概要写作微技能训练之如何提炼与处理次要点
概要写作技巧
概要写作技巧
概要写作是指通过简洁、精炼的语言，概括原文的要点、主题和重点内容，并给出观点和评价的写作技巧。
一般来说，概要写作的步骤如下：
1.阅读原文：先仔细阅读原文，了解其主题、内容、重点
、观点等。
2.提取要点：从原文中提取出最重要的要点，包括主题、
论点、事实、数据等。
3.组织要点：将提取出的要点组织成一个有逻辑的结构，
注意保留原文的基本结构。
4.写作概要：根据组织好的要点，用简洁、精炼的语言写
出概要。
注意使用主动语态，避免使用过多的引用语。
5.检查概要：检查概要是否准确、简洁、流畅，并修改不
足之处。
希望以上信息能帮到你。
读后续写与概要写作微技能三 如何提炼关键词
2．首先要结合主旨大意，选取与文本主旨密切相关的词语。它们通常是名词(短语)、 动词(短语)和形容词(短语)等实词。这些实词有可能以原词、代词、同义词、近义 词或反义词的形式重复出现，但提炼时不能重复关键词。
3．提取关键词时，必须注意句子间的关系。不要在表达相同或相近含义的句子里重 复提取关键词，如议论文的段落中常有主题句和结论句，结论句通常用不同的表 达方式重申主题句的含义，因此没必要在结论句中再次提取关键词。
微技能三 如何提炼关键词
60词左右的概要不允许照搬含有主题和支持性信息的原句。为了使独立表达成为 可能，你必须学会提炼关键词，提取关键词主要考查学生概括思想内容，提取关键信 息的能力。说到底就是要善于提取“核心信息”，善于提炼恰当的词语来表达内容。 关键词一般是名词、动词、形容词，不会是虚词。 1．“提炼”是一个弃．芜．存．精．的过程，因此要做到精炼，也就是说提炼的结果是获取最
lying will try to look at you in a strong way
词有“not look you in the eye”和“look
because they want to convince you they are
at you in a strong way”，因此它们可
telling the truth.If someone does either of these 以作为关键词支持上面这个主题
two things thLeabharlann y might be lying.
句。
【即时演练】 画出本文的主题句和关键词。
Human beings are smart.However, it seems that people are gradually losing their smartness as smartphones become more and more important assistants in their lives, reported news website Record Japan on Oct.22.As we rely too much on technology instead of our brains, many people have lost three basic abilities, said the website.
高中英语读后续写与概要写作 技能三 如何提炼关键词
微技能三如何提炼关键词60词左右的概要不允许照搬含有主题和支持性信息的原句。
为了使独立表达成为可能，你必须学会提炼关键词，提取关键词主要考查学生概括思想内容，提取关键信息的能力。
说到底就是要善于提取“核心信息”，善于提炼恰当的词语来表达内容。
关键词一般是名词、动词、形容词，不会是虚词。
1．“提炼”是一个弃芜存精．．．．的过程，因此要做到精炼，也就是说提炼的结果是获取最精要的文字。
2．首先要结合主旨大意，选取与文本主旨密切相关的词语。
它们通常是名词(短语)、动词(短语)和形容词(短语)等实词。
这些实词有可能以原词、代词、同义词、近义词或反义词的形式重复出现，但提炼时不能重复关键词。
3．提取关键词时，必须注意句子间的关系。
不要在表达相同或相近含义的句子里重复提取关键词，如议论文的段落中常有主题句和结论句，结论句通常用不同的表达方式重申主题句的含义，因此没必要在结论句中再次提取关键词。
4．就主从复合句而言，关键词通常在主句部分，而非从句部分，但含有宾语从句的主从复合句例外，关键词应在宾语从句部分。
【典例示范】1．画出该段的主题句。
2．根据主题句，画出关键词。
【即时演练】画出本文的主题句和关键词。
Human beings are smart.However, it seems that people are gradually losing their smartness as smartphones become more and more important assistants in their lives, reported news website Record Japan on Oct.22.As we rely too much on technology instead of our brains, many people have lost three basic abilities, said the website. The first skill many people have lost is remembering phone numbers.Because phone numbers are stored in smartphone contacts, there is no need to dial a number or look at it again.And people may also have lost their sense of direction because navigation apps can guide people anywhere they want to go.These apps can even find shortest routes for you and avoid traffic jams.But the worst lost skills may be social ones，meaning that some people are becoming socially inept(无能的)．People often bury themselves in their smart－phones.As we are too addicted to what’s happening in the virtual world，some of us have lost conversational skills and sometimes can’t even tell whether a person is happy or not.Luckily, people still have a chance to get these abilities back.You should try to keep your parents’ number in mind for emergencies.You should also pay more attention to street signs and stores, which will help you to draw a mind map and prevent you from getting lost.And the easiest solution to social skill loss is to take a break from electronic devices because we are social creatures.We need device－free time.答案主题句：However, it seems that people are gradually losing their smartness as smartphones become more and more important assistants in their lives.关键词：lost three basic abilities，remembering phone numbers，have a chance to get these abilities back，device－free time.。
高中英语：概要写作微技能之全文主旨归纳
（2）试一试
你能用以上学到的方法归纳下文主旨吗？
