions 9-13Complete the notes below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Back to the future of skyscraper designAnswers to the problem of excessive electricity use by skyscrapers and large public buildings can be found in ingenious but forgotten architectural designs of the 19th and early-20th centuriesA The Recovery of Natural Environments in Architecture by Professor Alan Short is the culmination of 30 years of research and award-winning green building design by Short and colleagues in Architecture, Engineering, Applied Maths and Earth Sciences at the University of Cambridge.'The crisis in building design is already here.' said Short. 'Policy makers think you can solve Energy and building problems with gadgets. You can't. As global temperatures continue to rise, we are going to continue to squander more and more energy on keeping our buildings mechanically cool until we have run out of capacity.'B Short is calling for a sweeping reinvention of how skyscrapers and major public buildings are designed -to end the reliance on sealed buildings which exist solely via the 'life support' system of vast air conditioning units.Instead, he shows it is entirely possible to accommodate natural ventilation and cooling in large buildings by looking into the past, before the widespread introduction of air conditioningsystems, which were 'relentlessly and aggressively marketed' by their inventors.C Short points out that to make most contemporary buildings habitable, they have to be sealed and air conditioned. The energy use and carbon emissions this generates is spectacular and largely unnecessary. Buildings in the West account for 40-50% of electricity usage, generating substantial carbon emissions, and the rest of the world is catching up at a frightening rate. Short regards glass, steel and air-conditioned skyscrapers as symbols of status, rather than practical ways of meeting our requirements.D Short's book highlights a developing and sophisticated art and science of ventilating buildings through the 19th and earlier-20th centuries, including the design of ingeniously ventilated hospitals. Of particular interest were those built to the designs of John Shaw Billings, including the first Johns Hopkins Hospital in the US city of Baltimore (1873-1889).'We spent three years digitally modelling Billings' final designs,' says Short. 'We put pathogens* in the airstreams, modelled for someone with tuberculosis (TB) coughing in the wards and we found the ventilation systems in the room would have kept other patients safe from harm.E'We discovered that 19th-century hospital wards could generate up to 24 air changes an hour - that's similar to the performance of a modern-day, computer-controlled operating theatre. We believe you could build wards based on these principles now.Single rooms are not appropriate for all patients. Communal wards appropriate for certain patients - older people with dementia, for example - would work just as well in today's hospitals, at a fraction of the energy cost.'Professor Short contends the mindset and skill-sets behind these designs have been completely lost, lamenting the disappearance of expertly designed theatres, opera houses, and other buildings where up to half the volume of the building was given over to ensuring everyone got fresh air.F Much of the ingenuity present in 19th-century hospital and building design was driven by a panicked public clamouring for buildings that could protect against what was thought to be the lethal threat of miasmas -toxic air that spread disease. Miasmas were feared as the principal agents of disease and epidemics for centuries, and were used to explain the spread of infection from the Middle Ages right through to the cholera outbreaks in London and Paris during the 1850s. Foul air, rather than germs, was believed to be the main driver of 'hospital fever', leading to disease and frequent death. The prosperous steered clear of hospitals.While miasma theory has been long since disproved, Short has for the last 30 years advocated a return to some of the building design principles produced in its wake.G Today, huge amounts of a building's space and construction cost are given over to air conditioning. 