Retirement is the point where a person stops employment completely．The "standard" retirement age varies from country to country, but it is generally between 50 and 70, according to the latest statistics, 2011．However, for a long time, people have got into an argument about whether the age of retirement should be increased or reduced in their own countries．
With many young people unemployed or frustrated in low-level positions, there are often calls to compulsorily retire older workers．However, this can affect the older individual' s freedom and right to work．In my opinion, giving workers more choices over their retirement age will benefit society and the individual．
There are several arguments for allowing older people to continue working as long as they are able．Many people think that older employees have a large amount of knowledge and experience which can be lost to a business or organization if they are made to retire．Besides, older employees are often extremely faithful employees and are more willing to carry out company policies than the young．A more important point is regarding the attitudes in society to old people．To force someone to resign or retire at 60 or 65 indicates that the society does not value the input of these people and that effectively their useful life is over．
英语概要写作的“微技能”操作策略探析
英语概要写作的“微技能”操作策略探析作者：彭国玉来源：《中学课程辅导·教学研究》2020年第18期摘要：概要写作是浙江省新高考英语学科的一种新题型。
它侧重考查的是学生对语言材料进行吸收、存储、内化整理和表达的综合运用能力。
本文结合笔者的公开课案例和多年摸索经验，详细探讨了提高概要写作质量的五个“微技能”运用策略，即主题思想的精练概括；冗余成分的有机剔除；同义结构的合理替换；常见句式的优化升级；衔接连贯词的巧妙镶嵌，以就教于方家。
关键词：概要写作；微技能；案例分析中图分类号：G632.0文献标识码：A文章编号：1992-7711（2020）09-0080从2016年开始概要写作被纳入浙江省英语高考中，并将面向全国范围内推广。
但是，过去两年的新高考一直都是考查学生“读后续写”的能力，终于在最新一次的高考即2018年11月3日的浙江省英语高考中隆重上演了“概要写作”的首秀。
作为一种控制性比较强的新型作文考查形式，概要写作必须对原文本内容进行“先浓缩——再加工”，最后以全新的语言形式输出。
这个语言材料“华丽变身”的过程就是学生“吸收存储、内化整理和创新表达”的过程。
应创造性地把“读”和“写”结合起来，以此避免以前作文的拼凑和句式模板的套用。
为了更好地完成“阅读（理解）+写作（产出）”的这种复合型任务，阅读层面学生需要具备理解原文、抓取关键词、区分主要信息和次要信息，从而获取主要观点或事实的能力；写作层面，学生需要具备用简洁、连贯的语言还原文本中心思想的表达能力。
所以，一篇好的概要应满足四个特征：客观、完整、简洁、连贯。
一、概要写作的定义和微技能的分类《牛津高阶英语词典》对概要写作的描述是：“A summa ry is a brief statement that gives only the main points of something not the details.”对此我们可以理解为：“概要写作要求学生整体掌握文本，合理浓缩地表达原文每一段的主旨大意，并合理添加连词来形成一篇语义连贯的短文。
作文如何提炼中心
作文如何提炼中心作文是一种常见的文学形式，通过文字表达作者的思想、感情和观点。
在写作过程中，提炼中心是至关重要的一步，它是作文的灵魂所在。
本文将介绍如何提炼中心，并提供一些实用的方法和技巧。
一、理解中心的重要性中心是作文的核心思想，也是作文内容的主线和焦点。
一个好的中心能够使作文更加有力地表达作者的意图，引导读者的思考，增强作文的可读性和说服力。
因此，在写作之前，我们需要明确作文的中心，并围绕它展开论述。
二、梳理文章内容在提炼中心之前，首先需要梳理文章的内容。
通过理解文章主题、主要观点和论据，可以更好地把握文章的核心思想。
对于叙事类作文，可以通过整理故事情节和主要事件来找出中心；对于议论文，可以通过总结观点和论证来确定中心。
三、审视文章结构作文中的中心通常体现在文章的结构中。
通过审视文章的开头、主体和结尾，我们可以找出线索并提炼中心。
开头通常会提出话题或引入文章背景，主体部分则展开论述并展示观点，结尾部分一般会归纳总结或给出建议。
在这些部分中，作者会通过运用不同的修辞手法和句式结构来凸显中心。
四、寻找关键词和关联词关键词和关联词是作文中的信息线索，也是提炼中心的重要依据。
通过寻找关键词和关联词，我们可以直接抓住文章的重点和核心思想。
关键词常常体现在文中的关键句或关键段落中，它们具有高度概括和代表性；关联词则用于引导读者从一个观点或论点过渡到另一个观点或论点，使文章结构紧密有序。
五、突出中心思想为了突出中心思想，有几种常用的写作技巧可以借鉴。
首先，可以通过不同的句式结构和修辞手法来强调中心思想，例如排比、反问、象征等；其次，可以适当运用插入语、并列句等手段，将中心思想嵌入到句子中，使之更加生动和突出；还可以通过例证、数据、比喻等方式来论证和解释中心思想，增加说服力和可信度。
六、修改和完善提炼中心是一个渐进的过程，在初稿中可能存在一些模糊或不够准确的表述。
因此，及时修改和完善作文是必要的。
在修改的过程中，要关注中心是否明确、准确，是否贴合主题，是否语言优美流畅。
渗透读写微技能提高概要写作训练效果
渗透读写微技能提高概要写作训练效果作者：宋卓呈来源：《中学生英语·教师版》2017年第06期概要写作是指用简短的语句概括一段文本主要内容的写作方式，概要写作的特点为篇幅简短、概括性强、无主观描述的文字、无超主文本内容的诠释。
英语教师可以通过引导学生阅读英语文本，学习概要写作的方法提高英语写作的水平。
1.微技能一：培养学生解构文本。
概括大意的能力部分学生写英语作文的时候.容易犯下一个错误，即在写作前没有打好英语写作的框架，以至于写出来的英语作品无主次之分、无层次之分，这样的英语作文不是合格的英语作文，这样的英语文本没有语言艺术价值。
为了提高学生的写作水平，英语教师可以应用引导学生练习概要写作的方法帮助学生学会解构文本，了解英语文本的框架结构。
学生只有学会搭建英语文本的框架结构，写出来的英语作文才有主次之分、才有层次之分。
比如有一名英语教师在引导学生阅读一篇关于食品安全问题的英语材料时，英语教师引导学生学会用这样的方法写英语概要作文。
首先，英语教师要求学生用一句话的方式总结整篇英语材料所写的内容。
其次，教师要求学生分类概括英语文本表达的意思，分类概括的目标为全方位的说明作者要描述的意思，最后，学生必须用简短的语句说明作者文章要描述的重点，即概括出文本的核心思想。
有一名学生经过教师的引导，用这样的话提炼出文章的意思：“The studyin this article investigates food scandals and the role of government in corporate social responsibility（CSR）in the food industry.The author also explores strategies forthe Chinese government to tackle the food safety prob-lems in China.”。
[概要写作微技能]找要点与换说
![[概要写作微技能]找要点与换说](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/799ac43cb14e852459fb5734.png)
概要写作微技能——找要点Read for the gistI.议论文As is known to all, sports stars earn large amounts of money every year. LeBron James, the famous American basketball star, for example, earns an income of more than20 million dollars a year. Some people hold the view that these stars do not deserve thehigh pay that they are getting. Some even say that sports stars do nothing to society apart from entertaining people. Their contributions(贡献）to society are much less than those made by doctors, firemen, scientists, professors, etc. But I can never agree with that.2）说明文Scientists find that the hard-working people live longer than average men and women.Career women are healthier than housewives. Evidences show that the jobless are in poorer health than job-holders. An research shows that whenever the unemployment rate increases by 1%，the death rate increases correspondingly (相应地) by 2%. All this comes down to one point：work is helpful to health.3）记叙文On a recent Sunday, I was buying groceries in a supermarket when I heard the sound ofa car accident. It was close but not very close, so I continued shopping. As I took a rightturn on Munadhama Street, I saw a man lying on the ground in a smallpool of blood. He wasn’t de ad. The idea of stopping to help or to take him to a hospital crossed my mind, but I didn’t dare. Cars passed without stopping. Pedestrians and shop owners kept doing what they were doing, pretending nothing had happened.II.寻找主题句1.主题句在段首1)People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they haven't eaten a meal unless theyhave had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink.2)In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block outdisease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the1skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of English in 1546.若主题句过长，要尽量省略细节、从句，削减事例2.主题句在段尾Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.3.主题句在中间1)Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are sohelpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand. A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.2)No one knows exactly how the earth began, as it happened so long ago. However,according to a widely accepte d theory, the universe began with a“Big Bang”that threw matter in all directions. After that, atoms began to form and combine to create stars and other bodies.关注信号词（signal words）： but, however, sadly, in fact，so, as a result等4.主题句是设问+回答，若过长，需要找出主要点和次要点While sports are for fun, it does not mean that they are not important to people’s life. Why do so many people go to see football matches and NBA games？It is because they enjoy the games, and they are willing to pay to watch the performances. Because of the sports stars, our life becomes more exciting. Some sports stars get honor for their country, and their countrymen are proud of them. They do good to the people's mental health.要点： So many people watch the games because the sports stars make our life exciting and do good to people’s mental health.5.没有明显的主题句，需要自己概括大意：1) A mother mouse was out for a walk with her babies when she found a cat behind a bush.She watched the cat and the cat watched the mice. Mother mouse barked fiercely, “Woof, woof, woof!” the cat was so frightened that it ran for it's life. Mother mouse turned to her babies and said, “Now, do you understand the value of a second language?”