'But I have designed and built a series of buildings over the past three decades which have tried to reinvent some of these ideas and then measure what happens.'To go forward into our new low-energy, low-carbon future, we would be well advised to look back at design before our high-energy, high-carbon present appeared. What is surprising is what a rich legacy we have abandoned.'H Successful examples of Short's approach include the Queen's Building at De Montfort University in Leicester. Containing as many as 2,000 staff and students, the entire building is naturally ventilated, passively cooled and naturally lit, including the two largest auditoria, each seating more than 150 people. The award-winning building uses a fraction of the electricity of comparable buildings in the UK.Short contends that glass skyscrapers in London and around the world will become a liability over the next 20 or 30 years if climate modelling predictions and energy price rises come to pass as expected.I He is convinced that sufficiently cooled skyscrapers using the natural environment can be produced in almost any climate. He and his team have worked on hybrid buildings in the harsh climates of Beijing and Chicago -built with natural ventilation assisted by back-up air conditioning - which, surprisingly perhaps, can be switched off more than half the time on milder days and during the spring and autumn.Short looks at how we might reimagine the cities, offices and homes of the future. Maybe it's time we changed our outlook.* pathogens: microorganisms that can cause diseaseQuestions 14-18Reading Passage 2 has nine sections, A-I.Which section contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.14 why some people avoided hospitals in the 19th century15 a suggestion that the popularity of tall buildings is linked to prestige16 a comparison between the circulation of air in a 19th-century building and modernstandards17 how Short tested the circulation of air in a 19th-century building18 an implication that advertising led to the large increase in the use of air conditioning Questions 19-26Complete the summary below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 19-26 on your answer sheet.Ventilation in 19th-century hospital wardsProfessor Alan Short examined the work of John Shaw Billings, who influenced the architectural 19 ________ of hospitals to ensure they had good ventilation. He calculated that 20 ________ in the air coming from patients suffering from 21 ________ would not have harmed other patients. He also found that the air in 22 ________ in hospitals could change as often as in a modern operating theatre. He suggests that energy use could be reduced by locating more patients in 23 ________ areas.A major reason for improving ventilation in 19th-century hospitals was the demand from the24 ________ for protection against bad air, known as 25 ________ . These were blamed for the spread of disease for hundreds of years, including epidemics of 26 ________ in London and Paris in the middle of the 19th century.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Questions 27-34Reading Passage 3 has eight sections, A-H.Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 27-34 on your answer sheet.28 Section B29 Section C30 Section D31 Section E32 Section F33 Section G34 Section HWhy companies should welcome disorderA Organisation is big business. Whether it is of our lives - all those inboxes and calendars -or how companies are structured, a multi-billion dollar industry helps to meet this need.We have more strategies for time management, project management and self-organisation than at any other time in human history. We are told that we ought to organise our company, our home life, our week, our day and even our sleep, all as a means to becoming more productive. Every week, countless seminars and workshops take place around the world to tell a paying public that they ought to structure their lives in order to achieve this.This rhetoric has also crept into the thinking of business leaders and entrepreneurs, much to the delight of self-proclaimed perfectionists with the need to get everything right. The number of business schools and graduates has massively, increased over the past 50 years, essentially teaching people how to organise well.B Ironically, however, the number of businesses that fail has also steadily increased. Work-related stress has increased. A large proportion of workers from all demographics claim to be dissatisfied with the way their work is structured and the way they are managed.This begs the question: what has gone wrong? Why is it that on paper the drive for organisation seems a sure shot for increasing productivity, but in reality falls well short of what is expected?C This has been a problem for a while now. Frederick Taylor was one of the forefathers of scientific management. Writing in the first half of the 20th century, he designed a number of principles to improve the efficiency of the work process, which have since become widespread in modern companies. So the approach has been around for a while.D New research suggests that this obsession with efficiency is misguided. The problem is not necessarily the management