要点：It’s important to learn a foreign language.2)For several billion years after the “Big Bang”, the earth was still just a cloud of dust. Whatit was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe. The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not. It exploded loudly with fire and rock. They were in time to produce carbon, nitrogen, water vapor and other gases, which were to make the earth’s atmosphere.What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface.要点：The earth came into being with atmosphere and water on its surfaces.找关键词：关注被重复的词6.III.关注信号词2概要写作微技能——找要点Read for the gistI.确定文本体裁1）___________________As is known to all, sports stars earn large amounts of money every year. LeBron James, the famous American basketball star, for example, earns an income of more than20 million dollars a year. Some people hold the view that these stars do not deserve thehigh pay that they are getting. Some even say that sports stars do nothing to society apart from entertaining people. Their contributions(贡献）to society are much less than those made by doctors, firemen, scientists, professors, etc. But I can never agree with that.2）___________________Scientists find that the hard-working people live longer than average men and women.Career women are healthier than housewives. Evidences show that the jobless are in poorer health than job-holders. An research shows that whenever the unemployment rate increases by 1%，the death rate increases correspondingly (相应地) by 2%. All this comes down to one point：work is helpful to health.3）____________________3On a recent Sunday, I was buying groceries in a supermarket when I heard the sound ofa car accident. It was close but not very close, so I continued shopping. As I took a rightturn on Munadhama Street, I saw a man lying on the ground in a smallpool of blood. He wasn’t dead. The idea of stopping to help or to take him to a hospital crossed my mind, but I didn’t dare. Cars passed without stopping. Pedestrians and shop owners kept doing what they were doing, pretending nothing had happened.II.寻找主题句（划线）1.主题句在_______________1)People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they haven't eaten a meal unless theyhave had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink.2)In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block outdisease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of English in 1546.若主题句过长，要尽量省略_________________________，削减_________________ 2.主题句在________________Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.3.主题句在________________1)Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are sohelpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand. A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.2)No one knows exactly how the earth began, as it happened so long ago. However,according to a widely accepted theory, the universe began with a“Big Bang”t hat threw matter in all directions. After that, atoms began to form and combine to create stars and other bodies.4关注信号词（signal words）：_________________________________________________ 4.主题句是_____________________________，若过长，需要找出主要点和次要点While sports are for f un, it does not mean that they are not important to people’s life. Why do so many people go to see football matches and NBA games？ It is because they enjoy the games, and they are willing to pay to watch the performances. Because of the sports stars, our life becomes more exciting. Some sports stars get honor for their country, and their countrymen are proud of them. They do good to the people's mental health.要点：____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ____5.没有明显的主题句，需要自己概括大意：1) A mother mouse was out for a walk with her babies when she found a cat behind a bush.She watched the cat and the cat watched the mice. Mother mouse barked fiercely, “Woof, woof, woof!” the cat was so frightened that it ran for it's life. Mother mouse turned to her babies and said, “Now, do you understand the value of a second language?”要点：__________________________________________________________________ 2)For several billion years afte r the “Big Bang”, the earth was still just a cloud of dust. Whatit was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe. The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not. It exploded loudly with fire and rock. They were in time to produce carbon, nitrogen, water vapor and other gases, which were to make the earth’s atmosphere.What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface.要点：__________________________________________________________________ 找关键词：____________________________概要写作微技能——换说Restate the author’s idea5I.总原则：字数不超过原句，不改变原文的逻辑，充分考虑语句压缩II.方法1.转化1）使用近义词或反义词e.g.1 To research whether such a “sixth sense”really exists, Robert Baker performed twoexperiments.research→study; whether→if; performed→madee.g.2 Zhou Yang will never forget his firstassignment as a journalist.never forget→remember; assignment→task;journalist→reporter2）短语变单词e.g. Cleaning away dirt is good to health.cleaning away→Removing; is good to→benefits 3）从句变短语（介词短语、状语从句变非谓语、定语从句变后置定语）e.g.1. If the interviewee agrees, you can use arecorder to get the facts straight.With the interviewee’s agreement, a recordercould be used.6e.g. 2. The skin is a necessary organ, which canserve as a barrier against outside dangers.The skin is a necessary organ as a barrieragainst outside dangers.4）用广义词（generalwords）代替具体词（specific words）e.g. She brought home several Chinese andEnglish novels, a few copies of Time andNewsweek, and some textbooks.She brought home a lot of books and magazines. 5）直接引语的主要信息变间接引语e.g. The boss said to him, “ Till you’re moreexperienced you can cover a story.”The boss said that with more experience he couldcover news.6）主动句和被动句互换e.g. Robert Baker, a psychologist at theUniversity of Kentucky, performed twoexperiments.Two experiments were carried out by apsychologist.77）特殊句式（强调句、倒装句、therebe）和正常语序句式的转化e.g.1. Only if you ask many different questionswill you acquire all the information.You will obtain all the information if variousquestions are asked.e.g.2 …such a “six sense” really exists.…there is really a “six sense”.8）基本句型灵活转换Dirt on the skin was a means to block outdisease. (S+V+P)Dirt on the skin could protect people fromgetting ill. (S+V+O)2.合并（用从句、分词或with结构）e.g.1 She was attracted by the beauty of nature. Shedecided to spend another two days on the farm.Attracted by the beauty of nature, she decided to spend another two days on the farm.e.g.2 I have tons of homework to do every day. Ihardly have any time to hang out with friends.With tons of homework to do, I hardly have any time to hang out with friends.83.连接：用衔接词把几个简单句合并成一个并列句或复合句（连接词优先考虑最短连接词，如first就比in the first place要好）e.g. We shoul dn’t be threatened, but challenged. Theirpresence is going to be a great blessing for society.Their presence is not a threat but a challenge as well asa great blessing for society.III.练习（将以上方法综合运用）1.There is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.People have changing opinions toward dirt over time.或people’s viewpoints towards dirt are changing.2.Ocean expert Curtis Ebbesmeyer studies oceancurrents in a special way.Curtis Ebbesmeyer, an ocean expert, uses a uniqueway to study ocean currents.3.Most stars are skilled in their own field not onlybecause of their talents but also because of their hardtraining.They are the best in their fields thanks to their talentsand hard training.94.This kind of addictive behavior can lead to largefinancial problems, family conflict, and deep unhappiness.This kind of addictive behavior can lead to severe consequences.5.The concept that all processed foods are unhealthy isfar from accurate.The concept that all processed foods are unhealthy is wrong/not correct/incorrect.