theories or strategies we use to organise our work; it's the basic assumptions we hold in approaching how we work. Here it's the assumption that order is a necessary condition for productivity. This assumption has also fostered the idea that disorder must be detrimental to organisational productivity. The result is that businesses and people spend timeand money organising themselves for the sake of organising, rather than actually looking at the end goal and usefulness of such an effort.E What's more, recent studies show that order actually has diminishing returns. Order does increase productivity to a certain extent, but eventually the usefulness of the process of organisation, and the benefit it yields, reduce until the point where any further increase in order reduces productivity. Some argue that in a business, if the cost of formally structuring something outweighs the benefit of doing it, then that thing ought not to be formally structured. Instead, the resources involved can be better used elsewhere.F In fact, research shows that, when innovating, the best approach is to create an environment devoid of structure and hierarchy and enable everyone involved to engage as one organic group. These environments can lead to new solutions that, under conventionally structured environments (filled with bottlenecks in terms of information flow, power structures, rules, and routines) would never be reached.G In recent times companies have slowly started to embrace this disorganisation. Many of them embrace it in terms of perception (embracing the idea of disorder, as opposed to fearing it) and in terms of process (putting mechanisms in place to reduce structure).For example, Oticon, a large Danish manufacturer of hearing aids, used what it called a 'spaghetti' structure in order to reduce the organisation's rigid hierarchies. This involved scrapping formal job titles and giving staff huge amounts of ownership over their own time and projects. This approach proved to be highly successful initially, with clear improvement in worker productivity in all facets of the business.In similar fashion, the former chairman of General Electric embraced disorganisation, putting forward the idea of the 'boundaryless' organisation. Again, it involves breaking down the barriers between different parts of a company and encouraging virtual collaboration and flexible working. Google and a number of other tech companies have embraced (at least in part) these kinds of flexible structures, facilitated by technology and strong company values which glue people together.H A word of warning to others thinking of jumping on this bandwagon: the evidence so far suggests disorder, much like order, also seems to have diminishing utility, and can also have detrimental effects on performance if overused. Like order, disorder should be embraced only so far as it is useful. But we should not fear it - nor venerate one over the other. This research also shows that we should continually question whether or not our existing assumptions work. Questions 35-37Complete the sentences below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 35-37 on your answer sheet.35 Numerous training sessions are aimed at people who feel they are not ________ enough.36 Being organised appeals to people who regard themselves as ________37 Many people feel ________ with aspects of their work.Questions 38-40Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this38 Both businesses and people aim at order without really considering its value.39 Innovation is most successful if the people involved have distinct roles.40 Google was inspired to adopt flexibility by the success of General Electric.参考答案1 FALSE2 TRUE3 NOT GIVEN4 FALSE5 NOT GIVEN6 TRUE7 FALSE8 TRUE9 merchant10 equipment11 gifts12 canoe13 mountains14 F15 C16 E17 D18 B19 design(s)20 pathogens21 tuberculosis22 wards23 communal24 public25 miasmas26 cholera27 vi28 i29 iii30 ii31 ix32 vii33 iv34 viii35 productive36 perfectionists37 dissatisfied38 TRUE39 FALSE40 NOT GIVEN。
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《凌霄和月季》
凌霄和月季一起从地里探出头来.
月季花开了,红艳艳的,大伙赞美她.月季花只是微笑着摇头,默默地散着芳香. 凌霄也开花了，一朵朵橙红色的花，像一只只喇叭。
她攀上一棵大树，顺着树杆往上攀，一直攀到树顶。
凌霄感到自己上天了，往下看看，花儿草儿多么矮小啊！她嘲笑着伙伴们：“哈哈哈，你们都在我的下面。
”
花儿,草儿们羡慕地看着这攀高入云的凌霄花,都说:"凌霄花真了不起."惟独月季花一声不响.
凌霄花听着声声赞美,越加得意,她高傲地对月季说:"喂!朋友,你怎么一句赞
美的话都没有,不想让我采朵云给你吗"
月季淡淡地说:"我长得虽矮,但是靠自己的根立在地上.你凭借了大树的高,炫耀自己,没啥稀罕."
凌霄花哼了一声,没再理睬月季.
一天,伐木队选了这棵大树.电锯沙沙沙,大树倒了,凌霄花一下跌落地面.那些为她唱赞歌的花儿,草儿都来讥笑她.
月季花却安慰她说：“朋友，应该学会自立。
”凌霄花惭愧的低下了头。
1、分别用两三句话介绍一下月季和凌霄两种花。
月季：
______________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________
凌霄：
______________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________
2、写出下面句子的含义。
我长得虽矮,但是靠自己的根立在地上.你凭借了大树的高,炫耀自己,没啥稀罕.