或It is wrong to think all processed foods are unhealthy.6.e.g. Because of the sports stars, our life becomes moreexciting. They contribute to the spiritual well-being of their people.Sports stars’ performance bring people excitement and spiritual well-being.7.When you spend time with people who constantlycomplain, you are likely to view things in a negative lights.Being exposed to constant complainers will make you one of them.10或Exposure to regular complainers will probablyaffect your own point of view.或Contact with constant complainers tend to make youview things negative.8.Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain,and Yellow Mountain, were visited by only a fewpeople in the past. Today, better wages, holidays withpay, new hotels on those mountains and better rain andbus services, have brought them within reach to manywho never thought of visiting them ten years ago.Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited byonly a few people, are today accessible to many,thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels andbetter transportation.IV.换说常用词1.同义替换词difficult/demanding/challengingmany/ a large number of/ plenty of/ a good many/ many a …abundant/ plentiful/ amplebad/ negativegood/ excellent/ outstanding/ remarkablebig/giant/ vast/ large/ huge/ massive/ enormous/ tremendoussad/ depressed/ frustrateddifferent/ various/ a variety of/ diverseinteresting/ amusing/ funny/ entertainingbrave/ bold/ fearless/ courageousrich/ wealthy11poor/ needy2.连接词概要写作微技能——换说Restate the author’s idea12V.总原则：字数不超过原句，不改变原文的逻辑，充分考虑语句压缩VI.方法4.转化9）使用近义词或反义词e.g.1 To research whether such a “sixth sense”really exists, Robert Baker performed twoexperiments.research→study; whether→if; performed→madee.g.2 Zhou Yang will never forget his firstassignment as a journalist.never forget→remember; assignment→task;journalist→reporter10）短语变单词e.g. Cleaning away dirt is good to health.cleaning away→Removing; is good to→benefits 11）从句变短语（介词短语、状语从句变非谓语、定语从句变后置定语）e.g.1. If the interviewee agrees, you can use arecorder to get the facts straight.With the interviewee’s agreement, a recordercould be used.13e.g. 2. The skin is a necessary organ, which canserve as a barrier against outside dangers.The skin is a necessary organ as a barrieragainst outside dangers.12）用广义词（generalwords）代替具体词（specific words）e.g. She brought home several Chinese andEnglish novels, a few copies of Time andNewsweek, and some textbooks.She brought home a lot of books and magazines. 13）直接引语的主要信息变间接引语e.g. The boss said to him, “ Till you’re moreexperienced you can cover a story.”The boss said that with more experience he couldcover news.14）主动句和被动句互换e.g. Robert Baker, a psychologist at theUniversity of Kentucky, performed twoexperiments.Two experiments were carried out by apsychologist.1415）特殊句式（强调句、倒装句、therebe）和正常语序句式的转化e.g.1. Only if you ask many different questionswill you acquire all the information.You will obtain all the information if variousquestions are asked.e.g.2 …such a “six sense” really exists.…there is really a “six sense”.16）基本句型灵活转换Dirt on the skin was a means to block outdisease. (S+V+P)Dirt on the skin could protect people fromgetting ill. (S+V+O)5.合并（用从句、分词或with结构）e.g.1 She was attracted by the beauty of nature. Shedecided to spend another two days on the farm.Attracted by the beauty of nature, she decided to spend another two days on the farm.e.g.2 I have tons of homework to do every day. Ihardly have any time to hang out with friends.With tons of homework to do, I hardly have any time to hang out with friends.156.连接：用衔接词把几个简单句合并成一个并列句或复合句（连接词优先考虑最短连接词，如first就比in the first place要好）e.g. We shouldn’t be threatened, but challenged. Theirpresence is going to be a great blessing for society.Their presence is not a threat but a challenge as well asa great blessing for society.VII.练习（将以上方法综合运用）9.There is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.People have changing opinions toward dirt over time.或people’s viewpoints towards dirt are changing.10.Ocean expert Curtis Ebbesmeyer studies oceancurrents in a special way.Curtis Ebbesmeyer, an ocean expert, uses a uniqueway to study ocean currents.11.Most stars are skilled in their own field not onlybecause of their talents but also because of their hardtraining.They are the best in their fields thanks to their talentsand hard training.1612.This kind of addictive behavior can lead to largefinancial problems, family conflict, and deep unhappiness.This kind of addictive behavior can lead to severe consequences.13.The concept that all processed foods are unhealthyis far from accurate.The concept that all processed foods are unhealthy is wrong/not correct/incorrect.或It is wrong to think all processed foods are unhealthy.14. e.g. Because of the sports stars, our life becomesmore exciting. They contribute to the spiritual well-being of their people.Sports stars’ performance bring people excitement and spiritual well-being.15.When you spend time with people who constantlycomplain, you are likely to view things in a negative lights.Being exposed to constant complainers will make you one of them.17或Exposure to regular complainers will probablyaffect your own point of view.或Contact with constant complainers tend to make youview things negative.16.Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, LushanMountain, and Yellow Mountain, were visited by onlya few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidayswith pay, new hotels on those mountains and betterrain and bus services, have brought them within reachto many who never thought of visiting them ten yearsago.Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited byonly a few people, are today accessible to many,thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels andbetter transportation.VIII.换说常用词3.同义替换词difficult/demanding/challengingmany/ a large number of/ plenty of/ a good many/ many a …abundant/ plentiful/ amplebad/ negativegood/ excellent/ outstanding/ remarkablebig/giant/ vast/ large/ huge/ massive/ enormous/ tremendoussad/ depressed/ frustrateddifferent/ various/ a variety of/ diverseinteresting/ amusing/ funny/ entertaining18brave/ bold/ fearless/ courageousrich/ wealthypoor/ needy4.连接词1920。
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概要写作微技能训练——如何提炼与处理次要点1.段落中前后有转折关系的，主要点在后面转折部分，前面的信息要适当选用（尤其是字数较多的情况下），用while/ although/ despite/ in spite of等引出。
例1: A vegetarian diet is often praised for its health benefits. Studies have shown that vegetarians usually have lower levels of heart disease and a lower risk of diabetes than people who eat meat. What most people are less aware of, however, are the effects that a vegetarian diet can have on the environment.要点：【牛刀小试】It is too late to do anything to help many languages, where the speakers are too few or too old, and where the community is too busy just trying to survive to care about their language. But many languages are not in such a serious position. Often where languages are seriously endangered, there are things that can be done to give new life to them.要点：2.当段落中出现firstly, secondly, finally或also, besides, what’s more, in addition, moreover等表示递进关系的连接词时，这些次要点都需要提取。
可采用平行结构(几个次要点都采用相同的句法结构)合并次要点。