_________________________________________________________
3、你读了这篇短文后，懂得了什么道理？
_____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________
4、把短文分成三部分，请你概括各段段意。
第一段：
第二段：
第三段：
5、写出下列词语的反义词。
赞美（）矮小（）讥笑（）凭借（）
6、当“花儿,草儿们羡慕地看着这攀高入云的凌霄花”不住赞叹时，为什么月季花“一声不响”？
7、当月季花安慰凌霄花时，为什么凌霄花“惭愧的低下了头”？
刻舟求剑
刻舟求剑是《吕氏春秋•察今》中记述的一则寓言，说的是楚国有人坐船渡河时，不慎把剑掉入江中，他在舟上刻下记号，说：「这是我把剑掉下的地方。
」当舟停驶时，他才沿着记号跳入河中找剑，遍寻不获。
该寓言劝勉为政者要明白世事在变，若不知改革，就无法治国，后引伸成不懂变通、墨守成规之意。
【原文】楚人有涉江者，其剑自舟中坠于水，遽（jù)契(qì)其舟，曰：“是吾剑之所从坠。
”舟止，从其所契者入水求之。
舟已行矣，而剑不行，求剑若此，不亦惑乎！
战国•吕不韦《吕氏春秋•察今》又名《吕览》
【译文】有一个渡江的楚国人，他的剑从船上掉进了水里。
他急忙用刀在船沿上刻了一个记号，说：“这儿是我的剑掉下去的地方。
”船停止以后，这个人从他所刻记号的地方下水去找剑。
船已经向前行驶了很远，而剑却不会和船一起前进，像这样去找剑，不是很糊涂吗?
注释
1.涉--本指徒步过河，此指渡过。
2.自--从。
3.遽--急忙，立即，匆忙。
4.契--用刀雕刻。
5.是--指示代词，这儿。
6.不亦惑乎--不是很糊涂吗？惑，迷惑，糊涂。
“不亦......乎”是一种委婉的反问句式。
7.坠--掉下。
8.若--像。
9.是吾剑之所从坠--这里是我的剑掉下去的地方。
10.楚--周代国名，都城在今湖北江陵县北。
11.求--寻找。
12.之--代词，代“剑”。
13.其剑自舟坠于水，其：他的。
14.遽契其舟，其：(指示代词)那。
15.从其所契者，其：他。
16.是吾剑之所从坠，之：助词，不译。
17.止：动词，停止。
18.行：前进。
19.亦：也。
刻舟求剑：比喻不懂事物已发展变化而仍静止地看问题。
剑掉入水中，在船舷刻上记号，待船停止后仍从记号处下水寻剑。
比喻拘泥固执，不知变通。
典出《吕氏春秋．慎大览．察今》。
△「守株待兔」、「胶柱鼓瑟」
《吕氏春秋．慎大览．察今》
楚人有涉江者，其剑自舟中坠于水，遽契其舟，曰：「是吾剑之所从坠。
」舟止，从其所契者入水求之。
舟已行矣，而剑不行，求剑若此，不亦惑乎？以此故法为其国，与此同。
时已徙矣，而法不徙，以此为治，岂不难哉？
战国时，秦国丞相吕不韦在《吕氏春秋》一书中，阐述君王治理国政的道理。
他认为君王治国应要符合时宜，不能一味沿袭旧法，因为环境会随着时间改变。
他举了一个例子：楚国有人渡江时，剑掉到水里，他便很快地在船身上刻了记号，说：「我的剑就是从这里掉下去的。
」等到船停了，他就从记号处下水找剑。
可是船已经走动了，但落水的剑却不会动，这样找剑，不是很奇怪吗？如果用旧法治理国家，而不考虑时空的转变，就像这个求剑者的行为一样令人困惑。
后来这个典源被浓缩成「刻舟求剑」，用来比喻拘泥固执，不知变通。