例2: From one point of view, people who accept changes think that changes make their life meaningful. Firstly, changes create new opportunities, which make us leap forward. A new job, for instance, might present challenges that push the person to adapt, acquire new knowledge, or add to their skill set. Secondly, a change can represent a break with the past and an old routine which has become boring and predictable. Finally, as well as making life more fun and interesting, new experiences can be good for our physical and mental health. We find that changes can make us experienced and valuable.要点：【牛刀小试】①However, a report from the Pew Internet and American Life Project offers a more helpful and encouraging view, suggesting that far from replacing human contact, technology can actually better family relationships. Just over half of the 2,253 people surveyed agreed that technology had enabled them to increase their contact with distant family members and 47 percent said it had improved the communication with the people they lived with. Moreover, even the closest members of families need time away from each other at some point to seek their own interests. Family members who might otherwise have sat in separate rooms can now be in the same one while still occupying a different mental space.要点：②Although there are many benefits, opponents point out problems with the new requirements. First, they argue that the main reason why students go to school is to learn core subjects and skills. Because service learning is time-consuming, students spend less time studying the core subjects. Second, they believe that forcing students to work without pay goes against the law. By requiring service, the school takes away a student’s freedom to choose.要点：3. 当段落有主题句，而主题句表达的意思不够明确时，需要补充次要点。
在概写时可选择与主题句中心词汇(benefits/ problems/ solutions/ advantages/ disadvantages等)相关的内容作为补充的次要点，用like, such as, 非限制性定语从句或破折号等补充说明。
也可直接把次要点中的内容单独成句。
例3: There are many benefits of having green spaces to the urban landscape. Adding gardens to rooftops or walls can create a pleasant environment— what was once a gray cement (水泥) wall can become a colorful, blooming garden. The Caxia Forum art gallery in Madrid, Spain, is a famous example — one of its walls is covered with 15,000 plants from over 250 different species.要点：【牛刀小试】Participation in music also brings social benefits for students. Music is a way to make friends. Some researchers completed a study dealing with the perceived benefits of music. In their findings they wrote, “Participation in musical groups or bands was regarded as an opportunity to socialize with like-minded people, make new friends and meet interesting people, who without the musical engagement they would not have had the opportunity to meet”. Every time a student is involved in music, they have the chance to meet new people, and form lasting friendships.要点：概要写作微技能训练——如何提炼与处理次要点（答案）1.段落中前后有转折关系的，主要点在后面转折部分，前面的信息要适当选用（尤其是字数较多的情况下），用while/ although/ despite/ in spite of等引出。
例1: A vegetarian diet is often praised for its health benefits. Studies have shown that vegetarians usually have lower levels of heart disease and a lower risk of diabetes than people who eat meat. What most people are less aware of, however, are the effects that a vegetarian diet can have on the environment.要点：While widely acknowledged helpful to keep healthy, vegetarian diets are seldom associated with environment protection.【牛刀小试】It is too late to do anything to help many languages, where the speakers are too few or too old, and where the community is too busy just trying to survive to care about their language. But many languages are not in such a serious position. Often where languages are seriously endangered, there are things that can be done to give new life to them.要点：Despite the unavoidable extinction of some languages due to community decline, many endangered ones can still be preserved.2.当段落中出现firstly, secondly, finally或also, besides, what’s more, in addition, moreover等表示递进关系的连接词时，这些次要点都需要提取。